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Waring SC, Brown BJ. The threat of communicable diseases following natural disasters: a public health response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 3:41-7. [PMID: 15829908 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmr.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural disasters, such as the recent Indian Ocean tsunami, can have a rapid onset, broad impact, and produce many factors that work synergistically to increase the risk of morbidity and mortality caused by communicable diseases. The primary goal of emergency health interventions is to prevent epidemics and improve deteriorating health conditions among the population affected. Morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases can be minimized providing these intervention efforts are implemented in a timely and coordinated fashion. This article presents a review of some of the major issues relevant to preparedness and response for natural disasters.
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Brown BJ, Emery RJ, Stock TH, Lee ES. A comparison of the results of regulatory compliance inspections in 1999 by the states of Texas, Maine, and Washington. HEALTH PHYSICS 2004; 86:308-315. [PMID: 14982232 DOI: 10.1097/00004032-200403000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Inspection outcome data provided by the state of Washington Department of Health, Division of Radiation Protection, for licensees of radioactive materials was encoded according to a system established by the Texas Department of Health, Bureau of Radiation Control. The data, representing calendar year 1999 inspection activities, were then analyzed and the results compared to previously published studies for the same year in the states of Texas and Maine. Despite significant differences in regulatory program size, age, and geographic proximity, the most frequently cited violation for radioactive materials licensees were shown to be similar for all three states. Of particular note were the violations that were identified to be consistently issued in all three states. These included physical inventories and utilization logs not performed, not available, or incomplete; leak testing not performed or not performed on schedule; inadequate or unapproved operating and safety procedures; radiation survey and disposal records not available or incomplete; detection or measurement instrument calibration not performed or records not available; and radiation surveys or sampling not performed or performed with a noncalibrated instrument. Comparisons were made in an attempt to generate a summary of the most commonly issued violations that could be generalized to users of radioactive materials across the United States. A generalized list of common violations would be an invaluable tool for radiation protection programs, serving to aid in the reduction of the overall instance of program non-compliance. Any reduction in instances of non-compliance would result in the conservation of finite public health resources that might then be directed to other pressing public health matters.
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Brown BJ, Asinobi AO, Fatunde OJ, Osinusi K, Fasina NA. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of organisms causing urinary tract infection in children with sickle cell anaemia in Ibadan, Nigeria. West Afr J Med 2003; 22:110-3. [PMID: 14529216 DOI: 10.4314/wajm.v22i2.27927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED As part of a larger project on childhood urinary tract infection, antimicrobial sensitivity tests were carried out on the bacterial isolates from the urine of febrile children seen at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. METHODOLOGY Midstream urine specimens were collected from 171 sickle cell anaemia children and from an equal number of haemoglobin-A controls and cultured by standard methods. Sensitivity to eleven antimicrobials was tested using the disc-diffusion technique of Stokes. RESULTS Significant bacteriuria was obtained from 37 children with sickle cell anemia and 27 controls. The isolates were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Non-haemolytic streptococcus, beta-haemolytic Streptococcus, Salmonella, Proteus and Pseudomonas species. Sensitivity was highest to Pefloxacin to which over 94% of the organisms were sensitive followed by Ceftriaxone (over 85%) and ceftazidime (over 85%). Sensitivities to nalidixic acid and cefuroxime were between 67.6% and 74.1%. Most of the isolates were resistant to gentamicin, amoxycillin, cotrimoxazole and ampicillin. In general the sensitivity pattern in the sickle cell anaemia group was similar to the pattern in the control group. CONCLUSION Aetiological agents of childhood UTI in this environment are resistant to most of the drugs commonly recommended for its treatment. Nalixidic acid and cefuroxime are recommended as first line drugs while awaiting results of sensitivity testing. Ceftriazone and ceftazidime should be reserved for cases of non-response to first line drugs and in severe cases. Pefloxacin should be considered potential drug of treatment particularly in multi-drug resistant infections.
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Asinobi AO, Fatunde OJ, Brown BJ, Osinusi K, Fasina NA. Urinary tract infection in febrile children with sickle cell anaemia in Ibadan, Nigeria. ANNALS OF TROPICAL PAEDIATRICS 2003; 23:129-34. [PMID: 12803742 DOI: 10.1179/027249303235002198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
A prospective study to determine the prevalence of bacteriuria and bacterial isolates in the urine of febrile children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) was carried out at University College Hospital, Ibadan. Altogether, 171 febrile children (aged 1-15 years) with SCA and 171 age- and sex-matched controls were studied. After obtaining a history of the illness from the parents or guardians, each child was physically examined and a mid-stream urine specimen collected and subjected to microscopy and culture. The prevalence of bacteriuria in children with SCA was 21.6% compared with 15.8% in the controls. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species were the predominant isolates from the urine, accounting for 64.9% and 18.9%, respectively, of the isolates from the SCA group and 63% and 22.2%, respectively, in the controls. In the SCA group, significant bacteriuria also occurred with other conditions such as pneumonia and osteomyelitis. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in children with SCA. Routine screening for it is therefore recommended during febrile illnesses. Children with fever from other overt causes, however, should not be exempted from the urine screening procedure in case there might be concomitant UTI.
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Ogundiran TO, Aghahowa ME, Brown BJ, Irabor DO. Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS): a case report and literature review. West Afr J Med 2003; 22:101-2. [PMID: 12769320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS), also known as the EMG (Exomphalos, Macroglossia, Gigantism) syndrome was recognised independently by Beckwith in 1963 and Wiedemann in 1964 and is now a well established entity having been reported in more than two hundred individuals. It constitutes a wide spectrum of clinicopathologic entity with varied combinations of congenital and time dependent abnormalities that often make diagnosis and management tasking. There is paucity of report in the literature on this entity from the developing world. We present a case recently seen at the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan, Nigeria in order to create further awareness and highlight peculiarity of management as may be applicable in a setting as ours.
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Crawford P, Johnson AJ, Brown BJ, Nolan P. The language of mental health nursing reports: firing paper bullets? J Adv Nurs 2001; 29:331-40. [PMID: 10197932 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.00893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A great deal of the caring work of nursing is accomplished and mediated through language. This paper attempts to characterize some of this language in quantitative and stylistic terms in an attempt to characterize the genre of nursing report language. Nursing students (n = 26) and graduate nurses (n = 3) viewed a videotape of a person being interviewed by a psychiatrist and produced written reports. These showed a large proportion of words relating to the person and to feelings and needs, compared to existing databases of the English language in general. The language produced by the participants also contained many modal or modifying words and is similar to spoken rather than written English in terms of the proportion of lexical content. There was much diversity in their descriptions and the vocabulary used to refer to the client. Graduate nurses showed more scepticism of the evidence provided by the video and advocated more investigation and questioning of the client. The use of standard forms and techniques of expression suggests that these reports were assembled on a language production line. Finally, we advocate a more systematic approach to educating nursing students about the power of the language they use.
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Meah Y, Brown BJ, Chakraborty S, Massey V. Old yellow enzyme: reduction of nitrate esters, glycerin trinitrate, and propylene 1,2-dinitrate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:8560-5. [PMID: 11438708 PMCID: PMC37475 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.151249098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of the old yellow enzyme and reduced flavins with organic nitrate esters has been studied. Reduced flavins have been found to react readily with glycerin trinitrate (GTN ) (nitroglycerin) and propylene dinitrate, with rate constants at pH 7.0, 25 degrees C of 145 M(-1)s(-1) and 5.8 M(-1)s(-1), respectively. With GTN, the secondary nitrate was removed reductively 6 times faster than the primary nitrate, with liberation of nitrite. With propylene dinitrate, on the other hand, the primary nitrate residue was 3 times more reactive than the secondary residue. In the old yellow enzyme-catalyzed NADPH-dependent reduction of GTN and propylene dinitrate, ping-pong kinetics are displayed, as found for all other substrates of the enzyme. Rapid-reaction studies of mixing reduced enzyme with the nitrate esters show that a reduced enzyme--substrate complex is formed before oxidation of the reduced flavin. The rate constants for these reactions and the apparent K(d) values of the enzyme--substrate complexes have been determined and reveal that the rate-limiting step in catalysis is reduction of the enzyme by NADPH. Analysis of the products reveal that with the enzyme-catalyzed reactions, reduction of the primary nitrate in both GTN and propylene dinitrate is favored by comparison with the free-flavin reactions. This preferential positional reactivity can be rationalized by modeling of the substrates into the known crystal structure of the enzyme. In contrast to the facile reaction of free reduced flavins with GTN, reduced 5-deazaflavins have been found to react some 4--5 orders of magnitude slower. This finding implies that the chemical mechanism of the reaction is one involving radical transfers.
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Akinyinka OO, Omokhodion SI, Olawuyi JF, Olumese PE, Brown BJ. Tympanic thermometry in Nigerian children. ANNALS OF TROPICAL PAEDIATRICS 2001; 21:169-74. [PMID: 11471263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Rectal and aural temperatures were recorded at the same time in 378 children aged < or = 60 months and were found to be similar across the various age groups, correlation coefficients (r) ranging from 0.61 to 0.91. The mean differences between rectal and aural temperatures varied between -0.06 and 0.25 degree C. Concordance between the two methods ranged from 88.9% to 98% across the temperature range. Tympanic thermometry is simpler, safer and quicker than rectal thermometry and these findings justify the use of aural thermometry in any busy clinical facility for children.
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Prest JE, Baldock SJ, Fielden PR, Brown BJ. Determination of metal cations on miniaturised planar polymeric separation devices using isotachophoresis with integrated conductivity detection. Analyst 2001; 126:433-7. [PMID: 11340973 DOI: 10.1039/b101654g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of using miniaturised planar polymeric separation devices for the isotachophoretic separation of metal cations was demonstrated. Devices were produced in silicone rubber using a cast moulding fabrication technique. Detection was performed using an integrated single electrode conductivity detector, a design which offers simple fabrication and high resolution. The electrical characteristics of the devices were found to be suitable for performing electroseparations with a power dissipation of up to 1.5 W m-1 being achieved. The separation of a sample containing a mixture of the four metal ions lithium, lanthanum, dysprosium and ytterbium was reproducibly achieved using miniaturised devices. A comparison with a capillary scale separation of the same mixture was made. The miniaturised separations were achieved in under 600 s, which is less than half the time taken for the capillary scale separations.
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Brown BJ. Care of the chronically ill. Nurs Adm Q 2000; 24:v-vi. [PMID: 10986925 DOI: 10.1097/00006216-200004000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Brown BJ. How does management affect clinical outcomes of care? Nurs Adm Q 2000; 24:v-vi. [PMID: 10765242 DOI: 10.1097/00006216-199910000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Brown BJ. HMOs will be rewarded for taking sick patients. Nurs Adm Q 2000; 23:vi-vii. [PMID: 10711136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Brown BJ. The future of nurse executives. Nurs Adm Q 1999; 23:vi-vii. [PMID: 10363011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Brown BJ, Deng Z, Karplus PA, Massey V. On the active site of Old Yellow Enzyme. Role of histidine 191 and asparagine 194. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:32753-62. [PMID: 9830019 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.49.32753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) binds phenolic ligands forming long wavelength (500-800 nm) charge-transfer complexes. The enzyme is reduced by NADPH, and oxygen, quinones, and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones can act as electron acceptors to complete catalytic turnover. Solution of the crystal structure of OYE1 from brewer's bottom yeast (Fox, K. M., and Karplus, P. A. (1994) Structure 2, 1089-1105) made it possible to identify histidine 191 and asparagine 194 as amino acid residues that hydrogen-bond with the phenolic ligands, stabilizing the anionic form involved in charge-transfer interaction with the FMN prosthetic group. His-191 and Asn-194 are also predicted to interact with the nicotinamide ring of NADPH in the active site. Mutations of His-191 to Asn, Asn-194 to His, and a double mutation, H191N/N194H, were made of OYE1. It was not possible to isolate the N191H mutant enzyme, but the other two mutant forms had the expected effect on phenolic ligand binding, i.e. decreased binding affinity and decreased charge-transfer absorbance. Reduction of the H191N mutant enzyme by NADPH was similar to that of OYE1, but the reduction rate constant for NADH was greatly decreased. The double mutant enzyme had an increased rate constant for reduction by NADPH, but the reduction rate constant with NADH was lower by a factor of 15. The reactivity of OYE1 and the mutant enzymes with oxygen was similar, but the reactivity of 2-cyclohexenone was greatly decreased by the mutations. The crystal structures of the two mutant forms showed only minor changes from that of the wild type enzyme.
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Brown BJ. Quality amid turbulent times. Nurs Adm Q 1998; 22:v-vi. [PMID: 9727137 DOI: 10.1097/00006216-199802240-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Brown BJ. Outside the walls of the hospital. Nurs Adm Q 1998; 22:v-vi. [PMID: 9624974 DOI: 10.1097/00006216-199802230-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lemke MJ, Brown BJ, Leff LG. The Response of Three Bacterial Populations to Pollution in a Stream. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1997; 34:224-231. [PMID: 9337417 DOI: 10.1007/s002489900051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Brown BJ. Is health care in a crisis? Nurs Adm Q 1997; 21:vi-vii. [PMID: 9295641 DOI: 10.1097/00006216-199702140-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Brown BJ. Information is critical to the success of the present health care delivery systems. Nurs Adm Q 1997; 21:vi-vii. [PMID: 9214999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Highlander SK, Garza O, Brown BJ, Koby S, Oppenheim AB. Isolation and characterization of the integration host factor genes of Pasteurella haemolytica. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997; 146:181-8. [PMID: 9011038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a bacteriophage lambda complementation system in Escherichia coli, we cloned genes encoding subunits of the heterodimeric DNA binding/bending protein, integration host factor, from the bovine pathogen, Pasteurella haemolytica. Complementation of ihfA and ihfB mutations in E. coli demonstrated that the P. haemolytica gene products form functional heterologous heterodimers. The ihfA and ihfB genes encode polypeptides predicted to be 99 and 93 amino acids long, respectively, and are very similar to integration host factor subunits from other Gram-negative bacteria, although phylogenetic analysis indicated that the P. haemolytica sequences are distantly related to those from other bacteria. Most significant amino acid differences were restricted to the amino-terminal domains of the predicted peptides.
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Brown BJ. The remains of health care revolution: health care enterprise. Nurs Adm Q 1997; 21:vi-vii. [PMID: 9069945 DOI: 10.1097/00006216-199702120-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Brown BJ, Hilfiker H, DeMarco SJ, Zacharias DA, Greenwood TM, Guerini D, Strehler EE. Primary structure of human plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase isoform 3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1283:10-3. [PMID: 8765088 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(96)00108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The complete coding sequence of the human plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA) isoform 3 was determined from overlapping genomic and cDNA clones. The cDNAs for the two major alternative splice variants 3a (3CII) and 3b (3CI) code for proteins of 1173 and 1220 amino-acid residues, respectively, which show 98% identity with the corresponding rat isoforms. On a multiple human tissue Northern blot, a major PMCA3 transcript of about 7 kb was detected exclusively in the brain, demonstrating the highly restricted pattern of expression of this isoform to human neuronal tissues. With the elucidation of the human PMCA3 primary structure, complete sequence information is now available for the entire family of human PMCA isoforms.
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Brown BJ, Leff LG. Comparison of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Analysis with the Use of API 20E and NFT Strips for Identification of Aquatic Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:2183-5. [PMID: 16535343 PMCID: PMC1388881 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.6.2183-2185.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic bacteria grown on MacConkey agar and modified nutrient agar were identified by using API 20E and NFT strips and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis. Identifications agreed at the species level 35.7% of the time when API 20E strips and FAME analysis were used and in 4.3% of the cases when API NFT strips and FAME analysis were used. These techniques require further development before extended use in ecological studies.
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Brown BJ. "Nursing power and politics". Nurs Adm Q 1996; 20:vi-vii. [PMID: 8710217 DOI: 10.1097/00006216-199602030-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Brown BJ. Who will prepare nurses and others to work within the parameters imposed by health care reform policy? Nurs Adm Q 1996; 20:v-vi. [PMID: 8717942 DOI: 10.1097/00006216-199602040-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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