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Lisse CM, Vancleve J, Adams AC, A'hearn MF, Fernández YR, Farnham TL, Armus L, Grillmair CJ, Ingalls J, Belton MJS, Groussin O, McFadden LA, Meech KJ, Schultz PH, Clark BC, Feaga LM, Sunshine JM. Spitzer Spectral Observations of the Deep Impact Ejecta. Science 2006; 313:635-40. [PMID: 16840662 DOI: 10.1126/science.1124694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Spitzer Space Telescope imaging spectrometer observations of comet 9P/Tempel 1 during the Deep Impact encounter returned detailed, highly structured, 5- to 35-micrometer spectra of the ejecta. Emission signatures due to amorphous and crystalline silicates, amorphous carbon, carbonates, phyllosilicates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, water gas and ice, and sulfides were found. Good agreement is seen between the ejecta spectra and the material emitted from comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) and the circumstellar material around the young stellar object HD100546. The atomic abundance of the observed material is consistent with solar and C1 chondritic abundances, and the dust-to-gas ratio was determined to be greater than or equal to 1.3. The presence of the observed mix of materials requires efficient methods of annealing amorphous silicates and mixing of high- and low-temperature phases over large distances in the early protosolar nebula.
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Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Brückner J, Cabrol NA, Calvin W, Carr MH, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Crumpler L, Marais DJD, d'Uston C, Economou T, Farmer J, Farrand W, Folkner W, Golombek M, Gorevan S, Grant JA, Greeley R, Grotzinger J, Haskin L, Herkenhoff KE, Hviid S, Johnson J, Klingelhöfer G, Knoll AH, Landis G, Lemmon M, Li R, Madsen MB, Malin MC, McLennan SM, McSween HY, Ming DW, Moersch J, Morris RV, Parker T, Rice JW, Richter L, Rieder R, Sims M, Smith M, Smith P, Soderblom LA, Sullivan R, Wänke H, Wdowiak T, Wolff M, Yen A. The Opportunity Rover's Athena science investigation at Meridiani Planum, Mars. Science 2004; 306:1698-703. [PMID: 15576602 DOI: 10.1126/science.1106171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has investigated the landing site in Eagle crater and the nearby plains within Meridiani Planum. The soils consist of fine-grained basaltic sand and a surface lag of hematite-rich spherules, spherule fragments, and other granules. Wind ripples are common. Underlying the thin soil layer, and exposed within small impact craters and troughs, are flat-lying sedimentary rocks. These rocks are finely laminated, are rich in sulfur, and contain abundant sulfate salts. Small-scale cross-lamination in some locations provides evidence for deposition in flowing liquid water. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments formed by episodic inundation by shallow surface water, followed by evaporation, exposure, and desiccation. Hematite-rich spherules are embedded in the rock and eroding from them. We interpret these spherules to be concretions formed by postdepositional diagenesis, again involving liquid water.
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Rieder R, Gellert R, Anderson RC, Brückner J, Clark BC, Dreibus G, Economou T, Klingelhöfer G, Lugmair GW, Ming DW, Squyres SW, d'Uston C, Wänke H, Yen A, Zipfel J. Chemistry of rocks and soils at Meridiani Planum from the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer. Science 2004; 306:1746-9. [PMID: 15576611 DOI: 10.1126/science.1104358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer on the Opportunity rover determined major and minor elements of soils and rocks in Meridiani Planum. Chemical compositions differentiate between basaltic rocks, evaporite-rich rocks, basaltic soils, and hematite-rich soils. Although soils are compositionally similar to those at previous landing sites, differences in iron and some minor element concentrations signify the addition of local components. Rocky outcrops are rich in sulfur and variably enriched in bromine relative to chlorine. The interaction with water in the past is indicated by the chemical features in rocks and soils at this site.
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Squyres SW, Grotzinger JP, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Calvin W, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Crisp JA, Farrand WH, Herkenhoff KE, Johnson JR, Klingelhöfer G, Knoll AH, McLennan SM, McSween HY, Morris RV, Rice JW, Rieder R, Soderblom LA. In situ evidence for an ancient aqueous environment at Meridiani Planum, Mars. Science 2004; 306:1709-14. [PMID: 15576604 DOI: 10.1126/science.1104559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Sedimentary rocks at Eagle crater in Meridiani Planum are composed of fine-grained siliciclastic materials derived from weathering of basaltic rocks, sulfate minerals (including magnesium sulfate and jarosite) that constitute several tens of percent of the rock by weight, and hematite. Cross-stratification observed in rock outcrops indicates eolian and aqueous transport. Diagenetic features include hematite-rich concretions and crystal-mold vugs. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments with a complex diagenetic history. The environmental conditions that they record include episodic inundation by shallow surface water, evaporation, and desiccation. The geologic record at Meridiani Planum suggests that conditions were suitable for biological activity for a period of time in martian history.
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Soderblom LA, Anderson RC, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Cabrol NA, Calvin W, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Economou T, Ehlmann BL, Farrand WH, Fike D, Gellert R, Glotch TD, Golombek MP, Greeley R, Grotzinger JP, Herkenhoff KE, Jerolmack DJ, Johnson JR, Jolliff B, Klingelhöfer G, Knoll AH, Learner ZA, Li R, Malin MC, McLennan SM, McSween HY, Ming DW, Morris RV, Rice JW, Richter L, Rieder R, Rodionov D, Schröder C, Seelos FP, Soderblom JM, Squyres SW, Sullivan R, Watters WA, Weitz CM, Wyatt MB, Yen A, Zipfel J. Soils of Eagle Crater and Meridiani Planum at the Opportunity Rover Landing Site. Science 2004; 306:1723-6. [PMID: 15576606 DOI: 10.1126/science.1105127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The soils at the Opportunity site are fine-grained basaltic sands mixed with dust and sulfate-rich outcrop debris. Hematite is concentrated in spherules eroded from the strata. Ongoing saltation exhumes the spherules and their fragments, concentrating them at the surface. Spherules emerge from soils coated, perhaps from subsurface cementation, by salts. Two types of vesicular clasts may represent basaltic sand sources. Eolian ripples, armored by well-sorted hematite-rich grains, pervade Meridiani Planum. The thickness of the soil on the plain is estimated to be about a meter. The flatness and thin cover suggest that the plain may represent the original sedimentary surface.
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Squyres SW, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Brückner J, Cabrol NA, Calvin W, Carr MH, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Crumpler L, Des Marais DJ, D'Uston C, Economou T, Farmer J, Farrand W, Folkner W, Golombek M, Gorevan S, Grant JA, Greeley R, Grotzinger J, Haskin L, Herkenhoff KE, Hviid S, Johnson J, Klingelhöfer G, Knoll A, Landis G, Lemmon M, Li R, Madsen MB, Malin MC, McLennan SM, McSween HY, Ming DW, Moersch J, Morris RV, Parker T, Rice JW, Richter L, Rieder R, Sims M, Smith M, Smith P, Soderblom LA, Sullivan R, Wänke H, Wdowiak T, Wolff M, Yen A. The Spirit Rover's Athena science investigation at Gusev Crater, Mars. SCIENCE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2004; 305:794-9. [PMID: 15297657 DOI: 10.1126/science.1100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit and its Athena science payload have been used to investigate a landing site in Gusev crater. Gusev is hypothesized to be the site of a former lake, but no clear evidence for lacustrine sedimentation has been found to date. Instead, the dominant lithology is basalt, and the dominant geologic processes are impact events and eolian transport. Many rocks exhibit coatings and other characteristics that may be evidence for minor aqueous alteration. Any lacustrine sediments that may exist at this location within Gusev apparently have been buried by lavas that have undergone subsequent impact disruption.
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McSween HY, Arvidson RE, Bell JF, Blaney D, Cabrol NA, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Crisp JA, Crumpler LS, Des Marais DJ, Farmer JD, Gellert R, Ghosh A, Gorevan S, Graff T, Grant J, Haskin LA, Herkenhoff KE, Johnson JR, Jolliff BL, Klingelhoefer G, Knudson AT, McLennan S, Milam KA, Moersch JE, Morris RV, Rieder R, Ruff SW, De Souza PA, Squyres SW, Wänke H, Wang A, Wyatt MB, Yen A, Zipfel J. Basaltic rocks analyzed by the Spirit Rover in Gusev Crater. SCIENCE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2004; 305:842-5. [PMID: 15297668 DOI: 10.1126/science.1099851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Spirit landing site in Gusev Crater on Mars contains dark, fine-grained, vesicular rocks interpreted as lavas. Pancam and Mini-Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) spectra suggest that all of these rocks are similar but have variable coatings and dust mantles. Magnified images of brushed and abraded rock surfaces show alteration rinds and veins. Rock interiors contain </=25% megacrysts. Chemical analyses of rocks by the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer are consistent with picritic basalts, containing normative olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclase, and accessory FeTi oxides. Mössbauer, Pancam, and Mini-TES spectra confirm the presence of olivine, magnetite, and probably pyroxene. These basalts extend the known range of rock compositions composing the martian crust.
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Gellert R, Rieder R, Anderson RC, Brückner J, Clark BC, Dreibus G, Economou T, Klingelhöfer G, Lugmair GW, Ming DW, Squyres SW, D'Uston C, Wänke H, Yen A, Zipfel J. Chemistry of Rocks and Soils in Gusev Crater from the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer. Science 2004; 305:829-32. [PMID: 15297665 DOI: 10.1126/science.1099913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The alpha particle x-ray spectrometer on the Spirit rover determined major and minor elements of soils and rocks in Gusev crater in order to unravel the crustal evolution of planet Mars. The composition of soils is similar to those at previous landing sites, as a result of global mixing and distribution by dust storms. Rocks (fresh surfaces exposed by the rock abrasion tool) resemble volcanic rocks of primitive basaltic composition with low intrinsic potassium contents. High abundance of bromine (up to 170 parts per million) in rocks may indicate the alteration of surfaces formed during a past period of aqueous activity in Gusev crater.
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Kissel J, Krueger FR, Silén J, Clark BC. The Cometary and Interstellar Dust Analyzer at comet 81P/Wild 2. Science 2004; 304:1774-6. [PMID: 15205526 DOI: 10.1126/science.1098836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The CIDA (Cometary and Interstellar Dust Analyzer) instrument on the Stardust spacecraft is a time-of-flight mass spectrometer used to analyze ions formed when fast dust particles strike the instrument's target. In the spectra of 45 presumably interstellar particles, quinone derivates were identified as constituents in the organic component. The 29 spectra obtained during the flyby of Comet 81P/Wild 2 confirm the predominance of organic matter. In moving from interstellar to cometary dust, the organic material seems to lose most of its hydrogen and oxygen as water and carbon monoxide. These are now present in the comet as gas phases, whereas the dust is rich in nitrogen-containing species. No traces of amino acids were found. We detected sulfur ions in one spectrum, which suggests that sulfur species are important in cometary organics.
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Clark BC, Adams DA. Experimental measurements of the radiation hazards associated with manned space flights. LIFE SCIENCES AND SPACE RESEARCH 2002; 3:29-47. [PMID: 12035805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-equivalent ionization chambers of special design have been flown on U.S. satellites to determine dose-rate levels in space. A chamber shielded by 4.7 g/cm2 measured doses from energetic protons in the inner Van Allen belt and bremsstrahlung radiation produced by relativistic electrons from the artificial radiation belt formed in July 1962. In November 1962, the maximum dose-rate in space for this shield was 30 rad/hr. Behind 0.4 g/cm2 shielding, the dose-rate peak was 20000 rad/hr. These doses have been determined to be due to artificial electrons in most regions of space, masking the dose arising from energetic protons.
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Clark BC, Chamblee TS, Iacobucci GA. Micellar-induced selectivity and rate enhancement in the acid-catalyzed cyclization and rearrangement of monoterpenes. The solvolysis of linalyl and geranyl acetates. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00266a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Clark BC, Chafin TC, Lee PL, Hunter GLK. Lewis acid rearrangement of 2,3-epoxycarane. Formation of a novel m-menthenone. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00397a032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Clark BC, Chamblee TS, Iacobucci GA. Acid-catalyzed cyclization of terpenoids in a micellar system. Selectivity and rate enhancement in the cyclization of citronellal. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00197a054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Clark BC. Planetary interchange of bioactive material: probability factors and implications. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2001; 31:185-97. [PMID: 11296521 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006757011007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
It is now well-accepted that both lunar and martian materials are represented in the meteorite collections. Early suggestions that viable organisms might survive natural transport between planets have not yet been thoroughly examined. The concept of Planetary Interchange of Bioactive Material (PIBM) is potentially relevant to the conditions under which life originated. PIBM has been also invoked to infer that the potential danger to Earth from martian materials is non-existent, an inference with, however, many pitfalls. Numerous impediments to efficient transfer of viable organisms exist. In this work, the lethality of space radiation during long transients and the biasing of launched objects toward materials unlikely to host abundant organisms are examined and shown to reduce the likelihood of successful transfer by orders of magnitude. It is also shown that martian meteorites studied to date assuredly have been subjected to sterilizing levels of ionizing radiation in space. PIBM considerations apply to both the solar system locale(s) of the origin of life and to the applicability of planetary protection protocols to preserve the biospheres of planetary bodies, including our own.
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Clark BC. Mars/viking 25th Anniversary Tribute. Viking redux: Viking success and lessons for the future. ASTROBIOLOGY 2001; 1:509-512. [PMID: 12448986 DOI: 10.1089/153110701753593937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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41
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Clifford SM, Crisp D, Fisher DA, Herkenhoff KE, Smrekar SE, Thomas PC, Wynn-Williams DD, Zurek RW, Barnes JR, Bills BG, Blake EW, Calvin WM, Cameron JM, Carr MH, Christensen PR, Clark BC, Clow GD, Cutts JA, Dahl-Jensen D, Durham WB, Fanale FP, Farmer JD, Forget F, Gotto-Azuma K, Zwally HJ. The state and future of Mars polar science and exploration. ICARUS 2000; 144:210-242. [PMID: 11543391 DOI: 10.1006/icar.1999.6290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As the planet's principal cold traps, the martian polar regions have accumulated extensive mantles of ice and dust that cover individual areas of approximately 10(6) km2 and total as much as 3-4 km thick. From the scarcity of superposed craters on their surface, these layered deposits are thought to be comparatively young--preserving a record of the seasonal and climatic cycling of atmospheric CO2, H2O, and dust over the past approximately 10(5)-10(8) years. For this reason, the martian polar deposits may serve as a Rosetta Stone for understanding the geologic and climatic history of the planet--documenting variations in insolation (due to quasiperiodic oscillations in the planet's obliquity and orbital elements), volatile mass balance, atmospheric composition, dust storm activity, volcanic eruptions, large impacts, catastrophic floods, solar luminosity, supernovae, and perhaps even a record of microbial life. Beyond their scientific value, the polar regions may soon prove important for another reason--providing a valuable and accessible reservoir of water to support the long-term human exploration of Mars. In this paper we assess the current state of Mars polar research, identify the key questions that motivate the exploration of the polar regions, discuss the extent to which current missions will address these questions, and speculate about what additional capabilities and investigations may be required to address the issues that remain outstanding.
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Clark BC, Baker AL, Cheng AF, Clemett SJ, McKay D, McSween HY, Pieters CM, Thomas P, Zolensky M. Survival of life on asteroids, comets and other small bodies. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 1999; 29:521-45. [PMID: 10573692 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006589213075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability of living organisms to survive on the smaller bodies in our solar system is examined. The three most significant sterilizing effects include ionizing radiation, prolonged extreme vacuum, and relentless thermal inactivation. Each could be effectively lethal, and even more so in combination, if organisms at some time resided in the surfaces of airless small bodies located near or in the inner solar system. Deep within volatile-rich bodies, certain environments theoretically might provide protection of dormant organisms against these sterilizing factors. Sterility of surface materials to tens or hundreds of centimeters of depth appears inevitable, and to greater depths for bodies which have resided for long periods sunward of about 2 A.U.
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Sreekumar GP, Pardinas J, Wong CQ, Whiting D, Katz HI, Price V, Zlotogorski A, Roberts J, Clark BC, Stenn K, Parimoo S. Serum androgens and genetic linkage analysis in early onset androgenetic alopecia. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113:277-9. [PMID: 10469317 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chamblee TS, Clark BC. Analysis and Chemistry of Distilled Lime Oil (Citrus aurantifoliaSwingle). JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.1997.10554242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chamblee TS, Karelitz RL, Radford T, Clark BC. Identification of Sesquiterpenes in Citrus Essential Oils by Cryofocusing GC/FT-IR. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.1997.9699448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Brownlee DE, Tsou P, Atkins KL, Yen CW, Vellinga JM, Price S, Clark BC. STARDUST: finessing expensive cometary sample returns. ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 1996; 39:51-60. [PMID: 11540764 DOI: 10.1016/s0094-5765(96)00122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The STARDUST Discovery mission will collect samples of cometary coma and interstellar dust and return them to Earth. Five years after launch in February 1999, coma dust in the 1- to 100-micrometers size range will be captured by impact into ultra-low-density silica aerogel during a 6 kms-1 flyby of Comet Wild 2. The returned samples will be investigated at laboratories where the most critical information on these primitive materials is retained. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory will provide project management with Lockheed Martin Astronauts as the spacecraft industrial partner. STARDUST management will aggressively and innovatively achieve cost control through the use of Total Quality Management principles, the chief of which will be organization in a Project Engineering and Integration Team that "flattens" the traditional hierarchical structure by including all project elements from the beginning, in a concurrent engineering framework focusing on evolving Integrated Mission Capability.
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Hoffmann GW, Ray L, Read D, Worm S, Barlett ML, Green AA, Storm B, Clark BC, Hama S, Mercer RL. Measurement of the polarization transfer parameter DNN for 12,13C(p. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1996; 53:1974-1976. [PMID: 9971158 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.53.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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48
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Ray AK, Bird PB, Iacobucci GA, Clark BC. Functionality of gum arabic. Fractionation, characterization and evaluation of gum fractions in citrus oil emulsions and model beverages. Food Hydrocoll 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0268-005x(09)80274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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49
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Kurth LJ, Clark BC, Cooper ED, Hama S, Mercer RL, Ray L, Hoffmann GW. Relativistic impulse approximation treatment of the elastic scattering of 400 MeV pi +/- on 28Si. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1994; 50:2624-2626. [PMID: 9969956 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.50.2624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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50
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Kurth L, Clark BC, Cooper ED, Hama S, Shim S, Mercer RL, Ray L, Hoffmann GW. Dirac coupled channel calculations for proton inelastic scattering from spherically symmetric nuclei for projectile energies of 362, 500, and 800 MeV. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1994; 49:2086-2103. [PMID: 9969440 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.49.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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