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Scott JC, Van Pelt AE, Port AM, Njokweni L, Gur RC, Moore TM, Phoi O, Tshume O, Matshaba M, Ruparel K, Chapman J, Lowenthal ED. Development of a computerised neurocognitive battery for children and adolescents with HIV in Botswana: study design and protocol for the Ntemoga study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e041099. [PMID: 32847928 PMCID: PMC7451956 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurodevelopmental delays and cognitive impairments are common in youth living with HIV. Unfortunately, in resource-limited settings, where HIV infection impacts millions of children, cognitive and neurodevelopmental disorders commonly go undetected because of a lack of appropriate assessment instruments and local expertise. Here, we present a protocol to culturally adapt and validate the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (PennCNB) and examine its validity for detecting both advanced and subtle neurodevelopmental problems among school-aged children affected by HIV in resource-limited settings. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a prospective, observational cohort study. The venue for this study is Gaborone, Botswana, a resource-limited setting with high rates of perinatal exposure to HIV and limited neurocognitive assessment tools and expertise. We aim to validate the PennCNB in this setting by culturally adapting and then administering the adapted version of the battery to 200 HIV-infected, 200 HIV-exposed uninfected and 240 HIV-unexposed uninfected children. A series of analyses will be conducted to examine the reliability and construct validity of the PennCNB in these populations. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This project received ethical approval from local and university Institutional Review Boards and involved extensive input from local stakeholders. If successful, the proposed tools will provide practical screening and streamlined, comprehensive assessments that could be implemented in resource-limited settings to identify children with cognitive deficits within programmes focused on the care and treatment of children affected by HIV. The utility of such assessments could also extend beyond children affected by HIV, increasing general access to paediatric cognitive assessments in resource-limited settings.
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Roalf DR, Sydnor VJ, Woods M, Wolk DA, Scott JC, Reddy R, Moberg PJ. A quantitative meta-analysis of brain glutamate metabolites in aging. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 95:240-249. [PMID: 32866885 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) is a key molecule in cellular metabolism, the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and the principal neurotransmitter of cortical efferents. Glutamate dysfunction, on the other hand, is common in neurodegenerative disorders, and likely contributes to age-related declines in behavioral and cognitive functioning. Nonetheless, the extant literature measuring age-related changes in brain glutamate in vivo has yet to be comprehensively and quantitatively summarized. This meta-analysis examines proton spectroscopy (1HMRS) measures of Glu-related brain metabolites across 589 healthy young and older adults. Glu (Cohen's d = -0.82) and Glu+glutamine (Cohen's d = -0.51) concentrations were significantly lower in older compared with younger adults, whereas the concentration of glutamine (d = 0.43) was significantly higher in older individuals. Notably, 1HMRS methodological choices impacted effect sizes for age-related Glu differences. Glu metabolite change appears to be a robust marker of aging-related neurological change; however, additional studies are needed to elucidate age-related trajectories of glutamatergic alterations and their relationship to cognitive phenotypes.
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Sheynin J, Duval ER, Lokshina Y, Scott JC, Angstadt M, Kessler D, Zhang L, Gur RE, Gur RC, Liberzon I. Altered resting-state functional connectivity in adolescents is associated with PTSD symptoms and trauma exposure. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 26:102215. [PMID: 32339825 PMCID: PMC7184176 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) have been demonstrated in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, such reports have primarily focused on adult participants, whereas findings in adolescents with PTSD are mixed and not entirely consistent with the adult literature. Here, we examined rsFC in a non-treatment seeking adolescent sample with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS; n = 59) relative to asymptomatic controls (n = 226). We also examined differences between trauma-exposed and non-exposed control subgroups (TEC n = 73 and Non-TEC n = 153) to examine alterations associated with more general trauma exposure. Finally, we compared the PTSS and TEC groups, to confirm that the reported alterations in PTSS were not driven by trauma exposure. Using a seed-based approach, we examined connectivity of default-mode (DMN) and salience (SN) networks, where alterations have been previously reported. Results suggest that PTSS are associated with less within-DMN connectivity and greater SN-DMN connectivity, as well as altered connectivity with attention regions. Trauma exposure is associated with greater within-SN connectivity. Additionally, we report findings from exploratory connectome-based analysis, which demonstrate a number of topological alterations within DMN in the PTSS group. Overall, our findings replicate prior reports of altered rsFC in PTSD and extend them to non-treatment seeking, trauma-exposed adolescents, who did or did not report PTSS. They specifically highlight SN-DMN desegregation, lower within-DMN and greater within-SN connectivity, as well as altered connectivity with attention regions, in trauma-exposed adolescents. Future research is required to confirm that adolescents with diagnosed PTSD have similar/exacerbated connectivity patterns.
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Xu A, Larsen B, Baller EB, Scott JC, Sharma V, Adebimpe A, Basbaum AI, Dworkin RH, Edwards RR, Woolf CJ, Eickhoff SB, Eickhoff CR, Satterthwaite TD. Convergent neural representations of experimentally-induced acute pain in healthy volunteers: A large-scale fMRI meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112:300-323. [PMID: 31954149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing a reliable, pain-related neural signature is critical for translational applications. Many prior fMRI studies have examined acute nociceptive pain-related brain activation in healthy participants. However, synthesizing these data to identify convergent patterns of activation can be challenging due to the heterogeneity of experimental designs and samples. To address this challenge, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of fMRI studies of stimulus-induced pain in healthy participants. Following pre-registration, two independent reviewers evaluated 4,927 abstracts returned from a search of 8 databases, with 222 fMRI experiments meeting inclusion criteria. We analyzed these experiments using Activation Likelihood Estimation with rigorous type I error control (voxel height p < 0.001, cluster p < 0.05 FWE-corrected) and found a convergent, largely bilateral pattern of pain-related activation in the secondary somatosensory cortex, insula, midcingulate cortex, and thalamus. Notably, these regions were consistently recruited regardless of stimulation technique, location of induction, and participant sex. These findings suggest a highly-conserved core set of pain-related brain areas, encouraging applications as a biomarker for novel therapeutics targeting acute nociceptive pain.
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Gur RE, Moore TM, Rosen AFG, Barzilay R, Roalf DR, Calkins ME, Ruparel K, Scott JC, Almasy L, Satterthwaite TD, Shinohara RT, Gur RC. Burden of Environmental Adversity Associated With Psychopathology, Maturation, and Brain Behavior Parameters in Youths. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:966-975. [PMID: 31141099 PMCID: PMC6547104 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Low socioeconomic status (L-SES) and the experience of traumatic stressful events (TSEs) are environmental factors implicated in behavioral deficits, abnormalities in brain development, and accelerated maturation. However, the relative contribution of these environmental factors is understudied. OBJECTIVE To compare the association of L-SES and TSEs with psychopathology, puberty, neurocognition, and multimodal neuroimaging parameters in brain maturation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort is a community-based study examining psychopathology, neurocognition, and neuroimaging among participants recruited through the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia pediatric network. Participants are youths aged 8 to 21 years at enrollment with stable health and fluency in English. The sample of 9498 participants was racially (5298 European ancestry [55.8%], 3124 African ancestry [32.9%], and 1076 other [11.4%]) and economically diverse. A randomly selected subsample (n = 1601) underwent multimodal neuroimaging. Data were collected from November 5, 2009, through December 30, 2011, and analyzed from February 1 through November 7, 2018. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The following domains were examined: (1) clinical, including psychopathology, assessed with a structured interview based on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, and puberty, assessed with the Tanner scale; (2) neurocognition, assessed by the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery; and (3) multimodal magnetic resonance imaging parameters of brain structure and function. RESULTS A total of 9498 participants were included in the analysis (4906 [51.7%] female; mean [SD] age, 14.2 [3.7] years). Clinically, L-SES and TSEs were associated with greater severity of psychiatric symptoms across the psychopathology domains of anxiety/depression, fear, externalizing behavior, and the psychosis spectrum. Low SES showed small effect sizes (highest for externalizing behavior, 0.306 SD; 95% CI, 0.269 to 0.342), whereas TSEs had large effect sizes, with the highest in females for anxiety/depression (1.228 SD; 95% CI, 1.156 to 1.300) and in males for the psychosis spectrum (1.099 SD; 95% CI, 1.032 to 1.166). Both were associated with early puberty. Cognitively, L-SES had moderate effect sizes on poorer performance, the greatest being on complex cognition (-0.500 SD 95% CI, -0.536 to -0.464), whereas TSEs were associated with slightly better memory (0.129 SD; 95% CI, 0.084 to 0.174) and poorer complex reasoning (-0.109 SD; 95% CI, -0.154 to -0.064). Environmental factors had common and distinct associations with brain structure and function. Structurally, both were associated with lower volume, but L-SES had correspondingly lower gray matter density, whereas TSEs were associated with higher gray matter density. Functionally, both were associated with lower regional cerebral blood flow and coherence and with accelerated brain maturation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Low SES and TSEs are associated with common and unique differences in symptoms, neurocognition, and structural and functional brain parameters. Both environmental factors are associated with earlier completion of puberty by physical features and brain parameters. These findings appear to underscore the need for identifying and preventing adverse environmental conditions associated with neurodevelopment.
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Barzilay R, Calkins ME, Moore TM, Wolf DH, Satterthwaite TD, Cobb Scott J, Jones JD, Benton TD, Gur RC, Gur RE. Association between traumatic stress load, psychopathology, and cognition in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Psychol Med 2019; 49:325-334. [PMID: 29655375 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic stressors during childhood and adolescence are associated with psychopathology, mostly studied in the context of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. We investigated broader associations of traumatic stress exposure with psychopathology and cognition in a youth community sample. METHODS The Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (N = 9498) is an investigation of clinical and neurobehavioral phenotypes in a diverse (56% Caucasian, 33% African American, 11% other) US youth community population (aged 8-21). Participants were ascertained through children's hospital pediatric (not psychiatric) healthcare network in 2009-2011. Structured psychiatric evaluation included screening for lifetime exposure to traumatic stressors, and a neurocognitive battery was administered. RESULTS Exposure rate to traumatic stressful events was high (none, N = 5204; one, N = 2182; two, N = 1092; three or more, N = 830). Higher stress load was associated with increased psychopathology across all clinical domains evaluated: mood/anxiety (standardized β = .378); psychosis spectrum (β = .360); externalizing behaviors (β = .311); and fear (β = .256) (controlling for covariates, all p < 0.001). Associations remained significant controlling for lifetime PTSD and depression. Exposure to high-stress load was robustly associated with suicidal ideation and cannabis use (odds ratio compared with non-exposed 5.3 and 3.2, respectively, both p < 0.001). Among youths who experienced traumatic stress (N = 4104), history of assaultive trauma was associated with greater psychopathology and, in males, vulnerability to psychosis and externalizing symptoms. Stress load was negatively associated with performance on executive functioning, complex reasoning, and social cognition. CONCLUSIONS Traumatic stress exposure in community non-psychiatric help-seeking youth is substantial, and is associated with more severe psychopathology and neurocognitive deficits across domains, beyond PTSD and depression.
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Fazeli PL, Casaletto KB, Woods SP, Umlauf A, Scott JC, Moore DJ. Everyday Multitasking Abilities in Older HIV+ Adults: Neurobehavioral Correlates and the Mediating Role of Metacognition. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 32:917-928. [PMID: 28575231 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The prevalence of older adults living with HIV is rising, as is their risk for everyday functioning problems associated with neurocognitive dysfunction. Multitasking, the ability to maintain and carry out subgoals in support of a larger goal, is a multidimensional skill ubiquitous during most real-life tasks and associated with prefrontal networks that are vulnerable in HIV. Understanding factors associated with multitasking will improve characterization of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Metacognition is also associated with frontal systems, is impaired among individuals with HIV, and may contribute to multitasking. Method Ninety-nine older (≥50 years) adults with HIV completed: the Everyday Multitasking Test (MT), a performance-based measure during which participants concurrently attempt four everyday tasks (e.g., medication management) within a time limit; a comprehensive neuropsychological battery; measures of metacognition regarding their MT performance (e.g., metacognitive knowledge and online awareness). Results Better global neuropsychological performance (i.e., average T-score across all domains) was associated with better Everyday MT total scores (rho = 0.34; p < .001), as was global metacognition (rho = 0.37, p < .01). Bootstrapping mediation analysis revealed global metacognition was a significant partial mediator between neurocognition and Everyday MT (b = 0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.01, 0.25). Specifically, metacognitive knowledge (but not online awareness) drove this mediation (b = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.27). Conclusions Consistent with findings among younger persons with HIV, neuropsychological performance is strongly associated with a complex, laboratory-based test of everyday multitasking, and metacognition of task performance was a pathway through which successful multitasking occurred. Interventions aimed at modifying metacognition to improve daily functioning may be warranted among older adults with HIV.
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Akiki TJ, Averill CL, Wrocklage KM, Scott JC, Averill LA, Schweinsburg B, Alexander-Bloch A, Martini B, Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Abdallah CG. Topology of brain functional connectivity networks in posttraumatic stress disorder. Data Brief 2018; 20:1658-1675. [PMID: 30364328 PMCID: PMC6195053 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.08.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present functional neuroimaging-based network data (focused on the default mode network) collected from a cohort of US Veterans with history of combat exposure, combined with clinical assessments for PTSD and other psychiatric comorbidities. The data has been processed and analyzed using several network construction methods (signed, thresholded, normalized to phase-randomized and rewired surrogates, functional and multimodal parcellation). An interpretation and discussion of the data can be found in the main NeuroImage article by Akiki et al. [51].
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Averill CL, Averill LA, Wrocklage KM, Scott JC, Akiki TJ, Schweinsburg B, Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Abdallah CG. Altered White Matter Diffusivity of the Cingulum Angular Bundle in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2018; 4:75-82. [PMID: 30397595 DOI: 10.1159/000490464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of the Study Prior studies showed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-related alterations in white matter integrity, but most of these studies have used region-based approaches. We address this limitation by investigating the relationship between PTSD severity and fractional anisotropy (FA) using a tract-based approach. Procedures Structural and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging were acquired from 67 combat-exposed US Veterans and processed using FSL/FreeSurfer TRActs Constrained by UnderLying Anatomy. Partial correlations were conducted between PTSD severity and FA of the cingulum and uncinate fasciculi covarying for age, sex, and head motion. Results Only FA of the left cingulum angular bundle (CAB) was positively correlated with PTSD symptom severity (r = 0.433, p = 0.001, df = 57) and remained significant after Bonferroni correction. Conclusions This finding may imply greater organization of the CAB with increasing PTSD severity. The CAB connects directly to the cingulate cortex and the hippocampal subiculum, critical nodes of the default mode network, as well as being implicated in neurodegeneration pathology, decision-making, and executive functions, which may help explain previously shown alterations in this network in PTSD. Message of the Paper Further study of white matter tract integrity in PTSD is warranted, particularly to investigate whether the CAB connections with both higher-order cognitive functioning and emotion processing regions contribute to the pathophysiology and comorbidity of PTSD.
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Scott JC, Slomiak ST, Jones JD, Rosen AFG, Moore TM, Gur RC. Association of Cannabis With Cognitive Functioning in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2018; 75:585-595. [PMID: 29710074 PMCID: PMC6137521 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Substantial shifts in perception and policy regarding cannabis have recently occurred, with use of cannabis increasing while its perceived harm decreases. One possible risk of increased cannabis use is poorer cognitive functioning, especially in youth. OBJECTIVE To provide the first quantitative synthesis of the literature examining cannabis and cognitive functioning in adolescents and young adults (with a mean age of 26 years and younger). DATA SOURCES PubMed, PsycInfo, Academic Search Premier, Scopus, and bibliographies of relevant reviews were searched for peer-reviewed, English-language studies from the date the databases began through May 2017. STUDY SELECTION Consensus criteria were used to determine study inclusion through abstract and manuscript review. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS This study followed Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. Effect size estimates were calculated using multivariate mixed-effects models for cognitive functioning outcomes classified into 10 domains. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Results from neurocognitive tests administered in cross-sectional studies were primary outcomes, and we examined the influence of a priori explanatory variables on variability in effect size. RESULTS Sixty-nine studies of 2152 cannabis users (mean [SD] age, 20.6 [2.8] years; 1472 [68.4%] male) and 6575 comparison participants with minimal cannabis exposure were included (mean [SD] age, 20.8 [3.4]; 3669 [55.8%] male). Results indicated a small overall effect size (presented as mean d) for reduced cognitive functioning associated with frequent or heavy cannabis use (d, -0.25; 95% CI, -0.32 to -0.17; P < .001). The magnitude of effect sizes did not vary by sample age or age at cannabis use onset. However, studies requiring an abstinence period longer than 72 hours (15 studies; n = 928) had an overall effect size (d, -0.08; 95% CI, -0.22 to 0.07) that was not significantly different from 0 and smaller than studies with less stringent abstinence criteria (54 studies; n = 7799; d, -0.30; 95% CI, -0.37 to -0.22; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Associations between cannabis use and cognitive functioning in cross-sectional studies of adolescents and young adults are small and may be of questionable clinical importance for most individuals. Furthermore, abstinence of longer than 72 hours diminishes cognitive deficits associated with cannabis use. Although other outcomes (eg, psychosis) were not examined in the included studies, results indicate that previous studies of cannabis in youth may have overstated the magnitude and persistence of cognitive deficits associated with use. Reported deficits may reflect residual effects from acute use or withdrawal. Future studies should examine individual differences in susceptibility to cannabis-associated cognitive dysfunction.
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Akiki TJ, Averill CL, Wrocklage KM, Scott JC, Averill LA, Schweinsburg B, Alexander-Bloch A, Martini B, Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Abdallah CG. Default mode network abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder: A novel network-restricted topology approach. Neuroimage 2018; 176:489-498. [PMID: 29730491 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption in the default mode network (DMN) has been implicated in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, studies have largely been limited to seed-based methods and involved inconsistent definitions of the DMN. Recent advances in neuroimaging and graph theory now permit the systematic exploration of intrinsic brain networks. In this study, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion MRI, and graph theoretical analyses to systematically examine the DMN connectivity and its relationship with PTSD symptom severity in a cohort of 65 combat-exposed US Veterans. We employed metrics that index overall connectivity strength, network integration (global efficiency), and network segregation (clustering coefficient). Then, we conducted a modularity and network-based statistical analysis to identify DMN regions of particular importance in PTSD. Finally, structural connectivity analyses were used to probe whether white matter abnormalities are associated with the identified functional DMN changes. We found decreased DMN functional connectivity strength to be associated with increased PTSD symptom severity. Further topological characterization suggests decreased functional integration and increased segregation in subjects with severe PTSD. Modularity analyses suggest a spared connectivity in the posterior DMN community (posterior cingulate, precuneus, angular gyrus) despite overall DMN weakened connections with increasing PTSD severity. Edge-wise network-based statistical analyses revealed a prefrontal dysconnectivity. Analysis of the diffusion networks revealed no alterations in overall strength or prefrontal structural connectivity. DMN abnormalities in patients with severe PTSD symptoms are characterized by decreased overall interconnections. On a finer scale, we found a pattern of prefrontal dysconnectivity, but increased cohesiveness in the posterior DMN community and relative sparing of connectivity in this region. The DMN measures established in this study may serve as a biomarker of disease severity and could have potential utility in developing circuit-based therapeutics.
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Gunter P, Barilla H, Brownlow JA, Cobb Scott J, Ross RJ, Gur RC, Kling MA, Gehrman PR, Bhatnagar S. 1025 The Relationships Among Neurobehavioral Symptoms, Insomnia, and Memory in OEF/OIF Veterans. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Paolilli F, Barilla H, Brownlow JA, Cobb Scott J, Ross RJ, Gur RC, Kling MA, Bhatnagar S, Gehrman PR. 0948 Adverse Experiences in Childhood impact Sleep and Neurocognitive Impairment in Combat-Exposed Veterans. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Cipollone G, Barilla H, Brownlow JA, Cobb Scott J, Ross R, Gur RC, Kling M, Bhatnagar S, Gehrman P. 0930 The Impact Of Nightmares On Emotion Dysregulation In Veterans With And Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Averill CL, Satodiya RM, Scott JC, Wrocklage KM, Schweinsburg B, Averill LA, Akiki TJ, Amoroso T, Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Abdallah CG. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Symptom Severities Are Differentially Associated With Hippocampal Subfield Volume Loss in Combat Veterans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 29520395 PMCID: PMC5839647 DOI: 10.1177/2470547017744538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Two decades of human neuroimaging research have associated volume reductions
in the hippocampus with posttraumatic stress disorder. However, little is
known about the distribution of volume loss across hippocampal subfields.
Recent advances in neuroimaging methods have made it possible to accurately
delineate 10 gray matter hippocampal subfields. Here, we apply a volumetric
analysis of hippocampal subfields to data from a group of combat-exposed
Veterans. Method Veterans (total, n = 68, posttraumatic stress disorder, n = 36; combat
control, n = 32) completed high-resolution structural magnetic resonance
imaging. Based on previously validated methods, hippocampal subfield volume
measurements were conducted using FreeSurfer 6.0. The Clinician-Administered
PTSD Scale assessed posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity; Beck
Depression Inventory assessed depressive symptom severity. Controlling for
age and intracranial volume, partial correlation analysis examined the
relationship between hippocampal subfields and symptom severity. Correction
for multiple comparisons was performed using false discovery rate. Gender,
intelligence, combat severity, comorbid anxiety, alcohol/substance use
disorder, and medication status were investigated as potential
confounds. Results In the whole sample, total hippocampal volume
negatively correlated with Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale and Beck Depression Inventory scores. Of the 10
hippocampal subfields, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale symptom severity
negatively correlated with the hippocampus–amygdala
transition area (HATA). Beck Depression Inventory scores
negatively correlated with dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis 4 (CA4), HATA,
CA2/3, molecular layer, and CA1. Follow-up analysis limited to the
posttraumatic stress disorder group showed a negative correlation between
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale symptom severity and each of HATA, CA2/3,
molecular layer, and CA4. Conclusion This study provides the first evidence relating posttraumatic stress disorder
and depression symptoms to abnormalities in the HATA, an anterior
hippocampal region highly connected to prefrontal-amygdala circuitry.
Notably, dentate gyrus abnormalities were associated with depression
severity but not posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Future confirmatory
studies should determine the extent to which dentate gyrus volume can
differentiate between posttraumatic stress disorder- and depression-related
pathophysiology.
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Akiki TJ, Averill CL, Wrocklage KM, Schweinsburg B, Scott JC, Martini B, Averill LA, Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Abdallah CG. The Association of PTSD Symptom Severity with Localized Hippocampus and Amygdala Abnormalities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1. [PMID: 28825050 PMCID: PMC5562232 DOI: 10.1177/2470547017724069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The hippocampus and amygdala have been repeatedly implicated in the
psychopathology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While numerous
structural neuroimaging studies examined these two structures in PTSD, these
analyses have largely been limited to volumetric measures. Recent advances
in vertex-based neuroimaging methods have made it possible to identify
specific locations of subtle morphometric changes within a structure of
interest. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we used high-resolution magnetic resonance
imaging to examine the relationship between PTSD symptomatology, as measured
using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for the DSM-IV, and structural
shape of the hippocampus and amygdala using vertex-wise shape analyses in a
group of combat-exposed U.S. Veterans (N = 69). Results Following correction for multiple comparisons and controlling for age and
cranial volume, we found that participants with more severe PTSD symptoms
showed an indentation in the anterior half of the right hippocampus and an
indentation in the dorsal region of the right amygdala (corresponding to the
centromedial amygdala). Post hoc analysis using stepwise regression suggest
that among PTSD symptom clusters, arousal symptoms explain most of the
variance in the hippocampal abnormality, whereas reexperiencing symptoms
explain most of the variance in the amygdala abnormality. Conclusion The results provide evidence of localized abnormalities in the anterior
hippocampus and centromedial amygdala in combat-exposed U.S. Veterans
suffering from PTSD symptoms. This novel finding provides a more
fine-grained analysis of structural abnormalities in PTSD and may be
informative for understanding the neurobiology of the disorder.
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Moore RC, Kaufmann CN, Rooney AS, Moore DJ, Eyler LT, Granholm E, Woods SP, Swendsen J, Heaton RK, Scott JC, Depp CA. Feasibility and Acceptability of Ecological Momentary Assessment of Daily Functioning Among Older Adults with HIV. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; 25:829-840. [PMID: 28065496 PMCID: PMC5453849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and initial validity of using smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to assess daily functioning and other behavioral factors among older HIV+ adults. METHODS Twenty older HIV+ adults (mean age: 59 years) completed laboratory-based neurobehavioral and functional assessments then completed EMA surveys via smartphones five times per day for one week. RESULTS Excellent EMA adherence (86.4%) was found, and participants rated their experience with EMA methods positively. Time-use data indicated participants were spending 74% of their waking-sampled time at home, 63% of their time alone, and 32% of their time engaged in passive leisure activities (e.g., watching TV). Better neurocognitive and functional capacity abilities were correlated with less time spent in passive leisure activities. Lastly, mood and cognitive symptom data collected via EMA were significantly associated with scores from laboratory-based assessments of these same constructs. CONCLUSIONS EMA via smartphones is a feasible and acceptable data collection method among older HIV+ adults and appears to be a promising mobile tool to assess daily functioning behaviors in HIV. These preliminary findings indicate older HIV+ adults are spending a considerable amount of time at home, alone, and engaged in passive leisure activities, primarily watching TV. EMA may contribute to future research examining functional disability among the growing population of older HIV+ adults.
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Jones JD, Calkins ME, Scott JC, Bach EC, Gur RE. Cannabis Use, Polysubstance Use, and Psychosis Spectrum Symptoms in a Community-Based Sample of U.S. Youth. J Adolesc Health 2017; 60:653-659. [PMID: 28318911 PMCID: PMC5441952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine how cannabis use and polysubstance use among cannabis users relate to psychosis spectrum (PS) symptoms in a large community-based sample of U.S. youth. METHODS Four thousand one hundred seventy-one youths (aged 14-21 years; mean = 16.90 years, SD = 1.85; 55% female) from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort completed assessments of substance use, PS symptoms, and confounding variables (e.g., demographics, comorbid psychopathology, and trauma exposure). RESULTS After adjusting for confounds, cannabis use by itself was not associated with increased odds of being classified as "psychosis spectrum." However, cannabis use in combination with tobacco or other substance use was associated with increased odds of PS classification (adjusted odds ratios [ORs] = 1.37-1.76). Follow-up symptom-level analyses revealed that cannabis use in combination with other substances was associated with subclinical positive symptoms (ORs = 1.95 and 2.24) and frequent cannabis use was associated with subclinical negative/disorganized symptoms (OR = 2.14). However, these symptom-level findings were reduced to trends after correction for multiple comparisons. Neither cannabis use nor polysubstance use was associated with threshold delusions or hallucinations. CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for important confounds, there was minimal evidence for associations between cannabis use by itself and PS symptoms. More compelling evidence emerged for associations between polysubstance use among cannabis users and PS symptoms. This study highlights the importance of considering polysubstance use and confounds when examining associations between cannabis use and PS symptoms. Further longitudinal research is necessary to determine whether these findings represent causal associations or shared genetic and/or environmental vulnerability for substance use and PS symptoms.
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Wrocklage KM, Averill LA, Cobb Scott J, Averill CL, Schweinsburg B, Trejo M, Roy A, Weisser V, Kelly C, Martini B, Harpaz-Rotem I, Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Abdallah CG. Cortical thickness reduction in combat exposed U.S. veterans with and without PTSD. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:515-525. [PMID: 28279623 PMCID: PMC5429865 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the extent of cortical thinning in U.S. Veterans exposed to combat who varied in the severity of their posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. In addition, we explored the neural correlates of PTSD symptom dimensions and the interactive effects of combat exposure and PTSD upon cortical thickness. Sixty-nine combat exposed Veterans completed high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to estimate cortical thickness. The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and Combat Exposure Scale (CES) assessments were completed to measure current PTSD and historical combat severity, respectively. PTSD symptom dimensions (numbing, avoidance, reexperiencing, anxious arousal, and dysphoric arousal) were studied. Vertex-wise whole cerebrum analyses were conducted. We found widespread negative correlations between CAPS severity and cortical thickness, particularly within the prefrontal cortex. This prefrontal correlation remained significant after controlling for depression severity, medication status, and other potential confounds. PTSD dimensions, except anxious arousal, negatively correlated with cortical thickness in various unique brain regions. CES negatively correlated with cortical thickness in the left lateral prefrontal, regardless of PTSD diagnosis. A significant interaction between CES and PTSD diagnosis was found, such that CES negatively correlated with cortical thickness in the non-PTSD, but not in the PTSD, participants. The results underscore the severity of cortical thinning in U.S. Veterans suffering from high level of PTSD symptoms, as well as in Veterans with no PTSD diagnosis but severe combat exposure. The latter finding raises considerable concerns about a concealed injury potentially related to combat exposure in the post-9/11 era.
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Scott JC, Harb GC, Brownlow JA, Greene JL, Gur RC, Ross RJ. 1075 VERBAL MEMORY FUNCTIONING MODERATES RESPONSE TO TREATMENT FOR RECURRENT NIGHTMARES IN PTSD. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Scott JC, Wolf DH, Calkins ME, Bach EC, Weidner J, Ruparel K, Moore TM, Jones JD, Jackson CT, Gur RE, Gur RC. Cognitive functioning of adolescent and young adult cannabis users in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2017; 31:423-434. [PMID: 28414475 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use in youth is rising and has been linked to deficits in cognitive functioning. However, cognitive findings have primarily been based on small samples of users seeking treatment, and few studies have evaluated cognition in occasional cannabis users. Here, we examined 4,568 adolescents and young adults (ages 14-21 years) drawn from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, a prospective, population-based study. Participants were classified as cannabis Non-Users (n = 3,401), Occasional Users (twice per week or less; n = 940), or Frequent Users (>3 times per week; n = 227). Mixed-model analyses examined main effects of cannabis use and interactions between age and cannabis use on cognitive functioning. There was a significant interaction between cannabis group and age such that adolescent (but not young adult) Frequent Users performed worse than Non-Users on measures of executive control (p = .002). Earlier age of cannabis use was associated with worse performance in executive control in Occasional Users (p = .04). Unexpectedly, Occasional Users exhibited better executive control, memory, and social cognition than Non-Users (ps < .05). Although mild executive control deficits in adolescent frequent users and a relation between early cannabis initiation and cognitive performance are partially consistent with prior research, cognitive deficits were not found in other hypothesized domains in this community-based sample. Moreover, occasional cannabis users displayed equivalent or even slightly better executive control, social-cognitive, and memory abilities compared with nonusers, suggesting complex relationships between cannabis use and cognition in youth. Longitudinal studies with community samples are needed to identify variables affecting risk and resilience to cognitive deficits associated with cannabis. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Jones JD, Scott JC, Calkins ME, Ruparel K, Moore TM, Gur RC, Gur RE. Correspondence between adolescent and informant reports of substance use: Findings from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Addict Behav 2017; 65:13-18. [PMID: 27701026 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inclusion of collateral informant reports is common in adolescent psychopathology research and clinical assessment, yet few studies have examined agreement on ratings of adolescent substance use or factors that may be associated with reporter agreement. The present study aimed to extend prior work on the correspondence between adolescent and informant reports of adolescent substance use with data from a large (n=5214), diverse, community-based sample of youth aged 11-17 (mean age=14.53, SD=1.98; 52% female). Specifically, we examined: (a) agreement between adolescent and collateral informant reports of adolescent use of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, inhalants, and stimulants and (b) potential correlates of reporter agreement. Agreement ranged from low (κ=0.007, p=0.053) for inhalant use to moderate (κ=0.414, p<0.001) for marijuana use. Disagreements were mainly driven by collateral underestimation of adolescent substance use. Older adolescent age was associated with poorer agreement across all substances (Odds Ratios [ORs]≤0.80, ps<0.05) except inhalants (OR=1.28, p<0.001). Reporter agreement on alcohol and marijuana use was lower for male than female adolescents (ORs≤0.85, ps<0.05). Adolescent psychopathology was associated with poorer agreement on all substances (ORs≤0.62, ps<0.01). For alcohol and marijuana, past year frequency of use was associated with better reporter agreement (ORs≥1.54, ps<0.001). For marijuana, older age at first use was related to poorer agreement (OR=0.81, p=0.01). Our results suggest that collateral reports of adolescent substance use may be ineffective proxies for adolescent self-reports in community samples, particularly for low base rate substances. Findings also highlight important factors to consider when collecting substance use information from multiple informants.
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Abdallah CG, Wrocklage KM, Averill CL, Akiki T, Schweinsburg B, Roy A, Martini B, Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Scott JC. Anterior hippocampal dysconnectivity in posttraumatic stress disorder: a dimensional and multimodal approach. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1045. [PMID: 28244983 PMCID: PMC5545643 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The anterior hippocampus (aHPC) has a central role in the regulation of anxiety-related behavior, stress response, emotional memory and fear. However, little is known about the presence and extent of aHPC abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this study, we used a multimodal approach, along with graph-based measures of global brain connectivity (GBC) termed functional GBC with global signal regression (f-GBCr) and diffusion GBC (d-GBC), in combat-exposed US Veterans with and without PTSD. Seed-based aHPC anatomical connectivity analyses were also performed. A whole-brain voxel-wise data-driven investigation revealed a significant association between elevated PTSD symptoms and reduced medial temporal f-GBCr, particularly in the aHPC. Similarly, aHPC d-GBC negatively correlated with PTSD severity. Both functional and anatomical aHPC dysconnectivity measures remained significant after controlling for hippocampal volume, age, gender, intelligence, education, combat severity, depression, anxiety, medication status, traumatic brain injury and alcohol/substance comorbidities. Depression-like PTSD dimensions were associated with reduced connectivity in the ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, hyperarousal symptoms were positively correlated with ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal connectivity. We believe the findings provide first evidence of functional and anatomical dysconnectivity in the aHPC of veterans with high PTSD symptomatology. The data support the putative utility of aHPC connectivity as a measure of overall PTSD severity. Moreover, prefrontal global connectivity may be of clinical value as a brain biomarker to potentially distinguish between PTSD subgroups.
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Kaczkurkin AN, Moore TM, Ruparel K, Ciric R, Calkins ME, Shinohara RT, Elliott MA, Hopson R, Roalf DR, Vandekar SN, Gennatas ED, Wolf DH, Scott JC, Pine DS, Leibenluft E, Detre JA, Foa EB, Gur RE, Gur RC, Satterthwaite TD. Elevated Amygdala Perfusion Mediates Developmental Sex Differences in Trait Anxiety. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:775-785. [PMID: 27395327 PMCID: PMC5074881 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a critical period for emotional maturation and is a time when clinically significant symptoms of anxiety and depression increase, particularly in females. However, few studies relate developmental differences in symptoms of anxiety and depression to brain development. Cerebral blood flow is one brain phenotype that is known to have marked developmental sex differences. METHODS We investigated whether developmental sex differences in cerebral blood flow mediated sex differences in anxiety and depression symptoms by capitalizing on a large sample of 875 youths who completed cross-sectional imaging as part of the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Perfusion was quantified on a voxelwise basis using arterial spin-labeled magnetic resonance imaging at 3T. Perfusion images were related to trait and state anxiety using general additive models with penalized splines, while controlling for gray matter density on a voxelwise basis. Clusters found to be related to anxiety were evaluated for interactions with age, sex, and puberty. RESULTS Trait anxiety was associated with elevated perfusion in a network of regions including the amygdala, anterior insula, and fusiform cortex, even after accounting for prescan state anxiety. Notably, these relationships strengthened with age and the transition through puberty. Moreover, higher trait anxiety in postpubertal females was mediated by elevated perfusion of the left amygdala. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results demonstrate that differences in the evolution of cerebral perfusion during adolescence may be a critical element of the affective neurobiological characteristics underlying sex differences in anxiety and mood symptoms.
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Kalkstein S, Scott JC, Biester R, Brownlow JA, Harpaz-Rotem I, Gur RC. Comparison of blast-exposed OEF/OIF veterans with and without a history of TBI symptoms on a brief computerized neuropsychological battery. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2016; 24:92-97. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2015.1119693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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