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Gonzalez AL, Donnenfeld E, Baudouin C, Holland E, Nichols K, Karpecki P, Hamdani M, Shojaei A. LIFITEGRAST 5% FOR DRY EYE DISEASE: COMBINED EFFICACY AND SAFETY FROM FIVE RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS. Innov Aging 2019. [PMCID: PMC6846150 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igz038.983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Five randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trials were conducted in the US in adults with DED, an eye dryness score (EDS, visual analogue scale [VAS], 0–100) ≥40, and inferior corneal staining score ([ICSS], 0-4) ≥2.0 at study entry: four 84-day efficacy trials (phase 2, lifitegrast n=58, placebo, n=58; phase 3: OPUS-1, n=293, n=295; OPUS-2, n=358, n=360; OPUS-3, n=355, n=356) and a 1-year safety study (SONATA, lifitegrast n=220, placebo n=111). The pooled population had a mean age of 59.4 years, and 76% were females. Lifitegrast treatment, versus placebo, significantly improved EDS from baseline to day 84 in three of the four trials: OPUS-1 (treatment effect [TE] 4.7; P=0.0311), OPUS-2 (TE 12.3; P<0.0001), and OPUS-3 (TE 7.5; P=0.0003). Lifitegrast significantly improved ICSS in the phase 2 (TE 0.25; P=0.0498) and OPUS-1 (TE 0.23; P=0.0007) trials, and nominally in OPUS-3 (TE 0.17; nominal P=0.0135). The responder analyses from OPUS-2 and OPUS-3 assessed the proportion of subjects with an EDS reduction from baseline (≥10, ≥15, ≥20 points), and percentage change from baseline (≥30, ≥50, ≥70%), to days 14, 42 and 84. More subjects achieved ≥30% EDS reduction with lifitegrast versus placebo in Opus-2, and Opus 3 at days 14, 42, and 84 (all nominal P<0.0001). A similar trend was seen at other response thresholds. Pooled safety data (lifitegrast n=1287; placebo, n=1177) indicated Lifitegrast was well tolerated with no serious ocular adverse events. Lifitegrast significantly improved signs and symptoms of DED in adult subjects, with EDS improvements observed starting at day 14 after treatment.
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Ghafouri S, Fathollahi Y, Semnanian S, Shojaei A, Asgari A, Ebrahim Amini A, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. Deep brain stimulation restores the glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission and plasticity to normal levels in kindled rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224834. [PMID: 31697763 PMCID: PMC6837391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The precise effect of low frequency stimulation (LFS) as a newly postulated, anticonvulsant therapeutic approach on seizure-induced changes in synaptic transmission has not been completely determined. Hypothesis In this study, the LFS effect on impaired, synaptic plasticity in kindled rats was investigated. Methods Hippocampal kindled rats received LFS (4 trials consisting of one train of 200 monophasic square waves, 0.1 ms pulse duration, 1 Hz) on four occasions. LTP induction was evaluated using whole-cell recordings of evoked excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs respectively) in CA1 neurons in hippocampal slices. In addition, the hippocampal excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs and IPSCs), and the gene expression of NR2A, GluR2 and γ2 were evaluated. Results LTP induction was attenuated in excitatory and inhibitory synapses in hippocampal slices of kindled rats. When LFS was applied in kindled animals, LTP was induced in EPSPs and IPSPs. Moreover, LFS increased and decreased the threshold intensities of EPSCs and IPSCs respectively. In kindled animals, NR2A gene expression increased, while γ2 gene expression decreased. GluR2 gene expression did not significantly change. Applying LFS in kindled animals mitigated these changes: No significant differences were observed in NR2A, γ2 and GluR2 gene expression in the kindled+LFS and control groups. Conclusion The application of LFS in kindled animals restored LTP induction in both EPSPs and IPSPs, and returned the threshold intensity for induction of EPSCs, IPSCs and gene expression to similar levels as controls.
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Sadeghian A, Fathollahi Y, Javan M, Shojaei A, Kosarmadar N, Rezaei M, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. Spatial Learning and Memory in Barnes Maze Test and Synaptic Potentiation in Schaffer Collateral-CA1 Synapses of Dorsal Hippocampus in Freely Moving Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci 2019; 10:461-468. [PMID: 32284835 PMCID: PMC7149949 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Synaptic plasticity has been suggested as the primary physiological mechanism underlying memory formation. Many experimental approaches have been used to investigate whether the mechanisms underlying Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) are activated during learning. Nevertheless, little evidence states that hippocampal-dependent learning triggers synaptic plasticity. In this study, we investigated if learning and memory in the Barnes maze test are accompanied by the occurrence of LTP in Schaffer collateral to CA1 synapses in freely moving rats. Methods The rats were implanted with a recording electrode in stratum radiatum and stimulating electrodes in Schaffer collaterals of the CA1 region in the dorsal hippocampus of the right hemisphere. Following the recovery period of at least 10 days, field potentials were recorded in freely moving animals before and after training them in Barnes maze as a hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory test. The slope of extracellular field Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (fEPSPs) was measured before and after the Barnes maze test. Results The results showed that the fEPSP slope did not change after learning and memory in the Barnes maze test, and this spatial learning did not result in a change in synaptic potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Conclusion Spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze test are not accompanied by LTP induction in Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses.
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Zarei-Kheirabadi M, Hesaraki M, Shojaei A, Kiani S, Baharvand H. Generation of neural stem cells from adult astrocytes by using a single reprogramming factor. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18697-18706. [PMID: 30912162 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Generating neural stem cells (NSCs) from astroglia as an abundant cell type in the mammalian brain has a promising outlook to be used in cell-replacement therapy for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and neuronal trauma. However, little is known about a single reprogramming factor that may lead to the generation of induced NSCs (iNSCs) from adult brain-derived astrocytes in the absence of extrinsic inductive signals. Here, we show that zinc-finger nuclear protein Zfp521 alone is sufficient for converting the adult mouse brain-derived astrocytes into iNSCs. In vitro, Zfp521-iNSCs demonstrated long-term self-renewal and multipotency and expressed related markers. Moreover, single-seeded iNSCs were able to produce NSC colonies. These results suggest that application of Zfp521 to generate iNSCs could be regarded as a new approach for conversion of resident astrocytes into iNSCs in cell therapy for in vivo treatment of neural injuries.
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Ahmadirad N, Fathollahi Y, Janahmadi M, Shojaei A, Ghasemi Z, Barkley V, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. Low-Frequency Electrical Stimulation Reduces the Impairment in Synaptic Plasticity Following Epileptiform Activity in Rat Hippocampal Slices through α 1, But Not α 2, Adrenergic Receptors. Neuroscience 2019; 406:176-185. [PMID: 30872164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Low frequency stimulation (LFS) has anticonvulsant effect and may restore the ability of long-term potentiation (LTP) to the epileptic brain. The mechanisms of LFS have not been completely determined. Here, we showed that LTP induction was impaired following in vitro epileptiform activity (EA) in hippocampal slices, but application of LFS prevented this impairment. Then, we investigated the involvement of α-adrenergic receptors in this effect of LFS. EA was induced by increasing the extracellular K+ concentration to 12 mM and EPSPs were recorded from CA1 neurons in whole cell configuration. EA increased EPSP amplitude from 6.9 ± 0.7 mV to 9.6 ± 0.6 mV. For LTP induction, the Schaffer collaterals were stimulated by high frequency stimulation (HFS; two trains of 100 pulses, 100 Hz at the interval of 20 s). The application of HFS resulted in 40.9 ± 2.3% increase in the amplitude of EPSPs. However, following EA, HFS could not produce any significant changes in EPSP amplitude. Administration of LFS (1 Hz, 900 pulses) to Schaffer collaterals at the beginning of EA restored LTP induction to the hippocampal slices and HFS increased the EPSPs amplitude up to 41.7 ± 3.1% of baseline. When slices were perfused by prazosin (α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist; 10 μM) before and during LFS application, LFS improvement on LTP induction was reduced significantly. Perfusion of slices by yohimbine (α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist; 5 μM) had no effect on LFS action. Therefore, it may be concluded that following epileptiform activity, LFS can improve the impairment of LTP generation through α1, but not α2, adrenergic receptor activity.
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Ghasemi Z, Naderi N, Shojaei A, Raoufy MR, Ahmadirad N, Barkley V, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. The inhibitory effect of different patterns of low frequency stimulation on neuronal firing following epileptiform activity in rat hippocampal slices. Brain Res 2019; 1706:184-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nichols KK, Donnenfeld ED, Karpecki PM, Hovanesian JA, Raychaudhuri A, Shojaei A, Zhang S. Safety and tolerability of lifitegrast ophthalmic solution 5.0%: Pooled analysis of five randomized controlled trials in dry eye disease. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 29:394-401. [PMID: 30112930 PMCID: PMC6625033 DOI: 10.1177/1120672118791936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Characterize the safety and tolerability of lifitegrast ophthalmic solution
5.0% for the treatment of dry eye disease. Methods: Pooled data from five randomized controlled trials were analyzed. Key
inclusion criteria were adults with dry eye disease (Schirmer tear test
score ⩾1 and ⩽10 mm, eye dryness score ⩾40 (visual analog scale 0–100),
corneal staining score ⩾2.0 (0–4 scale)). Participants were randomized to
lifitegrast ophthalmic solution 5.0% or placebo twice daily for 84 or
360 days. Treatment-emergent adverse events and drop comfort scores were
assessed. Results: Overall, 2464 participants (lifitegrast, n = 1287; placebo, n = 1177) were
included. Ocular treatment-emergent adverse events occurring in >5% in
either group were instillation site irritation (lifitegrast, 15.2%; placebo,
2.8%), instillation site reaction (lifitegrast, 12.3%; placebo, 2.3%), and
instillation site pain (lifitegrast, 9.8%; placebo, 2.1%); the most common
(> 5%) nonocular treatment-emergent adverse event was dysgeusia
(lifitegrast, 14.5%; placebo, 0.3%). The majority of treatment-emergent
adverse events were mild to moderate in severity. Discontinuation due to
treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 7.0% (lifitegrast) versus 2.6%
(placebo) of participants (ocular: 5.5% vs 1.5%; nonocular: 1.9% vs 1.1%).
Drop comfort scores with lifitegrast improved within 3 min of instillation
and the score at 3 min improved across visits (12-week trials (both eyes,
day 84 vs 0): 2.0 vs 3.3; SONATA (day 360 vs 0): right eye, 1.2 vs 1.7; left
eye, 1.2 vs 1.8). Conclusion: Lifitegrast ophthalmic solution 5.0% appeared to be safe and well tolerated
for the treatment of dry eye disease. Drop comfort with lifitegrast improved
within 3 min of instillation.
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Ghasemi Z, Naderi N, Shojaei A, Ahmadirad N, Raoufy MR, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. Low Frequency Electrical Stimulation Attenuated The Epileptiform Activity-Induced Changes in Action Potential Features in Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons. CELL JOURNAL 2018; 20:355-360. [PMID: 29845789 PMCID: PMC6004994 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2018.5443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective Electrical low frequency stimulation (LFS) is a new therapeutic method that moderates hyperexcitability during epileptic states. Seizure occurrence is accompanied by some changes in action potential (AP) features. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory action of LFS on epileptiform activity (EA) induced-changes in AP features in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, we induced EA in hippocampal slices by increasing the extracellular potassium (K+) concentration to 12 mM. LFS (1 Hz) was applied to the Schaffer collaterals at different pulse numbers (600 and 900) at the beginning of the EA. Changes in AP features recorded by whole-cell patch clamp recording were compared using phase plot analysis. Results Induction of EA depolarized membrane potential, decreased peak amplitude, as well as the maximum rise and decay slopes of APs. Administration of 1 Hz LFS at the beginning of EA prevented the above mentioned changes in AP features. This suppressive effect of LFS depended on the LFS pulse number, such that application of 900 pulses of LFS had a stronger recovery effect on AP features that changed during EA compared to 600 pulses of LFS. The constructed phase plots of APs revealed that LFS at 900 pulses significantly decreased the changes in resting membrane potential (RMP), peak amplitude, and maximum rise and decay slopes that appeared during EA. Conclusion Increasing the numbers of LFS pulses can magnify its inhibitory effects on EA-induced changes in AP features.
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Mardani P, Oryan S, Sarihi A, Komaki A, Shojaei A, Dehghan S, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. ERK activation is required for the antiepileptogenic effect of low frequency electrical stimulation in kindled rats. Brain Res Bull 2018; 140:132-139. [PMID: 29705048 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The signaling pathways involved in the antiepileptogenic effect of low frequency electrical stimulation (LFS) have not been fully understood. In the present study the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade was investigated in mediating the inhibitory effects of LFS on kindled seizures. METHODS Animals received kindling stimulations for seven days (the mean number of stimulation days for achieving stage 5 seizure) according to semi-rapid perforant path kindling protocol (12 stimulations per day at 10 min intervals). LFS (0.1 ms pulse duration at 1 Hz, 800 pulses) was applied at 5 min after the last kindling stimulation every day. During the kindling procedure, FR180204 (inhibitor of ERK) was daily microinjected (1 μg/μl; intracerebroventricular) immediately after the last kindling stimulation and before LFS application. The expression of activated ERK (p-ERK) in the dentate gyrus was also investigated using immunohistochemistry technique. RESULTS Application of LFS at 5 min after the last kindling stimulation had inhibitory effect on kindling rate. FR180204 had no significant effect on seizure parameters when administered at the dose of 1 μg/μl in kindled group of animals. However, microinjection of FR180204 before LFS application reduced the inhibitory effect of LFS on seizure severity and field potential parameters (i.e. the slope of population field excitatory postsynaptic potentials and population spike amplitude) during kindling. FR180204 also blocked the preventing effects of LFS on kindling-induced increase in early (at 10-40 ms intervals) and late (at 300-1000 ms intervals) paired pulse depression. In addition, application of LFS following kindling stimulations increased the expression of p-ERK in the dentate gyrus. CONCLUSION Obtained results showed ERK signaling pathway had important role in mediating the antiepileptogenic effect of LFS in perforant path kindling. These findings represent a promising opportunity to gain insight about LFS mechanism in epilepsy therapy.
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Nichols KK, Holland E, Toyos MM, Peace JH, Majmudar P, Raychaudhuri A, Hamdani M, Roy M, Shojaei A. Ocular comfort assessment of lifitegrast ophthalmic solution 5.0% in OPUS-3, a Phase III randomized controlled trial. Clin Ophthalmol 2018; 12:263-270. [PMID: 29440868 PMCID: PMC5798562 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s152841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate ocular comfort of lifitegrast ophthalmic solution 5.0% among patients with dry eye disease (DED) in the OPUS-3 trial. Methods OPUS-3 was a multicenter, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study. Adults with DED and recent artificial tear use were randomized 1:1 (lifitegrast:placebo) to ophthalmic drops twice daily for 84 days. On days 0 (baseline), 14, 42, and 84, drop comfort score (scale, 0–10; 0 = very comfortable, 10 = very uncomfortable) was measured at 0, 1, 2, and 3 minutes postinstillation. If the score was >3 at 3 minutes, assessment was repeated at 5, 10, and 15 minutes until score ≤3. Ocular treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were assessed. Results Overall, 711 participants were randomized (n=357 received lifitegrast; n=354 received placebo). Drop comfort scores for lifitegrast-treated participants improved within 3 minutes of instillation (mean scores on day 84 for both study and fellow eyes: instillation: lifitegrast, 3.4, placebo, 1.0; 3 minutes: lifitegrast, 1.5, placebo, 0.7). The majority (64%–66%) of participants had scores <3 within 3 minutes postinstillation on days 14, 42, and 84. In participants with scores >3 at 3 minutes, the mean score in the lifitegrast group was similar to or better than that in the placebo group at 5, 10, or 15 minutes postinstillation. Lifitegrast appeared to be well tolerated, with ocular TEAEs rarely leading to discontinuation. Conclusion In OPUS-3, lifitegrast appeared to be well tolerated and drop comfort scores approached placebo levels by 3 minutes postinstillation.
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Ghasemi Z, Naderi N, Shojaei A, Raoufy MR, Ahmadirad N, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. Effect of Low-Frequency Electrical Stimulation on the High-K+-Induced Neuronal Hyperexcitability in Rat Hippocampal Slices. Neuroscience 2018; 369:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Asemi Rad A, Hasan Heidari M, Aliaghaei A, Eskandarian Broujeni M, Shojaei A, Abbaszadeh HA, Shaerzadeh F, Sadeghi Y. In vitro Differentiation of Adipose Derived Stem Cells into Functional Dopaminergic Neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.13005/bpj/1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Daneshdoust D, Khalili-Fomeshi M, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Ghorbanian D, Hashemian M, Gholami M, Moghadamnia A, Shojaei A. Pregabalin enhances myelin repair and attenuates glial activation in lysolecithin-induced demyelination model of rat optic chiasm. Neuroscience 2017; 344:148-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shojaei A, Anaraki AK, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Atapour N. Modifications of inhibitory transmission onto pyramidal neurons by postnatal exposure to MK-801: Effects of enriched environment. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 57:56-61. [PMID: 28099880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Early enriched environment (EE) prevents several deficits associated with postnatal MK-801 [N-Methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist] treatment such as cognitive and locomotor deficits. We sought physiological correlates to such changes by looking at inhibitory synaptic inputs onto pyramidal cells in a prefrontal cortex slice preparation. Pharmacologically isolated γ-amino-butyric acid A (GABAA) receptor-mediated currents were measured using whole-cell patch clamp recordings. Wistar rats were raised in standard or EE from birth up to the time of experiments and were injected with saline or MK-801 (1mg/kg) on postnatal days (P) 6-10. We recorded miniature inhibitory post-synaptic currents (mIPSCs) of pyramidal cells in layer II/III of prefrontal cortex and measured their frequency, amplitude and kinetics. In control animals, the amplitude and frequency of mIPSCs increased strikingly during development from P21 to P28. MK-801 accelerated the development of mIPSCs frequency but caused a significant decrease in the amplitude of mIPSCs on P28 suggesting a significant reduction of inhibition onto pyramidal cells. EE per se led to a significant increase in both frequency and amplitude of mIPSCs, but its application to MK-801-treated rats resulted in moderate rescue of GABAergic transmission on P28. We conclude that postnatal MK-801 leads to reduced inhibitory transmission onto pyramidal cells of prefrontal cortex at adolescence which may underlie behavioural and morphological differences detected in vivo in rats. EE presentation from birth rather prevents GABAergic alterations associated with postnatal MK-801 treatment at adolescence.
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Ghafouri S, Fathollahi Y, Semnanian S, Shojaei A, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. Effects of Low Frequency Stimulation on Spontaneous Inhibitory and Excitatory Post-Synaptic Currents in Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Cells of Kindled Rats. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 18:547-555. [PMID: 28042539 PMCID: PMC5086333 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low-frequency stimulation (LFS) exerts suppressive effects in kindled animals. It is believed that overstimulated glutamatergic and decreased GABAergic transmission have long been associated with seizure activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of electrical LFS on different parameters of spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic currents (sEPSCs and sIPSCs) in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in kindled animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, rats were kindled by electrical stimulation of the hippocampal CA1 area in a semi-rapid manner (12 stimulations/day). The animals were considered fully kindled when they showed stage 5 seizures on three consecutive days. One group of animals received LFS 4 times at 30 seconds, 6 hours, 18 and 24 hours following the last kindling stimulation. Each LFS consisted of 4 packages at 5 minutes intervals. Each package of LFS consisted of 200 pulses at 1 Hz and each monophasic square wave pulse duration was 0.1 millisecond. At 2-3 hours post-LFS, acute hippocampal slices were prepared and a whole cell patch clamp recording was performed in all animals to measure the different parameters of sEPSCs and sIPSCs. RESULTS In kindled animals, the inter-event interval (as an index of occurrence) of sEPSCs decreased, whereas sIPSC increased. In addition, the decay time constant of sIPSCs as an index of the duration of its activity decreased compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in other parameters between the kindled and control groups. Application of LFS in kindled animals prevented the observed changes. There was no significant difference between the measured parameters in kindled+LFS and control groups. CONCLUSION LFS application may prevent seizure-induced increase in the occurrence of sEPSCs and seizure-induced decrease in occurrence and activity duration of sIPSCs.
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Azedi F, Kazemnejad S, Zarnani AH, Soleimani M, Shojaei A, Arasteh S. Comparative capability of menstrual blood versus bone marrow derived stem cells in neural differentiation. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 44:169-182. [PMID: 27981446 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to characterize the potency of menstrual blood stem cells (MenSCs) for future cell therapy of neurological disorders instead of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) as a well-known and conventional source of adult stem cells, we examined the in vitro differentiation potential of these stem cells into neural-like cells. The differentiation potential of MenSCs to neural cells in comparison with BMSCs was assessed under two step neural differentiation including conversion to neurosphere-like cells and final differentiation. The expression levels of Nestin, Microtubule-associated protein 2, gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1 and 2, and Tubulin, beta 3 class III mRNA and/or protein were up-regulated during development of MenSCs into neurosphere-like cells (NSCs) and neural-like cells. The up-regulation level of these markers in differentiated neural-like cells from MenSCs was comparable with differentiated cells from BMSCs. Moreover, both differentiated MenSCs and BMSCs expressed high levels of potassium, calcium and sodium channel genes developing functional channels with electrophysiological recording. For the first time, we demonstrated that MenSCs are a unique cell population with differentiation ability into neural-like cells comparable to BMSCs. In addition, we have introduced an approach to generate NSCs from MenSCs and BMSCs and their further differentiation into neural-like cells in vitro. Our results hold a promise to future stem cell therapy of neurological disorders using NSCs derived from menstrual blood, an accessible source in every woman.
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Pflugfelder SC, Stern M, Zhang S, Shojaei A. LFA-1/ICAM-1 Interaction as a Therapeutic Target in Dry Eye Disease. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016; 33:5-12. [PMID: 27906544 PMCID: PMC5240001 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a common ocular disorder associated with inflammation of the lacrimal gland and ocular surface. The interaction of the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) with its cognate ligand intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is known to have important roles in the interaction of a variety of cells involved in immune responses and inflammation, including those prominent in ocular surface inflammation. Lifitegrast, an LFA-1 antagonist that blocks binding of ICAM-1 to LFA-1, has recently been approved in the United States for the treatment of signs and symptoms of DED. In this review, we evaluate research findings to explore the potential role of LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction in the pathophysiology of DED, and the evidence supporting LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction as a rational therapeutic target in DED. The results of our review suggest that LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction may play important roles in the cell-mediated immune response and inflammation associated with DED, including facilitating the homing of dendritic cells to the lymph nodes, interaction of dendritic cells with T cells and subsequent T cell activation/differentiation, migration of activated CD4+ T cells from the lymph nodes to the ocular surface, reactivation of T cells by resident antigen-presenting cells at the ocular surface, and recruitment and retention of LFA-1-expressing T cells in the conjunctival epithelium. Based on the available evidence, inhibition of LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction represents a rational targeted approach in treating DED. Notably, inhibition of LFA-1/ICAM-1 binding with lifitegrast offers a novel approach to reducing ocular surface inflammation in this condition.
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Ghafouri S, Fathollahi Y, Javan M, Shojaei A, Asgari A, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. Effect of low frequency stimulation on impaired spontaneous alternation behavior of kindled rats in Y-maze test. Epilepsy Res 2016; 126:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Holland EJ, Whitley WO, Sall K, Lane SS, Raychaudhuri A, Zhang SY, Shojaei A. Lifitegrast clinical efficacy for treatment of signs and symptoms of dry eye disease across three randomized controlled trials. Curr Med Res Opin 2016; 32:1759-1765. [PMID: 27388660 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2016.1210107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Report efficacy findings from three clinical trials (one phase 2 and two phase 3 [OPUS-1, OPUS-2]) of lifitegrast ophthalmic solution 5.0% for treatment of dry eye disease (DED). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Three 84-day, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trials. Adults (≥18 years) with DED were randomized (1:1) to lifitegrast 5.0% or matching placebo. Changes from baseline to day 84 in signs and symptoms of DED were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Phase 2, pre-specified endpoint: inferior corneal staining score (ICSS; 0-4); OPUS-1, coprimary endpoints: ICSS and visual-related function subscale (0-4 scale); OPUS-2, coprimary endpoints: ICSS and eye dryness score (EDS, VAS; 0-100). RESULTS Fifty-eight participants were randomized to lifitegrast 5.0% and 58 to placebo in the phase 2 trial; 293 to lifitegrast and 295 to placebo in OPUS-1; 358 to lifitegrast and 360 to placebo in OPUS-2. In participants with mild-to-moderate baseline DED symptomatology, lifitegrast improved ICSS versus placebo in the phase 2 study (treatment effect, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.05-0.65; p = 0.0209) and OPUS-1 (effect, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.10-0.38; p = 0.0007). Among more symptomatic participants (baseline EDS ≥40, recent artificial tear use), lifitegrast improved EDS versus placebo in a post hoc analysis of OPUS-1 (effect, 13.34; 95% CI, 2.35-24.33; nominal p = 0.0178) and in OPUS-2 (effect, 12.61; 95% CI, 8.51-16.70; p < 0.0001). LIMITATIONS Trials were conducted over 12 weeks; efficacy beyond this period was not assessed. CONCLUSIONS Across three trials, lifitegrast improved ICSS in participants with mild-to-moderate baseline symptomatology in two studies, and EDS in participants with moderate-to-severe baseline symptomatology in two studies. Based on the overall findings from these trials, lifitegrast shows promise as a new treatment option for signs and symptoms of DED.
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Zaimy MA, Jebali A, Bazrafshan B, Mehrtashfar S, Shabani S, Tavakoli A, Hekmatimoghaddam SH, Sarli A, Azizi H, Izadi P, Kazemi B, Shojaei A, Abdalaian A, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J. Coinhibition of overexpressed genes in acute myeloid leukemia subtype M2 by gold nanoparticles functionalized with five antisense oligonucleotides and one anti-CD33(+)/CD34(+) aptamer. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 23:315-20. [PMID: 27514505 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate an engineered nanostructure to silence five important oncogenes, including BAG1, MDM2, Bcl-2, BIRC5 (survivin) and XIAP, in acute myeloid leukemia subtype 2 (AML-M2). The smart nanostructures were functionalized gold nanoparticles (FGNs) containing five antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) and one anti-CD33(+)/CD34(+) aptamer. First, the best AO for each gene was selected with the OligoWalk online software, and then different arrangements of AOs were evaluated with the RNAstructure software. Thereafter, naked gold nanoparticles (NGNs) were synthesized by the reaction of 1000 mm HAuCl4 with 10 μg ml(-1) ascorbic acid. Next, five AOs and one anti-CD33(+)/CD34(+) aptamer were attached to NGNs through serial reactions. Later, 5 ml of heparinized blood samples from five AML-M2 patients were prepared, cancerous cells were isolated and then incubated with three concentrations (75, 150 and 300 μg ml(-1)) each of FGNs, NGNs, gold nanoparticles functionalized with scrambled oligonucleotides (GNFSONs) and doxorubicin. Finally, cell death percentage and gene expressions were measured by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and real-time PCR, respectively. This study showed that FGNs and doxorubicin led to more cell death compared with NGNs and GNFSONs (P<0.05). Interestingly, all concentrations of FGNs led to a decrease in gene expression. As an important finding, although all concentrations of doxorubicin could also inhibit the expression of genes, FGNs had more effect (P<0.05). Moreover, both NGNs and GNFSONs could silence all genes only at a concentration of 300 μg ml(-1). For BCL2 and XIAP, a dose-dependent pattern was observed, but there was no similar pattern for others.
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Perez VL, Pflugfelder SC, Zhang S, Shojaei A, Haque R. Lifitegrast, a Novel Integrin Antagonist for Treatment of Dry Eye Disease. Ocul Surf 2016; 14:207-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Moradi Chameh H, Janahmadi M, Semnanian S, Shojaei A, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. Effect of low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on kindling-induced changes in electrophysiological properties of rat CA1 pyramidal neurons. Brain Res 2015; 1606:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Shojaei A, Semnanian S, Janahmadi M, Moradi-Chameh H, Firoozabadi S, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. Repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation prevents kindling-induced changes in electrophysiological properties of rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Neuroscience 2014; 280:181-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Shojaei A, Li G. Thermomechanical constitutive modelling of shape memory polymer including continuum functional and mechanical damage effects. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2014.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A multi-mechanism-based phenomenological model is developed within the finite deformation kinematics framework for capturing the thermomechanical behaviour of shape memory polymers (SMPs) both during programming and in service. Particularly, the damage mechanisms in SMPs are studied within the continuum damage mechanics (CDMs) framework in which they are classified into
mechanical
or
physical
damage, induced during service condition, e.g. fatigue and
functional
damage induced during thermomechanical cycles, e.g. shape recovery loss. Statistical mechanics is incorporated to describe the initiation and saturation of these deformation mechanisms. The main advantage of the presented viscoplastic model, comparing to the existing counterparts, is its simplicity by minimizing the need for curve fitting, and capability in simulating the nonlinear stress–strain behaviour of amorphous, crystalline or semicrystalline SMPs. The developed viscoplastic CDM model takes into account several distinctive deformation mechanisms involved in the thermomechanical cycle of SMPs, including glass transition loss events, temperature-dependent material properties, stress relaxation, shape recovery transient events and damage effects. The established model correlates well with the experimental results and its computational capabilities provide material designers with a powerful design tool for future SMP applications.
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