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Evans SF, Meister M, Mahmood M, Eldoumi H, Peterson S, Perkins-Veazie P, Clarke SL, Payton M, Smith BJ, Lucas EA. Mango supplementation improves blood glucose in obese individuals. Nutr Metab Insights 2014; 7:77-84. [PMID: 25210462 PMCID: PMC4155986 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s17028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This pilot study examined the effects of freeze-dried mango (Mangifera indica L.) supplementation on anthropometrics, body composition, and biochemical parameters in obese individuals. Twenty obese adults (11 males and 9 females) ages 20- to 50-years old, received 10 g/day of ground freeze-dried mango pulp for 12 weeks. Anthropometrics, biochemical parameters, and body composition were assessed at baseline and final visits of the study. After 12 weeks, mango supplementation significantly reduced blood glucose in both male (-4.45 mg/dL, P = 0.018) and female (-3.56 mg/dL, P = 0.003) participants. In addition, hip circumference was reduced in male (-3.3 cm, P = 0.048) but not in female participants. However, there were no significant changes in body weight or composition in either gender. Our findings indicate that regular consumption of freeze-dried mango by obese individuals does not negatively impact body weight but provides a positive effect on fasting blood glucose.
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Smith BJ, Graef JL, Wronski TJ, Rendina E, Williams AA, Clark KA, Clarke SL, Lucas EA, Halloran BP. Effects of dried plum supplementation on bone metabolism in adult C57BL/6 male mice. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 94:442-53. [PMID: 24357047 PMCID: PMC3950615 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-013-9819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation of dried plum (DP) prevents bone loss and restores bone mass in osteopenic animal models. This study was designed to determine the effects of DP supplementation on bone metabolic activity over time using adult (6-month-old) male C57BL/6 mice (n = 40) receiving control (CON = AIN93 M) or CON+DP 25 % (w/w) diets for 4 or 12 weeks. After 4 weeks of treatment, animals consuming the DP diet had a higher whole-body bone mineral density, vertebral trabecular bone volume (BV/TV), and femoral cortical thickness compared to the CON animals. In the distal metaphysis of the femur, BV/TV was increased in the DP-treated animals, but only after 12 weeks. Bone histomorphometric analyses revealed that DP decreased osteoblast surface (67 %) and osteoclast surface (62 %) at 4 weeks, but these surfaces normalized to the CON animals by 12 weeks. Coincident with these changes, the mineralizing surface (MS/BS) and cancellous bone formation rate (BFR/BS) were reduced at 4 weeks in the DP group compared to the CON, but by 12 weeks of DP supplementation, BFR/BS (~twofold) and MS/BS (~1.7-fold) tended to be increased (p < 0.10). The relative abundance of RNA for key regulators of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation and indicators of osteoblast activity were reduced in the DP group at 4 weeks with no difference between groups at 12 weeks. These results indicate that supplementing the diet with DP initially suppressed cancellous bone turnover, but a biphasic response occurs over time, resulting in a positive effect on bone mass and structure.
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Smith BJ, Bu SY, Wang Y, Rendina E, Lim YF, Marlow D, Clarke SL, Cullen DM, Lucas EA. A comparative study of the bone metabolic response to dried plum supplementation and PTH treatment in adult, osteopenic ovariectomized rat. Bone 2014; 58:151-9. [PMID: 24125756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dried plum has been reported to have potent effects on bone in osteopenic animal models, but the mechanisms through which bone metabolism is altered in vivo remain unclear. To address this issue, a study comparing the metabolic response of dried plum to the anabolic agent, parathyroid hormone (PTH), was undertaken. Six month-old female Sprague Dawley rats (n=84) were sham-operated (SHAM) or ovariectomized (OVX) and maintained on a control diet for 6wks until osteopenia was confirmed. Treatments were initiated consisting of a control diet (AIN-93M) supplemented with dried plum (0, 5, 15 or 25%; w/w) or a positive control group receiving PTH. At the end of 6wks of treatment, whole body and femoral bone mineral density (BMD) were restored by the two higher doses of dried plum to the level of the SHAM group. Trabecular bone volume and cortical thickness were also improved with these two doses of dried plum. Dried plum suppressed the OVX-induced increase in bone turnover as indicated by systemic biomarkers of bone metabolism, N-terminal procollagen type 1 (P1NP) and deoxypyridinoline (DPD). Dynamic bone histomorphometric analysis of the tibial metaphysis revealed that dried plum restored the OVX-induced increase in cancellous bone formation rate (BFR) and mineralizing surface (MS/BS) to the SHAM group, but some doses of dried plum increased endocortical mineral apposition rate (MAR). As expected, PTH significantly increased endocortical MAR and BFR, periosteal BFR, and trabecular MAR and BFR beyond that of the OVX and maintained the accelerated rate of bone resorption associated with OVX. Dried plum up-regulated bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1) while down-regulating nuclear factor T cell activator 1 (Nfatc1). These findings demonstrate that in the adult osteopenic OVX animal, the effects of dried plum differ from that of PTH in that dried plum primarily suppressed bone turnover with the exception of the indices of bone formation at the endocortical surface.
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Shahini A, Yazdimamaghani M, Walker KJ, Eastman MA, Hatami-Marbini H, Smith BJ, Ricci JL, Madihally SV, Vashaee D, Tayebi L. 3D conductive nanocomposite scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 9:167-81. [PMID: 24399874 PMCID: PMC3875523 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s54668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone healing can be significantly expedited by applying electrical stimuli in the injured region. Therefore, a three-dimensional (3D) ceramic conductive tissue engineering scaffold for large bone defects that can locally deliver the electrical stimuli is highly desired. In the present study, 3D conductive scaffolds were prepared by employing a biocompatible conductive polymer, ie, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), in the optimized nanocomposite of gelatin and bioactive glass. For in vitro analysis, adult human mesenchymal stem cells were seeded in the scaffolds. Material characterizations using hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance, in vitro degradation, as well as thermal and mechanical analysis showed that incorporation of PEDOT:PSS increased the physiochemical stability of the composite, resulting in improved mechanical properties and biodegradation resistance. The outcomes indicate that PEDOT:PSS and polypeptide chains have close interaction, most likely by forming salt bridges between arginine side chains and sulfonate groups. The morphology of the scaffolds and cultured human mesenchymal stem cells were observed and analyzed via scanning electron microscope, micro-computed tomography, and confocal fluorescent microscope. Increasing the concentration of the conductive polymer in the scaffold enhanced the cell viability, indicating the improved microstructure of the scaffolds or boosted electrical signaling among cells. These results show that these conductive scaffolds are not only structurally more favorable for bone tissue engineering, but also can be a step forward in combining the tissue engineering techniques with the method of enhancing the bone healing by electrical stimuli.
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Xia C, Button AM, Smith BJ, Grobe CC, Schroeder MC, Sugg S, Weigel RJ, Thomas A. Abstract P2-02-07: Preoperative breast MRI and follow-up recommendations for the contralateral breast influence the rate of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs13-p2-02-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Women with breast cancer increasingly choose to undergo contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) even as the benefit of this procedure for woman at average risk for breast cancer remains uncertain. Many women with newly diagnosed breast cancer undergo pre-operative MRI for a variety of indications. Growing evidence suggests that obtaining a pre-operative MRI increases the likelihood that a patient will choose CPM. This study evaluates the relationship between a pre-operative MRI and the decision to pursue CPM, as well as the rate of contralateral MRI findings for which follow-up is recommended and the choice to undergo CPM. The pathology found in contralateral breasts in this series is also reported.
Methods: Newly diagnosed breast cancer patients were prospectively enrolled in Breast Molecular Epidemiology Resource (B-MER) observational study at the University of Iowa from April 2010 through March 2013. Prophylactic mastectomy is defined as removal of the contralateral breast within 12 months of definitive mastectomy. Univariate logistic regression was used to identify factors predictive of undergoing CPM. Recommended follow-up of the contralateral breast MRI is defined as any imaging or procedure other than immediate ultrasound evaluation.
Results: Among 134 patients (mean age 53) who underwent mastectomy, 53 (40%) underwent CPM. Univariate analysis revealed that patients undergoing CPM were more likely to have had a preoperative bilateral MRI (52%% vs. 28%, p = 0.006) and were more likely to have been given a recommendation for a follow-up test (79% vs, 40%, p = 0.007).
Univariate Analysis of Odds of Electing to Undergo CPMVariableLevelOdds ratioP-valueAge5 year0.62<.001Breast MRIYes vs No2.740.006MRI follow-up recommendationYes or No5.530.007Nodal statusPositive vs Negative0.820.581History of benign breast biopsiesNo vs Yes1.850.209Family history of breast cancerYes vs No1.160.711ER/PR statusNegative vs Positive1.830.134Triple NegativeNo vs Yes1.910.196HER2 statusPositive vs Negative2.470.066BRCA testing doneYes vs No6.04<.001BRCA results*Positive vs Negative3.120.315Tobacco everYes or No1.390.354Alcohol everYes or No1.250.544* Indeterminate and not done levels were excluded from the analysis
Univariate analysis also revealed associations between choice of CPM and younger age (p<0.001) and BRCA testing (p<0.001). In this series, CPM was not associated with nodal status, ER/PR status, history of benign breast biopsies, family history of breast cancer, BRCA result and tobacco or alcohol use, although there was a trend for association with HER2 status. Of the 53 patients who underwent CPM, one had proliferative disease with atypia, 34 had proliferative disease without atypia. A single patient had DCIS found in the contralateral breast which had not been identified on MRI.
Conclusions: The use of preoperative breast MRI and abnormal imaging findings in the contralateral breast, for which follow-up was recommended, led to a higher CPM rate. Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy rarely uncovered occult malignancy.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-02-07.
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Iwaniec UT, Turner RT, Smith BJ, Stoecker BJ, Rust A, Zhang B, Vasu VT, Gohil K, Cross CE, Traber MG. Evaluation of long-term vitamin E insufficiency or excess on bone mass, density, and microarchitecture in rodents. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1209-1214. [PMID: 24051180 PMCID: PMC3859709 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High dietary α-tocopherol levels reportedly result in osteopenia in growing rats, whereas α-tocopherol deficiency in α-tocopherol transfer protein-knockout (α-TTP-KO) mice results in increased cancellous bone mass. Because osteoporosis is a disease associated primarily with aging, we hypothesized that age-related bone loss would be attenuated in α-TTP-KO mice. Cancellous and cortical bone mass and microarchitecture were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and micro-computed tomography in 2-year-old α-TTP-KO and wild-type (WT) male and female mice fed dl-α-tocopherol acetate. In contrast to our expectations, differences in cancellous bone were not detected between WT and α-TTP-KO mice of either gender, and α-TTP-KO males had lower (p<0.05) cortical bone mass than WT males. We therefore evaluated bone mass, density, and microarchitecture in proximal femur of skeletally mature (8.5-month-old) male Sprague-Dawley rats fed diets containing low (15 IU/kg diet), adequate (75 IU/kg diet), or high (500 IU/kg diet) dl-α-tocopherol acetate for 13 weeks. Low dietary α-tocopherol did not increase bone mass. Furthermore, no reductions in cancellous or cortical bone mass were detected with high dietary α-tocopherol. Failure to detect increased bone mass in aged α-TTP-KO mice or bone changes in skeletally mature rats fed either low or high levels of α-tocopherol does not support the hypothesis that α-tocopherol has a negative impact on bone mass, density, or microarchitecture in rodents.
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Taylor AJ, Rendina E, Smith BJ, Zhou DH. Analyses of mineral specific surface area and hydroxyl substitution for intact bone. Chem Phys Lett 2013; 588. [PMID: 24347673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bone minerals possess two primary hydrogen sources: hydroxide ions in the nanocrystalline core and structural water in the amorphous surface layer. In order to accurately measure their concentrations using hydrogen to phosphorus cross polarization NMR spectroscopy, it is necessary to analyze the dependence of signal intensities on serial contact times, namely, cross polarization kinetics. A reliable protocol is developed to iteratively decompose the severely overlapped spectra and to analyze the cross-polarization kinetics, leading to measurement of hydroxyl and structural water concentrations. Structural water concentration is used to estimate mineral specific surface area and nanocrystal thickness for intact bone.
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Carvalho PP, Leonor IB, Smith BJ, Dias IR, Reis RL, Gimble JM, Gomes ME. Undifferentiated human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells loaded onto wet-spun starch-polycaprolactone scaffolds enhance bone regeneration: nude mice calvarial defect in vivo study. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:3102-11. [PMID: 24123913 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The repair of large bony defects remains challenging in the clinical setting. Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (hASCs) have been reported to differentiate along different cell lineages, including the osteogenic. The objective of the present study was to assess the bone regeneration potential of undifferentiated hASCs loaded in starch-polycaprolactone (SPCL) scaffolds, in a critical-sized nude mice calvarial defect. Human ASCs were isolated from lipoaspirate of five female donors, cryopreserved, and pooled together. Critical-sized (4 mm) calvarial defects were created in the parietal bone of adult male nude mice. Defects were either left empty, treated with an SPCL scaffold alone, or SPCL scaffold with human ASCs. Histological analysis and Micro-CT imaging of the retrieved implants were performed. Improved new bone deposition and osseointegration was observed in SPCL loaded with hASC engrafted calvarial defects as compared to control groups that showed little healing. Nondifferentiated human ASCs enhance ossification of nonhealing nude mice calvarial defects, and wet-spun SPCL confirmed its suitability for bone tissue engineering. This study supports the potential translation for ASC use in the treatment of human skeletal defects.
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Nunn J, Wright LJ, Söller C, Zhang L, Walmsley IA, Smith BJ. Large-alphabet time-frequency entangled quantum key distribution by means of time-to-frequency conversion. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:15959-15973. [PMID: 23842382 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.015959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a novel time-frequency quantum key distribution (TFQKD) scheme based on photon pairs entangled in these two conjugate degrees of freedom. The scheme uses spectral detection and phase modulation to enable measurements in the temporal basis by means of time-to-frequency conversion. This allows large-alphabet encoding to be implemented with realistic components. A general security analysis for TFQKD with binned measurements reveals a close connection with finite-dimensional QKD protocols and enables analysis of the effects of dark counts on the secure key size.
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Chandra LC, Traoré D, French C, Marlow D, D’Offay J, Clarke SL, Smith BJ, Kuvibidila S. White button, portabella, and shiitake mushroom supplementation up-regulates interleukin-23 secretion in acute dextran sodium sulfate colitis C57BL/6 mice and murine macrophage J.744.1 cell line. Nutr Res 2013; 33:388-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Castrodale LJ, Gerlach RF, Xavier CM, Smith BJ, Cooper MP, McLaughlin JB. Sharing milk but not messages: campylobacteriosis associated with consumption of raw milk from a cow-share program in Alaska, 2011. J Food Prot 2013; 76:744-7. [PMID: 23643114 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alaska public and environmental health authorities investigated a cluster of campylobacteriosis cases among people who had consumed raw, unpasteurized milk obtained from a cow-share program in Alaska. Although raw milk is not permitted by law to be offered commercially, consumers can enter into cow-share agreements whereby they contribute funds for the upkeep of cows and in turn receive a share of the milk for their personal use. Laboratory testing of stool specimens collected from ill persons and from cows on the farm revealed an indistinguishable strain of Campylobacter. In this outbreak, numerous confirmed and suspected cases were not among cow shareholders; therefore, these individuals had not been advised of the potential health hazards associated with consumption of raw milk nor were they informed of the outbreak developments.
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Chongwatpol P, Rendina E, Graef JL, Clarke SL, Lucas EA, Smith BJ. The efficacy of tart cherry supplementation in the prevention of age‐related bone loss in C57BL/6 mice. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1053.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Davis MR, Hester KK, Shawron KM, Lucas EA, Smith BJ, Clarke SL. Comparisons of the iron deficient metabolic response in rats fed either an AIN-76 or AIN-93 based diet. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:95. [PMID: 23110872 PMCID: PMC3538620 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies examining the metabolic consequences of dietary iron deficiency have reported elevated serum glucose concentrations in iron-deficient animals. Importantly, the majority of these findings were observed using an earlier version of a laboratory animal diet (AIN-76A) in which the primary carbohydrate source was sucrose – a disaccharide known to negatively impact both glucose and lipid homeostasis. The AIN-76A diet formula was improved in 1993 (AIN-93) to optimize animal nutrition with a major change being the substitution of cornstarch for sucrose. Therefore, we sought to examine the effects of iron deficiency on steady-state glucose homeostasis and the hepatic expression of glucose- and lipid-related genes in rats fed an iron-deficient diet based on either an AIN-76A or AIN-93 diet. Methods The study design consisted of 6 treatment groups: control (C; 40 mg Fe/kg diet), iron deficient (ID; ≤ 3 mg Fe/kg diet), or pair-fed (PF; 40 mg Fe/kg) fed either an AIN-76A or AIN-93 diet for 21 d. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were measured in whole blood. Serum insulin and cortisol were measure by ELISA. Serum glucose and triacylglycerols were measured by standard colorimetric enzyme assays. Alterations in hepatic gene expression were determined by real-time qPCR. Results Hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly reduced in both ID groups compared to the C and PF groups. Similarly, animals in the both ID groups exhibited elevated steady-state levels of blood glucose and insulin, and significantly decreased levels of circulating cortisol compared to their respective PF controls. Serum triacyglycerols were only increased in ID animals consuming the AIN-76A diet. Hepatic gene expression analyses revealed a ~4- and 3-fold increase in the expression of glucokinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 mRNA, respectively, in the ID group on either diet compared to their respective PF counterparts. In contrast, the expression of lipogenic genes was significantly elevated in the AIN-76 ID group, while expression of these genes was unaffected by iron status in the AIN-93 ID group. Conclusions These results indicate that an impaired iron status is sufficient to alter glucose homeostasis, though alterations in lipid metabolism associated with ID are only observed in animals receiving the AIN-76A diet.
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Takedachi M, Oohara H, Smith BJ, Iyama M, Kobashi M, Maeda K, Long CL, Humphrey MB, Stoecker BJ, Toyosawa S, Thompson LF, Murakami S. CD73-generated adenosine promotes osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2622-31. [PMID: 21882189 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.23001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD731 is a GPI-anchored cell surface protein with ecto-5'-nucleotidase enzyme activity that plays a crucial role in adenosine production. While the roles of adenosine receptors (AR) on osteoblasts and osteoclasts have been unveiled to some extent, the roles of CD73 and CD73-generated adenosine in bone tissue are largely unknown. To address this issue, we first analyzed the bone phenotype of CD73-deficient (cd73(-/-)) mice. The mutant male mice showed osteopenia, with significant decreases of osteoblastic markers. Levels of osteoclastic markers were, however, comparable to those of wild-type mice. A series of in vitro studies revealed that CD73 deficiency resulted in impairment in osteoblast differentiation but not in the number of osteoblast progenitors. In addition, over expression of CD73 on MC3T3-E1 cells resulted in enhanced osteoblastic differentiation. Moreover, MC3T3-E1 cells expressed adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)AR) and A(2B) receptors (A(2B)AR) and expression of these receptors increased with osteoblastic differentiation. Enhanced expression of osteocalcin (OC) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) observed in MC3T3-E1 cells over expressing CD73 were suppressed by treatment with an A(2B)AR antagonist but not with an A(2A) AR antagonist. Collectively, our results indicate that CD73 generated adenosine positively regulates osteoblast differentiation via A(2B)AR signaling.
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Girma A, Nekatebeb H, Peterson S, Smith BJ, Stoecker BJ. Effects of selenium supplementation and chronic inflammation on bone microarchitecture and strength in mice. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.1033.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hembree KD, Rendina E, Wang Y, Clark K, Davis MR, Peterson SK, Clarke SL, Lucas EA, Smith BJ. Influence of Exercise and Weight Loss on Glucose Tolerance and Bone Mass in Young Growing Animals. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.819.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nekatebeb H, Smith BJ, Kuvibidila S, Wang Y, Girma A, Peterson S, Stoecker BJ. The effect of dietary selenium intake on numbers of T and B cells in C57BL/6 mice with chronic inflammation. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.651.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Meister M, Ter SE, Baker D, Peterson S, Clarke SL, Smith BJ, Lucas EA. Effects of bitter melon and toll‐like receptor (TLR) 4 on glucose and lipid parameters in mice fed high fat diet. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.363.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Davis MR, Rendina E, Peterson SK, Lucas EA, Smith BJ, Clarke SL. Enhanced expression of lipogenic genes may contribute to hyperglycemia and alterations in plasma lipids in response to dietary iron deficiency. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 7:415-25. [PMID: 22228222 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-011-0278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) remains a public health concern affecting ~25% of the world's population. Metabolic consequences of ID include elevated plasma glucose concentrations consistent with increased reliance on glucose as a metabolic substrate, though the mechanisms controlling these responses remain unclear. To further characterize the metabolic response to ID, weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a control (C; 40 mg Fe/kg diet) or iron-deficient (ID; 3 mg Fe/kg diet) diet or were pair-fed (PF) the C diet to the level of intake of the ID group for 21 days. In addition to reductions in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and plasma iron, the ID group also exhibited higher percent body fat and plasma triglycerides compared to the PF group. Steady-state levels of both plasma glucose and insulin increased 40 and 45%, respectively, in the ID group compared to the PF group. Plasma cortisol levels were decreased 67% in the ID group compared to the PF diet group. The systematic evaluation of the expression of genes involved in insulin signaling, glucose metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism in the liver and skeletal muscle revealed significant alterations in the expression of 48 and 52 genes in these tissues, respectively. A significant concurrent increase in lipogenic gene expression and decrease in gene expression related to β-oxidation in both the liver and skeletal muscle, in combination with differential tissue expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism, provides novel insight into the adaptive metabolic response in rodent models of severe iron deficiency anemia.
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Peterson S, Lucas EA, Traore D, Christopher L, French C, Clarke SL, Lightfoot SA, Smith BJ, Kuvibidila S. Effects of Portabella mushrooms on collagen-induced arthritis, inflammatory cytokines, and body composition in dilute brown non-agouti (DBA1) mice. FUNCTIONAL FOODS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2011. [DOI: 10.31989/ffhd.v1i9.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background: Exotic mushrooms have long been used in Asia for treatment and/or prevention of chronic diseases due to their immunomodulatory properties. However, the health benefits of portabella mushrooms (PM) (brown Agaricus bisporous), on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and associated complications, (i.e. loss of lean mass, increased fat mass and inflammatory cytokines), have not been previously investigated.Methods: We investigated CIA pathogenesis, body composition and plasma levels of IL- 6, TNF-α and sICAM1 in DBA1 female mice fed either the AIN76 diet or the same diet fortified with 5% lyophilized PM (n=19-20/group). Ten mice/group were immunized with 100 µg bovine collagen type II on day 42 of the protocol, followed by 50 µg lipopolysaccharides on day 62, and euthanized on day 73-74. Cytokines were measured by ELISA.Results: Compared to baseline diet, PM had: no protective effect from CIA since all collagen-immunized mice developed severe edema, bone erosion, and mononuclear cell infiltration in paws. In mice with and those without CIA, feeding a PM-fortified diet resulted in higher percent of body fat than feeding the baseline diet (p<0.05). After CIA induction, PM provided the following beneficial effects: (a) a smaller reduction in lean mass and absolute thymus weight; (b) a higher fat mass loss; and (c) lower plasma TNF-α levels (p <0.05). PM-fortification did not alter plasma IL-6 and sICAM1 regardless of CIA status; but it increased in vitro IL-6 secretion by mitogen-treated spleen cells.Conclusion: Our data suggest that PM may reduce plasma TNF-α, attenuate lean mass loss and thymus atrophy associated with arthritis, and protect spleen cell function assessed by IL-6 secretion. However, PM-fortification did not attenuate overall CIA pathogenesis which may be due to lack of effect on plasma IL-6. Decreased TNF-α without alterations in IL-6 may reduce the risk of other conditions associated with chronic inflammation such as cardiovascular disease.Key words: portabella mushrooms, inflammatory cytokines, collagen-induced arthritis, body composition, TNF-α, IL-6, thymus, DBA1 mice.
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Chandra LC, Smith BJ, Clarke SL, Marlow D, D'Offay JM, Kuvibidila SR. Differential effects of shiitake- and white button mushroom-supplemented diets on hepatic steatosis in C57BL/6 mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3074-80. [PMID: 21925564 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Shiitake mushrooms (SMs) have been used in Asia for treatment and/or prevention of chronic diseases and hypercholesterolemia. Previously, we observed a diet supplemented with 5% SM resulted in a twofold increase in plasma IL-6 levels in DBA arthritic mice. An elevation in plasma IL-6 has also been implicated in the pathogenesis fatty liver disease. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of SM supplemented-diet on hepatic steatosis. In study 1, eight-week old female C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to the following groups for 6 weeks: the AIN-93 diet; 5% SM, and 5% white button mushroom (WBM) supplemented diets (12/group). In study 2, mice were fed either the AIN-93 diet or SM (20/group). After 6 weeks, 13 mice fed SM diet were given the AIN93 diet for 8 or 15 days. Unlike other groups, all mice fed the SM diet developed fatty liver (mean histopathology score 4.5 vs <1 in the other groups; p<0.001) without fibrosis and inflammation. Fifteen days post withdrawal of SM completely normalized liver histology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that chronic consumption of SM is associated with the development of fatty liver. The mechanism by which SM causes hepatic steatosis warrants further investigation.
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Davis MR, Shawron KM, Rendina E, Peterson SK, Lucas EA, Smith BJ, Clarke SL. Hypoxia inducible factor-2 α is translationally repressed in response to dietary iron deficiency in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Nutr 2011; 141:1590-6. [PMID: 21753061 PMCID: PMC3735917 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.144105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron regulatory proteins (IRP) regulate cellular iron metabolism by binding to iron-responsive elements (IRE) located in untranslated regions of mRNA-encoding proteins of iron metabolism. Recently, IRE have been identified in mRNA-encoding proteins with previously uncharacterized roles in iron metabolism, thus expanding the role of IRP beyond the regulation of cellular iron homeostasis. The mRNA for HIF 2-α contains an IRE and undergoes iron-dependent regulation in vitro, though the translational regulation of HIF-2α in vivo remains unknown. To examine HIF-2α translational regulation in vivo, we evaluated the effects of iron deficiency on the regulation of hepatic IRP activity and HIF-2α translation. Rats were fed either a control (C; 50 mg Fe/kg diet) or iron-deficient (ID; <5 mg Fe/kg diet) diet or were pair-fed (PF) the C diet for 21 d. In ID rats, there was a 2-fold increase in IRP activity compared to the PF group (P < 0.05), which was reflected by a 30-40% increase in HIF-2α repression (P < 0.05). In agreement with a decrease in translation, the levels of HIF-2α proteins were also decreased. The relative abundance of HIF-2α mRNA did not differ between treatment groups. Taken together, these results suggest that the translation of HIF-2α in the liver is regulated in part by the action of IRP in response to dietary iron deficiency and provide evidence that IRP may assist in coordinating the cellular response to alterations in iron and oxygen status associated with iron deficiency anemia.
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Lukas R, Gigliotti JC, Smith BJ, Altman S, Tou JC. Consumption of different sources of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by growing female rats affects long bone mass and microarchitecture. Bone 2011; 49:455-62. [PMID: 21672645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) consumption has been reported to improve bone health. However, sources of ω-3 PUFAs differ in the type of fatty acids and structural form. The study objective was to determine the effect of various ω-3 PUFAs sources on bone during growth. Young (age 28d) female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned (n=10/group) to a high fat 12% (wt) diet consisting of either corn oil (CO) or ω-3 PUFA rich, flaxseed (FO), krill (KO), menhaden (MO), salmon (SO) or tuna (TO) for 8 weeks. Bone mass was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bone microarchitecture by micro-computed tomography (μCT). Bone turnover markers were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Lipid peroxidation was measured by calorimetric assays. Results showed that rats fed TO, rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω-3) had higher (P<0.009) tibial bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) and lower (P=0.05) lipid peroxidation compared to the CO-fed rats. Reduced lipid peroxidation was associated with increased tibial BMD (r2=0.08, P=0.02) and BMC (r2=0.71, P=0.01). On the other hand, rats fed FO or MO, rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3ω-3), improved bone microarchitecture compared to rats fed CO or SO. Serum osteocalcin was higher (P=0.03) in rats fed FO compared to rats fed SO. Serum osteocalcin was associated with improved trabecular bone microarchitecture. The animal study results suggest consuming a variety of ω-3 PUFA sources to promote bone health during the growth stage.
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Smith BJ, Sutton GM, Wu X, Yu G, Goh BC, Hebert T, Pelled G, Gazit Z, Gazit D, Butler AA, Gimble JM. Ovariectomy and genes encoding core circadian regulatory proteins in murine bone. Osteoporos Int 2011; 22:1633-9. [PMID: 20593165 PMCID: PMC4215737 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-010-1325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY This study investigated the influence of ovarian hormone deficiency on core circadian regulatory protein (CCRP) in the context of bone loss. Our data suggest that ovarian hormone deficiency disrupts diurnal rhythmicity and CCRP expression in bone. Further studies should determine if chronobiology provides a novel therapeutic target for osteoporosis intervention. INTRODUCTION CCRP synchronize metabolic activities and display an oscillatory expression profile in murine bone. In vitro studies using bone marrow mesenchymal stromal/stem cells have demonstrated that the CCRP is present and can be regulated within osteoblast progenitors. In vivo studies have shown that the CCRP regulates bone mass via leptin/neuroendocrine pathways. The current study used an ovariectomized murine model to test the hypothesis that ovarian hormone deficiency is associated with either an attenuation and/or temporal phase shift of the CCRP oscillatory expression in bone and that these changes are correlated with the onset of osteoporosis. METHODS Sham-operated controls and ovariectomized female C57BL/6 mice were euthanized at 4-h intervals 2 weeks post-operatively. RESULTS Ovariectomy attenuated the oscillatory expression of CCRP mRNAs in the femur and vertebra relative to the controls and reduced the wheel-running activity profile. CONCLUSION Ovarian hormone deficiency modulates the expression profile of the CCRP with potential impact on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell lineage commitment.
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Cheung NW, Smith BJ, van der Ploeg HP, Cinnadaio N, Bauman A. A pilot structured behavioural intervention trial to increase physical activity among women with recent gestational diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 92:e27-9. [PMID: 21316788 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Forty-three women were recruited into a 1-year randomised controlled trial to test the feasibility of a structured behavioural intervention to increase physical activity after gestational diabetes. Increases in achievement of physical activity targets were not attained. Recruitment and subject retention were identified as major challenges.
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French C, Christopher L, Traore D, Clarke S, Lucas EA, Smith BJ, Lightfoot S, Kuvibidila S. The inhibitory properties of ethanol extracts of white button mushrooms on interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and PC3 cancer cell proliferation. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.235.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Davis MR, Rendina E, Lucas EA, Smith BJ, Clarke SL. Coordination of iron and oxygen sensing through post‐transcriptional regulation of EPAS1. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.607.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rendina E, Lim YF, Marlow D, Wang Y, Clarke SL, Kuvibidila S, Lucas EA, Smith BJ. Dietary supplementation with dried plum prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss while modulating the immune response in C57BL/6J mice. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:60-8. [PMID: 21414765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effects of dried plum on the changes in bone metabolism and the immune response associated with ovarian hormone deficiency. Adult female C57BL/6J mice were either sham-operated (Sham) and fed AIN-93 diet (control) or ovariectomized (OVX) and fed a control diet with 0%, 5%, 15% or 25% dried plum (w/w), corresponding to control, low- (LDP), medium- (MDP) and high (HDP)-dose dried plum. Four weeks of HDP supplementation prevented the decrease in spine bone mineral density and content induced by OVX. The OVX compromise in trabecular bone of the vertebra and proximal tibia was prevented by the higher doses of dried plum, and in the vertebra these effects resulted in greater (P<.05) bone strength and stiffness. In the bone marrow, OVX suppressed granulocyte and committed monocyte populations and increased the lymphoblast population, but the MDP and HDP restored these myeloid and lymphoid populations to the level of the Sham. Dried plum also suppressed lymphocyte tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production ex vivo by splenocytes, in response to concanavalin (Con) A stimulation. These data indicate that dried plum's positive effects on bone structural and biomechanical properties coincide with the restoration of certain bone marrow myeloid and lymphoid populations, and suppressed splenocyte activation occurring with ovarian hormone deficiency.
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Lucas EA, Mahajan SS, Soung DY, Lightfoot SA, Smith BJ, Arjmandi BH. Flaxseed but Not Flaxseed Oil Prevented the Rise in Serum Cholesterol Due to Ovariectomy in the Golden Syrian Hamsters. J Med Food 2011; 14:261-7. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Smith BJ, McAlister JJ, Roe HM, Royle SA. Metal and oxalate contamination in a suburban watershed in the greater Toronto area: the benefits of combining acid leach and selective extraction procedures. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2011; 92:848-858. [PMID: 21071134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally available concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Ni in soils and sediments from a small suburban catchment, obtained using an acid leach procedure, are compared to the Ontario Ministry of the Environment lowest effect level (LEL) and severe effect levels (SEL) and to Provincial sediment quality guidelines (PSQG's). These data are then compared to the bioavailability, potential bioavailability and non-bioavailability of the same metals, plus oxalate concentration, identified using a selective extraction procedure. This combination of techniques enhanced analytical interpretation with respect to metal mobility and potential metal contamination. Selective extraction highlighted the presence of oxalate as a potential contaminant, especially in poorly drained valley floor deposits (33,633 mg kg(-1) and 26,284 mg kg(-1)) and lakeshore sediments (27,095 mg kg(-1) and 13,729 mg kg(-1)). These levels are considerably in excess of those previously documented in a similar study from Rio de Janeiro, where contamination of urban sediment by sewage is a recognised environmental problem, and could possibly be used both as an indicator of similar contamination and the identification of those areas that warrant further investigation.
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Chandra L, Alexander H, Traoré D, Lucas EA, Clarke SL, Smith BJ, Lightfoot SA, Kuvibidila S. White button and shiitake mushrooms reduce the incidence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis in dilute brown non-agouti mice. J Nutr 2011; 141:131-6. [PMID: 21106932 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.127134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exotic mushrooms have been used in ancient Chinese medicine due to their immunomodulatory properties for the treatment and/or prevention of chronic diseases. However, only limited data exist on the health benefits of white button mushrooms (WBM), the most common in the American diet. In the current study, we investigated the effects of WBM and shiitake mushrooms (SM) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) using a 2 x 3 factorial design in 8-wk-old female dilute brown non-agouti mice that were fed a control diet (n = 37) or the same diet supplemented with 5% lyophilized WBM or SM (n = 27) for 6 wk. CIA was induced by immunizing mice with 100 µg bovine collagen followed by 50 µg LPS on d 20 post-collagen injection. CIA was assessed by mononuclear cell infiltration, bone erosion, plasma IL-6, TNFα, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) concentrations. Compared with the control diet, WBM and SM tended to reduce the CIA index from 5.11 ± 0.82 to 3.15 ± 0.95 (P = 0.06) (median, 6-9 to 1-2) 31 d post-collagen injection. Whereas 58% of control mice had a CIA index ≥ 7, only 23% of WBM and 29% of SM mice did (P = 0.1). Although both types of mushrooms reduced plasma TNFα (34%, WBM; 64%, SM), only SM increased plasma IL-6 by 1.3-fold (P < 0.05). The CIA index was positively correlated with sICAM1 (r = 0.55; P < 0.05) but negatively correlated with TNFα (r = 0.34; P < 0.05). Whether mushrooms are beneficial for arthritis management remains to be investigated. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating a possible health benefit of WBM in arthritis treatment.
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Du J, Liu J, Smith BJ, Tsao MS, Cullen JJ. Role of Rac1-dependent NADPH oxidase in the growth of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 18:135-43. [PMID: 21037555 PMCID: PMC3058504 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2010.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
K-ras mutations occur in as high as 95% of patients with pancreatic cancer. K-ras activates Rac1-dependent NADPH oxidase, a key source of superoxide. Superoxide plays an important role in pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and scavenging or decreasing the levels of superoxide inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. DNA microarray analysis and RT-PCR has demonstrated that Rac1 is also upregulated in pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study was to determine if inhibiting Rac1 would alter pancreatic tumor cell behavior. Human pancreatic cancer cells with mutant K-ras (MIA PaCa-2), wild-type K-ras (BxPC-3), and the immortal H6c7 cell line (pancreatic ductal epithelium) expressing K-ras oncogene (H6c7eR-KrasT) that is tumorigenic, were infected with a dominant/negative Rac1 construct (AdN17Rac1). In cells with mutant K-ras, AdN17Rac1 decreased rac activity, decreased superoxide levels, and inhibited in vitro growth. However in the BxPC-3 cell line, AdN17Rac1 did not change rac activity, superoxide levels, or in vitro cell growth. Additionally, AdN17Rac1 decreased superoxide levels and inhibited in vitro growth in the KrasT tumorigenic cell line, but had no effect in the immortalized H6c7 cell line. In human pancreatic tumor xenografts, intratumoral injections of AdN17Rac1 inhibited tumor growth. These results suggest that activation of Rac1-dependent superoxide generation leads to pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. In pancreatic cancer inhibition of Rac1 may be a potential therapeutic target.
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Halloran BP, Wronski TJ, VonHerzen DC, Chu V, Xia X, Pingel JE, Williams AA, Smith BJ. Dietary dried plum increases bone mass in adult and aged male mice. J Nutr 2010; 140:1781-7. [PMID: 20739449 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.124198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is progressively lost with advancing age. Therapies are limited and the only effective proanabolic regimen presently available to restore bone is intermittent treatment with teriparatide (parathyroid hormone 1-34). Recent evidence suggests that dietary supplementation with dried plum (DP) can prevent bone loss due to estrogen deficiency. To determine whether dietary DP supplementation can prevent the loss of bone with aging and whether bone that has already been lost can be restored, adult (6 mo) and old (18 mo) male mice were fed a normal diet or isoenergetic, isonitrogenous diets supplemented with DP (0, 15, and 25% DP by weight) for 6 mo. MicroCT analysis and bone histomorphometry were used to assess bone volume, structure, and metabolic activity before, during, and after dietary supplementation. Mice fed the 0% DP diet (control diet) lost bone, whereas both adult and old mice fed the 25% DP-supplemented diet gained bone. Adult but not old mice fed the 15% diet also gained bone. Cancellous bone volume in mice receiving 25% DP exceeded baseline levels by 40-50%. Trabecular structure varied with diet and age and responses in old mice were generally blunted. Trabecular, but not cortical, mineral density varied with age and measures of bone anabolic activity were lower in aged mice. Our findings suggest that DP contains proanabolic factors that can dramatically increase bone volume and restore bone that has already been lost due to aging. In turn, DP may provide effective prophylactic and therapeutic agents for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Shrestha YB, Vaughan CH, Smith BJ, Song CK, Baro DJ, Bartness TJ. Central melanocortin stimulation increases phosphorylated perilipin A and hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissues. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R140-9. [PMID: 20410474 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00535.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) released from the sympathetic nerves innervating white adipose tissue (WAT) is the principal initiator of lipolysis in mammals. Central WAT sympathetic outflow neurons express melanocortin 4-receptor (MC4-R) mRNA. Single central injection of melanotan II (MTII; MC3/4-R agonist) nonuniformly increases WAT NE turnover (NETO), increases interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) NETO, and increases the circulating lipolytic products glycerol and free fatty acid. The WAT pads that contributed to this lipolysis were inferred from the increases in NETO. Because phosphorylation of perilipin A (p-perilipin A) and hormone-sensitive lipase are necessary for NE-triggered lipolysis, we tested whether MTII would increase these intracellular markers of lipolysis. Male Siberian hamsters received a single 3rd ventricular injection of MTII or saline. Trunk blood was collected at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 h postinjection from excised inguinal, retroperitoneal, and epididymal WAT (IWAT, RWAT, and EWAT, respectively) and IBAT pads. MTII increased circulating glycerol concentrations at 0.5 and 1.0 h, whereas free fatty acid concentrations were increased at 1.0 and 2.0 h. Western blot analysis showed that MTII specifically increased p-perilipin A and hormone-sensitive lipase only in fat pads that previously had MTII-induced increases in NETO. Phosphorylation increased in IWAT at all time points and IBAT at 0.5 h, but not RWAT or EWAT at any time point. These results show for the first time in rodents that p-perilipin A can serve as an in vivo, fat pad-specific indictor of lipolysis and extend our previous findings showing that central melanocortin stimulation increases WAT lipolysis.
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Smith BJ, Yamaguchi E, Gaver DP. A translating stage system for µ-PIV measurements surrounding the tip of a migrating semi-infinite bubble. MEASUREMENT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:015401. [PMID: 23049168 PMCID: PMC3462032 DOI: 10.1088/0957-0233/21/1/015401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have designed, fabricated and evaluated a novel translating stage system (TSS) that augments a conventional micro particle image velocimetry (µ-PIV) system. The TSS has been used to enhance the ability to measure flow fields surrounding the tip of a migrating semi-infinite bubble in a glass capillary tube under both steady and pulsatile reopening conditions. With conventional µ-PIV systems, observations near the bubble tip are challenging because the forward progress of the bubble rapidly sweeps the air-liquid interface across the microscopic field of view. The translating stage mechanically cancels the mean bubble tip velocity, keeping the interface within the microscope field of view and providing a tenfold increase in data collection efficiency compared to fixed-stage techniques. This dramatic improvement allows nearly continuous observation of the flow field over long propagation distances. A large (136-frame) ensemble-averaged velocity field recorded with the TSS near the tip of a steadily migrating bubble is shown to compare well with fixed-stage results under identical flow conditions. Use of the TSS allows the ensemble-averaged measurement of pulsatile bubble propagation flow fields, which would be practically impossible using conventional fixed-stage techniques. We demonstrate our ability to analyze these time-dependent two-phase flows using the ensemble-averaged flow field at four points in the oscillatory cycle.
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Thomas MM, Hodge W, Smith BJ. Building capacity in local government for integrated planning to increase physical activity: evaluation of the VicHealth MetroACTIVE program. Health Promot Int 2009; 24:353-62. [PMID: 19828475 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dap035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated planning is a holistic approach to addressing the needs of local communities built on partnerships between those responsible for development, environmental quality and service provision. This study investigated the extent and key influences on the use of integrated planning to promote physical activity among six metropolitan councils in Melbourne Australia, which took part in the MetroACTIVE Project funded by the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation from 2005 to 2007. The evaluation entailed interviews conducted at the mid-term (N = 67) and completion (N = 50) of the project, and the review of relevant documents. Respondents included elected councillors, chief executive officers, officers from different council divisions and the project staff employed in each council. Three councils showed evidence of integrated planning for physical activity, whereas the remainder focused on the delivery of community participation programs. Leadership from senior management and an organizational culture that supported collaboration across council departments were prerequisites for integrated planning. Employment of a dedicated project officer with skills for engaging management and building partnerships within the organization was important. Barriers to integrated planning were a complex organization structure, high demands on the council due to a growing residential population and a poor climate among staff. Overall, integrated planning was found to be a viable approach for developing a coordinated approach to this issue involving the range of council services and functions. Ongoing strategies are needed to facilitate senior management commitment and organizational capacity for integrated planning, with leadership provided by departments responsible for infrastructure or corporate planning.
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Cadars S, Smith BJ, Epping JD, Acharya S, Belman N, Golan Y, Chmelka BF. Atomic positional versus electronic order in semiconducting ZnSe nanoparticles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:136802. [PMID: 19905534 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.136802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Size-controlled ZnSe nanoparticles with high extents of atomic positional order are shown to exhibit large size-dependent variations in their local electronic environments. Solid-state ;{77}Se and ;{67}Zn NMR spectra reveal increasingly broad distributions of ;{77}Se and ;{67}Zn environments with decreasing nanoparticle sizes, in contrast with high degrees of atomic positional order established by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. First-principles calculations of NMR parameters distinguish between atomic positional and electronic disorder that propagate from the nanoparticle surfaces and yield insights on the order and disorder present.
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Harris M, Smith BJ, Veale AJ, Esterman A, Frith PA, Selim P. Providing reviews of evidence to COPD patients: controlled prospective 12-month trial. Chron Respir Dis 2009; 6:165-73. [DOI: 10.1177/1479972309106577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate a novel patient-held manual designed to reduce the evidence–practice gap in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The intervention manual contained summaries of research evidence. It was developed using current best practice for patient information materials and designed to cause discussion of evidence between patient and doctor. A controlled before-and-after study was employed in two similar but geographically separate regions of metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. Participants had moderate to severe COPD, with 249 included at baseline and 201 completing the study. Evidence-based COPD management was measured using an indicator with three components: rates of influenza vaccination, bone density testing, and pulmonary rehabilitation. A survey of behavioral steps leading to practice change was conducted with the trial. Analysis, by median split of socioeconomic disadvantage, showed significant difference between study arms for only one component of the indicator of evidence-based practice, enrolment in pulmonary rehabilitation and only for the most socioeconomically disadvantaged stratum. For both socioeconomic strata, more intervention participants than control participants reported remembering being given the information material, reading part or all, and finding it very or quite helpful. Other significant differences were restricted to the stratum of greatest socioeconomic disadvantage: reading all of the material, learning from it, referring back, and talking to a doctor about a topic from the material. Above 90% of all participants who received the manual reported reading from it, 42% reported discussing topics with a doctor, but only 10% reported treatment change attributable to the manual. We have found that people with COPD will read an evidence manual developed using current best practice. However, the study demonstrated improvement for only one of the three components of an indicator of evidence-based disease management for only the most socioeconomically disadvantaged stratum of participants. Future interventions should be designed to better translate reading uptake into evidence-based disease management.
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89
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Goodheart MJ, Rose SL, Hattermann-Zogg M, Smith BJ, De Young BR, Buller RE. BRCA2 alteration is important in clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. Clin Genet 2009; 76:161-7. [PMID: 19656163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BRCA2 has been shown to play a significant role in hereditary ovarian carcinoma. Several cases of clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the ovary containing BRCA2 mutations have been identified. We hypothesize that sequence variants of the BRCA2 gene are common in CCC of the ovary. Multiple methods were utilized to detect BRCA2 genetic alterations in a cohort of 13 ovarian CCC. These included an LOH analysis for copy number, real-time and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to probe for BRCA2 promoter methylation, in addition to protein truncation testing (PTT) gel screening for nonsense BRCA2 mutations, and finally direct gene sequencing to either confirm the nonsense mutations or to detect candidate missense mutations in the remaining tumor samples. Whenever a sequence variation was detected in a tumor sample, the corresponding region was sequenced from a blood sample to determine germline status. Seven BRCA2 sequence variations were identified in 6 of the 13 CCC (46%); three tumors contained an alteration in BRCA2 copy number. Only one subject carried a germline sequence variation that might alter BRCA2 function despite the fact that a family history of breast, ovarian or colon cancer was common in this population. The 5-year disease-specific survival probability for patients with a BRCA2 alteration is 87.5%, compared to only 40% for those patients without a BRCA2 alteration (p = 0.39). Alterations in BRCA2 gene sequence, copy number, or expression are extremely common in CCC and may contribute to a paradoxical better clinical outcome.
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90
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Lawrance CC, Lucas EA, Clarke SL, Smith BJ, Kuvibidila S. Differential effects of isoflurane and CO2 inhalation on plasma levels of inflammatory markers associated with collagen-induced arthritis in DBA mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:807-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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91
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Rendina E, Lim YF, Marlow D, Wang Y, Clarke SL, Kuvibidila S, Lucas EA, Smith BJ. Dietary Supplementation with Dried Plum Prevents Ovariectomy‐Induced Bone Loss in C57BL/6 Mice and Modulates the Immune Response. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.563.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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92
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Kuvibidila S, Alexander H, Lim Y, Christopher L, Lucas E, Clarke S, Smith BJ. White button, Shiitake, and Portabella mushrooms modulate the development of collagen‐induced arthritis in mice. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.909.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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93
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Lim YF, Wang Y, Rendina E, Bu SY, Cullen DM, Marlow D, Clarke SL, Lucas EA, Smith BJ. Dried Plum Suppresses the OVX‐Induced Increase in Bone Turnover in Adult Osteopenic Ovariectomized Rats. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.553.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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94
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Worsley AP, Coldenstrodt-Ronge HB, Lundeen JS, Mosley PJ, Smith BJ, Puentes G, Thomas-Peter N, Walmsley IA. Absolute efficiency estimation of photon-number-resolving detectors using twin beams. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:4397-4411. [PMID: 19293867 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.004397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A nonclassical light source is used to demonstrate experimentally the absolute efficiency calibration of a photon-number-resolving detector. The photon-pair detector calibration method developed by Klyshko for single-photon detectors is generalized to take advantage of the higher dynamic range and additional information provided by photon-number-resolving detectors. This enables the use of brighter twin-beam sources including amplified pulse pumped sources, which increases the relevant signal and provides measurement redundancy, making the calibration more robust.
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95
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Dorner U, Demkowicz-Dobrzanski R, Smith BJ, Lundeen JS, Wasilewski W, Banaszek K, Walmsley IA. Optimal quantum phase estimation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:040403. [PMID: 19257407 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.040403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
By using a systematic optimization approach, we determine quantum states of light with definite photon number leading to the best possible precision in optical two-mode interferometry. Our treatment takes into account the experimentally relevant situation of photon losses. Our results thus reveal the benchmark for precision in optical interferometry. Although this boundary is generally worse than the Heisenberg limit, we show that the obtained precision beats the standard quantum limit, thus leading to a significant improvement compared to classical interferometers. We furthermore discuss alternative states and strategies to the optimized states which are easier to generate at the cost of only slightly lower precision.
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96
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Pennington MW, Beeton C, Galea CA, Smith BJ, Chi V, Monaghan KP, Garcia A, Rangaraju S, Giuffrida A, Plank D, Crossley G, Nugent D, Khaytin I, Lefievre Y, Peshenko I, Dixon C, Chauhan S, Orzel A, Inoue T, Hu X, Moore RV, Norton RS, Chandy KG. Engineering a stable and selective peptide blocker of the Kv1.3 channel in T lymphocytes. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 75:762-73. [PMID: 19122005 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.052704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kv1.3 potassium channels maintain the membrane potential of effector memory (T(EM)) T cells that are important mediators of multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis. The polypeptide ShK-170 (ShK-L5), containing an N-terminal phosphotyrosine extension of the Stichodactyla helianthus ShK toxin, is a potent and selective blocker of these channels. However, a stability study of ShK-170 showed minor pH-related hydrolysis and oxidation byproducts that were exacerbated by increasing temperatures. We therefore engineered a series of analogs to minimize the formation of these byproducts. The analog with the greatest stability, ShK-192, contains a nonhydrolyzable phosphotyrosine surrogate, a methionine isostere, and a C-terminal amide. ShK-192 shows the same overall fold as ShK, and there is no evidence of any interaction between the N-terminal adduct and the rest of the peptide. The docking configuration of ShK-192 in Kv1.3 shows the N-terminal para-phosphonophenylalanine group lying at the junction of two channel monomers to form a salt bridge with Lys(411) of the channel. ShK-192 blocks Kv1.3 with an IC(50) of 140 pM and exhibits greater than 100-fold selectivity over closely related channels. After a single subcutaneous injection of 100 microg/kg, approximately 100 to 200 pM concentrations of active peptide is detectable in the blood of Lewis rats 24, 48, and 72 h after the injection. ShK-192 effectively inhibits the proliferation of T(EM) cells and suppresses delayed type hypersensitivity when administered at 10 or 100 microg/kg by subcutaneous injection once daily. ShK-192 has potential as a therapeutic for autoimmune diseases mediated by T(EM) cells.
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97
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Reus VI, Smith BJ. Multimodal techniques for smoking cessation: a review of their efficacy and utilisation and clinical practice guidelines. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62:1753-68. [PMID: 18795968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Nicotine addiction is a complex, chronic condition with physiological and psychological/behavioural aspects that make smoking cessation extremely difficult. This paper reviews current recommendations for smoking cessation and the efficacy of pharmacotherapy and behavioural modification techniques, used either alone or in combination, for smoking cessation. RESULTS Abstinence rates for pharmacotherapies range from approximately 16% to approximately 30% at 1-year follow-up, with efficacy odds ratios (ORs) compared with placebo of approximately 1.7 for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), approximately 1.9 for bupropion sustained release and approximately 3.0 for varenicline. Behaviour modification therapies have achieved quit rates of between 8% and 43% for up to 1 year, with ORs in comparison to no treatment of between approximately 1.2 and approximately 2.2. No direct comparisons have been made between pharmacotherapy alone and psychological behaviour strategies alone. However, combining physiological approaches with counselling significantly increases the odds of quitting compared with either technique alone. CONCLUSIONS Applying multimodal techniques for the treatment of nicotine addiction is the recommended approach and has demonstrated the potential to improve rates of permanent abstinence in smokers attempting cessation. While the numbers of patients receiving help and advice regarding smoking cessation is increasing, the multimodal approach appears to be currently underutilised by clinicians and therefore smoking cessation strategies are not being optimised.
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Buffart LM, van der Ploeg HP, Smith BJ, Kurko J, King L, Bauman AE. General practitioners' perceptions and practices of physical activity counselling: changes over the past 10 years. Br J Sports Med 2008; 43:1149-53. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2008.049577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Bu SY, Lerner M, Stoecker BJ, Boldrin E, Brackett DJ, Lucas EA, Smith BJ. Dried plum polyphenols inhibit osteoclastogenesis by downregulating NFATc1 and inflammatory mediators. Calcif Tissue Int 2008; 82:475-88. [PMID: 18509698 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-008-9139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dried plums and their polyphenols have been shown to suppress bone resorption by downregulating receptor activator NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL). Due to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of these compounds, this study was designed to investigate whether dried plum polyphenols exert additional, more direct effects on osteoclasts and their precursors. RAW 264.7 macrophages were used as a model to study osteoclast precursors and osteoclast differentiation and activity. Under inflammatory conditions induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyphenols extracted from dried plum (10, 20, and 30 microg/mL) downregulated osteoclast precursor cyclooxygenase expression and nitric oxide (NO) by inhibiting inducible NO synthase. NO and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were also suppressed in the presence of RANKL during osteoclastogenesis by the polyphenols. Increased TNF-alpha production in response to oxidative stress, but not LPS, was decreased over time. As expected, LPS and H2O2 significantly increased the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells by 127% and 30%, respectively. Dried plum polyphenols decreased osteoclast differentiation under normal as well as inflammatory and oxidative stress conditions, coincident with the suppression of the transcription factor, nuclear factor for activated T cells (NFATcl). These inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis were confirmed in primary bone marrow cultures. Resorption pit formation was decreased to a similar extent as osteoclast differentiation, suggesting that dried plum polyphenols primarily affect osteoclast differentiation as opposed to activity. Our data demonstrate that dried plum polyphenols directly inhibit osteoclastogenesis, leading to a decrease in osteoclast activity, by downregulating NFATc1 and inflammatory mediators.
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100
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Bu SY, Hunt TS, Smith BJ. Dried plum polyphenols attenuate the detrimental effects of TNF-alpha on osteoblast function coincident with up-regulation of Runx2, Osterix and IGF-I. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 20:35-44. [PMID: 18495459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that dried plums which contain high amounts of polyphenols can restore bone mass and structure, and significantly increase indices of bone formation. The purpose of this study was to determine how dried plum polyphenols influence osteoblast activity and mineralized nodule formation under normal and inflammatory conditions. MC3T3-E1 cells were plated and pretreated with dried plum polyphenols (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 microg/ml) and 24 h later stimulated with TNF-alpha (0 or 1.0 ng/ml). The 5, 10 and 20 microg/ml doses of polyphenols significantly increased intracellular ALP activity under normal conditions at 7 and 14 days, and restored the TNF-alpha-induced suppression of intracellular ALP activity by 14 days (P<.001). Polyphenols also increased mineralized nodule formation under normal and inflammatory conditions. In the absence of TNF-alpha, 5 microg/ml of polyphenols significantly up-regulated the growth factor, IGF-I, compared to controls, and the 5 and 10 microg/ml doses increased the expression of lysyl oxidase involved in collagen crosslinking. TNF-alpha decreased the expression of Runx2, Osterix and IGF-I, and polyphenols restored their mRNA levels to that of the controls. Although TNF-alpha failed to alter lysyl oxidase at 18 h, the polyphenols up-regulated its expression (P<.05) in the presence of TNF-alpha. As expected, TNF-alpha up-regulated RANKL mRNA and polyphenols suppressed RANKL expression without altering OPG. Based on these findings, we conclude that dried plum polyphenols enhance osteoblast activity and function by up-regulating Runx2, Osterix and IGF-I and increasing lysyl oxidase expression, and at the same time attenuate osteoclastogenesis signaling.
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