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Liyanage N, Anderson BD, Aniol KA, Auerbach L, Baker FT, Berthot J, Bertozzi W, Bertin PY, Bimbot L, Boeglin WU, Brash EJ, Breton V, Breuer H, Burtin E, Calarco JR, Cardman L, Cates GD, Cavata C, Chang CC, Chen JP, Cisbani E, Dale DS, De Leo R, Deur A, Diederich B, Djawotho P, Domingo J, Doyle B, Ducret JE, Epstein MB, Ewell LA, Finn JM, Fissum KG, Fonvieille H, Frois B, Frullani S, Gao J, Garibaldi F, Gasparian A, Gilad S, Gilman R, Glamazdin A, Glashausser C, Gomez J, Gorbenko V, Gorringe T, Hersman FW, Holmes R, Holtrop M, d'Hose N, Howell C, Huber GM, Hyde-Wright CE, Iodice M, de Jager CW, Jaminion S, Jones MK, Joo K, Jutier C, Kahl W, Kato S, Kelly JJ, Kerhoas S, Khandaker M, Khayat M, Kino K, Korsch W, Kramer L, Kumar KS, Kumbartzki G, Laveissière G, Leone A, LeRose JJ, Levchuk L, Liang M, Lindgren RA, Lolos GJ, Lourie RW, Madey R, Maeda K, Malov S, Manley DM, Margaziotis DJ, Markowitz P, Martino J, McCarthy JS, McCormick K, McIntyre J, van der Meer RL, Meziani ZE, Michaels R, Mougey J, Nanda S, Neyret D, Offermann EA, Papandreou Z, Perdrisat CF, Perrino R, Petratos GG, Platchkov S, Pomatsalyuk R, Prout DL, Punjabi VA, Pussieux T, Quéméner G, Ransome RD, Ravel O, Roblin Y, Roche R, Rowntree D, Rutledge GA, Rutt PM, Saha A, Saito T, Sarty AJ, Serdarevic-Offermann A, Smith TP, Soldi A, Sorokin P, Souder P, Suleiman R, Templon JA, Terasawa T, Todor L, Tsubota H, Ueno H, Ulmer PE, Urciuoli GM, Vernin P, van Verst S, Vlahovic B, Voskanyan H, Watson JW, Weinstein LB, Wijesooriya K, Wilson R, Wojtsekhowski B, Zainea DG, Zeps V, Zhao J, Zhou ZL. Dynamics of the 16O(e, e'p) reaction at high missing energies. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 86:5670-5674. [PMID: 11415329 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.5670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We measured the cross section and response functions for the quasielastic 16O(e,e'p) reaction for missing energies 25< or =E(m)< or =120 MeV at missing momenta P(m)< or =340 MeV/c. For 25<E(m)<50 MeV and P(m) approximately 60 MeV/c, the reaction is dominated by a single 1s(1/2) proton knockout. At larger P(m), the single-particle aspects are increasingly masked by more complicated processes. Calculations which include pion exchange currents, isobar currents, and short-range correlations account for the shape and the transversity, but for only half of the magnitude of the measured cross section.
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Xu W, Dutta D, Xiong F, Anderson B, Auberbach L, Averett T, Bertozzi W, Black T, Calarco J, Cardman L, Cates GD, Chai ZW, Chen JP, Choi S, Chudakov E, Churchwell S, Corrado GS, Crawford C, Dale D, Deur A, Djawotho P, Filippone BW, Finn JM, Gao H, Gilman R, Glamazdin AV, Glashausser C, Glöckle W, Golak J, Gomez J, Gorbenko VG, Hansen JO, Hersman FW, Higinbotham DW, Holmes R, Howell CR, Hughes E, Humensky B, Incerti S, de Jager CW, Jensen JS, Jiang X, Jones CE, Jones M, Kahl R, Kamada H, Kievsky A, Kominis I, Korsch W, Kramer K, Kumbartzki G, Kuss M, Lakuriqi E, Liang M, Liyanage N, LeRose J, Malov S, Margaziotis DJ, Martin JW, McCormick K, McKeown RD, McIlhany K, Meziani ZE, Michaels R, Miller GW, Pace E, Pavlin T, Petratos GG, Pomatsalyuk RI, Pripstein D, Prout D, Ransome RD, Roblin Y, Rvachev M, Saha A, Salmè G, Schnee M, Shin T, Slifer K, Souder PA, Strauch S, Suleiman R, Sutter M, Tipton B, Todor L, Viviani M, Vlahovic B, Watson J, Williamson CF, Witała H, Wojtsekhowski B, Yeh J, Zołnierczuk P. Transverse asymmetry AT' from the quasielastic 3He(e,e') process and the neutron magnetic form factor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 85:2900-2904. [PMID: 11005963 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the transverse asymmetry A(T') in 3He(e,e(')) quasielastic scattering in Hall A at Jefferson Laboratory with high precision for Q2 values from 0.1 to 0.6 (GeV/c)(2). The neutron magnetic form factor G(n)(M) was extracted based on Faddeev calculations for Q2 = 0.1 and 0.2 (GeV/c)(2) with an experimental uncertainty of less than 2%.
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de Lange EE, Mugler JP, Brookeman JR, Knight-Scott J, Truwit JD, Teates CD, Daniel TM, Bogorad PL, Cates GD. Lung air spaces: MR imaging evaluation with hyperpolarized 3He gas. Radiology 1999; 210:851-7. [PMID: 10207491 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.210.3.r99fe08851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-two magnetic resonance imaging examinations of the lungs were performed in 16 subjects after inhalation of 1-2 L of helium 3 gas that was laser polarized to 10%-25%. The distribution of the gas was generally uniform, with visualization of the fissures in most cases. Ventilation defects were demonstrated in smokers and in a subject with allergies. The technique has potential for evaluating small airways disease.
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Mugler JP, Driehuys B, Brookeman JR, Cates GD, Berr SS, Bryant RG, Daniel TM, de Lange EE, Downs JH, Erickson CJ, Happer W, Hinton DP, Kassel NF, Maier T, Phillips CD, Saam BT, Sauer KL, Wagshul ME. MR imaging and spectroscopy using hyperpolarized 129Xe gas: preliminary human results. Magn Reson Med 1997; 37:809-15. [PMID: 9178229 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910370602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Using a new method of xenon laser-polarization that permits the generation of liter quantities of hyperpolarized 129Xe gas, the first 129Xe imaging results from the human chest and the first 129Xe spectroscopy results from the human chest and head have been obtained. With polarization levels of approximately 2%, cross-sectional images of the lung gas-spaces with a voxel volume of 0.9 cm3 (signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 28) were acquired and three dissolved-phase resonances in spectra from the chest were detected. In spectra from the head, one prominent dissolved-phase resonance, presumably from brain parenchyma, was detected. With anticipated improvements in the 129Xe polarization system, pulse sequences, RF coils, and breathing maneuvers, these results suggest the possibility for 129Xe gas-phase imaging of the lungs with a resolution approaching that of current conventional thoracic proton imaging. Moreover, the results suggest the feasibility of dissolved-phase imaging of both the chest and brain with a resolution similar to that obtained with the gas-phase images.
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Anthony PL, Arnold RG, Band HR, Borel H, Bosted PE, Breton V, Cates GD, Chupp TE, Dietrich FS, Dunne J, Erbacher R, Fellbaum J, Fonvieille H, Gearhart R, Holmes R, Hughes EW, Johnson JR, Kawall D, Keppel C, Kuhn SE, Lombard-Nelsen RM, Marroncle J, Maruyama T, Meyer W, Meziani Z, Middleton H, Morgenstern J, Newbury NR, Petratos GG, Pitthan R, Prepost R, Roblin Y, Rock SE, Rokni SH, Shapiro G, Smith T, Souder PA, Spengos M, Staley F, Stuart LM, Szalata ZM, Terrien Y, Thompson AK, White JL, Woods M, Xu J, Young CC, Zapalac G. Deep inelastic scattering of polarized electrons by polarized 3He and the study of the neutron spin structure. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1996; 54:6620-6650. [PMID: 10020671 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.54.6620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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31
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MacFall JR, Charles HC, Black RD, Middleton H, Swartz JC, Saam B, Driehuys B, Erickson C, Happer W, Cates GD, Johnson GA, Ravin CE. Human lung air spaces: potential for MR imaging with hyperpolarized He-3. Radiology 1996; 200:553-8. [PMID: 8685356 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.200.2.8685356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Two healthy volunteers who had inhaled approximately 0.75 L of laser-polarized helium-3 gas underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T with fast gradient-echo pulse sequences and small flip angles ( < 10 degrees). Thick-section (20 mm) coronal images, time-course data (30 images collected every 1.8 seconds), and thin-section (6 mm) images were acquired. Subjects were able to breathe the gas (12% polarization) without difficulty. Thick-section images were of good quality and had a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 32:1 near the surface coil and 16:1 farther away. The time images showed regional differences, which indicated potential value for quantitation. High-resolution images showed greater detail and a S/N of approximately 6:1.
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Black RD, Middleton HL, Cates GD, Cofer GP, Driehuys B, Happer W, Hedlund LW, Johnson GA, Shattuck MD, Swartz JC. In vivo He-3 MR images of guinea pig lungs. Radiology 1996; 199:867-70. [PMID: 8638019 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.199.3.8638019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The authors imaged the lungs of live guinea pigs with hyperpolarized (HP) helium-3 as a magnetic resonance (MR) signal source. HP He-3 gas produced through spin exchange with rubidium metal vapor was delivered through an MR-compatible, small-animal ventilator. Two- and three-dimensional lung images acquired with ventilation-gated, radial k-space sampling showed complete ventilation of both lungs. All images were of high quality, demonstrating that HP He-3 allows high-signal-intensity MR imaging in living systems.
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Young AR, Anderson WS, Calaprice FP, Cates GD, Jones GL, Krieger DA, Vogelaar RB. Laser oriented 36K for time reversal symmetry measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1995; 52:R464-R467. [PMID: 9970617 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.52.r464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Driehuys B, Cates GD, Happer W. Surface relaxation mechanisms of laser-polarized 129Xe. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 74:4943-4946. [PMID: 10058638 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.4943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Middleton H, Black RD, Saam B, Cates GD, Cofer GP, Guenther R, Happer W, Hedlund LW, Johnson GA, Juvan K. MR imaging with hyperpolarized 3He gas. Magn Reson Med 1995; 33:271-5. [PMID: 7707920 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910330219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance images of the lungs of a guinea pig have been produced using hyperpolarized helium as the source of the MR signal. The resulting images are not yet sufficiently optimized to reveal fine structural detail within the lung, but the spectacular signal from this normally signal-deficient organ system offers great promise for eventual in vivo imaging experiments. Fast 2D and 3D GRASS sequences with very small flip angles were employed to conserve the norenewable longitudinal magnetization. We discuss various unique features associated with performing MRI with hyperpolarized gases, such as the selection of the noble gas species, polarization technique, and constraints on the MR pulse sequence.
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Albert MS, Cates GD, Driehuys B, Happer W, Saam B, Springer CS, Wishnia A. Biological magnetic resonance imaging using laser-polarized 129Xe. Nature 1994; 370:199-201. [PMID: 8028666 DOI: 10.1038/370199a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 640] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
As currently implemented, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relies on the protons of water molecules in tissue to provide the NMR signal. Protons are, however, notoriously difficult to image in some biological environments of interest, notably the lungs and lipid bilayer membranes such as those in the brain. Here we show that 129Xe gas can be used for high-resolution MRI when the nuclear-spin polarization of the atoms is increased by laser optical pumping and spin exchange. This process produces hyperpolarized 129Xe, in which the magnetization is enhanced by a factor of about 10(5). By introducing hyperpolarized 129Xe into mouse lungs we have obtained images of the lung gas space with a speed and a resolution better than those available from proton MRI or emission tomography. As xenon (a safe general anaesthetic) is rapidly and safely transferred from the lungs to blood and thence to other tissues, where it is concentrated in lipid and protein components, images of the circulatory system, the brain and other vital organs can also be obtained. Because the magnetic behaviour of 129Xe is very sensitive to its environment, and is different from that of 1H2O, MRI using hyperpolarized 129Xe should involve distinct and sensitive mechanisms for tissue contrast.
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Barton AS, Newbury NR, Cates GD, Driehuys B, Middleton H, Saam B. Self-calibrating measurement of polarization-dependent frequency shifts from Rb-3He collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1994; 49:2766-2770. [PMID: 9910557 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.49.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Newbury NR, Barton AS, Cates GD, Happer W, Middleton H. Gaseous 3He-3He magnetic dipolar spin relaxation. PHYSICAL REVIEW A 1993; 48:4411-4420. [PMID: 9910144 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.48.4411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Anthony PL, Arnold RG, Band HR, Borel H, Bosted PE, Breton V, Cates GD, Chupp TE, Dietrich FS, Dunne J, Erbacher R, Fellbaum J, Fonvieille H, Gearhart R, Holmes R, Hughes EW, Johnson JR, Kawall D, Keppel C, Kuhn SE, Lombard-Nelsen RM, Marroncle J, Maruyama T, Meyer W, Meziani Z, Middleton H, Morgenstern J, Newbury NR, Petratos GG, Pitthan R, Prepost R, Roblin Y, Rock SE, Rokni SH, Shapiro G, Smith T, Souder PA, Spengos M, Staley F, Stuart LM, Szalata ZM, Terrien Y, Thompson AK, White JL, Woods M, Xu J, Young CC, Zapalac G. Determination of the neutron spin structure function. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 71:959-962. [PMID: 10055413 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.71.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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40
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Newbury NR, Barton AS, Bogorad P, Cates GD, Gatzke M, Mabuchi H, Saam B. Polarization-dependent frequency shifts from Rb-3He collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1993; 48:558-568. [PMID: 9909629 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.48.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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41
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Barton AS, Bogorad P, Cates GD, Mabuchi H, Middleton H, Newbury NR, Holmes R, McCracken J, Souder PA, Xu J, Tupa D. Highly polarized muonic He produced by collisions with laser optically pumped Rb. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 70:758-761. [PMID: 10054196 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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42
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Gatzke M, Cates GD, Driehuys B, Fox D, Happer W, Saam B. Extraordinarily slow nuclear spin relaxation in frozen laser-polarized 129Xe. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 70:690-693. [PMID: 10054178 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Cates GD, Fitzgerald RJ, Barton AS, Bogorad P, Gatzke M, Newbury NR, Saam B. Rb-129Xe spin-exchange rates due to binary and three-body collisions at high Xe pressures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 45:4631-4639. [PMID: 9907542 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.45.4631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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44
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Newbury NR, Barton AS, Bogorad P, Cates GD, Gatzke M, Saam B, Han L, Holmes R, Souder PA, Xu J, Benton D. Laser polarized muonic helium. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1991; 67:3219-3222. [PMID: 10044677 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.67.3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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45
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Cates GD, Benton DR, Gatzke M, Happer W, Hasson KC, Newbury NR. Laser production of large nuclear-spin polarization in frozen xenon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1990; 65:2591-2594. [PMID: 10042636 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.65.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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46
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Hasson KC, Cates GD, Lerman K, Bogorad P, Happer W. Erratum: Spin relaxation due to magnetic-field inhomogeneities: Quartic dependence and diffusion-constant measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 42:5766. [PMID: 9904732 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.42.5766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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47
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Souder PA, Holmes R, Kim D, Kumar KS, Schulze ME, Isakovich K, Dodson GW, Dow KW, Farkhondeh M, Kowalski S, Lubell MS, Bellanca J, Goodman M, Patch S, Wilson R, Cates GD, Dhawan S, Gay TJ, Hughes VW, Magnon A, Michaels R, Schaefer HR. Measurement of parity violation in the elastic scattering of polarized electrons from 12C. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1990; 65:694-697. [PMID: 10042995 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.65.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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48
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Redsun SG, Knize RJ, Cates GD, Happer W. Production of highly spin-polarized atomic hydrogen and deuterium by spin-exchange optical pumping. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 42:1293-1301. [PMID: 9904154 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.42.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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49
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Schaefer SR, Cates GD, Happer W. Determination of spin-exchange parameters between optically pumped rubidium and 83Kr. PHYSICAL REVIEW A 1990; 41:6063-6070. [PMID: 9903009 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.41.6063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Hasson KC, Cates GD, Lerman K, Bogorad P, Happer W. Spin relaxation due to magnetic-field inhomogeneities: Quartic dependence and diffusion-constant measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 41:3672-3688. [PMID: 9903538 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.41.3672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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