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Sezavar M, Sharifi I, Ghasemi Nejad Almani P, Kazemi B, Davoudi N, Salari S, Salarkia E, Khosravi A, Bamorovat M. The potential therapeutic role of PTR1 gene in non-healing anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23670. [PMID: 33283321 PMCID: PMC7957997 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistance is a common phenomenon frequently observed in countries where leishmaniasis is endemic. Due to the production of the pteridine reductase enzyme (PTR1), drugs lose their efficacy, and consequently, the patient becomes unresponsive to treatment. This study aimed to compare the in vitro effect of meglumine antimoniate (MA) on non- healing Leishmania tropica isolates and on MA transfected non-healing one to PTR1. METHODS Two non-healing and one healing isolates of L. tropica were collected from patients who received two courses or one cycle of intralesional MA along with biweekly liquid nitrogen cryotherapy or systemic treatment alone, respectively. After confirmation of L. tropica isolates by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the recombinant plasmid pcDNA-rPTR (antisense) was transfected via electroporation and cultured on M199. Isolates in form of promastigotes were treated with different concentrations of MA and read using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader and the half inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) value was calculated. The amastigotes were grown in mouse macrophages and were similarly treated with various concentrations of MA. The culture glass slides were stained, and the mean number of intramacrophage amastigotes and infected macrophages were assessed in triplicate for both stages. RESULTS All three transfected isolates displayed a reduction in optical density compared with the promastigotes in respective isolates, although there was no significant difference between non-healing and healing isolates. In contrast, in the clinical form (amastigotes), there was a significant difference between non-healing and healing isolates (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results indicated that the PTR1 gene reduced the efficacy of the drug, and its inhibition by antisense and could improve the treatment of non-healing cases. These findings have future implications in the prophylactic and therapeutic modality of non- healing Leishmania isolates to drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Sezavar
- Department of Experimental SciencesFaculty of Allied medicineAlborz University of Medical SciencesKarajIran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research CentreKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | | | - Bahram Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, Research CentreShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Biotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesIran
| | - Noushin Davoudi
- Department of BiotechnologyPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Samira Salari
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research CenterKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research CentreKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research CentreKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research CentreKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
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Karimi T, Sharifi I, Aflatoonian MR, Aflatoonian B, Mohammadi MA, Salarkia E, Babaei Z, Zarinkar F, Sharifi F, Hatami N, Khosravi A, Eskandari A, Solimani E, Shafiee M, Mozaffari M, Heshmatkhah A, Amiri R, Farajzadeh S, Kyhani A, Aghaei Afshar A, Jafarzadeh A, Bamorovat M. A long-lasting emerging epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran: population movement and peri-urban settlements as a major risk factor. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:122. [PMID: 33627184 PMCID: PMC7903377 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemics of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are occurring more frequently and spreading faster and farther than before in many areas of the world. The present study aimed to assess a long-lasting emerging epidemic (2005–2019) of 5532 cases with anthroponotic CL (ACL) in peri-urban areas of Kerman city in southeastern Iran. Methods This descriptive-analytical study was carried out for 15 years in Kerman province, southeastern Iran. The data were passively obtained through the health surveillance system and the Kerman Leishmaniasis Research Center. Every subject was diagnosed using direct smear microscopy. The representative causative agent was further examined by ITS1-PCR, PCR-RFLP, 7SL RNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. For each subject, a case report form designating demographic and clinical data was recorded. Results A different pattern of ACL incidence was found in peri-urban areas compared to that in the city of Kerman. The incidence rate of ACL cases has significantly increased (P < 0.001) from 2005 to 2016 in new settlements with a gradual decline after that. The overall average risk of contracting the disease was 7.6 times higher in peri-urban areas compared to Kerman city, an old endemic focus. All isolates consisting of six variants were confirmed to be Leishmania tropica. The overall pattern of the ACL infection indicates that the etiological agent of ACL is propagated and transmitted by the bite of female Phlebotomus sergenti sandflies from person to person from dissimilar clones as reflected by the complexity of the migrants’ backgrounds in the province. Conclusions The movement of populations and establishment of new settlements in peri-urban areas close to endemic areas are major risk factors for and are directly linked to CL. The underlying factors of this emerging ACL epidemic caused by L. tropica were disasters and droughts, among others. A robust commitment to a multilateral approach is crucial to make improvements in this area. This will require decisive coordinated actions through all governmental factions and non-governmental organizations. Furthermore, active and passive case detection strategies, early diagnosis, and effective treatment could help control the disease. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiebeh Karimi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Behnaz Aflatoonian
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohammadi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Babaei
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Zarinkar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nima Hatami
- Department of Endodontic, Faculty of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arsalan Eskandari
- County Health System Services, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elyas Solimani
- Provincial Health System Services, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shafiee
- Provincial Health System Services, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Mozaffari
- Provincial Health System Services, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amireh Heshmatkhah
- Shahid Dadbin Clinic, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Rezvan Amiri
- Department of Dermatology, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeideh Farajzadeh
- Department of Dermatology, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alireza Kyhani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei Afshar
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Salari S, Sharifi I, Bamorovat M, Ghasemi Nejad Almani P. The immunity of the recombinant prokaryotic and eukaryotic subunit vaccines against cutaneous leishmaniasis. Microb Pathog 2021; 153:104807. [PMID: 33609648 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis counts as one of the most neglected tropical diseases. Despite the amount of research perceived in this field, no fully effective and approved vaccine against this disease is yet available in humans. In this study, LACK and KMP11 antigens were constructed simultaneously by recombinant methods in prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems and were compared and assessed along with the CpG adjuvant in BALB/c mice. In the prokaryotic method, LACK and KMP11 protein gene sequences were synthesized in pET28a-TEV vector. In order to extract these two proteins after expression, His-tag and S-tag sequences were added to the constructs, respectively for LACK and KMP11. The pET28a-TEV-LACK/KMP11 construct was transformed into Escherichia coli, and the inserts were verified by Colony PCR. Pure proteins were verified by western blot, and groups of BALB/c mice were injected with the created prokaryotic recombinant proteins along with an ODN CpG adjuvant. In the eukaryotic method, antigen sequences were constructed in the pLEXSY-neo 2.1 vector, E.coli Top10 strain was cloned in the bacteria, and after being linearized were transfected into Leishmania tarentolae genome. After recombinant strains were selected, they were verified by molecular methods. After the extraction and purification of the protein using the method above, groups of mice were injected with the recombinant antigens and ODN CpG adjuvant. Eukaryotic subunit vaccines showed more effective immunization compared with prokaryotic vaccines and caused an immune system shift towards Th1 and protection. Protein expression in L. tarentolae by the constructs created in this host contains Post-Translational Modifications. The constructed protein will be significantly similar to eukaryotic proteins, considering that they are identical epitopes. More comprehensive studies aiming to improve the effectiveness of this vaccine are being conducted to improve immune profiles and immunological memory stimulation in future designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Salari
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Bamorovat M, Sharifi I, Dabiri S, Shamsi Meymandi S, Karamoozian A, Amiri R, Heshmatkhah A, Borhani Zarandi M, Aflatoonian MR, Sharifi F, Kheirandish R, Hassanzadeh S. Major risk factors and histopathological profile of treatment failure, relapse and chronic patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis: A prospective case-control study on treatment outcome and their medical importance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009089. [PMID: 33507940 PMCID: PMC7872302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, there has been a remarkable increase in the number of unresponsive patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) reported worldwide. The primary objective of this study was to explore the role of demographic, clinical and environmental risk related-factors in the development of treatment failure, relapse and chronic cases compared to responsive patients with ACL. Moreover, molecular, histopathological and immunohistochemical (IHC) findings between these forms were explored. This work was undertaken as a prospective and case-control study in southeastern Iran. Culture media and nested PCR were used to identify the causative agent. Univariate multinomial and multiple multinomial logistic regression models and the backward elimination stepwise method were applied to analyze the data. A P<0.05 was defined as significant. Also, for different groups, skin punch biopsies were used to study the histopathological and immunohistochemical (IHC) profile. All samples showed that L. tropica was the only etiological agent in all unresponsive and responsive patients with ACL. Data analysis represented that 8 major risk factors including nationality, age groups, occupation, marital status, history of chronic diseases, duration of the lesion, the lesion on face and presence of domestic animals in the house were significantly associated with the induction of unresponsive forms. The histopathological and immunohistochemical findings were different from one form to another. The present findings clearly demonstrated a positive relation between ACL and distinct demographic, clinical and environmental risk determinants. Knowledge of the main risk factors for ACL infection is crucial in improving clinical and public health strategies and monitor such perplexing factors. Negligible data are present related to anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) treatment outcome and resultant unresponsiveness risk determinants. The role of demographic, clinical, and environmental risk associated-factors in the development of treatment failure, relapse, and chronic forms of ACL has not been studied. We carried out a case-control study for a period of 4 years (2015–2019) using culture media and nested PCR to identify the causative agent. Afterward, we analyzed the data by univariate multinomial and multiple multinomial logistic regression models and the backward elimination stepwise method. Also, we examined skin punch biopsies to study the histopathological and immunohistochemical (IHC) profile for different comparative groups. The findings identified 8 major risk factors were significantly associated with the creation of unresponsive forms. Clinical practitioners and health surveillance systems should be aware of and monitor such perplexing factors. Awareness of the major determinants for unresponsiveness to the treatment of ACL is critical to improving clinical strategies and public health measures. These multidisciplinary approaches need to address specific barriers that directly affect the treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman Univeprsity of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman Univeprsity of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- * E-mail:
| | - Shahriar Dabiri
- Department of Pathology, Afzalipour Hospital, Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Simin Shamsi Meymandi
- Department of Dermatology, Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Karamoozian
- Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Rezvan Amiri
- Department of Dermatology, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amireh Heshmatkhah
- Dadbin Health Clinic, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Borhani Zarandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Reza Kheirandish
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeid Hassanzadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Tavakkoli H, Khosravi A, Sharifi I, Salari Z, Salarkia E, Kheirandish R, Dehghantalebi K, Jajarmi M, Mosallanejad SS, Dabiri S, Keyhani A. Partridge and embryonated partridge egg as new preclinical models for candidiasis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2072. [PMID: 33483560 PMCID: PMC7822824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81592-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most common cause of candidiasis in humans and animals. This study was established to a new experimental infection model for systemic candidiasis using partridge and embryonated partridge egg. First, we tested the induction of systemic candidiasis in partridge and embryonated partridge egg. Finally, interaction between virulence factors of C. albicans and Bcl-2 family members was predicted. We observed that embryonic infection causes a decrease in survival time and at later embryonic days (11–12th), embryos showed lesions. Morphometric analysis of the extra-embryonic membrane (EEM) vasculature showed that vascular apoptotic effect of C. albicans was revealed by a significant reduction in capillary area. In immunohistochemistry assay, low expression of Bcl-2 and increased expression of Bax confirmed apoptosis. The gene expression of Bax and Bcl-2 was also altered in fungi-exposed EEM. Ourin silico simulation has shown an accurate interaction between aspartic proteinase, polyamine oxidase, Bcl-2 and BAX. We observed that the disease was associated with adverse consequences, which were similar to human candidiasis. Acquired results support the idea that partridge and embryonated partridge egg can be utilized as appropriate preclinical models to investigate the pathological effects of candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Tavakkoli
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, 22 Bahman Boulevard, Pajouhesh Square, Kerman, 7616914111, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 22 Bahman Boulevard, Pajouhesh Square, Kerman, 7616914115, Iran.
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 22 Bahman Boulevard, Pajouhesh Square, Kerman, 7616914115, Iran
| | - Zohreh Salari
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Center, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 22 Bahman Boulevard, Pajouhesh Square, Kerman, 7616914115, Iran
| | - Reza Kheirandish
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Kazem Dehghantalebi
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, 22 Bahman Boulevard, Pajouhesh Square, Kerman, 7616914111, Iran
| | - Maziar Jajarmi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Saedeh Mosallanejad
- Afzalipour School of Medicine and Biochemistry Department, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shahriar Dabiri
- Afzalipour School of Medicine and Pathology and Stem Cells Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alireza Keyhani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 22 Bahman Boulevard, Pajouhesh Square, Kerman, 7616914115, Iran
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Ilaghi M, Sharifi I, Sharififar F, Sharifi F, Oliaee RT, Babaei Z, Meimamandi MS, Keyhani A, Bamorovat M. The potential role and apoptotic profile of three medicinal plant extracts on Leishmania tropica by MTT assay, macrophage model and flow cytometry analysis. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2021; 12:e00201. [PMID: 33511293 PMCID: PMC7817489 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Treatment of leishmaniasis with conventional synthetic drugs is a major global challenge. This study was designed to explore the leishmanicidal activity and apoptotic profile of three leaf extracts on Leishmania tropica stages. Methods The plants of Quercus velutina, Calotropis procera and Nicotiana tabacum were gathered from Anbarabbad county, in the southeastern part of Kerman province and extracted by maceration method using methanol alcohol. Various concentrations of the extracts (1, 10, 100 and 1000 μg/mL) were used against L. tropica stages to evaluate the inhibitory effect by colorimetric assay, macrophage model and flow cytometry. The MTT assay was conducted to determine the IC50 and CC50 values in promastigotes and J774-A1 macrophages, respectively. For intra-macrophage amastigotes, the leishmanicidal activity was evaluated by calculating the mean number of amastigotes in each macrophage and also IC50 values. The promastigote or amastigote stages with no drug and complete medium without organisms were considered as positive and negative controls, respectively. Meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) was also used as standard drug. Also, annexin V was used to assess the apoptotic profile. All treatment settings were incubated for a standard time of 72 h in triplicates. Data were analyzed by t-test and ANOVA. Results The findings showed that all plant extracts inhibited the proliferation rate of promastigotes and amastigotes (P ˂ 0.001); especially, Q. velutina represented the lowest IC50 in both stages. Besides, Q. velutina showed the least number of amastigotes in each macrophage compared to the other groups (4.5 μg/mL). The percentage of parasitic apoptosis at 1000 μg/mL of Q. velutina, C. procera, N. tabacum and Glucantime® were 37.4, 18.6, 8.5 and 52.4, respectively. Amastigotes (clinical stage) were significantly more susceptible to extracts and also Glucantime® than promastigotes (P < 0.001). Conclusions This study revealed that all three extracts of Q. velutina, C. procera and N. tabacum exhibited an effective antileishmanial activity and induced apoptosis against the L. tropica promastigotes. Further investigations are essential to isolate and analyze the chemical compositions and their biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhde Ilaghi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fariba Sharififar
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Department of Pharmacognosy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Babaei
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Manzume Shamsi Meimamandi
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Kerman Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alireza Keyhani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Javaheri E, Sharifi I, Bamorovat M, Barghbani R, Raiesi O, Zarandi MB, Mohammadi MA, Babaei Z. New foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniosis due to Leishmania major in the northeastern Iran cities of Sabzevar and Neghaab. Ann Parasitol 2021; 67:683-689. [PMID: 35289994 DOI: 10.17420/ap6704.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL) is a major public health challenge in Iran. Overall, 18 provinces out of 31 of the country's provinces are in the endemic areas. The objective of the present study was to determine the presence of CL species in Sabzevar and Neghaab cities, Khorasan Razavi province, northeastern Iran. Overall, 280 samples were taken from suspected individuals referred to Sabzevar's and Neghaab's health centers during 2014-2016. Smear preparation, case detection and further identification by partial amplification of 7SL RNA and high-resolution melting curve analysis were done for all samples, followed by randomly polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequencing confirmation. Based on findings, the most infection rate was found in males with the age groups of 20-30 in both districts. All samples were characterized as Leishmania major, except one isolate in Neghaab closely related to Leishmania tropica. Various risk factors play roles in creating new foci of zoonotic CL (ZCL) caused by L. major in Sabzevar and Neghaab in northeastern Iran. Reports of the prevalence of CL in new foci make serious concerns about the incidence of cases and expansion of disease to the neighboring areas. Further measures are essential to control the disease in the regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Javaheri
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Rouhollah Barghbani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Omid Raiesi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Allied Medical Sciences. Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mehdi Borhani Zarandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohammadi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Babaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Bamorovat M, Sharifi I, Oliaee RT, Aflatoonian MR, Nejad Almani PG, Derakhshani A, Nasibi S, Khedri J, Khirandish R, Mohammadi MA. Linguatulosis in small ruminants in southeastern Iran: Epidemiological, histopathological and phylogenetic findings and its public health importance. Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104600. [PMID: 33152412 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Linguatulosis, as a zoonotic disease, can infect most ruminants and cause accidental infections in humans. The objective of this study was to explore the epidemiological, histopathological and phylogenetic profiles of Linguatula serrata infection in sheep and goats and its public health importance during 2015-2018. Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and liver tissue of goats and sheep were selected randomly in Kerman slaughterhouse. Nymphal samples were used for DNA extraction, amplification and subsequently phylogenetic analysis using 18s rRNA and cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (cox1). Overall, of 828 examined livestock, 179 (42.4%) goats and 71 (17.5%) sheep were found to be infected with the nymphal stage of L. serrata. A significant difference was observed between linguatulosis and age. In the histopathological assessment, longitudinal and transverse sections of L. serrata nymphs were observed within the cyst-like spaces surrounded by a wall of fine fibrosis and compact lymphocytes. Moreover, comparing with the L. serrata reference sequences, we found only a single nucleotide change in our goat haplotype in 18s genetic region; while much nucleotide variations were observed in cox1 gene sequences. The results of the present study showed a high infection rate among goats and sheep in southeastern Iran. A better understanding of the disease could be achieved when the parasite species, their molecular characterization and the extent of infection in the area are determined. It is fundamental to select a comprehensive control program in order to take proper preventive and therapeutic measures against the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | | | - Mohamad Reza Aflatoonian
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Ali Derakhshani
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Nasibi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Javad Khedri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Reza Khirandish
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohammadi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Student Research Committee, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Jafarzadeh A, Jafarzadeh S, Sharifi I, Aminizadeh N, Nozari P, Nemati M. The importance of T cell-derived cytokines in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2020; 147:155321. [PMID: 33039255 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the same species of Leishmania (L)donovani causes different manifestations including visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), indicating that the host-related immunological parameters perform a decisive role in the pathogenesis of diseases. As PKDL is a reservoir of the parasite, a better understanding of the host immune responses is necessary to restrict the L. donovani transmission. The proper local production of Th1 cell-related cytokines (including IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-12), Th17 cell-derived cytokines (such as IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-22), and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-derived IFN-γ are protective against PKDL. However, dominant production of regulatory CD4+ T cell-derived cytokines (such as IL-10 and TGF-β), Th2 cell-derived cytokines (such as IL-4/IL-13), M2 macrophage-derived cytokines (such as IL-4 and IL-10), keratinocyte-derived IL-10, regulatory CD8+ T cell-derived IL-10, and dendritic cell-derived IL-10, IL-27 and IL-21 can contribute to the parasite persistence and PKDL development. Understanding of the T cell-related cytokine network within PKDL lesions gives rise to novel insights concerning the role of each cytokine in the protection or susceptibility to disease. Manipulation of the cytokine network can be considered as an interesting immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of L. donovani-mediated PKDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Sara Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Najmeh Aminizadeh
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University Branch of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Parvin Nozari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Salari S, Sharifi I, Keyhani AR, Ghasemi Nejad Almani P. Evaluation of a new live recombinant vaccine against cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:415. [PMID: 32787908 PMCID: PMC7425157 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a serious health problem in some parts of the world. In spite of the many known leishmaniasis control measures, the disease has continued to increase in endemic areas, and no effective vaccine has been discovered. Methods In this study, Leishmania tarentulae was used as a living factory for the production of two LACK and KMP11 immunogenic antigens in the mice body, and safety profiles were investigated. The sequences of the KMP11 and LACK L. major antigens were synthesized in the pLEXSY-neo 2.1 plasmid and cloned into E. coli strain Top10, and after being linearized with the SwaI enzyme, they were transfected into the genome of L. tarentolae. The L. tarentolae-LACK/KMP11/EGFP in the stationary phase with CpG ODN as an adjuvant was used for vaccination in BALB/c mice. Vaccination was performed into the left footpad. Three weeks later, the booster was injected in the same manner. To examine the effectiveness of the injected vaccine, pathogenic L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) was injected into the right footpad of all mice three weeks following the booster vaccination. In order to assess humoral immunity, the levels of IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies before and 6 weeks after the challenge were studied in the groups. In addition, in order to investigate cellular immunity in the groups, the study measured IFN-γ, IL-5, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17 cytokines before, 3 weeks and 8 weeks after the challenge, and also the parasite load in the lymph node with real-time PCR. Results The lowest level of the parasitic load was observed in the G1 group (mice vaccinated with L. tarentolae-LACK/KMP11/EGFP with CpG) in comparison with other groups (L. tarentolae-LACK/KMP11/EGFP +non-CpG (G2); L. tarentolae-EGFP + CpG (G3, control); L. tarentolae-EGFP + non-CpG (G4, control); and mice injected with PBS (G5, control). Moreover, the evaluation of immune response showed a delayed-type hypersensitivity towards Th1. Conclusions According to the results of this study, the live recombinant vaccine of L. tarentolae-LACK/KMP11/EGFP with the CpG adjuvant reduced the parasitic load and footpad induration in infected mice. The long-term effects of this vaccine can be evaluated in volunteers as a clinical trial in future planning.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Salari
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Ali Reza Keyhani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Pooya Ghasemi Nejad Almani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. .,Students Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. .,Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Jafarzadeh A, Nemati M, Chauhan P, Patidar A, Sarkar A, Sharifi I, Saha B. Interleukin-27 Functional Duality Balances Leishmania Infectivity and Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1573. [PMID: 32849534 PMCID: PMC7427467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-27 is a cytokine that exerts diverse effects on the cells of innate and adaptive immune systems. Chiefly expressed in macrophages and dendritic cells during the early phase of Leishmania infection, IL-27 contributes to the protection against L. major infection but suppresses the protective Th1 response against L. donovani, L. infantum, L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis infections, suggesting its functional duality. During the late stage of Leishmania infection, IL-27 limits the immunopathogenic reactions and tissue damages. Herein, we analyze the mechanism of the functional duality of IL-27 in the resistance or susceptibility to Leishmania infection, prompting IL-27 for anti-Leishmanial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | | | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
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Parsa R, Sedighi A, Sharifi I, Bamorovat M, Nasibi S. Molecular characterization of ocular dirofilariasis: a case report of Dirofilaria immitis in south-eastern Iran. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:520. [PMID: 32677898 PMCID: PMC7367333 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dirofilariasis is a zoonotic parasitic infection transmitted from animals to humans by culicid mosquitoes. Although the disease can be caused by Dirofilaria spp. including Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens, human ocular dirofilariasis due to D. immitis is relatively rare in the world. This study was aimed to present a case of ocular dirofilariasis caused by D. immitis in southeastern Iran. Case presentation A nematode extracted from the right eye of a 69-year-old man referred with clinical symptoms including itching and redness was examined. After the morphometric analysis, Dirofilaria parasite was detected. Afterwards, a piece of worm body was cut and DNA was extracted and a 680-bp gene fragment amplification and nucleotide sequencing were performed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a D. immitis roundworm as the causative agent of infection. The patient was treated with antibiotics and corticosteroid and followed up for 1 month. Conclusion The present study provides the second report on ocular dirofilariasis caused by D. immitis isolated from a human in southeast Iran. Based on the available evidence, dirofilariasis in dogs has significantly increased in endemic areas such as Iran. Therefore, physicians should be aware of such zoonotic nematodes so as to take proper and timely action and treatment against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Parsa
- Ophthalmologist, Clinical Research Center, Pasteur Educational Hospital, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Ali Sedighi
- Ophthalmologist, Clinical Research Center, Pasteur Educational Hospital, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeid Nasibi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Asadi A, Tavakoli Kareshk A, Sharifi I, Firouzeh N. Murine cathelicidin: as a host defensive response against Leishmania major infection. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:633-638. [PMID: 32801517 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a serious global challenge with neither efficacious prophylactic vaccine nor effective and safe therapeutic measures. Cathelicidins, members of antimicrobial peptides family, are small proteins of innate immunity system, which represent a protective barrier against a number of potential pathogens in living organisms. The murine cathelicidin or cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) is expressed by a variety of cells or tissues, and highly resembles to human cathelicidin (LL-37). It is naturally expressed at a low concentration in adolescent age, but extensively increases during cutaneous infections. Despite its important role, it has less been investigated in parasitic infections. Among all cells, macrophages and skin cells are the two important cells that directly have a relationship with Leishmania major parasites. The present study aimed to show whether cathelicidins protect their hosts following cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. major parasites. Both in vitro and in vivo models of L. major infection were established by exposing of J744 cell line (murine macrophages) and BALB/c mice with the stationary phase of L. major promastigotes for 24 h and 7 days. The findings revealed that both macrophages and skin cells significantly (p < 0.05) expressed a high level of CRAMP gene and peptide after challenging with L. major parasites. Thus, our data suggest a protective role for cathelicidins against infections caused by L. major parasites. This experimental model could be considered as a novel potential vaccine candidate for planning future control strategy against human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Asadi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amir Tavakoli Kareshk
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nima Firouzeh
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Oliaee RT, Sharifi I, Bamorovat M, Keyhani A, Babaei Z, Salarkia E, Tavakoly R, Khosravi A, Mostafavi M, Sharifi F, Mousavi SM. The potential role of nicotinamide on Leishmania tropica: An assessment of inhibitory effect, cytokines gene expression and arginase profiling. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 86:106704. [PMID: 32590317 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis represents a major health concern worldwide which has no effective treatment modality. Nicotinamide (NAm) has been used for a wide range of applications from anticancer to antimicrobial usage. This study aimed to assess the effect of NAm combination on Leishmania tropica Inhibition, as well as on cytokines gene expression and arginase (ARG) activity in L. tropica-infected macrophages in an in vitro model. The leishmanicidal effects of NAm and Glucantime (meglumine antimoniate, MA) alone and in combination (NAm/MA) were evaluated using a colorimetric assay and macrophage model. Additionally, immunomodulatory effects and enzymatic activity were assessed by analyzing Th1 and Th2 cytokines gene expression and ARG level, respectively, in infected macrophages treated with NAm and MA, alone and in combination. Findings indicated that the NAm/MA combination demonstrated greater inhibitory effects on L. tropica promastigotes and amastigotes compared with each drug individually. Docking results proved the affinity of NAm to IFN-γ, which can affirm the increased levels of IFN-γ, IL-12p40 and TNF-α as well as reductions in IL-10 secretion with a dose-response effect, especially in the combination group. The NAm/MA combination also showed a significant reduction in the level of ARG activity at all concentrations used compared to each drug individually. These findings indicate higher effectiveness of NAm plus MA in reducing parasite growth, promoting immune response and inhibiting ARG level. This combination should be considered as a potential therapeutic regimen for treatment of volunteer patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in future control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alireza Keyhani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Babaei
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Rahele Tavakoly
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahshid Mostafavi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mousavi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Keyhani A, Sharifi I, Bamorovat M, Mohammadi MA, Askari A, Ebrahimipour M, Harandi MF. Epidemiological and molecular studies on Echinococcus granulosus from free-roaming dogs in Southeast Iran. Vet World 2020; 13:739-745. [PMID: 32546919 PMCID: PMC7245722 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.739-745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), as a major zoonotic helminth infection, imposes remarkable socioeconomic burden on many endemic countries across the world, including Iran. Due to the high importance of free-roaming dogs in the transmission of CE, epidemiological and molecular studies in this type of hosts are required in the endemic regions. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and genotyping of Echinococcusgranulosus isolated from stray dogs in Kerman, Southeast Iran. Materials and Methods: Eighty-four samples were isolated from stray dogs in the city and suburbs of Kerman in coordination with the health authorities and the municipality office for rabies control and dog population management. Dog demographic data, including age and sex were collected. The worm was isolated by necropsy and genomic DNA was extracted and partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene was amplified using specific primers. Phylogenetic and Templeton-Crandall-Sing (TCS) network analyses were carried out on the sequence data. Results: The overall prevalence of CE in the surveyed dogs was 10.7% (9/84 cases). Out of 84 stray dogs, 33 (39.3%) and 51 (60.7%) cases were male and female, respectively. There was not a statistically significant difference between the infection and gender of dogs. However, infection is shown more in dogs under one year of age with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The results of molecular studies indicated E. granulosus G1 genotype for all isolates. The high presence of free-roaming dogs in urban and peri-urban areas and high frequency of parasite in this animal is a risk factor for humans in the region. Haplotype sequence analysis on the dog isolates revealed a close relationship with other E. granulosus isolates in Kerman. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide evidence-based data about the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of CE in dog definitive hosts of Southeast Iran. Further studies are required to understand the prevalence and parasite genotypes in dogs in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Keyhani
- Student Research Committee, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohammadi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Asma Askari
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ebrahimipour
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Tohidi F, Babaei Z, Kazemi B, Bandehpour M, Sharifi I, Rabiei MR, Dezaki ES. Transient knockdown of Nucleoside transporter 4 gene expression as a therapeutic target in Leishmania major by antisense RNA: In vitro and in vivo studies. J Vector Borne Dis 2019; 56:98-104. [PMID: 31397384 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.263718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Leishmania parasites cause various clinical symptoms in humans such as cutaneous ulcers and fatal visceral diseases. These parasites cannot synthesize purine rings de novo and must uptake purines from their hosts via salvage. Salvage is regulated by permeases in the cell membrane. There are hundreds of membrane transporter proteins to receive nutrients in Leishmania. Nucleoside transporter 4 (NT4) is one of the purine transporters that is involved in enhancing the uptake of adenine in Leishmania major. They are important new drug targets for the treatment of leishmaniasis because they can be used to transport toxic purine analogs to kill parasitic cells, thus preventing the progression of the infection. The present study was conducted to silence the NT4 nucleobase involved in the salvage pathway to interrupt purine nucleotide membrane transport in the cells of L. major. Methods In this study, a 502 bp segment of NT4 gene sequence was selected and designed as antisense transcripts after insertion in the parasite. The NT4 construct was transfected into L. major promastigotes for in vitro study of gene expression. Then, BALB/c mice infected with transgenic Leishmania and wild-type strain along with the number and size of lesions were studied in vivo. Results The study showed that relative expression of NT4 gene in mutant Leishmania was lower than in the control on Day 3 to 20. The percentages and the number of amastigotes in infected macrophages with wild-type strain L. major were more than infected macrophages with mutant parasites. Infected BALB/c mice with transgenic Leish- mania showed a lower number and size of lesions than the BALB/c mice infected with wild-type strain. Interpretation & conclusion The results of the study indicated that the use of antisense RNA reduced NT4 gene expression in L. major. Further, studies are needed to ascertain that the use of antisense can be considered as a new treatment for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Tohidi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman; Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Zahra Babaei
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rabiei
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Saedi Dezaki
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Parizi MH, Farajzadeh S, Sharifi I, Pardakhty A, Parizi MHD, Sharifi H, Salarkia E, Hassanzadeh S. Antileishmanial Activity of Niosomal Combination Forms of Tioxolone along with Benzoxonium Chloride against Leishmania tropica. Korean J Parasitol 2019; 57:359-368. [PMID: 31533402 PMCID: PMC6753291 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we carried out extensive in vitro studies on various concentrations of tioxolone along with benzoxonium chloride and their niosomal forms against Leishmania tropica. Niosomes were prepared by the hydration method and were evaluated for morphology, size, release study, and encapsulation efficiency. This study measured leishmanicidal activity against promastigote and amastigote, apoptosis and gene expression levels of free solution and niosomal-encapsulated tioxolone along with benzoxonium chloride. Span/Tween 60 niosome had good physical stability and high encapsulation efficiency (more than 97%). The release profile of the entrapped compound showed that a gradual release rate. The combination of niosomal forms on promastigote and amastigote were more effective than glucantime. Also, the niosomal form of this compound was significantly less toxic than glucantime (P≤0.05). The flowcytometric analysis on niosomal form of drugs showed that higher number of early apoptotic event as the principal mode of action (89.13% in 200 μg/ml). Also, the niosomal compound increased the expression level of IL-12 and metacaspase genes and decreased the expression level of the IL-10 gene, which further confirming the immunomodulatory role as the mechanism of action. We observed the synergistic effects of these 2 drugs that induced the apoptotic pathways and also up regulation of an immunomodulatory role against as the main mode of action. Also, niosomal form of this combination was safe and demonstrated strong anti-leishmaniasis effects highlights further therapeutic approaches against anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in future planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hakimi Parizi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Farajzadeh
- Department of Pediatric dermatology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeid Hassanzadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Jafarzadeh A, Nemati M, Sharifi I, Nair A, Shukla D, Chauhan P, Khorramdelazad H, Sarkar A, Saha B. Leishmania species-dependent functional duality of toll-like receptor 2. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1685-1700. [PMID: 31329370 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a subset of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) in innate immunity and act as a connecting link between innate and adaptive immune systems. During Leishmania infection, the activation of TLRs influences the pathogen-specific immune responses, which may play a decisive role in determining the outcome of infection, toward elimination or survival of the pathogen. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the innate immune system such as macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and NKT cells express TLR2, which plays a crucial role in the parasite recognition and elicitation of immune responses in Leishmania infection. Depending on the infecting Leishmania species, the TLR2 pathways may result in a host-protective or a disease-exacerbating response. While Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani infections trigger TLR2-related host-protective and non-protective immune responses, Leishmania mexicana and Leishmania infantum infections are reported to elicit TLR2-mediated host-protective responses and Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis infections are reported to evoke a disease-exacerbating response. These findings illustrate that TLR2-related effector functions are diverse and may be exerted in a species- or strain-dependent manner. TLR2 agonists or antagonists may have therapeutic potentials to trigger the desired immune response during leishmaniasis. In this review, we discuss the TLR2-related immune responses during leishmaniasis and highlight the novel insights into the possible role of TLR2-driven resistance or susceptibility to Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Hossain Khorramdelazad
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India.,Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
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69
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Sharifi I, Aflatoonian MR, Babaei Z, Sharifi F, Keyhani A, Salarkia E, Khosravi A, Khamesipour A, Mohebali M, Nadim A, Bamorovat M. Emerging Epidemics of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran: Operational Aspects, Management and Implemented Control Approaches. JoMMID 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/jommid.7.3.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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70
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Aflatoonian MR, Sharifi I, Aflatoonian B, Bamorovat M, Heshmatkhah A, Babaei Z, Ghasemi Nejad Almani P, Mohammadi MA, Salarkia E, Aghaei Afshar A, Sharifi H, Sharifi F, Khosravi A, Khatami M, Arefinia N, Fekri A, Farajzadeh S, Khamesipour A, Mohebali M, Gouya MM, Shirzadi MR, Varma RS. Associated-risk determinants for anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis treated with meglumine antimoniate: A cohort study in Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007423. [PMID: 31188834 PMCID: PMC6590833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The control of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is facilitated by knowledge of factors associated with the treatment failures in endemic countries. The aim of this evaluation was to identify the potential risk determinants which might affect the significance of demographic and clinical characteristics for the patients with anthroponotic CL (ACL) and the outcome of meglumine antimoniate (MA) (Glucantime) treatment. Methodology/Principal findings This current was executed as a cohort spanning over a period of 5 years which centered in southeastern part of Iran. Altogether, 2,422 participants were evaluated and 1,391 eligible volunteer patients with ACL caused by Leishmania tropica were included. Overall, 1,116 (80.2%) patients received MA intraleisionally (IL), once a week for 12 weeks along with biweekly cryotherapy, while 275 (19.8%) patients received MA alone (20 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks) (intramuscular, IM). The treatment failure rate in ACL patients was 11% using IL combined with cryotherapy plus IM alone, whilst 9% and 18.5% by IL along with cryotherapy or IM alone, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression model predicted 5 major associated-risk determinants including male (odds ratio (OR) = 1.54, confidence interval (CI) = 1.079–2.22, p = 0.018), lesion on face (OR = 1.574, CI = 1.075–2.303, p = 0.02), multiple lesions (OR = 1.446, CI = 1.008–2.075, p = 0.045), poor treatment adherence (OR = 2.041, CI = 1.204–3.46, p = 0.008) and disease duration > 4 months (OR = 2.739, CI = 1.906–3.936, p≤0.001). Conclusions/Significance The present study is the original and largest cohort of ACL patients who treated with MA. A comprehensive intervention and coordinated action by the health authorities and policy-makers are crucial to make sure that patients strictly follow medical instructions. Early detection and effective therapy < 4 months following the onset of the lesion is critical for successful treatment of the patients. Since a significant number of patients are still refractory to MA, reducing man-vector exposure and development of new effective alternative drugs are essential measures against ACL due to L. tropica. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a serious neglected tropical disease with social stigma and associated disfiguring with health burden, especially in poor endemic regions of the world. Iran is among the seven high burden CL-infected countries. Limited data are available in regarding to CL treatment and related risk determinants. Parasitologically confirmed ACL patients caused by Leishmania tropica were treated over a 5-year period (2012–2016), with IL meglumine antimoniate (MA) (Glucantime), combined with cryotherapy or with IM MA alone. The objective of this study was to identify the potential risk factors that are associated with response to treatment. The ensuing results with both therapeutic routes identified 5 major risk determinants namely male patients, lesion on face, multiple lesions, poor treatment regimen and disease duration >4 months. The extent to which medical instructions related to patients, therapy and the healthcare system should be seriously monitored. This requires multidisciplinary actions to address specific barriers which directly threaten the treatment outcome. Furthermore, early detection and prompt treatment <4 months following the disease duration together with implementations of public health education and prophylactic measures should receive priority in high risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Behnaz Aflatoonian
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amireh Heshmatkhah
- Shahid Dadbin Clinic, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Babaei
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Ali Mohammadi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences٫ Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei Afshar
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Khatami
- School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Nasir Arefinia
- Shahid Dadbin Clinic, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alireza Fekri
- Department of Dermatology, Afzalipour Hospital, Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeideh Farajzadeh
- Department of Dermatology, Afzalipour Hospital, Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Czech Republic
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71
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Mostafavi M, Sharifi I, Farajzadeh S, Khazaeli P, Sharifi H, Pourseyedi E, Kakooei S, Bamorovat M, Keyhani A, Parizi MH, Khosravi A, Khamesipour A. Niosomal formulation of amphotericin B alone and in combination with glucantime: In vitro and in vivo leishmanicidal effects. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 116:108942. [PMID: 31152929 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of glucantime and amphotericin B (AmB) encapsulated in niosome against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) using in vitro and in vivo models. The niosomal formulations of the drugs alone and in combination were prepared and characterized. Subsequent to the examination of their cytotoxicity, their efficacy was evaluated using an in vitro MTT assay, macrophage model, flow cytometry, and gene expression profiling. For evaluation of therapeutic effect of niosomal combination on the lesion induced by Leishmania major in inbred BALB/c mice, the size of lesions and number of parasites in spleen was assessed. The niosomal formulations demonstrated significantly greater inhibitory effects compared with the non-niosomal forms when the IC50 was considered. The niosomal combination showed an increase in the apoptotic values and gene expression levels of IL-12 and metacaspase and a decrease in the levels of IL-10 with a dose-response effect. The niosomal combination was also effective in reducing the lesion size and splenic parasite burden in mice. Our findings indicated that there is a synergistic effect between AmB and glucantime in niosomal form in the inhibition of intracellular and extracellular forms of L. tropica. Additionally, the in vivo results on L. major suggest that topical niosomal formulation could be useful in the treatment of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Mostafavi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Saeedeh Farajzadeh
- Department of Pediatric dermatology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Payam Khazaeli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elnaz Pourseyedi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sina Kakooei
- Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Dental School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alireza Keyhani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Hakimi Parizi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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72
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Razavinasab SZ, Sharifi I, Aflatoonian MR, Babaei Z, Mohammadi MA, Salarkia E, Sharifi F, Aghaei Afshar A, Bamorovat M. Expansion of urban cutaneous leishmaniasis into rural areas of southeastern Iran: Clinical, epidemiological and phylogenetic profiles explored using 7SL high resolution melting-PCR analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1602-1610. [PMID: 30912874 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has increased remarkably in Iran and has expanded into new areas. The present study aimed to assess the emerging CL outbreak in southeastern Iran using high resolution melting-polymerase chain reaction (HRM-PCR) and phylogenetic analysis using the 7SL RNA gene marker. A cross-sectional and analytical survey was conducted during a house-to-house census of 11,021 inhabitants in Narmashir County in southeastern Iran in 2016. The cases were detected by direct smear microscopic examination and sequencing and were characterized using the 7SL RNA gene. All age groups and sexes were equally affected. Most were single lesions (70.7%). The hands (55.2%) and face (37.9%) were the main sites of involvement. The disease was more common among illiterate persons. Sequencing and HRM-PCR revealed that Leishmania tropica (accession no. MH632168 Qale-Shahid) was the principal causative agent of anthroponotic CL (ACL) in new areas of expansion. This is the first emergence of ACL in rural areas of Narmashir County. Based on the molecular data, the causative parasite species confirmed to be L. tropica. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicated that a single clone of the organism derived from a single source has spread into the affected villages. Construction of a main road, population movement and recent urbanization in the area are likely the major factors associated with the establishment of this new outbreak. This study was essential to enable the planning of effective therapeutic and prophylactic measures to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Babaei
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohammadi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei Afshar
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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73
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Mostafavi M, Khazaeli P, Sharifi I, Farajzadeh S, Sharifi H, Keyhani A, Parizi MH, Kakooei S. A Novel Niosomal Combination of Selenium Coupled with Glucantime against Leishmania tropica. Korean J Parasitol 2019; 57:1-8. [PMID: 30840792 PMCID: PMC6409218 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is no effective treatment modality available against different forms of leishmaniasis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to improve the penetration and efficacy of selenium and glucantime coupled with niosomes and compared them with their simple forms alone on in vitro susceptibility assays. In this study, the niosomal formulations of selenium and in combination with glucantime were prepared. The size and morphology of the niosomal formulations were characterized and the effectivity of the new formulation was also evaluated using in vitro MTT assay, intra-macrophage model, and gene expression profile. From the results obtained, no cytotoxicity effect was observed for niosomal and simple forms of drugs, as alone or in combination. Niosomal formulations of the drugs significantly showed more inhibitory effects (P ≤ 0.001) than the simple drugs when the selectivity index was considered. The gene expression levels of Interleukin (IL-10) significantly decreased, while the level of IL-12 and metacaspase significantly increased (P ≤ 0.001). The results of the present study showed that selenium plus glucantime niosome possess a potent anti-leishmanial effect and enhanced their lethal activity as evidenced by the in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Mostafavi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Payam Khazaeli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Farajzadeh
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alireza Keyhani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Hakimi Parizi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sina Kakooei
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Bamorovat M, Sharifi I, Aflatoonian MR, Sadeghi B, Shafiian A, Oliaee RT, Keyhani A, Afshar AA, Khosravi A, Mostafavi M, Parizi MH, Khatami M, Arefinia N. Host's immune response in unresponsive and responsive patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis treated by meglumine antimoniate: A case-control study of Th1 and Th2 pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 69:321-327. [PMID: 30771740 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to compare the host's immune responses between unresponsive and responsive patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) treated by meglumine antimoniate. A case-control study was carried out in an endemic focus in Iran. Blood samples were taken from patients and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated. Two wells were considered for each isolate of unresponsive and responsive patients; one was exposed to L. tropica (Lt-stimulated cells) and the other remained non-exposed (non-stimulated cells). After 24 h of incubation, whole RNA was extracted from each sample. Real-time quantitative PCR was carried out to confirm the differences in expression levels of IL-12 P40, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-10 among isolates. Data were analyzed and P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. In our study, Lt-stimulated cells and non-stimulated cells in unresponsive groups demonstrated significantly lower expression levels of IL-1β, IL-12 P40 and IFN-γ genes and higher expression levels of IL-4 and IL-10 genes, compared to Lt-stimulated cells and non-stimulated cells in responsive groups. There was a negative correlation between IL-12 P40 with IL-10 and IL-1β with IL-10 in ACL Lt-stimulated cells in unresponsive group, while a positive correlation between IL-12 P40 with IL-1β and IL-12 P40 with IFN-γ in ACL Lt-stimulated cells in responsive group. Probably, different immune responses caused by various factors play a major role in the pathogenesis and development of unresponsiveness in ACL patients. The profile and timing of cytokine production correlated well with the treatment outcome of Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bamorovat
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Balal Sadeghi
- Food Hygiene and Public Health Dept., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alireza Shafiian
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Keyhani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei Afshar
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahshid Mostafavi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Hakimi Parizi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Khatami
- School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Nasir Arefinia
- Dadbin Health Clinic, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Mehravaran A, Nasab MR, Mirahmadi H, Sharifi I, Alijani E, Nikpoor AR, Akhtari J. Protection induced by Leishmania Major antigens and the imiquimod adjuvant encapsulated on liposomes in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. Infect Genet Evol 2019; 70:27-35. [PMID: 30738195 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for new, effective, and less expensive and toxic treatment for Leishmaniasis. It seems that the use of a suitable adjuvant and a delivery system is effective in inducing immune reactions for protection. Liposomes can be applied as immunoadjuvants to trigger immune reactions to different antigens. The adjuvant effects of imiquimod using DSPC liposomes containing SLA (soluble Leishmania antigens) were studied on the type and intensity of the produced immune reaction to the challenge of Leishmania major in BALB/c mice. Liposomes were produced by the lipid film procedure. BALB/C mice were immunized subcutaneously, three times at 2-week intervals and with various formulations. Lesion development and the parasite burden in the spleens and feet after the challenge with Leishmania major, Th1 cytokine (IFN-γ), and the IgG isotype titration were assessed to evaluate the induced immune reaction and the protection level. The group of mice immunized with Liposome DSPC +Imiquimod +SLA revealed less severe footpad swelling, being significantly different (P < .05) from other groups. A higher level of IgG2a and IFN-γ secretion was observed in the mice immunized with Liposome DSPC +Imiquimod +SLA than the control group. These observations imply that the DSPC liposome containing imiquimod induces the Th1 immune response that is protective against the challenge of Leishmania major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mehravaran
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Rezaei Nasab
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hadi Mirahmadi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Alijani
- Clinical Immunology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Amin Reza Nikpoor
- Immunogenetic and Cell Culture Department, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Akhtari
- Immunogenetics Research Center, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Sharifi I, Hakimi Parizi M, Farajzadeh S, Pardakhty A, Parizi MD, Sharifi H, Keyhani A, Mostafavi M, Bamorovat M, Khosravi A, Ghaffari D. Tioxolone niosomes exert antileishmanial effects on Leishmania tropica by promoting promastigote apoptosis and immunomodulation. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.262566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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77
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Mostafavi M, Farajzadeh S, Sharifi I, Khazaeli P, Sharifi H. Leishmanicidal effects of amphotericin B in combination with selenium loaded on niosome against Leishmania tropica. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:176-185. [PMID: 31263321 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The strategy for improving the treatment of leishmaniasis by the World Health Organization, is the development of new drugs and combination therapy. The aim of this survey was to investigate the effect of amphotericin B (AmB) in combination with selenium, in a simple or niosomal form, on Leishmania tropica (L. tropica) by in vitro advanced assays. In this study, a niosomal formulation of AmB with selenium was prepared and characterized based on size and morphology. Using MTT assay, macrophage model, flow cytometry, and qPCR, the cytotoxicity and efficiency of the niosomal formulation and simple form of combination were evaluated. No toxicity was reported for both the niosomal and simple form of the combination. The niosomal formulation significantly showed higher inhibitory effect on the promastigote and amastigote forms of L. tropica than simple combination form. Interleukin (IL)-10 significantly decreased while the level of IL-12 and metacasoase as Th-1 activator significantly increased (P < 0.001). The findings of this study indicated that niosomes are the stable carriers for this combination, easy to produce and provide promising results as an effective formulation in the inhibition of extracellular and intracellular forms of L. tropica in compared with simple combination form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Mostafavi
- 1Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Farajzadeh
- 2Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, 76169-14115 Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- 1Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Payam Khazaeli
- 3Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- 4HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Khosravi A, Sharifi I, Tavakkoli H, Keyhani AR, Afgar A, Salari Z, Bamorovat M, Sharifi F, Khaleghi T, Varma RS, Dabiri S, Nematollahi-Mahani SN, Babaee A, Mostafavi M, Hakimi Parizi M, Derakhshanfar A, Salarkia E. Toxico-pathological effects of meglumine antimoniate on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 56:10-18. [PMID: 30599190 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most important parasitic diseases after malaria. The standard treatment of leishmaniasis includes pentavalent antimonials (SbV); however, these drugs are associated with serious adverse effects. There have been very few studies pertaining to their side effects and mechanism of action in the fetus. This investigation examines the effects of meglumine antimoniate (MA) on the survival rate, angiogenesis and cellular apoptosis in the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were treated with varying doses of MA (100-800 μg/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 h and the survival rate was studied by colorimetric assay, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, migration (scratch) assay and tube formation assay. The results of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) studies indicated that the most important genes involved in presenting angiogenesis included VEGF and its receptors (Kdr and Flt-1), NP1 and Hif-1α genes including the anti-apoptotic gene of Bcl2, were significantly reduced compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In contrast, the most leading genes involved in the phenomenon of apoptosis were P53, Bax, Bak, Apaf-1 and caspases 3, 8 and 9, which were significantly up regulated compared to the control group (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Hadi Tavakkoli
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Ali Reza Keyhani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Afgar
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences٫ Kerman, Iran
| | - Zohreh Salari
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Center, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tabandeh Khaleghi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Shahriar Dabiri
- Afzalipour School of Medicine & Pathology and Stem Cells Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Abdolreza Babaee
- Anatomical Sciences Department, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahshid Mostafavi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Hakimi Parizi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amin Derakhshanfar
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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79
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Khatami M, Zafarnia N, Heydarpoor Bami M, Sharifi I, Singh H. Antifungal and antibacterial activity of densely dispersed silver nanospheres with homogeneity size which synthesized using chicory: An in vitro study. J Mycol Med 2018; 28:637-644. [PMID: 30100172 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With increase in isolation of multi and extensive drug resistance hospital pathogens (MDR, XDR) in burn centers of many hospitals in the world, attempt to use nanomaterials for treatment of burn-infected patients is the focus of researches all around the world. In the present investigation silver nanospheres (Ag NSs) has been synthesized by chicory seed exudates (CSE). The various parameters influencing the mechanism of Ag NSs synthesis including temperature, concentration, pH and time were studied. Greener Ag NSs were formed when the reaction conditions were altered with respect to pH, concentration of AgNO3 and incubation temperature. Finally, we evaluated antimicrobial activity of silver nanospheres biosynthesized by chicory (Cichodrium intybus) against most prevalent burn bacteria pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and fungus Fusarium solani. The UV visible spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS) used for primary screening of physicochemical properties. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed the Ag NSs (with globular shape) with a size less than 25nm that they have the same size about 8nm (more than 97% are 8nm). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Ag NSs against the standard strains of A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumonia showed a relatively high inhibitory and bactericidal activity (MIC 1.56μg/mL and MBC 3.12μg/mL) of the nanoparticles and F. solani cultures. In antifungal tests, the lowest level of zone of inhibition was observed at a concentration of 5μg/mL synthesized silver nanospheres with the 7% inhibition of growth. Ag NSs have high antimicrobial activity against three common burn bacteria pathogens and fungus F. solani. Therefore, Ag NSs can be used to prevent burn infection and for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khatami
- NanoBioElectrochemistry Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran; Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - N Zafarnia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran.
| | - M Heydarpoor Bami
- Population and Infertility Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - I Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - H Singh
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA; Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea
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80
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Oliaee RT, Sharifi I, Afgar A, Jafarzadeh A, Kareshk AT, Bamorovat M, Sharifi H, Babaei Z, Keyhani A, Keyhani A, Abedi L, Sharifi F. Differential expression of TLRs 2, 4, 9, iNOS and TNF-α and arginase activity in peripheral blood monocytes from glucantime unresponsive and responsive patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica. Microb Pathog 2018; 126:368-378. [PMID: 30399441 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of the mechanism of host/parasite interactions in unresponsive forms of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) caused by Leishmania tropica is helpful for immunotherapy and vaccine development. In the present study, the gene expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs), TNF-α, iNOS and also arginase (ARG) activity in monocytes from Glucantime unresponsive in comparison to responsive patients infected with L. tropica was investigated. METHODS In this case-control study, patients with unresponsive (n = 10) and responsive (n = 10) ACL were recruited. Gene expression of TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, TNF-α and iNOS was analyzed in L. tropica-exposed monocytes. The level of ARG activity in both isolated promastigotes and the lysates of monocytes was also determined. RESULTS L. tropica-exposed monocytes represented higher expression of all three TLRs and TNF-α and lower expression of iNOS compared to unexposed ones in both groups of patients. Results revealed a significant down-regulation of TLR2 and TNF-α and up-regulation of TLR9 expression in unresponsive isolates in comparison to responsive ones. Besides, ARG level showed a significant increase in L. tropica-stimulated monocytes and cultured promastigotes from unresponsive isolates versus responsive ones. CONCLUSIONS The decreased TLR2, TLR4, TNF-α and iNOS and the increased level of TLR9 expression in L. tropica-exposed monocytes from unresponsive isolates and also the increment in ARG activity in their promastigotes and monocytes, might possibly be involved in the severity of the disease and leading to Glucantime unresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Ali Afgar
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amir Tavakoli Kareshk
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Babaei
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amir Keyhani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alireza Keyhani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Leili Abedi
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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81
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Khosravi A, Sharifi I, Tavakkoli H, Keyhani AR, Afgar A, Salari Z, Mosallanejad SS, Bamorovat M, Sharifi F, Hassanzadeh S, Sadeghi B, Dabiri S, Mortazaeizdeh A, Sheikhshoaie Z, Salarkia E. Vascular apoptosis associated with meglumine antimoniate: In vivo investigation of a chick embryo model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:794-800. [PMID: 30297110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The vasculo-toxic effect of meglumine antimoniate (MA) was confirmed in our previous investigation. The current study investigates the association of this effect with altered VEGF-A and VEGF-R2 expression. Additional mechanisms by which MA causes vascular toxicity are not clearly understood. We hypothesized that MA may alter normal expression of apoptotic genes and cause vascular toxicity. The current investigation was designed to address this issue using a chick embryo model. Fertile chicken eggs were treated with MA and the extra-embryonic membrane (EEM) vasculature was evaluated by morphometric, molecular and immunohistochemistry assays. The results showed that MA not only altered apoptotic gene expression, but that this alteration may disturb the normal development of the vascular network and cause embryo malformation. The relative expression level of the CASP3, CASP7, CASP9, APAF1, AIF1 and TP53 genes increased in drug-exposed EEMs. In addition, IHC assay confirmed the low expression BCL2 and increased expression of Bax, which are associated with a high rate of apoptosis. We suggest that induction of an apoptotic signaling pathway can lead to vascular defects during embryo development and the consecutive cascade of events can lead to the embryo malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Hadi Tavakkoli
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Ali Reza Keyhani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Afgar
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zohreh Salari
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Center, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeid Hassanzadeh
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Balal Sadeghi
- Food Hygiene and Public Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shahriar Dabiri
- Afzalipour School of Medicine &Pathology and Stem Cells Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Mortazaeizdeh
- Afzalipour School of Medicine &Pathology and Stem Cells Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Sheikhshoaie
- Afzalipour School of Medicine &Pathology and Stem Cells Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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82
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Khatami M, Alijani HQ, Sharifi I. Biosynthesis of bimetallic and core-shell nanoparticles: their biomedical applications - a review. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018; 12:879-887. [PMID: 30247125 PMCID: PMC8676289 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, researchers succeeded in designing and manufacturing a new class of nanoparticles (NPs) called hybrid NPs. Among hybrid NPs, bimetallic and core-shell NPs were a revolutionary step in NPs science. A large number of green physiochemical and methods for nanostructures synthesis have been published. Eventually, physiochemical methods are either expensive or require the use of chemical compounds for the synthesis of bimetallic and core-shell nanostructures. The main challenges that scientists are facing are making the process cheaper, facile and eco-friendly efficient synthesis process. Green synthesis (biosynthesis) refers to the use of bio-resources (such as bacteria, fungi, plants or their derivatives) for the synthesis of nanostructures. The popularity of the green synthesis of nanostructures is due to their environmental friendliness and no usage of toxic materials, environmental friendliness for the synthesis or stability of nanostructure. Bimetallic and core-shell NPs have many biomedical applications such as removing heavy metals, parasitology, molecular and microbial sensor, gene carrier, single bacterial detection, oligonucleotide detection and so on. The purpose of this study is to discuss briefly the biosynthesised bimetallic and core-shell NPs, their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Khatami
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hajar Q Alijani
- NanoBioElectrochemistry Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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83
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Ghatee MA, Mirhendi H, Karamian M, Taylor WR, Sharifi I, Hosseinzadeh M, Kanannejad Z. Population structures of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica the causative agents of kala-azar in Southwest Iran. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3447-3458. [PMID: 30105405 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic in Iran and is caused predominantly by Leishmania infantum, but L. tropica is emerging as an important cause. We studied the intra-species population structure of Leishmania spp. causing VL in southwest Iran by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 of DNA samples from 29 bone marrow aspiration smears. L. infantum (n = 25) and L. tropica (n = 4) were identified, consisting of 10 and three ITS1 sequence types (STs), respectively. Compared to GenBank ITS1 STs, our L. infantum parasites displayed high heterogeneity but less heterogeneity compared than northwest Iranian isolates. VL affects mostly nomadic populations in southwest Iran, and their mobility may explain partly the L. infantum heterogeneity. The VL causing L. tropica was also genetically heterogeneous but genetically indistinguishable from L. tropica strains causing anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis from southwest Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Ghatee
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran. .,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Karamian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Walter R Taylor
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Massood Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Kanannejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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84
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Shaddel M, Sharifi I, Karvar M, Keyhani A, Baziar Z. Cryotherapy of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major in BALB/c mice: A comparative experimental study. J Vector Borne Dis 2018; 55:42-46. [PMID: 29916447 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.234625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Leishmania parasites are sensitive to very low temperature. Cryotherapy is considered as an alternative to the existing pentavalent antimonials, for local treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Normally, liquid nitrogen (N2) at a temperature of -196 °C, is used in cryotherapy of CL, but it's efficacy is not consistent. Recently, few studies have also reported the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) slush at -78.5 °C in CL cryotherapy. This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of N2 vs CO2 cryotherapy for CL treatment in mice. Methods: In total, 21 BALB/c mice were infected with Leishmania major strain [MRHO/IR/74/ER]. Samples were divided into three groups based on the intervention provided-Solid CO2 cryotherapy, liquid N2 cryotherapy and control group; with seven mice randomly assigned to each group. Control group received no intervention, and in the other two groups cryotherapy was used every two weeks for maximum of three months. Follow up examinations were scheduled at the time of cryotherapy, during which the size of each lesion was measured. For three mice in each study group, the spleen parasite DNA load was quantified using real-time PCR. Results After treatment, the liquid N2 cryotherapy showed significant reduction in size of the lesions (p = 0.029) as compared to the solid CO2 cryotherapy and control group. Also, Leishmania DNA load in spleen was significantly lower in the mice receiving liquid N2 cryotherapy (p <0.001). Interpretation & conclusion Liquid N2 cryotherapy is superior to CO2 cryotherapy, and it can be an effective method for controlling L. major infection. Further investigations are essential to find optimal number of treatment sessions and time intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoo Shaddel
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran; Kerman Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Kerman Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehran Karvar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Keyhani
- Kerman Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Baziar
- Kerman Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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85
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Khosravi A, Sharifi I, Tavakkoli H, Derakhshanfar A, Keyhani AR, Salari Z, Mosallanejad SS, Bamorovat M. Embryonic toxico-pathological effects of meglumine antimoniate using a chick embryo model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196424. [PMID: 29799841 PMCID: PMC5969735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the diverse and neglected tropical diseases. Embryo-toxicity of drugs has always been a major concern. Chick embryo is a preclinical model relevant in the assessment of adverse effects of drugs. The current study aimed to assess embryonic histopathological disorders and amniotic fluid biochemical changes following meglumine antimoniate treatment. The alteration of vascular branching pattern in the chick’s extra-embryonic membrane and exploration of molecular cues to early embryonic vasculogenesis and angiogenesis were also quantified. Embryonated chicken eggs were treated with 75 or 150 mg/kg of meglumine antimoniate. Embryo malformations, growth retardation and haemorrhages on the external body surfaces were accompanied by histopathological lesions in the brain, kidney, liver and heart in a dose-dependent manner. Significant rise occurred in the biochemical indices of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and amylase in the amniotic fluid. Quantification of the extra-embryonic membrane vasculature showed that the anti-angiogenic and anti-vasculogenic effects of the drug were revealed by a significant decrease in fractal dimension value and mean capillary area. The relative expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 mRNA also significantly reduced. Concerns of a probable teratogenicity of meglumine antimoniate were established by data presented in this study. It is concluded that tissue lesions, amniotic fluid disturbance, altered early extra-embryonic vascular development and gene expression as well as the consecutive cascade of events, might eventually lead to developmental defects in embryo following meglumine antimoniate treatment. Therefore, the use of meglumine antimoniate during pregnancy should be considered as potentially embryo-toxic. Hence, physicians should be aware of such teratogenic effects and limit the use of this drug during the growing period of the fetus, particularly in rural communities. Further pharmaceutical investigations are crucial for planning future strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- * E-mail: (IS); (HT)
| | - Hadi Tavakkoli
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
- * E-mail: (IS); (HT)
| | - Amin Derakhshanfar
- Center of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Keyhani
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zohreh Salari
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Center, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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86
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Oliaee RT, Sharifi I, Afgar A, Kareshk AT, Asadi A, Heshmatkhah A, Bamorovat M, Jafarzadeh A, Mohammadi MA, Daneshvar H. Unresponsiveness to meglumine antimoniate in anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis field isolates: analysis of resistance biomarkers by gene expression profiling. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 23:622-633. [PMID: 29709098 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to antimonials is a fundamental determinant of treatment failure in anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL). Detection of reliable molecular markers to distinguish unresponsive and responsive parasites is critical for consolidating strategies to monitor drug efficacy. METHODS We analysed the expression of five major antimony resistance-associated genes that is aquaglyceroporin1 (AQP1), γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), multidrug resistance protein A (MRPA), trypanothione reductase (TR) and thiol-dependent reductase 1 (TDR1), in unresponsive and responsive Leishmania tropica field isolates by quantitative real-time PCR in comparison with sensitive and resistant reference strains. RESULTS Gene expression analysis showed the down-regulation of AQP1, γ-GCS and TDR1 by a factor of 1.9, 1.7 and 3.55, respectively, in unresponsive isolates vs. responsive ones. The average RNA expression level of MRPA increased by a factor of 1.9 in the unresponsive group. Isolates exhibited a strong positive linear correlation between gene expression of AQP1 and γ-GCS. A negative correlation between the AQP1 and γ-GCS expression level and lesion duration in responsive patients indicated the potential role in diagnosing drug-unresponsive parasites in endemic areas of ACL. CONCLUSION In cases of inconclusive outcomes of resistance tests in clinical isolates, expression analysis of a set of influential genes can be beneficial to identify distinctive biomarkers between antimony-unresponsive and responsive parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Afgar
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amir Tavakoli Kareshk
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Arash Asadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amireh Heshmatkhah
- Dadbin Health Clinic, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohammadi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Daneshvar
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Askari A, Sharifi I, Aflatoonian MR, Babaei Z, Ghasemi Nejad Almani P, Mohammadi MA, Alizadeh H, Hemati S, Bamorovat M. A newly emerged focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in South-western Iran. Microb Pathog 2018; 121:363-368. [PMID: 29709689 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is rising in many countries, including Iran, due to climate change, refugee crises, urbanization and etc. The aim of this study was to explore the epidemiology, extent and identity of Leishmania species in a newly emerged focus in Abdanan County, Ilam Province, South-western Iran. This study was performed as a descriptive cross-sectional study by a systematic house-to-house approach. The Leishmania species was identified by RFLP-PCR and sequencing. Altogether, 46799 individuals consisting of 22907 (48.9) female and 23892 (51.1%) male were interviewed and physically examined for the presence of skin lesions. Overall, the incidence rate was 0.34% (n = 160). All age groups were affected and the incidence rate was the highest in <10 years of age group (0.49%) and the lowest in >50 years old individuals (0.15%), although there was no significant difference regarding the sex and age. The majority of patients had one lesion (47.5%) on hands (56%) and most of the cases occurred in Abdanan city (%54) in summer. Based on the RFLP-PCR analysis, all the Leishmania isolates were L. major of single genotype. A newly emerged focus of zoonotic CL caused by L. major occurred in South-western of Iran. Multiple risk factors created this epidemic area. Further studies on the vector and reservoir are crucial needed to provide evidences to select the prophylactic and therapeutic measures for future control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Askari
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - I Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - M R Aflatoonian
- Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Z Babaei
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | | | - M A Mohammadi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - H Alizadeh
- Mazandaran University of Exercise Physiology Sciences, Babolsar, Iran.
| | - S Hemati
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - M Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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88
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Ramezany M, Sharifi I, Babaei Z, Ghasemi Nejad Almani P, Heshmatkhah A, Keyhani A, Aflatoonian MR, Mohammadi MA, Sharifi F, Bamorovat M. Geographical distribution and molecular characterization for cutaneous leishmaniasis species by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of kDNA and ITS1 loci markers in south-eastern Iran. Pathog Glob Health 2018. [PMID: 29536818 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2018.1447836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore geographic distribution and molecular characterization of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) species by amplifying two popular markers in kinetoplast DNA and internal transcribed spacer 1 loci by nested-PCR, and characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Findings demonstrated that two species co-existed in the province: L. tropica (88.5%) and L. major (11.5%). All gender and age groups were equally infected, although males, 21-30 years old, exhibited a significantly higher infection. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of 34 randomly selected samples showed that L. tropica isolates exhibited some degree of heterogeneity. Both anthroponotic CL and zoonotic CL are present in south-eastern Iran with predominance of L. tropica species. Some level of heterogeneity was observed in L. tropica isolates which possibly reflects different colonies in the area. Implementation of diagnostic tools directly from clinical samples could be an important strategic approach for exploration of spatial distribution, molecular characterization and phylogenetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ramezany
- a Department of Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- b Leishmaniasis Research Center , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Zahra Babaei
- b Leishmaniasis Research Center , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | | | - Amireh Heshmatkhah
- c Shahid Dadbin Clinic, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Alireza Keyhani
- b Leishmaniasis Research Center , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian
- d Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohammadi
- e Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- f Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- b Leishmaniasis Research Center , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
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89
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Bamorovat M, Sharifi I, Aflatoonian MR, Sharifi H, Karamoozian A, Sharifi F, Khosravi A, Hassanzadeh S. Risk factors for anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in unresponsive and responsive patients in a major focus, southeast of Iran. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192236. [PMID: 29415078 PMCID: PMC5802920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a serious health challenge at the global level due to Leishmania tropica. This study was conducted to evaluate the risk factors associated with anthroponotic CL (ACL) in unresponsive (patient who does not heal and remains with an active lesion, despite receiving two courses of intra-lesional Glucantime along with cryotherapy and one cycle of systemic Glucantime) and responsive patients in a major focus in southeastern Iran. A case-control study was conducted from April 2015 to October 2016 in the southeast of Iran. Patients were recruited in a major ACL focus from unresponsive and responsive cases. These patients were compared for environmental, clinical, and demographic characteristic factors. Twenty-five risk related factors were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression and backward elimination stepwise models. P<0.05 was defined to be statistically significant. In general, 340 patients with ACL comprising 72 (21.2%) unresponsive cases and 268 (78.8%) responsive cases with active lesions or scars were analyzed by estimating odds ratio (OR). All isolates from 15 responsive and 15 unresponsive patients were characterized as Leishmania tropica based on the BLAST and phylogenic analyses by PCR sequences of the Hsp70 and ITS1 loci. Among the 25 variables, 4 major risk factors including poor interior housing conditions (OR = 1.99, confidence interval (CI) = 1-3.93, P<0.04), history of chronic diseases (OR = 6.22, CI = 2.51-15.44, P≤0.001), duration of lesion in the patients referred ≥13 months (OR = 74.99, CI = 17.24-326.17, P≤0.001), and 5-12 months (OR = 7.42, CI = 3.07-17.92, P≤0.001) than lesions with ≤4 months of age and age groups ≥51 years (OR = 3.85, CI = 1.04-14.22, P<0.04) than those ≤7 years, were significantly associated with unresponsive forms. Improving interior house construction protecting high risk individuals and those with debilitating diseases from being bitten by sand flies, together with the early detection and effective treatment of older age groups with history of chronic diseases are highly important measures for preventing unresponsive forms in patients with ACL in southeastern Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Karamoozian
- Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeid Hassanzadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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90
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Akhtardanesh B, Kheirandish R, Sharifi I, Mohammadi A, Mostafavi A, Mahmoodi T, Ebrahimi M. Low susceptibility of domestic cats to experimental Leishmania infantum infection. J Vector Borne Dis 2018; 55:230-234. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.249481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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91
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Salim-Abadi Y, Asadpour M, Sharifi I, Sanei-Dehkordi A, Gorouhi MA, Paksa A, Tayyebi Z, Aghaei-Afshar A. Baseline Susceptibility of Filarial Vector Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) to Five Insecticides with Different Modes of Action in Southeast of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2017; 11:453-462. [PMID: 29367922 PMCID: PMC5775152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) is an important vector for many human diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility level of larval and adult stages of Cu. quinquefasciatus to different groups of WHO recommended insecticides for vector control. METHODS Larval stages of the Culex mosquitoes were collected from their natural habitats in Rafsanjan County at Kerman Province, southeast of Iran in 2016. Insecticide susceptibility status of adult female Cx. quinquefasciatus against DDT (4%), deltamethrin (0.05%), malathion 5%, and bendiocarb (0.1%) were determined using WHO standard insecticide susceptibility test. Additional test was carried out to determine the susceptibility status of larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus to temephos. Bioassay data were analyzed by Probit program. RESULTS Cx. quinquefasciatus adults showed resistance to all four groups of the tested insecticides according to the WHO criteria for resistance evaluation. The lethal concentrations for 50% mortality (LC50) and 90% mortality (LC90) of temephos against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae were 0.18mg/l and 0.78mg/l, respectively. This finding also confirms resistance to temephos based on the WHO recommended instructions for resistance evaluation. CONCLUSION Resistance to all groups of the tested insecticides should be considered for future vector control investigations in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Salim-Abadi
- Department of Health Services and Health Promotion, School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran,Pistachio Safety Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asadpour
- Department of Health Services and Health Promotion, School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Gorouhi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Azim Paksa
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohre Tayyebi
- Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei-Afshar
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran,Corresponding Author: Dr Abbas Aghaei-Afshar, E-mail:
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92
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Sharifi F, Sharififar F, Sharifi I, Pournamdari M, Eslaminejad T, Khatami M. Antioxidant, Anti-proliferation and Cytotoxicity Activities of Gossypium hirsutum toward Standard HepG2, A549, MCF-7 and U87 Cancer Cell Lines Compared to Huvec, 3T3 Normal Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.9734/ejmp/2017/38160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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93
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Sharifi F, Sharififar F, Sharifi I, Alijani HQ, Khatami M. Cytotoxicity, leishmanicidal, and antioxidant activity of biosynthesised zinc sulphide nanoparticles using
Phoenix dactylifera. IET Nanobiotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sharifi
- Pharmaceutics Research CenterInstitute of NeuropharmacologyKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | - Fariba Sharififar
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research CenterDepartment of PharmacognosyKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research CenterKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | - Hajar Q. Alijani
- Leishmaniasis Research CenterKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | - Mehrdad Khatami
- School of MedicineBam University of Medical SciencesBamIran
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
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94
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Khatami M, Alijani H, Sharifi I, Sharifi F, Pourseyedi S, Kharazi S, Lima Nobre MA, Khatami M. Leishmanicidal Activity of Biogenic Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles. Sci Pharm 2017; 85:scipharm85040036. [PMID: 29156612 PMCID: PMC5748533 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm85040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Due to the multiplicity of useful applications of metal oxide nanoparticles (ONPs) in medicine are growing exponentially, in this study, Fe₃O₄ (iron oxide) nanoparticles (IONPs) were biosynthesized using Rosemary to evaluate the leishmanicidal efficiency of green synthesized IONPs. This is the first report of the leishmanicidal efficiency of green synthesized IONPs against Leishmania major. The resulting biosynthesized IONPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The leishmanicidal activity of IONPS was studied via 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results showed the fabrication of the spherical shape of monodisperse IONPs with a size 4 ± 2 nm. The UV-visible spectrophotometer absorption peak was at 334 nm. The leishmanicidal activity of biogenic iron oxide nanoparticles against Leishmania major (promastigote) was also studied. The IC50 of IONPs was 350 µg/mL. In this report, IONPs were synthesized via a green method. IONPs are mainly spherical and homogeneous, with an average size of about 4 nm, and were synthesized here using an eco-friendly, simple, and inexpensive method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Khatami
- School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran.
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Hajar Alijani
- School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran.
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Shahram Pourseyedi
- Department of Biotechnology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Sam Kharazi
- School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran.
| | - Marcos Augusto Lima Nobre
- Fac de Ciências e Tecnologia-FCT, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Presidente Prudente-SP 19060-900, Brazil.
| | - Manouchehr Khatami
- Department of Radiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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95
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Daneshvar H, Sharifi I, Kyhani A. Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Peptides Gene Expression in Susceptible / Resistant Mice Macrophages to Leishmania Major Infection. ME-JFM 2017. [DOI: 10.5742/mewfm.2017.93096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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96
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Mortazavi SM, Khatami M, Sharifi I, Heli H, Kaykavousi K, Sobhani Poor MH, Kharazi S, Nobre MAL. Bacterial Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi Isolated from Blood and Stool Specimens of Patients. J CLUST SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-017-1267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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97
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Nooshadokht M, Kalantari-Khandani B, Sharifi I, Kamyabi H, Liyanage NPM, Lagenaur LA, Kagnoff MF, Singer SM, Babaei Z, Solaymani-Mohammadi S. Stool antigen immunodetection for diagnosis of Giardia duodenalis infection in human subjects with HIV and cancer. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 141:35-41. [PMID: 28716658 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human infection with the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis is one the most common parasitic diseases worldwide. Higher incidence rates of giardiasis have been reported from human subjects with multiple debilitating chronic conditions, including hypogammaglobulinemia and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). In the current study, stool specimens were collected from 199 individuals diagnosed with HIV or cancer and immunocompetent subjects. The sensitivity of microscopy-based detection on fresh stool preparations, trichrome staining and stool antigen immunodetection for the diagnosis of G. duodenalis were 36%, 45.5% and 100%, respectively when compared with a highly sensitive stool-based PCR method as the gold standard. Further multilocus molecular analyses using glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) loci demonstrated that the AI genotype of G. duodenalis was the most prevalent, followed by the AII genotype and mixed (AI+B) infections. We concluded that stool antigen immunodetection-based immunoassays and stool-based PCR amplification had comparable sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of G. duodenalis infections in these populations. Stool antigen detection-based diagnostic modalities are rapid and accurate and may offer alternatives to conventional microscopy and PCR-based diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of G. duodenalis in human subjects living with HIV or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nooshadokht
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Kamyabi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Namal P M Liyanage
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Martin F Kagnoff
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Steven M Singer
- Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease, Georgetown University, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Zahra Babaei
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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98
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Nooshadokht M, Sharifi I, Mohammadi MA, Pirestani M, Afgar A, Mahootchi A, Salari S. Intestinal microsporidiosis in Iran: infection in immune-compromised and immunocompetent patients. Curr Med Mycol 2017. [PMID: 29302628 PMCID: PMC5747587 DOI: 10.29252/cmm.3.1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Gastroenteritis and the clinical profile caused by Microsporidia, an opportunistic pathogen, may be severe in immunocompromised individuals, especially in AIDS patients. Conventionally, it is necessary to detect the small infective spores in stained smears. However, due to the limitations of the microscopy-based methods, several DNA-based methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have recently been developed to enhance diagnosis sensitivity. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the rate of infection in immunocompromised patients as compared with immunocompetent patients in Kerman, Iran. Materials and Methods: We collected stool samples of 199 human subjects (116 males and 83 females), aged 1 to 69 years old. They were divided into immunocompromised (i.e., AIDS [n=72] and cancer-positive patients [n=59]) and immunocompetent (n=68) groups. We comparatively examined the fecal materials using the microscopy and PCR methods. Results: The overall prevalence rate of Microsporidia infection was 10.05% (20/199). Entrocytozoon bieneusi was the only species within the Microsporidia genus that was identified in 14.5% (19/131) of the immunocompromised patients and 1.47% (1/68) of the immunocompetent individuals. Conclusion: Considering the higher prevalence rate of microsporidiosis in patients with immunodeficiency (10.03%), we suggest performing sensitive and specific techniques such as PCR for the detection of these parasites in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nooshadokht
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - I Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - M A Mohammadi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - M Pirestani
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Afgar
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - A Mahootchi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - S Salari
- Regional Knowledge Hub and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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99
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Nooshadokht M, Sharifi I, Mohammadi MA, Pirestani M, Afgar A, Mahootchi A, Salari S. Intestinal microsporidiosis in Iran: infection in immune-compromised and immunocompetent patients. Curr Med Mycol 2017; 3:30-36. [PMID: 29302628 PMCID: PMC5747587 DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.cmm.3.1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Gastroenteritis and the clinical profile caused by Microsporidia, an opportunistic pathogen, may be severe in immunocompromised individuals, especially in AIDS patients. Conventionally, it is necessary to detect the small infective spores in stained smears. However, due to the limitations of the microscopy-based methods, several DNA-based methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have recently been developed to enhance diagnosis sensitivity. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the rate of infection in immunocompromised patients as compared with immunocompetent patients in Kerman, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected stool samples of 199 human subjects (116 males and 83 females), aged 1 to 69 years old. They were divided into immunocompromised (i.e., AIDS [n=72] and cancer-positive patients [n=59]) and immunocompetent (n=68) groups. We comparatively examined the fecal materials using the microscopy and PCR methods. RESULTS The overall prevalence rate of Microsporidia infection was 10.05% (20/199). Entrocytozoon bieneusi was the only species within the Microsporidia genus that was identified in 14.5% (19/131) of the immunocompromised patients and 1.47% (1/68) of the immunocompetent individuals. CONCLUSION Considering the higher prevalence rate of microsporidiosis in patients with immunodeficiency (10.03%), we suggest performing sensitive and specific techniques such as PCR for the detection of these parasites in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nooshadokht
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - I Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - M A Mohammadi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - M Pirestani
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Afgar
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - A Mahootchi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - S Salari
- Regional Knowledge Hub and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Aghaei Afshar A, Hakimi Parizi M, Sharifi I, Gorouhi MA, Sharifi F, Baafi B. Evaluation of the ecological characteristics in the vector of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in a new focus of Mohammad Abad, Kerman, southeast of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2017. [DOI: 10.12980/apjtd.7.2017d6-354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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