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Steiner H, Jakusch M, Kraft M, Karlowatz M, Baumann T, Niessner R, Konz W, Brandenburg A, Michel K, Boussard-Plédel C, Bureau B, Lucas J, Reichlin Y, Katzir A, Fleischmann N, Staubmann K, Allabashi R, Bayona JM, Mizaikoff B. In situ sensing of volatile organic compounds in groundwater: first field tests of a mid-infrared fiber-optic sensing system. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2003; 57:607-613. [PMID: 14658691 DOI: 10.1366/000370203322005274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A prototype mid-infrared sensor system for the determination of volatile organic pollutants in groundwater was developed and tested under real-world conditions. The sensor comprises a portable Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, coupled to the sensor head via mid-infrared transparent silver halide fiber-optic cables. A 10 cm unclad middle section of the 6-m-long fiber is coated with ethylene propylene copolymer in order to enrich the analytes within the penetration depth of the evanescent field protruding from the fiber sensor head. A mixture of tetrachloroethylene, dichlorobenzene, diethyl phthalate, and xylene isomers at concentrations in the low ppm region was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively in an artificial aquifer system filled with Munich gravel. This simulated real-world site at a pilot scale enables in situ studies of the sensor response and spreading of the pollutants injected into the system with controlled groundwater flow. The sensor head was immersed into a monitoring well of the aquifer system at a distance of 1 m downstream of the sample inlet and at a depth of 30 cm. Within one hour, the analytes were clearly identified in the fingerprint region of the IR spectrum (1300 to 700 cm(-1)). The results have been validated by head-space gas chromatography, using samples collected during the field measurement. Five out of six analytes could be discriminated simultaneously; for two of the analytes the quantitative results are in agreement with the reference analysis.
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Lehr HP, Reimann M, Brandenburg A, Sulz G, Klapproth H. Real-time detection of nucleic acid interactions by total internal reflection fluorescence. Anal Chem 2003; 75:2414-20. [PMID: 12918985 DOI: 10.1021/ac0206519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of an optical readout system for the real-time analysis of fluorescent-labeled DNA microarrays is described. The system is targeted toward research applications in genomics, agriculture, and life sciences, where the end-point detection of state-of-the-art readout systems does not provide sufficient information on the hybridization process. The hybridization progress of molecules from the liquid phase in a flow cell to immobilized oligonucleotides on a transducer surface can be observed. The excitation of fluorochromes is realized by a semiconductor laser, and the fluorescence emission is collected by a cooled CCD camera. Quantitative data can be extracted from the images for analysis of the microarray. For the signal transduction, the principle of total internal reflection is used. With a multiple internal reflection arrangement, the sensor chip was adapted to the standard microscope slide format and a homogeneous evanescent illumination of the active area of the sensor surface was achieved. An application measurement was carried out with this readout system. The hybridization of Cy5-labeled 30-mer single-stranded oligonucleotides to fully complementary immobilized strands was observed in real time. A kinetic analysis was demonstrated with the recorded data. Melting curves of a 140-mer PCR product from a hemochromatosis patient sample hybridized to immobilized wild-type mutant 15- and 17-mer oligonucleotides were recorded and single-point mutations could be detected.
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Brynda E, Houska M, Brandenburg A, Wikerstål A. Optical biosensors for real-time measurement of analytes in blood plasma. Biosens Bioelectron 2002; 17:665-75. [PMID: 12052352 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(02)00028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of assemblies consisting of multiple molecular layers of bovine serum albumin (BSA), monoclonal antibodies against horseradish peroxidase (anti-HRP), and monoclonal antibodies against methotrexate (anti-MTT), as well as interaction of the assemblies with human blood plasma were observed using a grating coupler and Young interferometer (YI). The assemblies could be arranged according to decreasing amounts of nonspecific deposits bound irreversibly to them from blood plasma as follows-an adsorbed antibody monolayer saturated with adsorbed BSA, antibody multilayers linked with polycations, antibodies covalently immobilized on a BSA layer densely crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA), slightly crosslinked BSA double layer, slightly crosslinked antibody double layers. The occurrence of human serum albumin (HSA), human fibrinogen (Fg), IgG, and IgM in the plasma deposits was studied by binding the respective antibodies. IgG, IgM, and Fg were detected in plasma deposits on the immobilized assemblies while the composition of a plasma deposit on the unmodified sensor surface reflected roughly the plasma composition containing mainly adsorbed HSA and Fg. A crosslinked anti-HRP double layer was immobilized on a waveguiding branch of YI and a similar anti-MTT double layer was immobilized on the other branch. The sensor response to blood plasma was fairly decreased owing to a compensation of the respective optical changes in the two branches, in which a similar non-specific adsorption took place. The addition of HRP or MTT to plasma induced specific responses of the corresponding branches.
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Bernreuther W, Brandenburg A, Si ZG, Uwer P. Top-quark spin correlations at hadron colliders: predictions at next-to-leading order QCD. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 87:242002. [PMID: 11736496 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.242002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The collider experiments at the Tevatron and the LHC will allow for detailed investigations of the properties of the top quark. This requires precise predictions of the hadronic production of tt pairs and of their subsequent decays. In this Letter we present for the reactions pp, pp-->tt+X-->l+l'-+X the first calculation of the dilepton angular distribution at next-to-leading order in the QCD coupling, keeping the full dependence on the spins of the intermediate tt state. The angular distribution reflects the degree of correlation of the t and t spins which we determine for different choices of t and t spin bases. In the case of the Tevatron, the QCD corrections are sizable, and the distribution is quite sensitive to the parton content of the proton.
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Christensson M, Hindmarsh M, Brandenburg A. Inverse cascade in decaying three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2001; 64:056405. [PMID: 11736099 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.64.056405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We perform direct numerical simulations of three-dimensional freely decaying magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. For helical magnetic fields, an inverse cascade effect is observed in which power is transferred from smaller scales to larger scales. The magnetic field reaches a scaling regime with self-similar evolution, and power-law behavior at high wave numbers. We also find power-law decay in the magnetic and kinematic energies, and power-law growth in the characteristic length scale of the magnetic field.
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Rimmelzwaan GF, Nieuwkoop N, Brandenburg A, Sutter G, Beyer WE, Maher D, Bates J, Osterhaus AD. A randomized, double blind study in young healthy adults comparing cell mediated and humoral immune responses induced by influenza ISCOM vaccines and conventional vaccines. Vaccine 2000; 19:1180-7. [PMID: 11137255 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although current influenza vaccines have been shown to reduce influenza-related morbidity and mortality, there is a desire to develop more efficacious products. Vaccines which can induce CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses in addition to strong antibody responses may be more effective in preventing disease since it has been demonstrated that CTL contribute to protective immunity, even against drift variants of influenza A viruses. The immunogenicity of two types of experimental influenza vaccines, which were based on immune stimulating complexes (ISCOM), were evaluated and compared with a conventional non-adjuvanted inactivated split virion vaccine, after immunization of human volunteers. In this randomized, double blind study, it was shown that the ISCOM vaccines altered the kinetics of the serum antibody response, resulting in more rapid titer rises against the vaccine strains. This accelerated antibody response coincided with enhanced in vitro proliferative T cell responses, which were observed shortly after vaccination. In addition, CTL responses were observed in a higher proportion of the vaccinees receiving an ISCOM vaccine, than in vaccinees receiving the conventional influenza vaccine.
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Brandenburg A, Krauter R, Künzel C, Stefan M, Schulte H. Interferometric sensor for detection of surface-bound bioreactions. APPLIED OPTICS 2000; 39:6396-6405. [PMID: 18354653 DOI: 10.1364/ao.39.006396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An integrated optical interferometer for direct detection of affinity reactions is presented. A modern version of a Young's interferometer is built with a waveguide structure as beam splitter and as sensing element. Resistive waveguides were produced by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of silicon oxinitride. At the output of this device a fringe pattern is detected by a CCD line camera. The adsorption of molecules on top of the waveguides is observed with a detection limit of 750 fg/mm(2). The resolvable variation of effective refractive index is 9 x 10(-8).
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Nur YA, Brandenburg A, Niesters HG, Wagenaar JA, Osterhaus AD, Groen J. Need to increase awareness among family doctors and medical specialists of rickettsioses as an import disease in non-endemic areas. Neth J Med 2000; 56:186-9. [PMID: 10781710 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-2977(00)00012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Europeans travelling to (sub)-tropical countries have an increased risk for infections with Rickettsia. As serious consequences are associated with delay in specific antibiotic therapy, unequivocal diagnosis of this condition is needed. We focus here on the benefits of early, and consequences of late laboratory diagnosis, and emphasise the need of an increased awareness of rickettsioses among family doctors, as well as medical specialists, in non-endemic areas when evaluating patients with travel associated fever.
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Miesch MS, Brandenburg A, Zweibel EG. Nonlocal transport of passive scalars in turbulent penetrative convection. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 61:457-67. [PMID: 11046285 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.61.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/1999] [Revised: 09/20/1999] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a Green's function approach for quantifying the transport of a passive scalar (tracer) field in three-dimensional simulations of turbulent convection. Nonlocal, nondiffusive behavior is described by a transilient matrix (the discretized Green's function), whose elements contain the fractional tracer concentrations moving from one subvolume to another as a function of time. The approach was originally developed for and applied to geophysical flows, but here we extend the formalism and apply it in an astrophysical context to three-dimensional simulations of turbulent compressible convection with overshoot into convectively stable bounding regions. We introduce a novel technique to compute this matrix in a single simulation by advecting labeled particles rather than solving the passive scalar equation for a large number of different initial conditions. The transilient matrices thus computed are used as a diagnostic tool to quantitatively describe nonlocal transport via matrix moments and transport coefficients in a generalized, multiorder diffusion equation. Results indicate that transport in both the vertical and horizontal directions is strongly influenced by the presence of coherent velocity structures, generally resembling ballistic advection more than diffusion. The transport of a small fraction of tracer particles deep into the underlying stable region is reasonably efficient, a result which has possible implications for the problem of light-element depletion in late-type stars.
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Brynda E, Houska M, Brandenburg A, Wikerstal A, Skvor J. The detection of human beta 2-microglobulin by grating coupler immunosensor with three dimensional antibody networks. Biosens Bioelectron 1999; 14:363-8. [PMID: 10422237 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(99)00013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunosensors for the detection of human beta 2-microglobulin (B2M) were prepared by immobilisation of covalently crosslinked assemblies containing various numbers of molecular layers of monoclonal antibody against B2M (anti-B2M) on the surface of a Ta2O5 grating coupler sensor. The immobilisation procedure consisted of repeated successive adsorption of anti-B2M and dextran sulfate (DS) followed by glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinking of anti-B2M and washing out DS. The flexibility of the resulting anti-B2M networks was evaluated from the sensor response to the reversible expansion and contraction of the networks induced by changing pH of the ambient solution. A decreased GA concentration and the use of a higher-molecular-mass DS increased the network flexibility. The sensor sensitivity to B2M increased with increasing flexibility of the antibody networks and with increasing number of anti-B2M molecular layers, indicating that B2M can penetrate inside the antibody network.
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Hu KF, Elvander M, Merza M, Akerblom L, Brandenburg A, Morein B. The immunostimulating complex (ISCOM) is an efficient mucosal delivery system for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) envelope antigens inducing high local and systemic antibody responses. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 113:235-43. [PMID: 9717973 PMCID: PMC1905030 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ISCOM is an efficient mucosal delivery system for RSV envelope proteins as measured by antibody responses in respiratory tract secretions and in sera of mice following two intranasal (i.n.) administrations. Intranasally administered RSV ISCOMs induced high levels of IgA antibodies both in the upper respiratory tract and in the lungs. In the lungs, a prominent and long-lasting IgA response was recorded, which still persisted 22 weeks after the second i.n. immunization when the experiment ended. Subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization only induced low IgA titres in the upper respiratory tract and no measurable response to RSV was found in the lungs. Differences were also noticed in serum between the i.n. and s.c. modes of immunization. ISCOMs given intranasally induced earlier, higher and longer lasting IgM and IgG1 serum anti-RSV antibody responses than those induced by the s.c. mode of administration. A low serum IgE response was only detectable at 2 weeks after i.n. immunization with ISCOMs and after s.c. immunization with an inactivated virus, but no IgE response was detectable after s.c. injection of ISCOMs. The serum IgA response was more pronounced following s.c. injection of inactivated virus than after i.n. application of ISCOMs, and a clear-cut booster effect was obtained with a second immunization. Virtually no serum IgA response was detected after the s.c. administration of ISCOMs. In conclusion, the high immune responses induced by RSV ISCOMs in the respiratory tract and serum after i.n. administration indicate prominent mucosal delivery and adjuvant properties of the ISCOMs, warranting further studies.
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Brandenburg A, Moss D, Soward AM. New results for the Herzenberg dynamo: steady and oscillatory solutions. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1998.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Piehler J, Brandenburg A, Brecht A, Wagner E, Gauglitz G. Characterization of grating couplers for affinity-based pesticide sensing. APPLIED OPTICS 1997; 36:6554-6562. [PMID: 18259517 DOI: 10.1364/ao.36.006554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The reflection grating coupler for direct affinity sensing is characterized in detail. The performance of this device and its potential in affinity sensing application are investigated with two affinity-based systems: A self-assembling protein-multilayer system based on avidin-biotin interaction was used to compare the response of the device with theoretical expectations. The analytical performance was characterized by a pesticide immunoassay carried out in an indirect test format with a covalently immobilized triazine derivative. Experimentally determined parameters were in good agreement with model calculations. During the binding of 12 protein monolayers at the surface, the change in effective refractive index Dn(eff) detected for a single layer decreased from approximately 8 x 10(-4) to less than 4 x10(-5) by more than 95%, indicating a filling of the evanescent field. By comparison with bulk refractive-index measurements, a refractive index n(D) approximately 1.38 of the protein multilayer was estimated. Fitting of the model gave a refractive index n(D) = 1.377 of the protein multilayer and an average thickness of 11 nm for a single protein layer. An average noise of Dn(eff) = 8.5 x 10(-7) was detected, corresponding to approximately 1% of the maximum response for a protein monolayer. At a triazine derivative attached to the surface through dextran-based surface chemistry, a maximum antibody loading that corresponds to an Dn(eff) of 1.5 x 10(-3) was observed. In an indirect immunoassay of the herbicide simazine, a detection limit of 0.25 mug/1 of simazine was reached with polyclonal Fab fragments in a concentration of 1 mug/ml.
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Brandenburg A, Enqvist K, Olesen P. Large-scale magnetic fields from hydromagnetic turbulence in the very early universe. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1996; 54:1291-1300. [PMID: 10020806 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.54.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Brandenburg A, Müller D, Teryaev OV. Study of the pion distribution amplitude in polarized muon pair production. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1996; 53:6180-6185. [PMID: 10019907 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.53.6180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Anlauf H, Bernreuther W, Brandenburg A. Erratum: Probing Higgs sector CP violation with top quarks at a photon linear collider. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1996; 53:1725. [PMID: 10020166 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.53.1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Brandenburg A, Dixon L, Shadmi Y. Event handedness in e+e- annihilation to three jets. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1996; 53:1264-1281. [PMID: 10020119 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.53.1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Brandenburg A, Klapper I, Kurths J. Generalized entropies in a turbulent dynamo simulation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 52:R4602-R4605. [PMID: 9964084 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.52.r4602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Yazdanbakhsh M, Paxton WA, Brandenburg A, Van Ree R, Lens M, Partono F, Maizels RM, Selkirk ME. Differential antibody isotype reactivity to specific antigens in human lymphatic filariasis: gp15/400 preferentially induces immunoglobulin E (IgE), IgG4, and IgG2. Infect Immun 1995; 63:3772-9. [PMID: 7558279 PMCID: PMC173530 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.10.3772-3779.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filarial infection in humans is associated with a strong skewing of the immune response towards the TH2 arm, with prominent interleukin 4-producing cells and elevated levels of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) and IgE antibodies in peripheral blood. To determine how such a generalized TH2 imbalance governs responses to individual parasite antigens, the profiles of isotypes of antibodies to two recombinant proteins of Brugia spp. were studied. One molecule was the C-terminal portion of the filarial heat shock protein 70 (Bpa-26), representative of a cytoplasmic protein, and the second antigen was a single unit of the tandem repeats of a Brugia polypeptide (BpL-4), a secreted product which is prominently exposed to the immune system. Serum samples from 146 individuals resident in areas in which brugian filariasis is endemic were used, and it was found that whereas the levels of IgG1 and IgG3 responses to both Bpa-26 and BpL-4 were high, IgG4 and IgE antibodies to only BpL-4, not to Bpa-26, were prominent. Thus, an antigen which is chronically exposed to the immune system elicited a TH2-dependent isotype switch, as manifested by increased IgG4 and IgE responses. Moreover, IgG4 and IgE responses to BpL-4 showed a strong negative association, suggesting that mediators other than interleukin 4 must be responsible for such differential regulation of these two isotypes. When the data were analyzed as a function of clinical status, a striking association between elevated levels of IgG3 antibodies to Bpa-26 and manifestation of chronic obstructive disease was found; elephantiasis patients showed significantly higher levels of IgG3 antibodies to Bpa-26 than microfilaremics and asymptomatic amicrofilaremics. This indicates that an imbalance of isotypes of antibodies to particular filarial antigens might play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic disease.
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Anlauf H, Bernreuther W, Brandenburg A. Probing Higgs sector CP violation with top quarks at a photon linear collider. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1995; 52:3803-3808. [PMID: 10019606 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.52.3803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Dellemijn PL, Brandenburg A, Niesters HG, van den Bent MJ, Rothbarth PH, Vlasveld LT. Successful treatment with ganciclovir of presumed Epstein-Barr meningo-encephalitis following bone marrow transplant. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995; 16:311-2. [PMID: 7581154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-specific polymerase chain reaction was used to diagnose EBV-meningo-encephalitis in a bone marrow transplant recipient. The patient made complete recovery with ganciclovir treatment. Pitfalls in diagnosis with EBV-PCR and the potential therapeutic efficacy of ganciclovir in EBV infections are discussed.
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Brandenburg A, Henninger R. Integrated optical Young interferometer. APPLIED OPTICS 1994; 33:5941-5947. [PMID: 20936002 DOI: 10.1364/ao.33.005941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The integrated optical configuration of a Young interferometer is proposed for refractometry and chemical sensing. We coupled light into an integrated optical Ybranch by fixing a laser diode directly at the input of the optical device. We solved the problem of ambiguity in the interference order by operating the laser diode at currents below threshold, resulting in visibility modulation of the interference fringes caused by the low coherence length of the emitted light. A very compact device results that measures the refractive index of liquids or gases. An electronic scanning technique by means of a CCD array provides a fast readout without the need for moving parts.
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Brandenburg A, Brodsky SJ, Khoze VV, Müller D. Angular distributions in the Drell-Yan process: A closer look at higher twist effects. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 73:939-942. [PMID: 10057579 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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50
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Bernreuther W, Brandenburg A. Tracing CP violation in the production of top quark pairs by multiple TeV proton-proton collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1994; 49:4481-4492. [PMID: 10017451 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.49.4481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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