Effects of subchronic inhalation exposure to ethyl tertiary butyl ether on splenocytes in mice

Ethyl tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE) is a motor fuel oxygenate used in reformulated gasoline. The current use of ETBE in gasoline or petrol is modest but increasing. To investigate the effects of ETBE on splenocytes, mice were exposed to 0 (control), 500 ppm, 1750 ppm, or 5000 ppm of ETBE by inhalation for 6 h/day for 5 days/wk over a 6- or 13-week period. Splenocytes were harvested from the control and exposed mice, and the following cell phenotypes were quantified by flow cytometry: (1) B cells (PerCP-Cy5.5-CD45R/B220), (2) T cells (PerCP-Cy5-CD3e), (3) T cell subsets (FITC-CD4 and PE-CD8a), (4) natural killer (NK) cells (PE-NK1.1), and (5) macrophages (FITC-CD11b). Body weight and the weight of the spleen were also examined. ETBE-exposure did not affect the weight of the spleen or body weight, while it transiently increased the number of RBC and the Hb concentration. The numbers of splenic CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells, the percentage of CD4+ T cells and the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio in the ETBE-exposed groups were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. However, ETBE exposure did not affect the numbers of splenic NK cells, B cells, or macrophages or the total number of splenocytes. The above findings indicate that ETBE selectively affects the number of splenic T cells in mice.

DIFFERENCES IN RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS BETWEEN SCAPHOID FRACTURE PATTERNS

Scaphoid fracture patterns can be divided into volar and dorsal type using three-dimensional computed tomography. Ninety-nine patients underwent this examination plus radiography to determine how often fracture pattern was identifiable by radiography including proximal fragment ratio (PFR) measurement. Oblique radiographs obtained at 45° of pronation demonstrated a volar displacement in 28 of 37 volar type fractures in three-dimensional computed tomography (76%), while as oblique view with 45° of supination could identify the dorsal type in ten of 18 (56%). PFR showed a significant difference, with means of 0.59 for volar type and 0.43 for dorsal type. Using oblique views in the two rotational directions together with the PFR, the two fracture patterns could be differentiated in 35 of 43 fractures (81%). No differences were evident between the two fracture patterns with respect to prevalence of dorsal intercalated segment instability deformity.

The constitutional t(11;22): implications for a novel mechanism responsible for gross chromosomal rearrangements

The constitutional t(11;22)(q23;q11) is the most common recurrent non-Robertsonian translocation in humans. The breakpoint sequences of both chromosomes are characterized by several hundred base pairs of palindromic AT-rich repeats (PATRRs). Similar PATRRs have also been identified at the breakpoints of other nonrecurrent translocations, suggesting that PATRR-mediated chromosomal translocation represents one of the universal pathways for gross chromosomal rearrangement in the human genome. We propose that PATRRs have the potential to form cruciform structures through intrastrand-base pairing in single-stranded DNA, creating a source of genomic instability and leading to translocations. Indeed, de novo examples of the t(11;22) are detected at a high frequency in sperm from normal healthy males. This review synthesizes recent data illustrating a novel paradigm for an apparent spermatogenesis-specific translocation mechanism. This observation has important implications pertaining to the predominantly paternal origin of de novo gross chromosomal rearrangements in humans.

Analysis of VH gene rearrangement and somatic hypermutation in Sjogren's syndrome and IgG4-related sclerosing sialadenitis

IgG4-related sclerosing sialadenitis is currently considered as an autoimmune disease distinct from Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and responds extremely well to steroid therapy. To further elucidate the characteristics of IgG4-related sclerosing sialadenitis, we analysed VH fragments of IgH genes and their somatic hypermutation in SS (n = 3) and IgG4-related sclerosing sialadenitis (n = 3), using sialolithiasis (n = 3) as a non-autoimmune control. DNA was extracted from the affected inflammatory lesions. After PCR amplification of rearranged IgH genes, at least 50 clones per case (more than 500 clones in total) were sequenced for VH fragments. Monoclonal IgH rearrangement was not detected in any cases examined. When compared with sialolithiasis, there was no VH family or VH fragment specific to SS or IgG4-related sclerosing sialadenitis. However, rates of unmutated VH fragments in SS (30%) and IgG4-related sclerosing sialadenitis (39%) were higher than that in sialolithiasis (14%) with statistical significance (P = 0.0005 and P < 0.0001, respectively). This finding suggests that some autoantibodies encoded by germline or less mutated VH genes may fail to be eliminated and could play a role in the development of SS and IgG4-related sclerosing sialadenitis.

A day trip to a forest park increases human natural killer activity and the expression of anti-cancer proteins in male subjects

We previously reported that 2-night/3-day trips to forest parks enhanced human NK activity, the number of NK cells, and intracellular anti-cancer proteins in lymphocytes, and that this increased NK activity lasted for more than 7 days after the trip in both male and female subjects. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a day trip to a forest park on human NK activity in male subjects. Twelve healthy male subjects, aged 35-53 years, were selected after giving informed consent. The subjects experienced a day trip to a forest park in the suburbs of Tokyo. They walked for two hours in the morning and afternoon, respectively, in the forest park on Sunday. Blood and urine were sampled in the morning of the following day and 7 days after the trip, and the NK activity, numbers of NK and T cells, and granulysin, perforin, and granzyme A/B-expressing lymphocytes, the concentration of cortisol in blood samples, and the concentration of adrenaline in urine were measured. Similar measurements were made before the trip on a weekend day as the control. Phytoncide concentrations in the forest were measured. The day trip to the forest park significantly increased NK activity and the numbers of CD16(+) and CD56(+) NK cells, perforin, granulysin, and granzyme A/B-expressing NK cells and significantly decreased CD4(+) T cells, the concentrations of cortisol in the blood and adrenaline in urine. The increased NK activity lasted for 7 days after the trip. Phytoncides, such as isoprene, alpha-pinene, and beta-pinene, were detected in the forest air. These findings indicate that the day trip to the forest park also increased the NK activity, number of NK cells, and levels of intracellular anti-cancer proteins, and that this effect lasted for at least 7 days after the trip. Phytoncides released from trees and decreased stress hormone levels may partially contribute to the increased NK activity.

Effect of phytoncide from trees on human natural killer cell function

We previously reported that the forest environment enhanced human natural killer (NK) cell activity, the number of NK cells, and intracellular anti-cancer proteins in lymphocytes, and that the increased NK activity lasted for more than 7 days after trips to forests both in male and female subjects. To explore the factors in the forest environment that activated human NK cells, in the present study we investigate the effect of essential oils from trees on human immune function in twelve healthy male subjects, age 37-60 years, who stayed at an urban hotel for 3 nights from 7.00 p.m. to 8.00 a.m. Aromatic volatile substances (phytoncides) were produced by vaporizing Chamaecyparis obtusa (hinoki cypress) stem oil with a humidifier in the hotel room during the night stay. Blood samples were taken on the last day and urine samples were analysed every day during the stay. NK activity, the percentages of NK and T cells, and granulysin, perforin, granzyme A/B-expressing lymphocytes in blood, and the concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline in urine were measured. Similar control measurements were made before the stay on a normal working day. The concentrations of phytoncides in the hotel room air were measured. Phytoncide exposure significantly increased NK activity and the percentages of NK, perforin, granulysin, and granzyme A/B-expressing cells, and significantly decreased the percentage of T cells, and the concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline in urine. Phytoncides, such as alpha-pinene and beta-pinene, were detected in the hotel room air. These findings indicate that phytoncide exposure and decreased stress hormone levels may partially contribute to increased NK activity.

Visiting a forest, but not a city, increases human natural killer activity and expression of anti-cancer proteins

We previously reported that a forest bathing trip enhanced human NK activity, number of NK cells, and intracellular anti-cancer proteins in lymphocytes. In the present study, we investigated how long the increased NK activity lasts and compared the effect of a forest bathing trip on NK activity with a trip to places in a city without forests. Twelve healthy male subjects, age 35-56 years, were selected with informed consent. The subjects experienced a three-day/two-night trip to forest fields and to a city, in which activity levels during both trips were matched. On day 1, subjects walked for two hours in the afternoon in a forest field; and on day 2, they walked for two hours in the morning and afternoon, respectively, in two different forest fields; and on day 3, the subjects finished the trip and returned to Tokyo after drawing blood samples and completing the questionnaire. Blood and urine were sampled on the second and third days during the trips, and on days 7 and 30 after the trip, and NK activity, numbers of NK and T cells, and granulysin, perforin, and granzymes A/B-expressing lymphocytes in the blood samples, and the concentration of adrenaline in urine were measured. Similar measurements were made before the trips on a normal working day as the control. Phytoncide concentrations in forest and city air were measured. The forest bathing trip significantly increased NK activity and the numbers of NK, perforin, granulysin, and granzyme A/B-expressing cells and significantly decreased the concentration of adrenaline in urine. The increased NK activity lasted for more than 7 days after the trip. In contrast, a city tourist visit did not increase NK activity, numbers of NK cells, nor the expression of selected intracellular anti-cancer proteins, and did not decrease the concentration of adrenaline in urine. Phytoncides, such as alpha-pinene and beta-pinene were detected in forest air, but almost not in city air. These findings indicate that a forest bathing trip increased NK activity, number of NK cells, and levels of intracellular anti-cancer proteins, and that this effect lasted at least 7 days after the trip. Phytoncides released from trees and decreased stress hormone may partially contribute to the increased NK activity.

A forest bathing trip increases human natural killer activity and expression of anti-cancer proteins in female subjects

We previously reported that forest bathing trips enhanced human NK activity, number of NK cells, and intracellular anti-cancer proteins in lymphocytes, and that the increased NK activity lasted for more than 7 days after the trip in male subjects. In the present study, we investigated the effect of forest bathing trip on human NK activity in female subjects. Thirteen healthy nurses, age 25-43 years, professional career 4-18 years, were selected with informed consent. The subjects experienced a three-day/two-night trip to forest fields. On day 1, the subjects walked for two hours in the afternoon in a forest field; on day 2, they walked for two hours each in the morning and afternoon in two different forest fields; and on day 3, the subjects finished the trip and returned to Tokyo after drawing blood and completing a questionnaire. Blood and urine were sampled on the second and third days during the trip, and on days 7 and 30 after the trip. NK activity, numbers of NK and T cells, and granulysin, perforin, and granzymes A/B-expressing lymphocytes in the blood samples, the concentrations of estradiol and progesterone in serum, and the concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline in urine were measured. Similar control measurements were made before the trip on a normal working day. The concentrations of phytoncides in the forests were measured. The forest bathing trip significantly increased NK activity and the numbers of NK, perforin, granulysin, and granzymes A/B-expressing cells and significantly decreased the percentage of T cells, and the concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline in urine. The increased NK activity lasted for more than 7 days after the trip. Phytoncides, such as alpha-pinene and beta-pinene were detected in forest air. These findings indicate that a forest bathing trip also increased NK activity, number of NK cells, and levels of intracellular anti-cancer proteins in female subjects, and that this effect lasted at least 7 days after the trip. Phytoncides released from trees and decreased stress hormone levels may partially contribute to the increased NK activity.

Forest bathing enhances human natural killer activity and expression of anti-cancer proteins

In order to explore the effect of forest bathing on human immune function, we investigated natural killer (NK) activity; the number of NK cells, and perforin, granzymes and granulysin-expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) during a visit to forest fields. Twelve healthy male subjects, age 37-55 years, were selected with informed consent from three large companies in Tokyo, Japan. The subjects experienced a three-day/two-night trip in three different forest fields. On the first day, subjects walked for two hours in the afternoon in a forest field; and on the second day, they walked for two hours in the morning and afternoon, respectively, in two different forest fields. Blood was sampled on the second and third days, and NK activity; proportions of NK, T cells, granulysin, perforin, and granzymes A/B-expressing cells in PBL were measured. Similar measurements were made before the trip on a normal working day as the control. Almost all of the subjects (11/12) showed higher NK activity after the trip (about 50 percent increased) compared with before. There are significant differences both before and after the trip and between days 1 and 2 in NK activity. The forest bathing trip also significantly increased the numbers of NK, perforin, granulysin, and granzymes A/B-expressing cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that a forest bathing trip can increase NK activity, and that this effect at least partially mediated by increasing the number of NK cells and by the induction of intracellular anti-cancer proteins.

Do personality characteristics predict longevity? Findings from the Tokyo Centenarian Study

To explore whether personality influences longevity we examined the personality characteristics of centenarians. We developed a new method that compares an actual personality test score for centenarians with a predicted test score for a 100-year-old, calculated from younger controls. The participants consisted of 70 cognitively intact Japanese centenarians aged 100-106 years and 1812 elderly people aged 60-84 years, all residents of Tokyo. The NEO five factor inventory (NEO-FFI) was used to assess the "big five" personality traits: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. The results showed higher openness in both male and female centenarians, and higher conscientiousness and extraversion in female centenarians, as compared to controls. These results suggest that high scores in the specific personality traits conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness, are associated with longevity. We speculate that these personality traits contribute to longevity through health-related behavior, stress reduction, and adaptation to the challenging problems of the "oldest old".

Photon emissions from rice cells elicited by N-acetylchitooligosaccharide are generated through phospholipid signaling in close association with the production of reactive oxygen species

Biophotons are ultraweak light emissions from biochemical reactions in a living body. They increase in suspension-cultured rice (Oryza sativa L.) cells when elicited by N-acetylchitooligosaccharide. Biochemical analyses were undertaken to investigate the relationship between disease response and biophotons in order to clarify the emission mechanism of biophotons caused by this elicitor. Photon emissions induced by N-acetylchitohexaose were suppressed when cells were pretreated with the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating inhibitors: pyrocatechol-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt (Tiron); diphenylene iodonium (DPI); and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). Conversely, exogenously applied ROS (superoxide and hydrogen peroxide) were able to induce photon emissions. The effects of protein phosphorylation (K-252a) and the Ca(2+) signaling inhibitors, ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and LaCl(3), caused photon emissions to decrease. It is clear that photon emissions from rice cells elicited by N-acetylchitohexaose are closely associated with the ROS-generating system, and are regulated by Ca(2+) signaling and protein phosphorylation. Exogenously applied phosphatidic acid (PA), the second messenger in the signal transduction of disease response, raised photon emissions in rice cells. Comparisons of photon emissions from PA and N-acetylchitohexaose regarding time courses, spectral compositions, and the inhibition ratios of several inhibitors, as well as a loss- and gain-of-function assay using the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) and PA, showed the possibility that photon emissions from rice cells elicited by N-acetylchitooligosaccharide were generated through PA, an intermediate of phospholipid signaling.

The CCR4 as a novel-specific molecular target for immunotherapy in Hodgkin lymphoma

Here, we report that tumor cells from some patients (23.8%) with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are positive for CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4). We therefore tested the chimeric anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody (mAb), KM2760, the Fc region of which is defucosylated to enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), as a novel immunotherapy for refractory HL. KM2760 demonstrated a promising antitumor activity in the CCR4-positive HL-bearing mouse model in the therapeutic setting. Although KM2760 did not induce any ADCC mediated by mouse natural killer (NK) cells, it significantly enhanced phagocytosis mediated by mouse monocytes/macrophages against the CCR4-positive HL cell line in vitro. Together with the findings that KM2760 did not exhibit any complement-dependent cytotoxicity or direct antiproliferation activity in vitro, these data indicated that KM2760 exerted its robust in vivo antitumor activity via monocytes/macrophages in mice. In the human system, KM2760 enhanced phagocytic activity mediated by monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, it induced robust ADCC mediated by NK cells against the CCR4-positive HL cell line in vitro. Thus, it is conceivable that KM2760 would have much more potent antitumor activity in humans than in mice. Collectively, this study strongly indicates that anti-CCR4 mAb could be a novel treatment modality for patients with CCR4-positive HL.

The CCR4 as a novel-specific molecular target for immunotherapy in Hodgkin lymphoma

Here, we report that tumor cells from some patients (23.8%) with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are positive for CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4). We therefore tested the chimeric anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody (mAb), KM2760, the Fc region of which is defucosylated to enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), as a novel immunotherapy for refractory HL. KM2760 demonstrated a promising antitumor activity in the CCR4-positive HL-bearing mouse model in the therapeutic setting. Although KM2760 did not induce any ADCC mediated by mouse natural killer (NK) cells, it significantly enhanced phagocytosis mediated by mouse monocytes/macrophages against the CCR4-positive HL cell line in vitro. Together with the findings that KM2760 did not exhibit any complement-dependent cytotoxicity or direct antiproliferation activity in vitro, these data indicated that KM2760 exerted its robust in vivo antitumor activity via monocytes/macrophages in mice. In the human system, KM2760 enhanced phagocytic activity mediated by monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, it induced robust ADCC mediated by NK cells against the CCR4-positive HL cell line in vitro. Thus, it is conceivable that KM2760 would have much more potent antitumor activity in humans than in mice. Collectively, this study strongly indicates that anti-CCR4 mAb could be a novel treatment modality for patients with CCR4-positive HL.

Positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2: a study of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized as an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeats in SCA2 gene resulting in abnormal polyglutamine sequence. We used positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to clarify metabolic and atrophic changes of the brain in two symptomatic and three asymptomatic individuals who were genetically confirmed for SCA2. PET revealed decreased glucose metabolism in both patients and two of the three asymptomatic carriers in the cerebellum, pons, or both. No PET abnormality was found in the remaining one carrier who had only a very mildly expanded CAG repeat. MRI showed cerebellar and/or pontine atrophic changes in both patients and one of three carriers. The present study suggest that hypometabolism and atrophy of the cerebellum and pons may occur years before the clinical onset of SCA2. PET and MRI may be useful in the early detection of subclinical brain changes associated with SCA2.

Multiple myeloma oncogene 1 (MUM1)/interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) upregulates monokine induced by interferon-γ (MIG) gene expression in B-cell malignancy

MUM1 (multiple myeloma oncogene 1)/IRF4 (interferon regulatory factor 4) is a transcription factor that is activated as a result of t(6;14)(p25;q32) in multiple myeloma. MUM1 expression is seen in various B-cell lymphomas and predicts an unfavorable outcome in some lymphoma subtypes. To elucidate its role in B-cell malignancies, we prepared MUM1-expressing Ba/F3 cells, which proliferated until higher cellular density than the parental cells, and performed cDNA microarray analysis to identify genes whose expression is regulated by MUM1. We found that the expression of four genes including FK506-binding protein 3 (FKBP3), the monokine induced by interferon-gamma(MIG), Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule (Faim) and Zinc-finger protein 94 was altered in the MUM1-expressing cells. We then focused on MIG since its expression was immediately upregulated by MUM1. In reporter assays, MUM1 activated the MIG promoter in cooperation with PU.1, and the interaction between MUM1 and the MIG promoter sequence was confirmed. The expression of MIG was correlated with that of MUM1 in B-CLL cell lines, and treatment with neutralizing antibodies against MIG and its receptor, CXCR3, slightly inhibited the proliferation of two MUM1-expressing lines. These results suggest that MUM1 plays roles in the progression of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia by regulating the expression of various genes including MIG. Leukemia (2005) 19, 1471-1478. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2403833; published online 16 June 2005.

Laparoscopic left hemihepatectomy combined with right hemicolectomy for liver tumor and hemorrhagic diverticulosis

We report a case of laparoscopic left lobectomy combined with right hemicolectomy for cystic liver tumor and hemorrhagic diverticulosis of the ascending colon. Mobilization of the right hemicolon was performed first with a complete laparoscopic method. Then the surgeon's left hand was inserted into the abdominal cavity through a 75-mm incision made in the right upper quadrant, and the hand-assisted method was used for completion after liver resection. After hepatectomy, the right hemicolon was pulled through the hand port incision. The resection and anastomosis were performed extracorporeally to avoid intra abdominal infection. As a hemihepatic inflow control technique, we used the method of en masse occlusion of Glisson's sheath of the left hemipedicle at the bifurcation. The hand facilitates proper traction and exposure of the cut surface, and hemostasis can be achieved by proper application of vascular clips or staplers. The patient had an uneventful, rapid postoperative recovery.

Hand-assisted laparoscopic anatomical left lobectomy using hemihepatic vascular control technique

We report a new approach for laparoscopic anatomical left lobectomy. Although laparoscopic limited resection of the liver has been reported, major liver surgery with a laparoscopic approach remains uncommon. Obstacles to routine laparoscopic surgery on the liver are mainly related to difficulty in retraction with current instrumentation, difficulty in assessing safe margins of resection without the use of tactile sense, and the difficulty of safe parenchymal dissection laparoscopically. We introduce a hand-assisted method that can help in resolving the difficulties and pitfalls associated with laparoscopic liver resection, and in making this surgery safer. The hand is the best atraumatic liver retractor in laparoscopic resection and facilitates the use of laparoscopic ultrasonography. Stable hemostasis can be achieved by proper manual application of vascular clips in case of vascular injury. The hemihepatic inflow control technique used in the present case was the en masse occlusion of Glisson's sheath of the left hemipedicle at the bifurcation. This technique was used exactly the same as in open surgery. Major vessels such as the left hemipedicle and left hepatic vein were dissected by endovascular cutter. The patient had an uneventful, quick postoperative recovery. This technique allows a minimally invasive anatomical major surgery for liver tumors.

A case of primary low grade mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the oesophagus

We report a very rare case of primary low grade mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the oesophagus. An 83 year old woman was referred to our hospital in June 1999 for further examination and treatment of oesophageal tumour. Although a physical examination and laboratory data showed no significant abnormalities, endoscopic observation revealed two slightly elevated submucosal tumour-like lesions of the oesophagus. Tissue specimens were obtained by endoscopic mucosal resection of the oesophagus using a cap fitted panendoscope. The lesions were composed of diffuse small atypical lymphoid cells--that is, centrocyte-like cells--which were stained with CD20, L26, BCL-2, and kappa, but not with CD3, CD5, CD10, or cyclin D1. Monoclonality was detected by polymerase chain reaction analysis using the primer for CDR-3 of immunoglobulin H and diagnosed as low grade MALT lymphoma of the oesophagus. The tumours were considered to be completely resected and therefore additional treatment was not administered. The patient is alive and well 22 months after treatment and diagnosis.

Surgical treatment for chronic radial head dislocation

BACKGROUND

The treatment of chronic radial head dislocation remains controversial. High rates of redislocation and complications have been reported after surgery. In our view, correction of malalignment with ulnar osteotomy is the key to a good surgical result.

METHODS

Since 1975, twenty-two patients were treated surgically for chronic radial head dislocation at our hospital. The procedure consisted of open reduction of a dislocated radial head followed by radial and/or ulnar osteotomy, with or without reconstruction of the annular ligament or by reconstruction of the annular ligament alone. The ages of the patients ranged from four to twenty years. In 1991, we modified the surgical technique by performing an oblique ulnar osteotomy with angulation and elongation and rigid plate fixation. Bone-grafting at the osteotomy site was also performed if necessary. A cast was applied with the forearm in neutral rotation and was worn for two to four weeks. Nine patients were treated with this modified technique.

RESULTS

The mean interval between the initial injury and the reconstructive surgery was ten months. There were no serious surgical complications. Of the thirteen patients treated before 1991, four had a good reduction and seven had redislocation. Seven patients had restricted forearm rotation postoperatively. Of the nine patients treated with the modified osteotomy since 1991, seven had a good reduction. Two patients, who had had slight radial head deformity preoperatively, had subluxation postoperatively. Two patients had restricted forearm rotation.

CONCLUSIONS

Since we modified our technique for ulnar osteotomy, good reduction of the radial head has been achieved without causing serious contracture. Both angulation and elongation of the ulna are required to allow the radial head to reduce.

Does infiltration of neutrophils in peritubular capillaries indicate humoral rejection? A case displaying a characteristic lesion of a significantly high amount of neutrophils in peritubular capillaries at 1-h graft biopsy during transplant operation

We present a case report of a 50-yr-old Japanese woman with a significant accumulation of neutrophils in the peritubular capillaries (PTC) and severe acute tubular necrosis (ATN) at 1-h allograft biopsy during transplant operation from cadaver donor after a cardiac death. Significant accumulation of neutrophils in the PTC is usually valuable diagnostically for acute humoral rejection. However, the patient showed no clinical signs of acute rejection. A second graft biopsy performed on the fifth postoperative day (POD) revealed that both infiltration of neutrophils in PTC and ATN lesions were more aggravated. Neither clinical course nor other morphological findings were compatible with humoral rejection. After the third biopsy of POD 27 revealing acute vascular rejection of moderate degree, acute rejection therapy using methylprednisolone pulse therapy and OKT-3 therapy was performed. Consequently, after a period of delayed graft function requiring haemodialysis for approximately 4 wk, graft function was restored and serum creatinine decreased to 2 mg/dL. Later, we were able obtain information from a paired graft from the same donor. Significant accumulation of neutrophils in the PTC similar to our recipient was also noted in a 1-h biopsy specimen of the paired kidney. This confirmed that the accumulation of neutrophils in the PTC noted in two recipients was transmitted from the donor kidney. The pathogenesis and clinical significance of neutrophils in the PTC has been shrouded in mystery.