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Lee ATC, Richards M, Chan WC, Chiu HFK, Lee RSY, Lam LCW. Lower risk of incident dementia among Chinese older adults having three servings of vegetables and two servings of fruits a day. Age Ageing 2017; 46:773-779. [PMID: 28338708 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background dietary modification can potentially reduce dementia risk, but the importance of fruits and the amount of vegetables and fruits required for cognitive maintenance are uncertain. We examined whether the minimal daily requirement of vegetables and fruits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) would independently lower dementia risk. Methods in this population-based observational study, we examined the diet of 17,700 community-living dementia-free Chinese older adults who attended the Elderly Health Centres in Hong Kong at baseline and followed their cognitive status for 6 years. In line with the WHO recommendation, we defined the cutoff for minimal intake of vegetables and fruits as at least three and two servings per day, respectively. The study outcome was incident dementia in 6 years. Dementia was defined by presence of clinical dementia in accordance with the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) or Clinical Dementia Rating of 1-3. Results multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the estimated odds ratios for incident dementia were 0.88 (95% confidence interval 0.73-1.06; P = 0.17) for those consuming at least three servings of vegetables per day, 0.86 (0.74-0.99; P < 0.05) for those consuming at least two servings of fruits per day and 0.75 (0.60-0.95; P = 0.02) for those consuming at least these amounts of both at baseline, after adjusting for age, gender, education, major chronic diseases, physical exercise and smoking. Conclusion having at least three servings of vegetables and two servings of fruits daily might help prevent dementia in older adults.
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Zhong BL, Chan SSM, Liu TB, Jin D, Hu CY, Chiu HFK. Mental health of the old- and new-generation migrant workers in China: who are at greater risk for psychological distress? Oncotarget 2017; 8:59791-59799. [PMID: 28938682 PMCID: PMC5601778 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rural-to-urban migrant workers (MWs) are a large vulnerable population in China and, recently, the new-generation MWs (those born in 1980 or later) have become the majority of this population. Examining difference in the epidemiology of poor mental health between the new- and old-generation (those born before 1980) MWs would facilitate mental health promotion efforts. However, very few related studies are available and they produced conflicting findings. This study investigated intergenerational difference in prevalence and correlates of psychological distress (PD) in MWs. A total of 3031 MWs (691 old- and 2340 new-generation MWs) completed a standardized questionnaire containing socio-demographic, migration-related, and work-related variables and the Chinese 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). A GHQ-12 score of 3 or higher was used to denote PD. PD was more prevalent in the new- than old-generation MWs (36.2% versus 28.2%, P < 0.001). The elevated risk of PD in the new- versus old-generation remained significant after controlling for potential confounders (OR=1.51, P < 0.001). For the new-generation, correlates for PD included low monthly income, recent two-week physical morbidity, migrating alone, poor Mandarin proficiency and long working hours; while for the old-generation, correlates for PD included low education, recent two-week physical morbidity, and having worked in many cities. The new-generation MWs are at higher risk for PD than the old-generation MWs. Mental health services for addressing the generation-specific needs may be an effective way to prevent or reduce PD of MWs.
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Li XH, An FR, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, Chiu HFK, Wu PP, Jin X, Xiang YT. Prevalence of smoking in patients with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia and their relationships with quality of life. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8430. [PMID: 28814728 PMCID: PMC5559601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have compared the prevalence of smoking between patients with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia. This study examined the prevalence of smoking and its relationships with demographic and clinical characteristics, and quality of life (QOL) in patients with these psychiatric disorders. A total of 1,102 inpatients were consecutively screened. Psychopathology and QOL were measured with standardized instruments. The prevalence of current smoking in the whole sample was 16.7%; 17.5% in bipolar disorder, 10.6% in MDD and 18.5% in schizophrenia. The rates of smoking in bipolar disorder (p = 0.004, OR = 2.5, 95%CI: 1.3–4.7) and schizophrenia (p = 0.03, OR = 2.0, 95%CI: 1.06–3.8) were significantly higher than in MDD, while no difference was found between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Smokers had a higher mental QOL than non-smokers (p = 0.007) in MDD, but no difference was found in the other two groups. Male gender, living alone, higher personal income, older age of onset, health insurance coverage, and first episode was significantly associated with smoking in one or more diagnostic groups. Smoking appears more common in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia than in MDD in China. The figures in all disorders were lower than that reported in most of other countries.
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Li Y, Hou CL, Ma XR, Zhong BL, Zang Y, Jia FJ, Lin YQ, Lai KYC, Chiu HFK, Ungvari GS, Hall BJ, Cai MY, Ng CH, Xiang YT. Quality of life in Chinese patients with schizophrenia treated in primary care. Psychiatry Res 2017; 254:80-84. [PMID: 28456026 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In China, maintenance treatment for clinically stable patients with schizophrenia is usually provided by primary care physicians. This study examined the quality of life (QOL) in patients with schizophrenia treated in primary care and explored the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with QOL. Altogether, 612 patients with schizophrenia treated in 22 randomly selected primary care services in China formed the study sample. QOL, psychotic and depressive symptoms, extra-pyramidal symptoms and insight were assessed using standardized instruments. Data analyses were conducted with the one sample t-test and multiple linear regression analyses. Compared with the normative data for the Chinese general population, significantly lower scores in physical and mental QOL domains were found in the patient group. Older age, being unemployed, major medical conditions, no smoking, more severe depressive and negative symptoms, more frequent insomnia, and suicidality were independently associated with poor physical QOL. Male gender, more severe depressive and anxiety symptoms, more frequent insomnia, and suicidality were independently associated with poor mental QOL. Patients with schizophrenia treated in primary care had lower level of QOL in comparison with general population. Effective measures need to be implemented to improve their QOL.
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Lu L, Wang SB, Rao WW, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, Chiu HFK, Zhang J, Kou C, Jia FJ, Xiang YT. Sleep Duration and Patterns in Chinese Older Adults: a Comprehensive Meta-analysis. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:682-689. [PMID: 28655994 PMCID: PMC5485624 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.19695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis examined the mean sleep duration and patterns in Chinese older adult population. A literature search was systematically conducted covering major English (PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO) and Chinese (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WanFang and SinoMed) databases. Data in studies with the mean and standard deviation of sleep duration and/or the proportion of short and long sleep durations in Chinese older adults were extracted and pooled using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to gender, region, area, survey time and sample size. A total of 36 studies with 150,616 subjects were included for analyses. The pooled mean sleep duration of 21 studies with available data was 6.82 hours/day (95% CI: 6.59-7.05 hours/day). The estimated proportions of sleep duration <5 hours/day, <6 hours/day, <7 hours/day were 18.8% (95% CI: 1.7%-35.9%), 26.7% (95% CI: 19.7%-33.7%) and 42.3% (95% CI: 34.8%-49.8%), respectively. The pooled proportions for long sleepers were 22.6% (95% CI: 13.9%-31.4%) (>8 hours/day) and 17.6% (95% CI: 12.4%-22.9%) (>9 hours/day). Given the adverse effects of unhealthy sleep patterns, health professionals should pay more attention to sleep patterns in this population in China.
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Wang S, Ungvari GS, Forester BP, Chiu HFK, Wu Y, Kou C, Fu Y, Qi Y, Liu Y, Tao Y, Yu Y, Li B, Xiang YT. Gender differences in general mental health, smoking, drinking and chronic diseases in older adults in Jilin province, China. Psychiatry Res 2017; 251:58-62. [PMID: 28189080 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is little information on gender differences in general mental health, smoking, drinking and chronic diseases in Chinese elderly. We examined the gender differences in general mental health, smoking, drinking and a number of chronic diseases in a large Chinese old population. Multistage stratified cluster sampling was used in this cross-sectional study. A total of 4115 people (2198 women; 1917 men) aged between 60 and 79 years were included and their general mental health, smoking, drinking and chronic diseases were recorded with standardized assessment tools. Multivariate analyses revealed that women were less likely to be current smokers and frequent drinkers, but had higher prevalence of poor mental health compared with their male counterparts. In addition, the prevalence rate of chronic diseases and multi-morbidities were higher in women than that in men (both p values <0.05). Health professionals and policy makers need to pay special attention to the common chronic diseases and poor mental health in older women and higher prevalence of smoking and drinking in men.
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C F Kuok K, Li L, Xiang YT, Nogueira BOCL, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, Chiu HFK, Tran L, Meng LR. Quality of life and clinical correlates in older adults living in the community and in nursing homes in Macao. Psychogeriatrics 2017; 17:194-199. [PMID: 28093847 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM There have been no previous studies of quality of life (QOL) in older adults in Macao. This study aimed to examine QOL in relation to the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of adults aged ≥50 years in Macao. METHODS A sample of 451 subjects (203 living in the community, 248 living in nursing homes) was interviewed using standardized instruments. Basic sociodemographic and clinical data including QOL were collected. RESULT There were no significant differences between the community and nursing home groups in any of the QOL domains. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that poor physical QOL was significantly predicted by severe depressive symptoms, insomnia, major medical conditions, unmarried status, and lower education ( F 11,438 = 26.2, P < 0.001), which accounted for 38.2% of the variance. Poor psychological QOL was significantly predicted by severe depressive symptoms and lower educational level ( F 11,438 = 24.3, P < 0.001), which accounted for 36.4% of the variance. Poor social QOL was significantly predicted by severe depressive symptoms, male gender, and unmarried status ( F 11,438 = 5.6, P < 0.001), which accounted for 12.5% of the variance. Poor environment QOL was significantly predicted by lower educational level, severe depressive symptoms, and younger age ( F 11,438 = 6.6, P < 0.001), which accounted for 12.1% of the variance. CONCLUSION Older Macanese adults had poorer scores on physical and social QOL domains than the general Hong Kong Chinese population. Their QOL was more strongly related to severe depressive symptoms, major medical conditions, and insomnia.
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Hou CL, Li Y, Cai MY, Ma XR, Zang Y, Jia FJ, Lin YQ, Ungvari GS, Chiu HFK, Ng CH, Zhong BL, Cao XL, Tam MI, Xiang YT. Prevalence of Insomnia and Clinical and Quality of Life Correlates in Chinese Patients With Schizophrenia Treated in Primary Care. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2017; 53:80-86. [PMID: 26388498 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the prevalence and clinical correlates of insomnia in schizophrenia patients treated in primary care. DESIGN AND METHODS Six hundred and twenty-three schizophrenia patients from 22 primary care services were recruited. FINDINGS The prevalence of at least one type of insomnia was 28.9% (180/623), while those of difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, and early morning wakening were 20.5%, 19.6%, and 17.7%, respectively. Only 53.3% of patients suffering from insomnia received treatment. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Insomnia is common in Chinese patients with schizophrenia treated in primary care and the rate of treatment appears low.
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Zhang L, Yu X, Fang YR, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, Chiu HFK, Li HC, Yang HC, Tan QR, Xu XF, Wang G, Xiang YT. Duration of untreated bipolar disorder: a multicenter study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44811. [PMID: 28327583 PMCID: PMC5361090 DOI: 10.1038/srep44811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the demographic and clinical differences between short and long duration of untreated bipolar disorder (DUB) in Chinese patients. This study examined the demographic and clinical features of short (≤2 years) and long DUB (>2 years) in China. A consecutively recruited sample of 555 patients with bipolar disorder (BD) was examined in 7 psychiatric hospitals and general hospital psychiatric units across China. Patients' demographic and clinical characteristics were collected using a standardized protocol and data collection procedure. The mean DUB was 3.2 ± 6.0 years; long DUB accounted for 31.0% of the sample. Multivariate analyses revealed that longer duration of illness, diagnosis of BD type II, and earlier misdiagnosis of BD for major depressive disorder or schizophrenia were independently associated with long DUB. The mean DUB in Chinese BD patients was shorter than the reported figures from Western countries. The long-term impact of DUB on the outcome of BD is warranted.
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Snowdon J, Phillips J, Zhong B, Yamauchi T, Chiu HFK, Conwell Y. Changes in age patterns of suicide in Australia, the United States, Japan and Hong Kong. J Affect Disord 2017; 211:12-19. [PMID: 28081432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The patterns of association between age and suicide rate vary by country, subpopulation and gender, and over time. To shed light on factors associated with these differences, we analysed suicide data from four populations, two 'Western' (Australia, the United States [US]) and two Asian (Japan and Hong Kong). We computed suicide rates in five-year age-groups (between 10 and 14 years and 85+ years) for men and women separately, and present graphical representations of the age patterns during selected five-year periods. Rates and age patterns differed markedly, as did gender patterns except in Hong Kong. In 1964-8, male suicide rates in Australia and US were represented by upward-sloping graphs, whereas in Japan the pattern was bimodal. By 1979-83, male patterns in Australia and US were bimodal, but Japan's was trimodal, including a middle-age peak reached in 1994-98. In contrast, female age patterns in the Western countries were shallowly convex or uniform, while in Hong Kong and Japan the upward-sloping graphs became, over time, less steep; by 2009-13, the pattern in Japan was uniform (flat). In recent decades, suicide rates of older men in Australia, US and Japan, and older women in Japan and Hong Kong, have fallen considerably. Suicide rates of men aged 45-64 in Australia and US also fell, though by 2009-13 the US rate had risen again. The suicide rate of Australian men in their twenties halved between 1994-98 and 2009-13, while rates for younger men and women in Japan have risen since 1994-98. In Hong Kong, suicide rates of young men have increased. Age patterns of suicide likely reflect period and cohort effects shaped by socioeconomic stressors, availability of health and welfare services, access to lethal methods of suicide, and other factors. Greater understanding of their impact on age patterns of suicide can result in potential preventive solutions.
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Cao XL, Fu YN, Jia FJ, Chiu HFK, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, Hou CL, Lin YQ, Zhong XB, Liu XM, Yim LCL, Xiang YT. Comparison of quality of life in homeless and non-homeless Chinese patients with psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Res 2017; 249:115-119. [PMID: 28092790 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To date, there are no data on quality of life (QOL) and its correlates in homeless Chinese patients with psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to compare QOL between homeless and non-homeless patients with psychiatric disorders in China. A total of 278 homeless and 222 non-homeless patients matched in age and gender were consecutively recruited. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected from medical records. A clinical interview was conducted using standardized instruments. The physical and mental QOL in both groups were lower than the normative data for Chinese general population, but there was no significant difference in any QOL domain between the two groups. Multivariate analyses of homeless patients revealed that male gender was associated with higher physical QOL, while living in cities and lower education level were associated with higher mental QOL. In non-homeless patients, use of second-generation antipsychotics was associated with lower physical QOL, while having more severe depressive symptoms was associated with lower mental QOL. Longitudinal studies are warranted to clarify the contributing factors of QOL in both homeless and non-homeless patients.
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Feng Y, Sha S, Hu C, Wang G, Ungvari GS, Chiu HFK, Ng CH, Si TM, Chen DF, Fang YR, Lu Z, Yang HC, Hu J, Chen ZY, Huang Y, Sun J, Wang XP, Li HC, Zhang JB, Xiang YT. Prescribing patterns of psychotropic medications and clinical features in patients with major depressive disorder with and without comorbid dysthymia in China. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2017; 9. [PMID: 27759189 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little has been reported about the demographic and clinical features of major depressive disorder (MDD) with comorbid dysthymia in Chinese patients. This study examined the frequency of comorbid dysthymia in Chinese MDD patients together with the demographic and clinical correlates and prescribing patterns of psychotropic drugs. METHODS Consecutively collected sample of 1178 patients with MDD were examined in 13 major psychiatric hospitals in China. Patients' demographic and clinical characteristics and psychotropic drugs prescriptions were recorded using a standardized protocol and data collection procedure. The diagnosis of dysthymia was established using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Medications ascertained included antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and mood stabilizers. RESULTS One hundred and three (8.7%) patients fulfilled criteria for dysthymia. In multiple logistic regression analyses, compared to non-dysthymia counterparts, MDD patients with dysthymia had more depressive episodes with atypical features including increased appetite, sleep, and weight gain, more frequent lifetime depressive episodes, and less likelihood of family history of psychiatric disorders. There was no significant difference in the pattern of psychotropic prescription between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS There are important differences in the demographic and clinical features of comorbid dysthymia in Chinese MDD patients compared with previous reports. The clinical profile found in this study has implications for treatment decisions.
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Gu X, Zheng W, Guo T, Ungvari GS, Chiu HFK, Cao X, D'Arcy C, Meng X, Ning Y, Xiang Y. Electroconvulsive Therapy for Agitation in Schizophrenia: Metaanalysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. SHANGHAI ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY 2017; 29:1-14. [PMID: 28769540 PMCID: PMC5518249 DOI: 10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.217003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Agitation poses a significant challenge in the treatment of schizophrenia. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a fast, effective and safe treatment for a variety of psychiatric disorders, but no meta-analysis of ECT treatment for agitation in schizophrenia has yet been reported. Aims To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of ECT alone or ECT-antipsychotics (APs) combination for agitation in schizophrenia. Methods Systematic literature search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed. Two independent evaluators selected studies, extracted data about outcomes and safety with available data, conducted quality assessment and data synthesis. The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) was used to judge the level of the overall evidence of main outcomes. Results Seven RCTs from China, including ECT alone (4 RCTs with 5 treatment arms, n=240) and ECT-APs combination (3 RCTs, n=240), were identified. Participants in the studies were on average 34.3(4.5) years of age and lasted an average of 4.3(3.1) weeks of treatment duration. All 7 RCTs were non-blinded, and were rated as low quality based on Jadad scale. Meta-analysis of the pooled sample found no significant difference in the improvement of the agitation sub-score of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) when ECT alone (weighted mean difference=-0.90, (95% confidence interval (CI): -2.91, 1.11), p=0.38) or ECT-APs combination (WMD=-1.34, (95%CI: -4.07, 1.39), p=0.33) compared with APs monotherapy. However, ECT alone was superior to APs monotherapy regarding PANSS total score (WMD=-7.13, I2=0%, p=0.004) and its excitement sub-score (WMD=-1.97, p<0.0001) as well as the PANSS total score at 14 days (WMD=-7.13, I2=0%, p=0.004) and its excitement sub-score at 7 and 14 days (WMD=-1.97 to -1.92, p=0.002 to 0.0001) after ECT. The ECT-APs combination was superior to APs monotherapy with respect to the PANSS total score at treatment endpoint (WMD=-10.40, p=0.03) and 7 days (WMD=-5.01, p=0.02). Headache (number-needed-to-harm (NNH)=3, 95%CI=2-4) was more frequent in the ECT alone group compared to AP monotherapy. According to the GRADE approach, the evidence levels of main outcomes were rated as ‘‘very low’’ (37.5%) and “low” (50%). Conclusion Pooling of the data based on 7 RCTs from China found no advantage of ECT alone or ECT-APs combination in the treatment of agitation related outcomes in schizophrenia patients. However, ECT alone or ECT-APs combination were associated with significant reduction in the PANSS total score. High-quality RCTs are needed to confirm the current interpretations.
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Cao XL, Wang SB, Zhong BL, Zhang L, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, Li L, Chiu HFK, Lok GKI, Lu JP, Jia FJ, Xiang YT. The prevalence of insomnia in the general population in China: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170772. [PMID: 28234940 PMCID: PMC5325204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first meta-analysis of the pooled prevalence of insomnia in the general population of China. A systematic literature search was conducted via the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE and Chinese databases (China National Knowledge Interne (CNKI), WanFang Data and SinoMed). Statistical analyses were performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis program. A total of 17 studies with 115,988 participants met the inclusion criteria for the analysis. The pooled prevalence of insomnia in China was 15.0% (95% Confidence interval [CI]: 12.1%-18.5%). No significant difference was found in the prevalence between genders or across time period. The pooled prevalence of insomnia in population with a mean age of 43.7 years and older (11.6%; 95% CI: 7.5%-17.6%) was significantly lower than in those with a mean age younger than 43.7 years (20.4%; 95% CI: 14.2%-28.2%). The prevalence of insomnia was significantly affected by the type of assessment tools (Q = 14.1, P = 0.001). The general population prevalence of insomnia in China is lower than those reported in Western countries but similar to those in Asian countries. Younger Chinese adults appear to suffer from more insomnia than older adults. Trial Registration: CRD 42016043620
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Li Q, Su YA, Xiang YT, Shu L, Yu X, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, Chiu HFK, Ning YP, Wang GH, Zhang KR, Li T, Sun LZ, Shi JG, Chen XS, Mei QY, Li KQ, Si TM. Adjunctive antidepressant use in schizophrenia in China: A national survey (2002-2012). Hum Psychopharmacol 2017; 32. [PMID: 28120487 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the pattern of adjunctive antidepressant use in schizophrenia patients and its demographic and clinical correlates in a nationwide survey in China. METHODS Fourteen thousand and thirteen patients in 45 Chinese psychiatric hospitals or centers were interviewed (4,486 in 2002, 5,288 in 2006, and 4,239 in 2012). Patients' sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were recorded using a standardized protocol and data collection procedure. Chi-square test, independent-samples t test, Mann-Whitney U test, and multiple logistic regression analysis were used in data analyses. RESULTS Antidepressant use was found in 5.2% of the study population with 4.6% in 2002, 4.3% in 2006, and 6.9% in 2012, respectively. A significant increase in use from 2006 to 2012 was found (p < .001). Multiple logistic regression analyses in the whole population revealed that patients receiving adjunctive antidepressants were more likely to be outpatients in tertiary referral centers (level-III hospitals) and who had an earlier age of onset, less severe global illness, but more depressive symptoms. They were less likely to receive first-generation antipsychotics but more likely to receive benzodiazepines (R2 = 0.255, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Despite an increasing trend, the frequency of antidepressant use in schizophrenia in China was considerably lower than in Western countries. The benefits and risks associated with concomitant use of antidepressants in schizophrenia need to be studied further.
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Guo HM, Liu M, Xiang YT, Zhao J, Ungvari GS, Correll CU, Ng CH, Chiu HFK, Duan ZP. Insomnia in Adults With Chronic Hepatitis B, Liver Failure, and Cirrhosis: A Case-Control Study. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2017; 53:67-72. [PMID: 26633859 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the frequency and socio-demographic/clinical correlates of insomnia in patients with chronic hepatitis B, hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver failure, and cirrhosis. DESIGN AND METHODS Up to 120 patients with HBV-related diseases and 40 matched healthy controls were recruited. Depressive and anxiety symptoms, early, middle, and late insomnia were measured. FINDINGS The frequency of ≥1 type of insomnia was 64.2% in patients and 35.0% in controls; frequencies of early, middle, and late insomnia in patients were 39.2%, 42.5%, and 48.3%, respectively, compared to 22.5%, 10.0%, and 25.0% in controls. Urban residency was independently associated with less insomnia of any type, accounting for 22.6% of the variance. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS A considerable proportion of patients with HBV-related diseases suffer from insomnia that warrants more attention in clinical practice.
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An FR, Zhang L, Zhang QE, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, Chiu HFK, Wu PP, Jin X, Li L, Lok GKI, Xiang YT. Electroconvulsive therapy and its relationships with clinical characteristics and quality of life in Chinese psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Res 2016; 246:246-249. [PMID: 27723522 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the pattern of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) use in the clinical population in China. This study examined the percentage of ECT use and its association with clinical characteristics and quality of life (QOL) in a psychiatric center in China that caters for a population of 20 million. A total sample of 1364 inpatients was consecutively recruited for the study. Demographic and clinical data including the use of ECT were collected. Psychopathology, activity of daily living and QOL were measured using standardized instruments. The percentage of ECT use was 52.1% in the whole sample; 53.4% in major depression, 57.8% in bipolar disorder, 57.0% in schizophrenia and 32.4% in other diagnoses. There was no significant difference between the ECT and non-ECT groups in any domain of QOL. Multivariate analyses revealed that ECT was independently associated with the diagnoses of major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, physical restraint, severe aggression, better activity of daily living skills, more frequent use of antipsychotics and less frequent use of benzodiazepines. The percentage of ECT use was much greater in a major psychiatric center in China than those reported from other parts of the world. Use of ECT had no influence on the short-term QOL. Further investigations are warranted to explore the reasons for the high percentage of ECT use.
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Zhong BL, Chiu HFK, Conwell Y. Rates and characteristics of elderly suicide in China, 2013-14. J Affect Disord 2016; 206:273-279. [PMID: 27639861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of older adults (OAs) is growing rapidly and the elderly suicide rate (ESR) is highest among all age-groups in China. Examining the epidemiology of elderly suicide (ES) may facilitate population-specific suicide prevention efforts, however, little is known about the patterns of ES in China. OBJECTIVE To describe the rates and characteristics of ES in China during 2013-14. METHODS Suicide mortality data by gender, quinquennial age-group, residence (urban/rural) and geographic location (east/central/west) were obtained from China's Integrated National Mortality Surveillance System for 2013-14. Crude ESRs of OAs aged 65 years or above were standardized to the 2010 China's Census population and adjusted for under-reporting. RESULTS While OAs comprised 8.9% of the Chinese population, they represented 38.2% of suicide deaths. The average annual ESR in China was 34.5 per 100000 in 2013-14. ESRs varied widely across OA subgroups, with the highest rates in central rural men (67.1) and women (53.1), and the lowest rate in eastern urban women (13.6). Male gender (incident rate ratio [IRR]=1.47), every five-year increase in age (IRR=1.33), rural residence (IRR=1.83), and geographic location of central China (IRR=1.93) were significantly associated with increased number of ESs. LIMITATIONS Information on means of ES are lacking in the data source. CONCLUSIONS ESs disproportionately account for a large portion of China's current total suicides, and ESR, particularly in central rural OAs, is very high in China. Prevention of ES should be given priority as an important public health issue in China. Central rural OAs are key target population for current ES prevention.
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Zhong BL, Chiu HFK, Conwell Y. Elderly suicide trends in the context of transforming China, 1987-2014. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37724. [PMID: 27886219 PMCID: PMC5123573 DOI: 10.1038/srep37724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of rapid ageing, understanding the time-trend of elderly suicide (ES) could inform China’s efforts on suicide prevention. We examined time-trends in Chinese ES rates (ESRs) from 1987 to 2014, a period of profound social changes. Suicide rates by residence (rural/urban), gender, and 5-year age-group (65+) in 1987–2014 were provided by the Chinese Ministry of Health. Time-trends were analyzed with joinpoint analysis. The time-trend of national ESRs was downward (average annual percent change [AAPC] = −3.7, P < 0.001): 76.6/100000 in 1987 and 30.2/100000 in 2014. However, the time-trend of corresponding percentages of ESs among the total suicides was monotonically increasing (AAPC = 3.4, P < 0.001): 16.9% in 1987 to 41.2% in 2014. The time-trends in ESRs of both rural and urban men and women were decreasing, but only the rural trends were significant (P < 0.001). Rural-urban and male-female differences in ESRs were decreasing over time (slope = −4.2 and −3.0, P ≤ 0.006), but the rural-urban and male-female ESR differences in 2014 remained large (16.3/100000 and 9.8/100000, P < 0.001). While national ESRs decreased significantly during the past three decades, the current ESR remains high in China. Further, the age-pattern of Chinese suicide is transitioning to elderly predominance. ES, particularly rural ES, should be a public health priority in China.
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Zheng W, Xiang YT, Xiang YQ, Li XB, Ungvari GS, Chiu HFK, Correll CU. Efficacy and safety of adjunctive topiramate for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2016; 134:385-398. [PMID: 27585549 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically examine the randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence regarding efficacy and tolerability of topiramate cotreatment with antipsychotics in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. METHODS Random-effects meta-analysis of RCTs of topiramate cotreatment with antipsychotics vs. placebo/ongoing antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Standardized or weighted mean difference (SMD/WMD), risk ratio (RR) ±95% confidence intervals (CIs), and number needed to harm (NNH) were calculated. RESULTS Across 16 RCTs (n = 934, duration = 11.8 ± 5.6 weeks), topiramate outperformed the comparator regarding change/endpoint of total (SMD: -0.58, 95% CI: -0.82, -0.35, P < 0.00001), positive (SMD: -0.37, 95% CI: -0.61, -0.14, P = 0.002), negative (SMD: -0.58, 95% CI: -0.87, -0.29, P < 0.0001), and general symptoms (SMD: -0.68, 95% CI: -0.95, -0.40, P < 0.00001). Furthermore, topiramate was superior regarding body weight (WMD: -2.75 kg, 95% CI: -4.03, -1.47, P < 0.0001), body mass index (BMI) (WMD: -1.77, 95% CI: -2.38, -1.15, P < 0.00001), triglycerides (P = 0.006), and insulin levels (P < 0.00001). Superiority regarding psychopathology and body weight/BMI was consistent across Chinese/Asian and Western RCTs, double-blind and open designs, clozapine and non-clozapine cotreatment, augmentation and co-initiation RCTs, and higher and lower quality RCTs. In meta-regression analyses, topiramate's efficacy for total symptoms was moderated by shorter illness duration (P = 0.047), while weight loss was greater in prevention/co-initiation vs. intervention/augmentation RCTs (-4.11 kg, 95% CI: -6.70, -1.52 vs. -1.41 kg, 95% CI: -2.23, -0.59, P < 0.001). All-cause discontinuation was similar between topiramate and comparators (RR: 1.28, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.81, P = 0.16). While topiramate led to more concentration/attention difficulties (P = 0.03, NNH = 8, 95% CI=4-25), psychomotor slowing (P = 0.02, NNH = 7, 95% CI = 4-25), and paresthesia (P = 0.05, NNH = 2, 95% CI = 4-33), it led to less ≥7% weight gain (P = 0.0001, NNH = 2, 95% CI = 2-3) and constipation (P = 0.04, NNH = 9, 95% CI = 5-100) than the comparator. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that adjunctive topiramate to antipsychotics is an effective and safe treatment choice for symptomatic improvement and weight reduction in patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
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An FR, Yang R, Wang ZM, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, Chiu HFK, Wu PP, Jin X, Li L, Lok GKI, Xiang YT. Hyperprolactinemia, prolactin-related side effects and quality of life in Chinese psychiatric patients. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 71:71-76. [PMID: 27639124 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the frequency of hyperprolactinemia and the socio-demographic, clinical, and quality of life (QOL) correlates. The frequency of prolactin-related side effects and associated subjective experiences were also examined. METHODS A cohort of 1364 psychiatric inpatients were consecutively recruited and evaluated. Basic socio-demographic and clinical data were collected. Psychopathology, prolactin-related side effects were measured using standardized instruments. QOL was assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 12. RESULTS The frequency of hyperprolactinemia was 61.3% in the whole sample; 61.6% in female and 60.8% in male patients. There was no significant association between hyperprolactinemia and any QOL domain. In the whole sample, 15.1% of patients reported moderately severe breast symptoms and lactation, and 53.9% reported moderate or severe discomfort. Nearly a third of female patients (30.4%) reported at least moderate menstrual changes and 50.2% moderate or severe discomfort, while 24.2% of male patients reported at least moderate erectile dysfunction and 52.6% moderate or severe discomfort. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that patients with hyperprolactinemia were less likely to be married, diagnosed with mood disorders, or treated with clozapine, aripiprazole, or antidepressants but more likely to receive risperidone. CONCLUSIONS Effective measures to lower the frequency of hyperprolactinemia and the related side effects should be considered in Chinese psychiatric facilities.
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Hou CL, Ma XR, Cai MY, Li Y, Zang Y, Jia FJ, Lin YQ, Chiu HFK, Ungvari GS, Hall BJ, Zhong BL, Cao XL, Xiang YT. Comorbid Moderate-Severe Depressive Symptoms and their Association with Quality of Life in Chinese Patients with Schizophrenia Treated in Primary Care. Community Ment Health J 2016; 52:921-926. [PMID: 27306990 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-016-0023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study described the prevalence and correlates of comorbid moderate-severe depressive symptoms (comorbid depression thereafter) and their association with quality of life (QOL) in schizophrenia patients treated in primary care. 623 schizophrenia patients were enrolled. Patients' socio-demographic and clinical characteristics including comorbid depression [defined as a total score of 18 or above on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)] were recorded. Depressive symptoms (defined as a total score of 9 or above on the MADRS) were present in 54.1 % of patients, while 17.7 % had comorbid depression. Analysis of covariance revealed that comorbid depression was significantly associated with lower mental QOL. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that more severe positive and negative symptoms, anxiety symptoms, use of first-generation antipsychotics and antidepressants, were independently associated with comorbid depression. Given the negative association between comorbid depression and QOL, attempts to address comorbid depression in schizophrenia patients treated in primary care should be made.
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Li Y, An FR, Zhu H, Chiu HFK, Ungvari GS, H Ng C, Lai KYC, Xiang YT. Knowledge and Attitudes of Patients and Their Relatives Toward Electroconvulsive Therapy in China. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2016; 52:248-253. [PMID: 26033408 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the knowledge and attitudes of patients and their relatives as well as patients' subjective experience with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in China. DESIGN AND METHODS Up to 420 responders including patients receiving ECT (n = 210) and their relatives (n = 210) were assessed with self-reported questionnaires. FINDINGS Patients and their relatives did not receive adequate information before ECT, particularly about the mode of its delivery, risks, and adverse effects. The most common adverse effect of ECT reported by patients was memory impairment. Both patients and their relatives had positive attitudes toward ECT and appeared satisfied with its therapeutic effects. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Mental health professionals need to address the inadequate information on ECT provided to patients and their relatives prior to the treatment.
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Feng Y, Huang W, Tian TF, Wang G, Hu C, Chiu HFK, Ungvari GS, Kilbourne AM, Xiang YT. The psychometric properties of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS-SR) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in depressed inpatients in China. Psychiatry Res 2016; 243:92-6. [PMID: 27376668 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the psychometric properties of the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS-SR) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The study sample comprised 297 depressed inpatients. The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the QIDS-SR and the PHQ-9 in all subjects at baseline and a random sample of 50 subjects two weeks later. The internal consistency, convergent validity, factor structure and sensitivity to change of these scales were assessed. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the PHQ-9 and QIDS-SR were 0.88 and 0.83, respectively at baseline and 0.91 and 0.87, respectively at exit. Item to total score correlations were higher for the PHQ-9 than those for the QIDS-SR at baseline and exit. Three domains at baseline and two at study exit of the QIDS-SR had a correlation less than 0.65; while only two items at baseline and no item at exit were less than 0.65 for the PHQ-9. Both the PHQ-9 and the QIDS-SR showed uni-dimensional measurement properties at baseline; the two instruments were less sensitive than the HAMD to detect changes of depressive symptoms suggesting low convergent validity. The QIDS-SR and the PHQ-9 have similar and acceptable psychometric properties in most domains as tested in depressed inpatients.
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Zheng W, Xiang YQ, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, Chiu HFK, Liu ZR, Cao XL, Guo T, Wang HHX, Seiner SJ, Xiang YT. Electroconvulsive Therapy Alone for Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis of Randomized, Single-blind, Controlled Trials [RETRACTED]. J ECT 2016; Publish Ahead of Print. [PMID: 27227402 DOI: 10.1097/yct.0000000000000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a common treatment in practice for schizophrenia in most developing countries. This is a meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of ECT alone versus antipsychotic (AP) monotherapy for schizophrenia using randomized, single-blind, controlled trial (RCT) data. METHODS Two assessors independently extracted data. Standardized and weighted mean difference (SMD/WMD), odds ratios (ORs) ± 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and number needed to harm (NNH) were calculated by Review Manager Version 5.3 and the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2 software. RESULTS Five RCTs (n = 365; age, 34.1 ± 4.7 years; percentage of male, 52.8 ± 9.5; range on the Jaded scale, 2-3) were identified and analyzed. Electroconvulsive therapy alone was superior to AP monotherapy with chlorpromazine, haloperidol, paliperidone, clozapine, and risperidone, respectively, regarding symptomatic improvement at last-observation end point (SMD, -0.84; P = 0.02; I = 89%). Improvement with ECT separated from AP as early as weeks 1 to 2 (SMD, -1.26; P = 0.01; I = 89%). Meta-analysis of the end point memory quotient of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, Chinese version, revealed that the ECT alone group had poorer memory performance than the AP group (WMD, -9.34; P < 0.00001; I = 0%), but the difference lost its significance within 2 weeks after ECT (WMD, 0.09 to -6.54; P = 0.11-0.97; I = 0%). Compared with AP monotherapy, ECT was associated with more memory impairment (OR, 14.11; P = 0.004; NNH, 6) but with less akathisia (OR, 0.06; P = 0.0009; NNH, 6), tremor (OR, 0.08; P = 0.02; NNH, 7), and tachycardia (OR, 0.06; P = 0.006; NNH, 5). There were no significant differences in other adverse events and all-cause discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS Electroconvulsive therapy alone could be an effective and safe treatment option for schizophrenia, with transient memory impairment and headache being the major side effects.
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