[The surgical management of nasal skull base schwannoma under endonasal endoscope: a retrospective review of 52 cases]

Objective: To discuss the surgical technique and outcome of nasal skull base schwannoma treated under endonasal endoscope. Methods: Fifty-two patients with nasal skull base nonvestibular schwannoma were treated under endonasal endoscope from May 2006 to June 2017 in Shanghai E&ENT Hospital. Of the patients, there were 21 men and 31 women. The age of the patients ranged from 33 to 71 years.Schwannoma mainly came from trigeminal nerve.Clinical symptoms included facial numbness, facial pain, nasal obstruction, headache, hypopsia, diplopia and tinnitus. Surgical approaches included pure endonasal endoscope approach (18 cases) and endoscopic endonasal resection asissted with sublabial transmaxillary approach (34 cases). Results: Total tumor resection was achieved in 42 patients(80.8%), subtotal resection in 8 patients, and partial resection in 2 patients. The relief rate of facial numbness, facial pain, nasal obstruction, headache, hypopsia, diplopia and tinnitus were 68.8%, 45.5%, 100.0%, 90.0%, 60.0%, 40.0% and 100.0%, respectively. During surgery, cerebrospinal fluid leakage was observed in 5 cases. All cases were successfully repaired with a nasoseptal flap or autologous fascia lata and fat obtained from thigh. Four cases with recurrence were observed in the follow-up period (6-134 months). Conclusion: Endonasal endoscopic approach is a safe and feasible procedure for schwannoma in nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, orbital apex, pterygopalatine fossa, infratomporal fossa, cavernous sinus and Meckel cave.

A cardioid oscillator with asymmetric time ratio for establishing CPG models

Nonlinear oscillators are usually utilized by bionic scientists for establishing central pattern generator models for imitating rhythmic motions by bionic scientists. In the natural word, many rhythmic motions possess asymmetric time ratios, which means that the forward and the backward motions of an oscillating process sustain different times within one period. In order to model rhythmic motions with asymmetric time ratios, nonlinear oscillators with asymmetric forward and backward trajectories within one period should be studied. In this paper, based on the property of the invariant set, a method to design the closed curve in the phase plane of a dynamic system as its limit cycle is proposed. Utilizing the proposed method and considering that a cardioid curve is a kind of asymmetrical closed curves, a cardioid oscillator with asymmetric time ratios is proposed and realized. Through making the derivation of the closed curve in the phase plane of a dynamic system equal to zero, the closed curve is designed as its limit cycle. Utilizing the proposed limit cycle design method and according to the global invariant set theory, a cardioid oscillator applying a cardioid curve as its limit cycle is achieved. On these bases, the numerical simulations are conducted for analyzing the behaviors of the cardioid oscillator. The example utilizing the established cardioid oscillator to simulate rhythmic motions of the hip joint of a human body in the sagittal plane is presented. The results of the numerical simulations indicate that, whatever the initial condition is and without any outside input, the proposed cardioid oscillator possesses the following properties: (1) The proposed cardioid oscillator is able to generate a series of periodic and anti-interference self-exciting trajectories, (2) the generated trajectories possess an asymmetric time ratio, and (3) the time ratio can be regulated by adjusting the oscillator's parameters. Furthermore, the comparison between the simulated trajectories by the established cardioid oscillator and the measured angle trajectories of the hip angle of a human body show that the proposed cardioid oscillator is fit for imitating the rhythmic motions of the hip of a human body with asymmetric time ratios.

[Clinical research of anxiety and depression state among patients suffered from sudden deafness with vertigo]

Objective:To offer the objective evidences for the diagnosis by analyzing anxiety and depression among patients with sudden deafness and vertigo and their possible causes. Method:Eighty patients with sudden deafness and vertigo of single ear as the observation group; 80 patients with sudden deafness without vertigo and 60 healthy people as control group.Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA), Hamilton depression scale (HAMD) are used for quantitative analysis and compare the results of each group score. Result:①The HAMA score of the deafness group with vertigo was significantly higher than that of the group without vertigo and the healthy group (P<0.01). The HAMD score of the deafness group with vertigo was significantly higher than that of the group without vertigo and the healthy group (P<0.01). ②There was correlation between HAMA and sex, age, duration of dizziness, tinnitus, DHI and efficacy grading (P<0.05). There was no correlation between HAMA and the mean hearing threshold, urban and rural distribution, ear fullness (P> 0.05). There was a correlation between HAMD and sex, age, tinnitus, DHI and efficacy grading (P<0.05). There was no correlation between HAMD and the mean hearing threshold, duration of dizziness, urban and rural distribution, ear fullness (P>0.05). Conclusion:There are anxiety and depression in patients with deafness and vertigo. It is mainly related to sex, age, dizziness duration, tinnitus, DHI and grade of efficacy. It is necessary to pay attention to the mental state of patients in clinical treatment. Psychological counseling or treatment can be used to improve clinical efficacy.

Observational evidence of a long-term increase in precipitation due to urbanization effects and its implications for sustainable urban living

Although projected precipitation increases in East Asia due to future climate change have aroused concern, less attention has been paid by the scientific community and public to the potential long-term increase in precipitation due to rapid urbanization. A ten-year precipitation dataset was analysed for both a rapidly urbanized megacity and nearby suburban/rural stations in southern China. Rapid urbanization in the megacity was evident from satellite observations. A statistically significant, long-term, increasing trend of precipitation existed only at the megacity station (45.6mm per decade) and not at the other stations. The increase was attributed to thermal and dynamical modifications of the tropospheric boundary layer related to urbanization, which was confirmed by the results of our WRF-SLUCM simulations. The results also suggested that a long-term regional increase in precipitation, caused by greenhouse gas-induced climate change, for instance, was not evident within the study period. The urbanization-induced increase was found to be higher than the precipitation increase (18.3mm per decade) expected from future climate change. The direct climate impacts due to rapid urbanization is highlighted with strong implications for urban sustainable development and the planning of effective adaptation strategies for issues such as coastal defenses, mosquito-borne disease spread and heat stress mortality.

[Characterization and uncertainty evaluation of aqueous reference materials for cholesterol]

Objective: Characterization and evaluation of the uncertainty of the reference materials of cholesterol in aqueous solution. Methods: The certified reference material GBW09203b was weighed accurately and dissolved into methyl cyclodextrin aqueous solution to prepare six kinds of candidate reference materials of cholesterol according to the concentration. The materials were tested for homogeneity and stability using routine methods and were evaluated the uncertainty derived from the inhomogeneity and instability. The uncertainty due to measurement was derived from the purity of the raw material, the weighing and the density measurement. The certified values and expanded uncertainties were calculated according to the ISO Guide. The expanded uncertainty of the certified value was the combination of standard uncertainty of measurement, inhomogeneity and instability. The coverage factor, k, was determined from the Student's t-distribution corresponding to the calculated effective degrees of freedom and 95% level of confidence. Results: It showed that the six candidate reference materials were homogeneous and were tested to be stable for at least 1 year at -70 ℃ and -20 ℃ using the isochronous stability study. The relative uncertainties due to the inhomogeneity were 0.14%, 0.11%, 0.13%, 0.47%, 0.39% and 0.11%. The relative uncertainty due to the instability was 0.25% at -70 ℃. The uncertainties of measurement were 0.06%, 0.05%, 0.05%, 0.05%, 0.05% and 0.05%.The certified values (reference value ± expanded uncertainty, mmol/L) were as follows: (0.651±0.004), (1.310 ±0.007), (2.574±0.015), (5.210±0.055), (7.710±0.072), (10.242±0.056) mmol/L. Conclusions: Six kinds of certified reference materials for cholesterol in aqueous solution have been prepared, which were homogeneity, stable and reliable. It showed that the uncertainty of measurement was very small compared with the uncertainty due to inhomogeneity and instability.

[Clinical application of hybrid surgery for the treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations]

Objective: To investigate the application of hybrid technique for the treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (CAVMs) and to assess the value of hybrid technique. Methods: The cases of CAVMs treated in Qilu hospital and People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from July 2011 to July 2016 were analyzed retrospectively.Two modes of hybrid surgery, "angiographic diagnosis-craniotomy lesion resection or/and hematoma clearance-intraoperative angiography evaluation" and "angiographic diagnosis-intraoperative embolization-craniotomy lesion resection or/and hematoma clearance-intraoperative angiography evaluation" were applied for all the cases.We placed an aneurysm clip as marker in surgery field during real-time angiography.If CAVMs residues occurred during surgery, we re-resected the residue according to the guidance of the marker (clip) and DSA imaging. Intra-operative angiography evaluated the results of CAVMs resection one more time.Postoperatively, follow-up CT scan was performed for all the patients. Results: Of all the cases with CAVMs, there were 8 cases of scale Ⅰ, 13 cases of scale Ⅱ, 10 cases of scale Ⅲ and 6 cases of scale Ⅳ according to Spetzler-Martin Scale.There were 28 cases of acute hemorrhagic CAVMs and 9 cases of chronic hemorrhagic CAVMs or no-hemorrhagic CAVMs.Intra-operative angiography showed CAVMs residues in 6 cases of acute hemorrhagic CAVMs and only one in chronic group.About 18.92% residual rate of CAVMs were found for the first time intra-operative assessment angiography.With the guidance of intra-operative angiography and aneurysm clip as Marker, all residues of CAVMs were resected totally.Follow up CT showed the hematomas disappeared in all the cases of acute hemorrhagic cases.The cure rate of CAVMs with hybrid surgery was 100% according to the final intra-operative assessment angiography. Conclusions: (1)Hybrid surgery for the treatment of CAVMs in one session could evaluate the results of CAVMs resection and instruct the surgical procedure according to real-time angiography.This model could improve the treatment safety and efficacy for patients with CAVMs.(2)Patients with higher Spetzler-Martin Scale (Ⅲ-Ⅳ) who need intra-operative embolization and patients with hemorrhagic CAVMs are more suitable for hybrid surgery.

[Managements and prognostic analyses in patients with invasive fungal rhinosinusitis]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the survival outcomes of invasive fungal rhinosinusitis by analyzing the clinical features.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was performed for cases of invasive fungal sinusitis proved by histological analysis between March 2006 and November 2015. All relevant factors including interval from the onset of symptoms to initiation of diagnosis, clinical characteristics, features of CT and MRI, treatment and prognosis were collected. A total of 18 patients (10 males; 8 females) were identified. The median age was 54 years old. Three patients suffered from acute invasive fungal sinusitis, while the other 15 suffered from chronic invasive fungal sinusitis.

RESULTS

The mean duration between onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 5 months. The most common symptom was headache (10/18), followed by visual disturbance (7/18), nasal obstruction (4/18), facial numbness and pain (2/18) and diplopia(2/18). Two patients had diabetes mellitus; one patient had ankylosing spondylitis receiving immunosuppressive drugs treatment for one year. Four patients had the disease confined in the sinus. Complications of this disease included orbital apex involvement in 6 patients, intraorbital and optic nerve involvement in 3 patients, cavernous sinus involvement in 5 patients, pterygopalatine fossa and infratemporal fossa involvement in 5 patients, intracranial extension involvement in 3 patients. Fungal species included aspergillus (15 cases) and mucor (3 cases). Seventeen patients received intravenous antifungal therapy after surgery. The duration of follow-up ranged from 1 to 60 months. Two patients reoccurred and one patient died of the disease.

CONCLUSION

Endoscopic debridement combined with intravenous antifungals is efficacious in the management of invasive fungal sinusitis.

Application of combined intraperitoneal and intravenous neoadjuvant chemotherapy in senile patients with advanced ovarian cancer and massive ascites

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in senile patients with advanced ovarian can- cer and ascites.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One hundred eight senile patients with advanced ovarian cancer and ascites were randomly di- vided into two groups: experimental and control groups. Patients in the experimental group were treated with two courses of intraperitoneal combined with intravenous neoadjuvant chemotherapy, followed by cytoreductive surgery, and six courses of intravenous chemotherapy, while the patients in the control group only received cytoreductive surgery and six to eight courses of intravenous chemotherapy.

RESULTS

The operation duration, blood loss, ideal success rate of cytoreductive surgery, and prognosis of the two groups were then compared. Thirty-eight patients in the experimental group successfully received cytoreductive surgery, accounting for 74.14%, while only 23 patients in the control group received cytoreductive surgery successfully, accounting for 46%, showing signifinificantly less than those in the control group (p < 0.001). However, the median survival and the median progression-free survival showed no statistical difference between the two groups (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy can obviously shorten the operation duration, reduce the intraoperative blood loss, and improve the ideal success rate of cytoreductive surgery, but does not obviously improve the prognosis.

[KAP research and intervention effects of health education on prevention and control of occupational diseases in occupational groups in Jinzhou, China]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the current status of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP)on the prevention and control of occupational diseases in occupational groups in Jinzhou, China, and to evaluate the intervention effects of health education.

METHODS

Using the cluster random sampling method, 1000 workers who underwent occupational health examination in Jinzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention from September 2014 to April 2015 were enrolled in this study. They were equally and randomly divided into intervention group and control group. The intervention group received health education for 6 months through bulletin board, promotion materials, expert lecture, Q&A session, and other relevant educational events. The questionnaire survey was performed before and after intervention. The control group received the questionnaire survey but not the health education.

RESULTS

The overall awareness rate of prevention and control knowledge was 75.34% in 990 workers in Jinzhou, China. After the intervention, the intervention group had a significantly higher awareness rate of prevention and control knowledge than the control group (89.87%~98.86% vs 71.25%~80.82%, P<0.05); the intervention group had a significantly higher attitude accuracy for" whether occupational health examination is necessary or not" and " is willing to received the training on occupational health knowledge" than the control group(χ(2)=57.857, P<0.05; χ(2)=70.683, P<0.05); and the intervention group had a significantly higher rate of correct behavior for" whether help the business management personnel to carry out the prevention and control of occupational diseases or not" and"whether actively understand the occupational hazards of job" (χ(2)=102.186, P<0.05; χ(2)=91.159, P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Health education can significantly increase the awareness rate of prevention and control knowledge on occupational diseases in occupational groups in Jinzhou, China. However, the more structured and longterm comprehensive intervention is necessary for improving their attitude and behavior.

[Clinical significance of the preoperative neutrophil lymphocyte ratio in the evaluation of the prognosis of laryngeal carcinoma]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the effect of preoperative neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) on the prognosis of patients with laryngeal carcinoma.

METHODS

Clinical data of 202 patients with laryngeal carcinoma treated from January 2004 to October 2009 were retrospective analyzed to determine the optimal critical value of NLR. To study whether NLR is an independent factor affecting the recurrence and 5-year survival rate of patients with laryngeal cancer after surgery, single factor and multivariate analyses were performed. The factors included age, gender, T stage, pathological differentiation, lymph node metastasis, primary tumor site and NLR value. The relationship between NLR and cervical lymph node metastasis was analyzed.

RESULTS

The optimal critical value of NLR was 2.85, by which cases were divided into high NLR group (NLR≥2.85) and low NLR group (NLR<2.85). Single factor and multivariate analyses indicated that T staging, lymph node metastasis, primary tumor location, and NLR were the independent factors affecting the recurrence of laryngeal carcinoma. T stage and lymph node metastasis were the independent factors affecting 5-year survival rate of laryngeal carcinoma. The increase of NLR value increased the rate of cervical lymph node metastasis.

CONCLUSION

Preoperative NLR level influences the recurrence and cervical lymph node metastasis of laryngeal carcinoma and can be considered a prognosis factor of laryngeal cancer.

Electric field modification of magnetism in Au/La2/3Ba1/3MnO3/Pt device

The La_2/3Ba_1/3MnO₃ film is deposited in a CMOS-compatible Pt/Ti/SiO₂/Si substrate with the oxygen pressure of 10 Pa for investigating magnetoelectric effect. Bipolar resistive switching effect with excellent endurance and retention is observed in this Au/La_2/3Ba_1/3MnO₃/Pt device. Through this effect, a significant nonvolatile change of magnetization is obtained in this device as well. The change of magnetization can be understood by the break and repair of the -Mn³⁺-O²⁻-Mn⁴⁺- chains induced by the electric field through the oxygen vacancies migration. The resistance and magnetization of the Au/La_2/3Ba_1/3MnO₃/Pt device can be simultaneously manipulated by the electric field, which makes it to be a promising candidate for the multifunctional memory devices.

Marker of lipid peroxidation related to diabetic nephropathy in Indonesian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

OBJECTIVE

Even though diabetes patients exhibit an increased oxidative stress, its correlation with diabetic nephropathy is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to determine whether lipid peroxidation marker correlates well with eGFR and UACR in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

METHODS

We collected urine and serum samples of Indonesian type 2 diabetes mellitus outpatients with normo- and microalbuminuria at a Local Government Clinic (from ages: 39-74 years). Urinary 8-iso-PGF2α was measured by ELISA, the serum malondialdehyde by TBARS assay, and urinary albumin by BCG albumin assay. eGFR was calculated using the corrected-Cockcroft-Gault (CG), MDRD, and CKD-EPI equation. Other necessary data were obtained through questionnaires.

RESULTS

The results showed that the increasing level of malondialdehyde was mildly correlated with the decline in eGFR (MDRD). In contrary, there was a significant positive correlation between 8-iso-PGF2α concentration and eGFR based on the corrected-CG, MDRD study, and CKD-EPI equation (r=0.457, p<0.001; r=0.424, p<0.001; r=0.443, p<0.001). This relationship still persisted in the normoalbuminuric subjects (n=43) (r=0.491, p=0.001; r=0.461, p=0.002; r=0.455, p=0.002). The multivariate analysis showed that 8-iso-PGF2α together with fasting plasma glucose was the most predictive factor for the high 2-quantile eGFR (adjusted OR 1.001, (95% CI, 1.000-1.001)). However, there was no significant correlation between UACR with malondialdehyde (r=0.268, p=0.050) and 8-iso-PGF2α(r=-0.030, p=0.808). UACR itself was inversely correlated with eGFR based on the corrected-CG, the MDRD, and CKD-EPI (r=-0.232, p<0.05; r=-0.228, p<0.05; r=-0.232, p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Increased 8-iso-PGF2α and malondialdehyde in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients may play a role in the pathophysiologic significance of diabetic nephropathy, even while considering the effect of potential confounders.

First Report of Geosmithia pallida Causing Foamy Bark Canker, a New Disease on Coast Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia), in Association with Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis in California

Declining coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) trees have been observed since 2012 throughout urban landscapes in Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Monterey counties in California. Symptoms causing branch dieback and tree death included a cinnamon-colored gum seeping through multiple 0.95-mm-diameter entry holes on the bole, followed by a prolific, cream-colored foamy liquid. Beneath the outer bark was phloem and xylem necrosis. Fifty 1- to 2.5-mm adult and larval beetles were collected. Adults fit the morphological description of Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis (western oak bark beetle) (R. Rabaglia, personal communication), and ~800 bp of the mitochondrial COI gene was amplified for three beetles using primer pairs and methods previously described (2,3). All three sequences were identical (GenBank Accession Nos. KJ831289 to 91) and a BLAST search confirmed the closest match (94%) as P. pubipennis. Necrotic wood tissues collected from two trees in each county were cultured on potato dextrose agar amended with 0.01% tetracycline (PDA-tet), and incubated at 25°C for 1 week. Ochre-colored cultures with plane or radially furrowed velutinous mycelium were consistently produced. Fifty conidia each measured from two isolates were 3.66 ± 0.04 μm × 1.77 ± 0.03 μm, and arranged in non-persistent conidial chains, at first roughly parallel, becoming tangled with age. These fungal colonies were observed within gallery walls. The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was amplified using primer pairs and methods previously described (5). Three isolates were sequenced and matched 100% to known sequences of Geosmithia pallida in GenBank; sequences of two isolates (UCR2208 and UCR2210) were deposited in GenBank (KJ468687 and KJ468688). Pathogenicity tests were performed by inoculating twelve 27.0-cm detached coast live oak shoots for each isolate with a spore suspension of G. pallida (UCR2208 and UCR2210) and sterile distilled water for controls. A 2-mm-wide, 3-mm-deep hole was drilled into the center of each shoot, 20 μl of a 10⁶ conidia/ml spore suspension was pipetted into the hole, and sealed with Vaseline and Parafilm. The experiment was repeated twice. After 4 weeks in a moist chamber at 25°C, lesions produced by G. pallida averaged 8.3 cm and was significantly longer (ANOVA; P < 0.0001) from the control (average 0.4 cm). G. pallida was re-isolated from all inoculated plants and identified by colony morphology. P. pubipennis is a native beetle, common as a secondary agent, and previously not associated with disease. However, cryptic species may be common among bark and ambrosia beetles (4). A larger sample (i.e., populations and loci) is needed to determine the precise taxonomic status of P. pubipennis. G. pallida was shown to inhibit root growth of Q. petraea by 25% in Europe (1), appears to have affinities with a range of subcorticolous insects, and is widely distributed (5), but there is no published record of the fungus occurring in the United States. This is the first report of G. pallida causing foamy bark canker in association with P. pubipennis on Q. agrifolia in California. Results suggest this new disease complex is causing decline of Q. agrifolia throughout the state. References: (1) D. Cizková et al. Folia Microbiol. 50:59, 2005. (2) A. I. Cognato and F. A. H. Sperling. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 14:445, 2000. (3) A. I. Cognato et al. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 36:494, 2006. (4) B. H. Jordal and M. Kambestad. Mol. Ecol. Res. 14:7, 2014. (5) M. Kolarík et al. Mycol. Res. 108:1053, 2004.

Large magnetoelectric coupling in Co4Nb2O9

Magnetoelectric materials which simultaneously exhibit electric polarization and magnetism have attracted more and more attention due to their novel physical properties and promising applications for next-generation devices. Exploring new materials with outstanding magnetoelectric performance, especially the manipulation of magnetization by electric field, is of great importance. Here, we demonstrate the cross-coupling between magnetic and electric orders in polycrystalline Co₄Nb₂O₉, in which not only magnetic-field-induced electric polarization but also electric field control of magnetism is observed. These results reveal rich physical phenomenon and potential applications in this compound.

Identification of Species of Botryosphaeriaceae Causing Bot Gummosis in Citrus in California

Members of the Botryosphaeriaceae family are known to cause Bot gummosis on many woody plants worldwide. To identify pathogens associated with Bot gummosis on citrus in California, scion and rootstock samples were collected in 2010 and 2011 from five citrus-growing counties in California. Symptoms observed on citrus included branch cankers, dieback, and gumming. Various fungal species were recovered from necrotic tissues of branch canker and rootstock samples. Species were identified morphologically and by phylogenetic comparison as 'Eureka' lemon, 'Valencia', 'Washington Navel', 'Fukumoto', grapefruit, 'Satsuma', and 'Meyer' lemon. Species were identified morphologically and by phylogenetic comparison of the complete sequence of the internal transcribed spacer regions, β-tubulin gene, and elongation factor α-1 genes with those of other species in GenBank. A consensus-unrooted most parsimonious tree resulting from multigene phylogenetic analysis showed the existence of three major clades in the Botryosphaeriaceae family. In total, 74 isolates were identified belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family, with Neofusicoccum spp., Dothiorella spp., Diplodia spp., (teleomorph Botryosphaeria), Lasiodiplodia spp., and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (teleomorphs unknown) accounting for 39, 25, 23, 10, and 3% of the total, respectively. On inoculated Eureka lemon shoots, lesion length was significantly different (P < 0.05) among 14 isolates recovered from portions of cankered tissues of the original trees. Lesion lengths were significantly longer (P < 0.05) for shoots inoculated with isolates of Neofusicoccum luteum and shorter for shoots inoculated with isolates of Dothiorella viticola (P < 0.05) than those of other species. Identifying the distribution and occurrence of these fungal pathogens associated with Bot gummosis is useful for management applications during occasional outbreaks in California.

Identification and Pathogenicity of Fungal Pathogens Associated with Stem-End Rot of Avocado in California

Stem-end rot of harvested avocado fruit commonly occurs wherever the crop is cultivated. Multiple fungal species have been described as causal agents. To determine the causal pathogens of stem-end rot in California, fungal isolations were conducted from symptomatic fruit, and fungi were identified by morphological and molecular techniques. In 2010 and 2011, a total of 177 isolates were recovered from 290 avocado fruit collected from seven orchards in one of the major avocado growing areas in Southern California. The majority of isolates was identified as Neofusicoccum luteum (65%), with the remainder either as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (33%) or Phomopsis sp. (2%). In a pathogenicity test, N. luteum caused significantly (P < 0.05) more severe stem-end rot than either C. gloeosporioides or Phomopsis sp. No significant (P > 0.05) differences in stem-end rot severity were observed between inoculations with N. luteum isolated from fruit stem-end rot and N. luteum or N. parvum isolated from branch cankers. This confirms that stem-end rot of avocado can be initiated by fungi causing branch cankers. Although low humidity and rainfall during much of the growing and harvest seasons in California are considered unfavorable conditions for the development of avocado stem-end rot, the identification of the causal pathogens is of value when decays have to be managed during outbreaks, and it stresses the importance of managing branch cankers.

Association of serum arginase I with L-arginine, 3-nitrotyrosine, and exhaled nitric oxide in healthy Japanese workers

The associations of serum arginase I with serum L-arginine, serum 3-nitrotyrosine, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) were evaluated cross-sectionally in healthy Japanese workers. The serum median (minimum-maximum) levels of arginase I, 3-nitrotyrosine, and FENO in healthy people (n = 130) were 14.6 (0.94-108.1) ng/mL, 81.0 (0.27-298.6) pmol/mg protein, and 14.0 (5.0-110.0) parts per billion, respectively. Significant correlations of arginase I with FENO, L-arginine, 3-nitrotyrosine, and percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 (% predicted)) were observed, and correlations of FENO with immunoglobulin E (IgE), NOx, arginase I, and sex and allergy were also observed. By multiple regression analysis, arginase I showed positive associations with FENO and 3-nitrotyrosine, and a negative association with L-arginine; and FENO showed positive associations with IgE and NO2(-) + NO3(-) (NOx), and a negative association with L-arginine, as well as an association with sex. Moreover, logistic regression analysis showed linear inverse associations of arginase I and 3-nitrotyrosine with L-arginine, and showed linear positive associations of FENO with IgE and NOx. It was concluded that serum arginase I might regulate serum L-arginine and 3-nitrotyrosine via L-arginine, and that IgE or NOx might regulate FENO in a healthy Japanese population.

Effect of Fungicide Application on the Management of Avocado Branch Canker (Formerly Dothiorella Canker) in California

Members of the Botryosphaeriaceae family have been associated with branch cankers of avocado trees (Persea americana) in California. Canker infections are initiated by spores entering the host plant through fresh wounds such as pruning wounds. With high-density planting becoming more common in the California avocado industry, more intensive pruning may increase the occurrence of branch canker. The objective of this study was to evaluate the preventive ability of some commercial fungicides belonging to different chemical families against fungal pathogens associated with avocado branch canker. Initially, 12 fungicides were tested in vitro for their effect on the inhibition of mycelial growth of three isolates of Dothiorella iberica and isolates (five per species) of Neofusicoccum australe, N. luteum, N. parvum, and Phomopsis sp. Subsequently, azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, metconazole, and pyraclostrobin, selected because of their low effective concentrations that reduce 50% of mycelial growth (EC₅₀ values), and myclobutanil, selected for its high EC₅₀ value, were tested in two field experiments. Azoxystrobin and fludioxonil were used in a premix with propiconazole and cyprodinil, respectively, in field trials. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed among fungicides in field trials. Azoxystrobin + propiconazole had the highest percent inhibition at 52 and 62% (internal lesion length) in trial 1 and trial 2, respectively, although this level of inhibition was not significantly different from that of metconazole. A significant correlation (r = 0.51, P < 0.05) was observed between internal lesion length data in the field experiment and EC₅₀ data from in vitro fungicide screening. Application of azoxystrobin + propiconazole and metconazole can play a key role in protecting Californian avocado against fungi causing avocado branch canker.

Bilateral prediction and intersection calculation autofocus method for automated microscopy

In this paper, a bilateral prediction and intersection calculation autofocus method for automated microscopy, which obtains the in-focus position by calculating the intersection of the predicted left and right focus measure curves located respectively in the left and right sides of the peak position of the focus measure curve, is proposed and performed. According to the autofocus method, the area including the peak position of the focus measure curve and its left and right neighbourhoods should be determined firstly, and the left and right neighbourhoods are considered as the left and right sampling areas. The left and right focus measure curves are predicted by appropriate predicting models according to the two sample sequences, which comprise the focus values by evaluating the sampled images in the left sampling area and right sampling area, respectively and their corresponding sampling positions. The intersection of the predicted left and right focus measure curves is calculated and can be considered as the in-focus position. The autofocus can be realized by moving the focus plane of the microscope to the intersection of the predicted left and right focus measure curves. The proposed bilateral prediction and intersection calculation autofocus method is experimentally verified in an automated light microscopy for implementing microassembly and micromanipulation. The theoretical analyses have shown that the proposed bilateral prediction and intersection calculation autofocus method can not only effectively avoid the principle error caused by assuming the symmetrical focus measure curve in the autofocus methods based on curve fitting, but also eliminate the possible waver search near the peak position in the modified fast climbing servo method. The experimental results have shown that the proposed bilateral prediction and intersection calculation autofocus method possesses the merits as follows: (1) the focusing accuracy is high and slightly affected by the sampling step size and (2) the focusing speed is higher than those of the 7-point hill-climbing search method and the quadratic curve fitting method with a determinate focusing accuracy.

First Report of a Fusarium sp. and Its Vector Tea Shot Hole Borer (Euwallacea fornicatus) Causing Fusarium Dieback on Avocado in California

Per capita consumption of avocado in the United States has nearly doubled between 2000 and 2010. The California avocado industry supplies almost 40% of U.S. demand and the remaining 60% is supplied by imports from Latin America and New Zealand. The Tea Shot Hole Borer (TSHB) is an ambrosia beetle from Asia that forms a symbiosis with a new, yet undescribed Fusarium sp. and is a serious problem for the Israeli avocado industry (3). The beetle also causes severe damage on the branches of tea (Camelia sinensis) in Sri Lanka and India (1). In California, TSHB was first reported on black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) in 2003, but there are no records of fungal damage (4). In 2012, nine backyard avocado trees (cvs. Hass, Bacon, Fuerte, and Nabal) exhibiting branch dieback were observed throughout the residential neighborhoods of South Gate, Downey, and Pico Rivera in Los Angeles County. Upon inspection, symptoms of white powdery exudate, either dry or surrounded by wet discoloration of the outer bark in association with a single beetle exit hole, were found on the trunk and main branches of the tree. Examination of the cortex and wood under the exit hole revealed brown discolored necrosis. The TSHB was also found within galleries that were 1 to 4 cm long going against the grain. Symptomatic cortex and sapwood tissues were plated onto potato dextrose agar amended with 0.01% tetracycline (PDA-tet). The TSHB was dissected and plated onto PDA-tet after surface disinfestation following methods described by Kajimura and Hijii (2). After 5 days of incubation at room temperature, regular fungal colonies with aerial mycelia and reddish brown margins were produced. Single spore isolations were used to establish pure culture of the fungus. Fifty conidia were hyaline, clavate with a rounded apex, and initially aseptate (4.1 to 12.0 × 2.4 to 4.1 μm) becoming one- to three-septate (7.6 to 15.1 × 2.8 to 4.5 μm, 9.2 to 17.2 × 3.4 to 4.8 μm, and 13.5 to 17.6 × 4.3 to 4.7 μm, respectively). Identity of the fungal isolates was determined by amplification of the rDNA genes with primers ITS4/5 and EF1/2, respectively. Sequences were deposited into GenBank under Accession Nos. JQ723753, JQ723760, JQ723756, and JQ723763. A BLASTn search revealed 100% similarity to Fusarium sp. (Accession Nos. JQ038020 and JQ038013). Detached green shoots of healthy 1-year-old avocado were wounded to a depth of 1 to 2 mm and 5-mm mycelial plugs from 5-day-old cultures (UCR 1781 and UCR 1837) were placed mycelial side down onto the freshly wounded surfaces and then wrapped with Parafilm. Control shoots were inoculated with sterile agar plugs and five replicates per treatment were used. Shoots were incubated at 25 ± 1°C in moist chambers for 3 weeks. Lesions were observed on all inoculated shoots except for the control. Mean lesion lengths were 10.7 and 12.8 cm for UCR1781 and UCR1837, respectively, and were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) from the control. Both isolates were reisolated from 100% of symptomatic tissues of inoculated shoots to complete Koch's postulates. This experiment was conducted twice and similar results were obtained. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium sp. and its vector E. fornicatus causing Fusarium dieback on Avocado in California. References: (1) W. Danthanarayana. Tea Quarterly 39:61, 1968. (2) H. Kajimura and N. Hijii. Ecol. Res. 7:107, 1992; (3) Mendel et al., Phytoparasitica, DOI 10.1007/s12600-012-0223-7, 2012. (4) R. J. Rabaglia. Annals Entomol. Soc. Amer. 99:1034, 2006.

In-line silica capillary tube all-silica fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensor for detecting high intensity focused ultrasound fields

Aiming at detecting high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) fields, this letter reports on a novel in-line silica capillary tube all-silica fiber-optic Fabry-Perot (ILSCT-ASFP) interferometric sensor fabricated by splicing a commercially available silica capillary tube to two single-mode fibers. The experimental results show that such a novel ILSCT-ASFP interferometric sensor with a cavity length of ∼60.76 μm has an excellent fringe visibility of up to ∼20 dB, and the fringe visibility is still good when the cavity length extends up to ∼1031.07 μm. The measured wavelength-temperature sensitivity of 0.000858 nm/°C shows that the wavelength drift of the fabricated ILSCT-ASFP interferometric sensor towards temperature is extremely low. Meanwhile, the measurement of HIFU fields by this novel sensor is demonstrated, and the experimental results indicate that the signal-to-noise ratio of the sensing system for sensing a 0.93 MHz HIFU field with a pressure of 2.69 MPa in the focus area can reach 42.8 dB. The corresponding noise equivalent pressure is 0.0194 MPa, and the calculated acoustic sensitivity is 65.4 mV/MPa over a 2.5 MHz measurement bandwidth.

[Acute infantile diarrhea treated with infantile Tuina: a multicentre randomized controlled trial]

OBJECTIVE

To generalize the application of Tuina in treating infantile diseases and evaluate the validity and safety of Tuina.

METHODS

By a multicentre randomized controlled study, 240 patients were randomly divided into an observation group (n = 180) and a control group (n = 60). The observation group was treated by tonifying Pijing and clarifying Dachangjing, and Tuina on Lanmen, Qi, Fu Shangqijiegu, Guiwei and Zusanli (ST 36), etc. Banmen and Sanguan were used as the supplementary point according to the syndrome differentiation. The control group was treated by oral administration of Smecta. After 5 day treatments, Chinese syndrome score and the clinical effect were evaluated.

RESULTS

After the third and fifth treatment, the Chinese syndrome score of both groups descended obviously. The decline of the observation group was superior to that of the control group (all P < 0.01). The cured rate of 75.6% (136/180) in the observation group was better than 21.7% (13/60) in the control group (P < 0.001). The clinical cured rate of 95.0% (171/180) according to Chinese syndrome score in the observation group was better than 58.3% (35/60) in the control group (P < 0.001). There was no adverse reaction in both groups.

CONCLUSION

Infantile Tuina has a better therapeutic effect in the treatment of acute infantile diarrhea than oral administration of Smecta.

Intrathecal injection of TRPV1 shRNA leads to increases in blood pressure in rats

AIM

The transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channels have been implicated to play a role in blood pressure regulation. However, contribution of tissue specific TRPV1 to blood pressure regulation is largely unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that TRPV1 expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of lower thoracic and upper lumbar segments (T8-L3) of the spinal cord and their central and peripheral terminals constitutes a counter regulatory mechanism preventing the increases in blood pressure.

METHODS

The expression of TRPV1 was knocked down by intrathecal injection of TRPV1 short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) in rats. Systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded. The level of TRPV1 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was measured by Western blot.

RESULTS

Intrathecal injection of TRPV1 shRNA (6 μg kg(-1) day(-1) ) for 3 days increased systolic blood pressure and MAP when compared to rats that received control shRNA (control shRNA: 112 ± 2 vs. TRPV1 shRNA: 123 ± 2 mmHg). TRPV1 expression was suppressed in T8-L3 segments of dorsal horn and DRG as well as mesenteric arteries of rats given TRPV1 shRNA. Contents of TH, a marker of sympathetic nerves, were increased in mesenteric arteries of rats treated with TRPV1 shRNA. Pretreatment with the α1-adrenoceptor blocker, prazosin (1 mg kg(-1) day(-1) , p.o.), abolished the TRPV1 shRNA-induced pressor effects.

CONCLUSION

Our data show that selective knockdown of TRPV1 expressed in DRG of T8-L3 segments of the spinal cord and their central and peripheral terminals increases blood pressure, suggesting that neuronal TRPV1 in these segments possesses a tonic anti-hypertensive effect possibly via suppression of the sympathetic nerve activity.

Contributions of microstructure and chemical composition to the mechanical properties of dentin

The influence of microstructural variations and chemical composition to the mechanical properties and apparent flaw sensitivity of dentin were evaluated. Rectangular beams (N = 80) of the deep and superficial coronal dentin were prepared from virgin 3rd molars; twenty beams of each region were nominally flaw free and the remainder possessed a single "surface flaw" via a Vickers indentation. Mechanical properties were estimated in four-point flexure and examined using Weibull statistics. Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy in Reflectance Mode (FTIR-RM) was used to quantify the relative mineral to collagen ratios. Results showed that the average flexural strength, and strain and energy to fracture of the deep dentin beams were significantly lower (P < 0.005) than for the superficial dentin. While the deep dentin exhibited the highest mineral/collagen ratio and lowest damage tolerance, there was no significant effect of the surface flaws. Weibull analyses suggest that deep dentin possesses a larger distribution of intrinsic flaw sizes that contributes to the location dependence in strength.