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Lim KO, Lee TY, Kim M, Chon MW, Yun JY, Kim SN, Kwon JS. Early referral and comorbidity as possible causes of the declining transition rate in subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2018; 12:596-604. [PMID: 27600808 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM A clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis is regarded as the state of being at risk of developing psychosis. However, the rate of transition to psychosis among CHR subjects has been declining over time. We aimed to investigate the effects of the possible causes of the declining transition rate. METHODS A total of 129 CHR subjects were divided into two groups according to the date of enrollment: the 2005-2009 group and the 2009-2013 group. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, including medication prescription, were compared. The duration of untreated prodromal positive symptoms (DUPP) was used to account for early referral. RESULTS The transition rate to psychosis in the 2009-2013 group was significantly lower than that in the 2005-2009 group (χ2 = 4.664, P = 0.031), although the risk factors of transition, intelligence quotient and prodromal positive symptoms did not differ between the two groups. When the DUPP was added to the follow-up duration, the between-group difference in the transition rates was no longer significant; however, the P-value was low (χ2 = 2.761, P = 0.097). After adjusting for axis II comorbidities other than schizotypal personality disorder, the effect of group division on the transition rate disappeared; however, the P-value was also low (P = 0.072). The mean olanzapine equivalent dose and the proportion of subjects prescribed with antidepressant or anxiolytic did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Early referral and axis II comorbidities other than schizotypal personality disorder were associated with the declining transition rate.
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Boedhoe PS, Schmaal L, Abe Y, Alonso P, Ameis SH, Anticevic A, Arnold PD, Batistuzzo MC, Benedetti F, Beucke JC, Bollettini I, Bose A, Brem S, Calvo A, Calvo R, Cheng Y, Cho KIK, Ciullo V, Dallaspezia S, Denys D, Feusner JD, Fitzgerald KD, Fouche JP, Fridgeirsson EA, Gruner P, Hanna GL, Hibar DP, Hoexter MQ, Hu H, Huyser C, Jahanshad N, James A, Kathmann N, Kaufmann C, Koch K, Kwon JS, Lazaro L, Lochner C, Marsh R, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Mataix-Cols D, Menchón JM, Minuzzii L, Morer A, Nakamae T, Nakao T, Narayanaswamy JC, Nishida S, Nurmi E, O’neill J, Piacentini J, Piras F, Piras F, Reddy YJ, Reess TJ, Sakai Y, Sato JR, Simpson HB, Soreni N, Soriano-Mas C, Spalletta G, Stevens MC, Szeszko PR, Tolin DF, van Wingen GA, Venkatasubramanian G, Walitza S, Wang Z, Yun JY, Thompson PM, Stein DJ, van den Heuvel OA. Cortical Abnormalities Associated With Pediatric and Adult Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Findings From the ENIGMA Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Working Group. Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175:453-462. [PMID: 29377733 PMCID: PMC7106947 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17050485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain imaging studies of structural abnormalities in OCD have yielded inconsistent results, partly because of limited statistical power, clinical heterogeneity, and methodological differences. The authors conducted meta- and mega-analyses comprising the largest study of cortical morphometry in OCD ever undertaken. METHOD T1-weighted MRI scans of 1,905 OCD patients and 1,760 healthy controls from 27 sites worldwide were processed locally using FreeSurfer to assess cortical thickness and surface area. Effect sizes for differences between patients and controls, and associations with clinical characteristics, were calculated using linear regression models controlling for age, sex, site, and intracranial volume. RESULTS In adult OCD patients versus controls, we found a significantly lower surface area for the transverse temporal cortex and a thinner inferior parietal cortex. Medicated adult OCD patients also showed thinner cortices throughout the brain. In pediatric OCD patients compared with controls, we found significantly thinner inferior and superior parietal cortices, but none of the regions analyzed showed significant differences in surface area. However, medicated pediatric OCD patients had lower surface area in frontal regions. Cohen's d effect sizes varied from -0.10 to -0.33. CONCLUSIONS The parietal cortex was consistently implicated in both adults and children with OCD. More widespread cortical thickness abnormalities were found in medicated adult OCD patients, and more pronounced surface area deficits (mainly in frontal regions) were found in medicated pediatric OCD patients. These cortical measures represent distinct morphological features and may be differentially affected during different stages of development and illness, and possibly moderated by disease profile and medication.
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Yun JY, Choi Y, Kwon Y, Lee HY, Choi SH, Jang JH. Hubness of strategic planning and sociality influences depressive mood and anxiety in College Population. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17856. [PMID: 29259322 PMCID: PMC5736715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressive mood and anxiety can reduce cognitive performance. Conversely, the presence of a biased cognitive tendency may serve as a trigger for depressive mood-anxiety. Previous studies have largely focused on group-wise correlations between clinical-neurocognitive variables. Using network analyses for intra-individual covariance, we sought to decipher the most influential clinical-neurocognitive hub in the differential severity of depressive-anxiety symptoms in a college population. Ninety college students were evaluated for depressive-anxiety symptoms, Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2(MMPI-2), and neuro-cognition. Weighted and undirected version of the intra-individual covariance networks, comprised of 18 clinical-neurocognitive variables satisfied small-worldness and modular organization in the sparsity range of K = 0.20-0.21. Furthermore, betweenness centrality of perseverative error for the Wisconsin card sorting test was reduced in more depressive individuals; higher anxiety was related to the increased betweenness centrality of MMPI-2 clinical scale 0(Si). Elevated edge-betweenness centrality of covariance between the MMPI-2 clinical scale 7(Pt) versus commission error of the continuous performance test predicted more anxiety higher than depressive mood. With intra-individual covariance network of clinical-neurocognitive variables, this study demonstrated critical drivers of depressive mood[attenuated influence of strategic planning] or anxiety[domination of social introversion/extroversion, in addition to the influence of compulsivity-impulsivity covariance as a shortcut component among various clinical-neurocognitive features].
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Choi SH, Kyeong S, Cho KIK, Yun JY, Lee TY, Park HY, Kim SN, Kwon JS. Brain network characteristics separating individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis into normality or psychosis. Schizophr Res 2017; 190:107-114. [PMID: 28325573 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to separate individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) state into subgroups according to neurobiological characteristics using structural and functional network constructs and examine their clinical characteristics. Structural diffusion tensor imaging and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging were performed in 61 healthy controls (HC), 57 individuals at CHR and 29 patients with schizophrenia (SZ). The main outcome was a likelihood ratio calculated from measures of structural and functional network efficiencies, coupling strength of structural and functional networks, and a disease-specific data analysis, resulting in the most probable classification of CHR into HC or SZ. The likelihood ratios revealed that 33 individuals at CHR were likely similar to HC (CHR-HC), and the remaining 24 CHR individuals were similar to SZ (CHR-SZ). The CHR subgroups were comparable to each other in demographic characteristics and clinical symptoms. However, the verbal and executive functions of CHR-HC were similar to those of HC, and those of CHR-SZ similar to SZ. Additionally, CHR-SZ was more responsive to treatment than CHR-HC during the follow-up period. By combining structural and functional data, we could detect the vulnerable population and provide an active intervention in the early phase of the CHR state.
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Guadalupe T, Mathias SR, vanErp TGM, Whelan CD, Zwiers MP, Abe Y, Abramovic L, Agartz I, Andreassen OA, Arias-Vásquez A, Aribisala BS, Armstrong NJ, Arolt V, Artiges E, Ayesa-Arriola R, Baboyan VG, Banaschewski T, Barker G, Bastin ME, Baune BT, Blangero J, Bokde ALW, Boedhoe PSW, Bose A, Brem S, Brodaty H, Bromberg U, Brooks S, Büchel C, Buitelaar J, Calhoun VD, Cannon DM, Cattrell A, Cheng Y, Conrod PJ, Conzelmann A, Corvin A, Crespo-Facorro B, Crivello F, Dannlowski U, de Zubicaray GI, de Zwarte SMC, Deary IJ, Desrivières S, Doan NT, Donohoe G, Dørum ES, Ehrlich S, Espeseth T, Fernández G, Flor H, Fouche JP, Frouin V, Fukunaga M, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gill M, Suarez AG, Gowland P, Grabe HJ, Grotegerd D, Gruber O, Hagenaars S, Hashimoto R, Hauser TU, Heinz A, Hibar DP, Hoekstra PJ, Hoogman M, Howells FM, Hu H, Hulshoff Pol HE, Huyser C, Ittermann B, Jahanshad N, Jönsson EG, Jurk S, Kahn RS, Kelly S, Kraemer B, Kugel H, Kwon JS, Lemaitre H, Lesch KP, Lochner C, Luciano M, Marquand AF, Martin NG, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Martinot JL, Mataix-Cols D, Mather K, McDonald C, McMahon KL, Medland SE, Menchón JM, Morris DW, Mothersill O, Maniega SM, Mwangi B, Nakamae T, Nakao T, Narayanaswaamy JC, Nees F, Nordvik JE, Onnink AMH, Opel N, Ophoff R, Paillère Martinot ML, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Pauli P, Paus T, Poustka L, Reddy JY, Renteria ME, Roiz-Santiáñez R, Roos A, Royle NA, Sachdev P, Sánchez-Juan P, Schmaal L, Schumann G, Shumskaya E, Smolka MN, Soares JC, Soriano-Mas C, Stein DJ, Strike LT, Toro R, Turner JA, Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Uhlmann A, Hernández MV, van den Heuvel OA, van der Meer D, van Haren NEM, Veltman DJ, Venkatasubramanian G, Vetter NC, Vuletic D, Walitza S, Walter H, Walton E, Wang Z, Wardlaw J, Wen W, Westlye LT, Whelan R, Wittfeld K, Wolfers T, Wright MJ, Xu J, Xu X, Yun JY, Zhao J, Franke B, Thompson PM, Glahn DC, Mazoyer B, Fisher SE, Francks C. Human subcortical brain asymmetries in 15,847 people worldwide reveal effects of age and sex. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 11:1497-1514. [PMID: 27738994 PMCID: PMC5540813 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The two hemispheres of the human brain differ functionally and structurally. Despite over a century of research, the extent to which brain asymmetry is influenced by sex, handedness, age, and genetic factors is still controversial. Here we present the largest ever analysis of subcortical brain asymmetries, in a harmonized multi-site study using meta-analysis methods. Volumetric asymmetry of seven subcortical structures was assessed in 15,847 MRI scans from 52 datasets worldwide. There were sex differences in the asymmetry of the globus pallidus and putamen. Heritability estimates, derived from 1170 subjects belonging to 71 extended pedigrees, revealed that additive genetic factors influenced the asymmetry of these two structures and that of the hippocampus and thalamus. Handedness had no detectable effect on subcortical asymmetries, even in this unprecedented sample size, but the asymmetry of the putamen varied with age. Genetic drivers of asymmetry in the hippocampus, thalamus and basal ganglia may affect variability in human cognition, including susceptibility to psychiatric disorders.
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Boedhoe PS, Schmaal L, Mataix-Cols D, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, Stein D, van den Heuvel OA, Abe Y, Alonso P, Ameis SH, Arnold PD, Bargalló N, Batistuzzo MC, Benedetti F, Beucke JC, Boedhoe PS, Bollettini I, Bose A, Brem S, Busatto GF, Calvo A, Calvo R, Cath DC, Cheng Y, Cho KIK, Dallaspezia S, de Vries FE, de Wit SJ, Denys D, Fang Y, Fitzgerald KD, Fontaine M, Fouche JP, Giménez M, Gruner P, Hanna GL, Hibar DP, Hoexter MQ, Hu H, Huyser C, Ikari K, Jahanshad N, Kathmann N, Kaufmann C, Khadka S, Koch K, Kwon JS, Lazaro L, Liu Y, Lochner C, Marsh R, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Mataix-Cols D, Menchón JM, Miguel EC, Minuzzii L, Morer A, Nakamae T, Nakao T, Narayanaswamy JC, Piras F, Piras F, Pittenger C, Reddy YJ, Sato JR, Simpson HB, Schmaal L, Soreni N, Soriano-Mas C, Spalletta G, Stein DJ, Stevens MC, Szeszko PR, Thompson PM, Tolin DF, Veltman DJ, Venkatasubramanian G, van den Heuvel OA, van der Werf YD, van Wingen GA, Walitza S, Wang Z, Xu J, Xu X, Yun JY, Zhao Q. Association and Causation in Brain Imaging in the Case of OCD: Response to McKay et al. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174:597-599. [PMID: 28565945 PMCID: PMC6546159 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010019r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Sohn WS, Lee TY, Yoo K, Kim M, Yun JY, Hur JW, Yoon YB, Seo SW, Na DL, Jeong Y, Kwon JS. Node Identification Using Inter-Regional Correlation Analysis for Mapping Detailed Connections in Resting State Networks. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:238. [PMID: 28507502 PMCID: PMC5410606 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain function is often characterized by the connections and interactions between highly interconnected brain regions. Pathological disruptions in these networks often result in brain dysfunction, which manifests as brain disease. Typical analysis investigates disruptions in network connectivity based correlations between large brain regions. To obtain a more detailed description of disruptions in network connectivity, we propose a new method where functional nodes are identified in each region based on their maximum connectivity to another brain region in a given network. Since this method provides a unique approach to identifying functionally relevant nodes in a given network, we can provide a more detailed map of brain connectivity and determine new measures of network connectivity. We applied this method to resting state fMRI of Alzheimer's disease patients to validate our method and found decreased connectivity within the default mode network. In addition, new measure of network connectivity revealed a more detailed description of how the network connections deteriorate with disease progression. This suggests that analysis using key relative network hub regions based on regional correlation can be used to detect detailed changes in resting state network connectivity.
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Yun JY, Kim JC, Ku J, Shin JE, Kim JJ, Choi SH. The left middle temporal gyrus in the middle of an impaired social-affective communication network in social anxiety disorder. J Affect Disord 2017; 214:53-59. [PMID: 28266321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies on patients diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD) reported changed patterns of the resting-state functional connectivity network (rs-FCN) between the prefrontal cortices and other prefrontal, amygdalar or striatal regions. Using a graph theory approach, this study explored the modularity-based community profile and patterns of inter-/intra-modular communication for the rs-FCN in SAD. METHODS In total, for 28 SAD patients and 27 healthy controls (HC), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired in resting-state and subjected to a graph theory analysis. RESULTS The within-module degree z-score for a hub region [out of a total of 10 hub regions ranked using the participation coefficient] named left middle temporal gyrus was impaired in SAD compared to HC, proportional to the severity of clinician-scored and patient-reported functional impairment in SAD. LIMITATIONS Most of participants included in this study were undergraduate students in their early-to-mid 20's. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the importance of functional communication from the left middle temporal gyrus with other opercular-insular-subcortical regions for better objective functioning and lesser subjective disability in SAD.
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Yun JY, Jang JH, Jung WH, Shin NY, Kim SN, Hwang JY, Kwon JS. Executive Dysfunction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Anterior Cingulate-Based Resting State Functional Connectivity. Psychiatry Investig 2017; 14:333-343. [PMID: 28539952 PMCID: PMC5440436 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2017.14.3.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Executive dysfunction might be an important determinant for response to pharmacotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and could be sustained independently of symptom relief. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been indicated as a potential neural correlate of executive functioning in OCD. The present study examined the brain-executive function relationships in OCD from the ACC-based resting state functional connectivity networks (rs-FCNs), which reflect information processing mechanisms during task performance. METHODS For a total of 58 subjects [OCD, n=24; healthy controls (HCs), n=34], four subdomains of executive functioning were measured using the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT), the Stroop Color-Word Test (SCWT), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and the Trail Making Test part B (TMT-B). To probe for differential patterns of the brain-cognition relationship in OCD compared to HC, the ACC-centered rs-FCN were calculated using five seed regions systemically placed throughout the ACC. RESULTS Significant differences between the OCD group and the HCs with respect to the WCST perseverative errors, SCWT interference scores, and TMT-B reaction times (p<0.05) were observed. Moreover, significant interactions between diagnosis×dorsal ACC [S3]-based rs-FCN strength in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for RCFT organization summary scores as well as between diagnosis×perigenual ACC [S7]-based rs-FCN strength in the left frontal eye field for SCWT color-word interference scores were unveiled. CONCLUSION These network-based neural foundations for executive dysfunction in OCD could become a potential target of future treatment, which could improve global domains of functioning broader than symptomatic relief.
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Boedhoe PS, Schmaal L, Abe Y, Ameis SH, Arnold PD, Batistuzzo MC, Benedetti F, Beucke JC, Bollettini I, Bose A, Brem S, Calvo A, Cheng Y, Cho KIK, Dallaspezia S, Denys D, Fitzgerald KD, Fouche JP, Giménez M, Gruner P, Hanna GL, Hibar DP, Hoexter MQ, Huyser C, Ikari K, Jahanshad N, Kathmann N, Kaufmann C, Koch K, Kwon JS, Lazaro L, Liu Y, Lochner C, Marsh R, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Mataix-Cols D, Menchón JM, Minuzzii L, Nakamae T, Nakao T, Narayanaswamy JC, Piras F, Piras F, Pittenger C, Reddy YJ, Sato JR, Simpson HB, Soreni N, Soriano-Mas C, Spalletta G, Stevens MC, Szeszko PR, Tolin DF, Venkatasubramanian G, Walitza S, Wang Z, van Wingen GA, Xu J, Xu X, Yun JY, Zhao Q, Thompson PM, Stein DJ, van den Heuvel OA. Distinct Subcortical Volume Alterations in Pediatric and Adult OCD: A Worldwide Meta- and Mega-Analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174:60-69. [PMID: 27609241 PMCID: PMC5344782 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Structural brain imaging studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have produced inconsistent findings. This may be partially due to limited statistical power from relatively small samples and clinical heterogeneity related to variation in illness profile and developmental stage. To address these limitations, the authors conducted meta- and mega-analyses of data from OCD sites worldwide. METHOD T1 images from 1,830 OCD patients and 1,759 control subjects were analyzed, using coordinated and standardized processing, to identify subcortical brain volumes that differ between OCD patients and healthy subjects. The authors performed a meta-analysis on the mean of the left and right hemisphere measures of each subcortical structure, and they performed a mega-analysis by pooling these volumetric measurements from each site. The authors additionally examined potential modulating effects of clinical characteristics on morphological differences in OCD patients. RESULTS The meta-analysis indicated that adult patients had significantly smaller hippocampal volumes (Cohen's d=-0.13; % difference=-2.80) and larger pallidum volumes (d=0.16; % difference=3.16) compared with adult controls. Both effects were stronger in medicated patients compared with controls (d=-0.29, % difference=-4.18, and d=0.29, % difference=4.38, respectively). Unmedicated pediatric patients had significantly larger thalamic volumes (d=0.38, % difference=3.08) compared with pediatric controls. None of these findings were mediated by sample characteristics, such as mean age or scanning field strength. The mega-analysis yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate different patterns of subcortical abnormalities in pediatric and adult OCD patients. The pallidum and hippocampus seem to be of importance in adult OCD, whereas the thalamus seems to be key in pediatric OCD. These findings highlight the potential importance of neurodevelopmental alterations in OCD and suggest that further research on neuroplasticity in OCD may be useful.
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Park HY, Yun JY, Shin NY, Kim SY, Jung WH, Shin YS, Cho KIK, Yoon YB, Lim KO, Kim SN, Kwon JS. Decreased neural response for facial emotion processing in subjects with high genetic load for schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 71:90-6. [PMID: 27375133 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia show impairment in facial emotion processing which is essential for successful social cognition. Using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), this study aimed to investigate the implicit facial emotion recognition processing in participants with high genetic load for schizophrenia (GHR) as a possible trait marker of developing schizophrenia. METHODS Block design fMRI of implicit facial emotion processing was used in 20 participants with GHR aged 16-35, and 17 age, sex, and education year-matched healthy controls (HC). During the facial emotional processing for fearful, happy, and neutral face stimuli, participants were asked to explicitly determine the gender per stimuli. RESULTS Occipito-temporo-limbic area in fearful face condition and involvement of broader region including prefrontal cortex in neutral face condition revealed significant attenuation of BOLD signal activation in GHR compared to HC. The GHR demonstrated less activity in right amygdala during fearful and neutral face condition. CONCLUSION The study presented that GHR displayed abnormal brain activity in occipito-temporo-limbic-frontal network implicated in facial emotion processing. It indicates that abnormal facial emotion processing may be influenced by a genetic factor and could be a trait marker in schizophrenia.
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Jung WH, Yücel M, Yun JY, Yoon YB, Cho KIK, Parkes L, Kim SN, Kwon JS. Altered functional network architecture in orbitofronto-striato-thalamic circuit of unmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:109-119. [PMID: 27548880 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of corticostriatal loops has been proposed to underlie certain cognitive and behavioral problems associated with various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) characterized by repetitive, unwanted thoughts, and behaviors. Although functional abnormalities in the loops involving the orbitofronto-striato-thalamic (OFST) circuitry in patients with OCD have been reported, our understanding of a link between disruptions in the architecture of the intrinsic functional network of the OFST circuit and their symptoms remain incomplete. Using resting-state functional MRI in conjunction with unsupervised clustering and multilevel functional connectivity (FC) techniques, FC of the OFST network and its topological organization in 61 OCD patients versus 61 matched controls were characterized. Patients exhibited disruptions in small-world properties of the OFST circuit, which indicates an imbalance between functional integration and segregation. Patients also showed decreased FC between the central orbitofrontal cortex and dorsomedial striatum but increased FC between the medial thalamus and striatal areas. Using one of the largest samples of unmedicated OCD patients to date, our findings provide evidence supporting the OFST dysconnection hypothesis in OCD as a basic pathophysiological mechanism underlying the disorder, showing the disruption of FC between specific cortical, striatal, and thalamic clusters and aberrant topological patterns of the OFST circuit. Hum Brain Mapp 38:109-119, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Cho KIK, Shenton ME, Kubicki M, Jung WH, Lee TY, Yun JY, Kim SN, Kwon JS. Altered Thalamo-Cortical White Matter Connectivity: Probabilistic Tractography Study in Clinical-High Risk for Psychosis and First-Episode Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:723-31. [PMID: 26598740 PMCID: PMC4838094 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Disrupted thalamo-cortical connectivity is regarded as a core psychopathology in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. However, whether the thalamo-cortical white matter connectivity is disrupted before the onset of psychosis is still unknown. To determine this gap in knowledge, the strength of thalamo-cortical white matter anatomical connectivity in subjects at clinical-high risk for psychosis (CHR) was compared to that of first-episode psychosis (FEP) and healthy controls. A total of 37 CHR, 21 FEP, and 37 matched healthy controls underwent diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to examine the number of probabilistic tractography "counts" representing thalamo-cortical white matter connectivity. We also investigated the relationship with psychopathology. For FEP, the connectivity between the thalamus and parietal cortex was significantly increased (F= 5.65,P< .05) compared to that of healthy controls. However, the connectivity between thalamus and orbitofrontal cortex was significantly reduced compared to both healthy controls (F= 11.86,P< .005) and CHR (F= 6.63,P< .05). Interestingly, CHR exhibited a similar pattern as FEP, albeit with slightly reduced magnitude. Compared to healthy controls, there was a significant decrease (F= 4.16,P< .05) in CHR thalamo-orbitofrontal connectivity. Also, the strength of the thalamo-orbitofrontal connectivity was correlated with the Global Assessment of Functioning score in CHR (r= .35,P< .05). This observed pattern of white matter connectivity disruptions in FEP and in CHR suggests that this pattern of disconnectivity not only highlights the involvement of thalamus but also might be useful as an early biomarker for psychosis.
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Yun JY, Kim SN, Lee TY, Chon MW, Kwon JS. Individualized covariance profile of cortical morphology for auditory hallucinations in first-episode psychosis. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 37:1051-65. [PMID: 26678706 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical phenotype of cortical surface area (CSA) and thickness (CT) are influenced by distinctive genetic factors and undergo differential developmental trajectories, which could be captured using the individualized cortical structural covariance (ISC). Disturbed patterns of neocortical development and maturation underlie the perceptual disturbance of psychosis including auditory hallucination (AH). To demonstrate the utility of selected ISC features as primal biomarker of AH in first-episode psychosis (FEP) subjects experiencing AH (FEP-AH), we employed herein a support vector machine (SVM). A total of 147 subjects (FEP-AH, n = 27; FEP-NAH, n = 24; HC, n = 96) underwent T1 -weighted magnetic resonance imaging at 3T. The FreeSurfer software suite was used for cortical parcellation, with the CSA-ISC and CT-ISC then calculated. The most informative ISCs showing statistical significance (P < 0.001) across every run of leave-one-out group-comparison were aligned according to the absolute value of averaged t-statistics and were packaged into candidate feature sets for classification analysis using the SVM. An optimal feature set comprising three CSA-ISCs, including the intraparietal sulcus, Broca's complex, and the anterior insula, distinguished FEP-AH from FEP-NAH subjects with 83.6% accuracy (sensitivity = 82.8%; specificity = 85.7%). Furthermore, six CT-ISCs encompassing the executive control network and Wernicke's module classified FEP-AH from FEP-NAH subjects with 82.3% accuracy (sensitivity = 79.5%; specificity = 88.6%). Finally, extended sets of ISCs related to the default-mode network distinguished FEP-AH or FEP-NAH from HC subjects with 89.0-93.0% accuracy (sensitivity = 88.4-93.4%; specificity = 89.0-94.1%). This study established a distinctive intermediate phenotype of biological proneness for AH in FEP using CSA-ISCs as well as a state marker of disease progression using CT-ISCs.
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Yun JY, Jang JH, Kim SN, Jung WH, Kwon JS. Neural Correlates of Response to Pharmacotherapy in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Individualized Cortical Morphology-Based Structural Covariance. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 63:126-33. [PMID: 26116795 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary pharmacotherapy regimen for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) named Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) does not attain sufficient symptom improvement in 40-60% of OCD. We aimed to decode the differential profile of OCD-related brain pathology per subject in the context of cortical surface area (CSA) or thickness (CT)-based individualized structural covariance (ISC) and to demonstrate the potential of which as a biomarker of treatment response to SRI-based pharmacotherapy in OCD using the support vector machine (SVM). METHODS T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was obtained at 3T from 56 unmedicated OCD subjects and 75 healthy controls (HCs) at baseline. After 4months of SRI-based pharmacotherapy, the OCD subjects were classified as responders (OCD-R,N=25; ≥35% improvement) or nonresponders (OCD-NR,N=31; <35% improvement) according to the percentage change in the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale total score. Cortical ISCs sustaining between-group difference (p<.001) for every run of leave-one-out group-comparison were packaged as feature set for group classification using the SVM. RESULTS An optimal feature set of the top 12 ISCs including a CT-ISC between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex versus precuneus, a CSA-ISC between the anterior insula versus intraparietal sulcus, as well as perisylvian area-related ISCs predicted the initial prognosis of OCD as OCD-R or OCD-NR with an accuracy of 89.0% (sensitivity 88.4%, specificity 90.1%). Extended sets of ISCs distinguished the OCD subjects from the HCs with 90.7-95.6% accuracy (sensitivity 90.8-96.2%, specificity 91.1-95.0%). CONCLUSION We showed the potential of cortical morphology-based ISCs, which reflect dysfunctional cortical maturation process, as a possible biomarker that predicts the clinical treatment response to SRI-based pharmacotherapy in OCD.
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Yoon YB, Yun JY, Jung WH, Cho KIK, Kim SN, Lee TY, Park HY, Kwon JS. Altered Fronto-Temporal Functional Connectivity in Individuals at Ultra-High-Risk of Developing Psychosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135347. [PMID: 26267069 PMCID: PMC4534425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The superior temporal gyrus (STG) is one of the key regions implicated in psychosis, given that abnormalities in this region are associated with an increased risk of conversion from an at-risk mental state to psychosis. However, inconsistent results regarding the functional connectivity strength of the STG have been reported, and the regional heterogeneous characteristics of the STG should be considered. METHODS To investigate the distinctive functional connection of each subregion in the STG, we parcellated the STG of each hemisphere into three regions: the planum temporale, Heschl's gyrus, and planum polare. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was obtained from 22 first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients, 41 individuals at ultra-high-risk for psychosis (UHR), and 47 demographically matched healthy controls. RESULTS Significant group differences (in seed-based connectivity) were demonstrated in the left planum temporale and from both the right and left Heschl's gyrus seeds. From the left planum temporale seed, the FEP and UHR groups exhibited increased connectivity to the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, the FEP and UHR groups demonstrated decreased connectivity from the bilateral Heschl's gyrus seeds to the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. The enhanced connectivity between the left planum temporale and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was positively correlated with positive symptom severity in individuals at UHR (r = .34, p = .03). CONCLUSIONS These findings corroborate the fronto-temporal connectivity disruption hypothesis in schizophrenia by providing evidence supporting the altered fronto-temporal intrinsic functional connection at earlier stages of psychosis. Our data indicate that subregion-specific aberrant fronto-temporal interactions exist in the STG at the early stage of psychosis, thus suggesting that these aberrancies are the neural underpinning of proneness to psychosis.
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Lee TY, Kim SN, Correll CU, Byun MS, Kim E, Jang JH, Kang DH, Yun JY, Kwon JS. Symptomatic and functional remission of subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis: a 2-year naturalistic observational study. Schizophr Res 2014; 156:266-71. [PMID: 24815568 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and predictors of symptomatic and functional remission in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis at 1-2 years of follow-up. METHODS Help-seeking CHR individuals with symptomatic (Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS) positive scores <3) and functional (Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score >60) (CHR-R) remission at 12-24 months were compared to non-remitted individuals (CHR-NR) regarding baseline and treatment characteristics, symptom changes and predictors. Time to full remission was compared with that of symptomatic remission only. RESULTS Of 73 individuals, 29 (39.7%) achieved full remission; 44 (60.3%) did not. Compared to CHR-NR individuals, CHR-R individuals had lower baseline SOPS positive symptoms (p=0.017), antipsychotic use (p=0.004), antipsychotic chlorpromazine dose equivalents (p=0.001) and anxiolytic use (p=0.004). In survival analyses, the estimated full remission rate was 48.3% (95% confidence interval (CI)=36.2-61.9) and symptomatic remission rate was 67.5% (CI95=55.4-79.2). Time to full remission was longer than time to symptomatic remission (p=0.017). Linear mixed-effect models revealed significantly greater improvements from 6 months onward in CHR-R subjects compared to CHR-NR subjects regarding SOPS positive symptoms (p=0.003), highest SOPS positive symptom (p<0.001) and GAF scores (p=0.004). Examining baseline predictors, time to full remission was significantly longer in patients with higher SOPS positive scores (p=0.017). CONCLUSIONS More stringent remission criteria that include functional status in addition to attenuated positive symptom severity should be applied to CHR subjects. Furthermore, more attention should be given to CHR individuals with highly positive prodromal symptoms at baseline.
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Yun JY, Hur JW, Jung WH, Jang JH, Youn T, Kang DH, Park S, Kwon JS. Dysfunctional role of parietal lobe during self-face recognition in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014; 152:81-8. [PMID: 23916187 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anomalous sense of self is central to schizophrenia yet difficult to demonstrate empirically. The present study examined the effective neural network connectivity underlying self-face recognition in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) using [15O]H2O Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Structural Equation Modeling. METHODS Eight SZ and eight age-matched healthy controls (CO) underwent six consecutive [15O]H2O PET scans during self-face (SF) and famous face (FF) recognition blocks, each of which was repeated three times. RESULTS There were no behavioral performance differences between the SF and FF blocks in SZ. Moreover, voxel-based analyses of data from SZ revealed no significant differences in the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) levels between the SF and FF recognition conditions. Further effective connectivity analyses for SZ also showed a similar pattern of effective connectivity network across the SF and FF recognition. On the other hand, comparison of SF recognition effective connectivity network between SZ and CO demonstrated significantly attenuated effective connectivity strength not only between the right supramarginal gyrus and left inferior temporal gyrus, but also between the cuneus and right medial prefrontal cortex in SZ. CONCLUSION These findings support a conceptual model that posits a causal relationship between disrupted self-other discrimination and attenuated effective connectivity among the right supramarginal gyrus, cuneus, and prefronto-temporal brain areas involved in the SF recognition network of SZ.
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Kim SN, Kang DH, Yun JY, Lee TY, Jung WH, Jang JH, Kwon JS. Impact of the BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism on Regional Brain Gray Matter Volumes: Relevance to the Stress Response. Psychiatry Investig 2013; 10:173-9. [PMID: 23798966 PMCID: PMC3687052 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2013.10.2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic imaging is used to investigate the mechanism by which genetic variants influence brain structure. In a previous study, a structural change of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was associated with symptom modulation in post-traumatic stress disorder patients. This study examined the effect of a polymorphism in the gene encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on regional gray matter (GM) volumes and the correlations between the dorsolateral prefrontal GM volume and the stress level in healthy volunteers. METHODS Sixty-one volunteers underwent genotyping for the BDNF Val66Met single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and completed the Stress Response Inventory (SRI). Magnetic resonance images were also acquired, and the effect of each subject's BDNF genotype and SRI subscore on his or her dorsolateral prefrontal GM volume was evaluated. RESULTS The Val/Val homozygotes had significantly larger GM volumes in the prefrontal cortex and the precuneus, the uncus, and the superior temporal and occipital cortices than Met carriers. The Met homozygotes demonstrated a higher stress response in depression domain than Val/Val and Val/Met groups. A negative correlation between the middle frontal cortex GM volume and the SRI depression subscore was found. CONCLUSION These findings indicate an interaction between genes and brain structure, and they suggest that differences in dorsolateral prefrontal GM volume related to the BDNF Val66Met SNP are associated with resilience to stressful life events, particularly in the dimension of emotion.
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Lim BC, Ki CS, Cho A, Hwang H, Kim KJ, Hwang YS, Kim YE, Yun JY, Jeon BS, Lim YH, Paek SH, Chae JH. Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration in Korea: recurrent R440P mutation in PANK2 and outcome of deep brain stimulation. Eur J Neurol 2011; 19:556-61. [PMID: 22103354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mutation status of PANK2 among Korean patients with pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) and to document the outcome of pallidal deep brain stimulation (DBS). METHODS Direct sequencing and deletion/duplication analysis of PANK2 were conducted in 12 patients (11 unrelated) with PKAN, diagnosed on the basis of extrapyramidal dysfunction and the 'eye-of-the-tiger sign' on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Pallidal DBS was conducted in four patients, and the outcomes were measured using the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS). RESULTS A PANK2 mutation was identified in both alleles in all patients. The most prevalent mutation was c.1319G>C (p.R440P) in 8/22 mutated alleles (36%). An intragenic deletion ranging from exons 2 to 4 was found in one allele (1/22, 4.5%) using deletion/duplication analysis. The outcome of pallidal DBS was favorable in two patients with atypical PKAN and moderate severity of dystonia. However, two patients with typical PKAN and relatively severe symptoms showed variable responses. CONCLUSIONS The c.1319G>C (p.R440P) mutation appears to be a founder genotype among Korean patients with PKAN. Furthermore, this study provides additional data for the recent international effort to evaluate the efficacy of pallidal DBS in the treatment of patients with PKAN.
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Yun JY, Lee DY, Seo EH, Choo IH, Park SY, Kim SG, Woo JI. Neural Correlates of Stroop Performance in Alzheimer's Disease: A FDG-PET Study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2011; 1:190-201. [PMID: 22163244 PMCID: PMC3199888 DOI: 10.1159/000329517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims The Stroop test is commonly applied in elderly subjects for the evaluation of cognitive impairment related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related disorders. This study aimed to investigate the functional neural correlates of the Stroop performance in AD. Methods In 136 probable AD patients and 54 cognitively normal elderly, a [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scan and Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT) were performed. The correlations between the Stroop effect, which was measured by 6 different scoring methods, and regional cerebral glucose metabolism (rCMglc) were explored using a region-of-interest (ROI) approach and voxel-based analysis. Results Among 6 Stroop interference measures, only 2 scores, including the SCWT color-word (CW) score, were significantly correlated with rCMglc of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate ROIs. Voxel-based analysis revealed significant positive correlations between SCWT CW scores and rCMglc in the inferior parietal lobule, middle temporal gyrus and middle frontal gyrus. Such correlations remained significant only in the less severe AD group. Conclusion In AD patients, the Stroop effect depends on the functional integrity of the prefrontal cortices. Some parietotemporal regions also appear to be responsible for the Stroop effect in AD individuals.
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Yun JY, Uhm YK, Kim HJ, Lim SH, Chung JH, Shin MK, Yim SV, Lee MH. Transforming growth factor beta receptor II (TGFBR2) polymorphisms and the association with nonsegmental vitiligo in the Korean population. Int J Immunogenet 2010; 37:289-91. [PMID: 20518838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2010.00923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The precise cause of vitiligo is unknown. However, autoimmunity is considered the most likely aetiology, especially in nonsegmental vitiligo (NSV). In this study we determined whether or not the transforming growth factor beta receptor II (TGFBR2) gene contributes to susceptibility for NSV in the Korean population. Blood samples were collected from 415 controls and 233 cases. We selected three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TGFBR2 gene. The genotypes of the SNPs were determined using direct sequencing. All of the SNPs were significantly different between the vitiligo patients and controls (rs2005061, co-dominant, dominant, recessive, P < 0.05; rs3773645, co-dominant, dominant, recessive, P < 0.05; rs3773649, co-dominant, recessive, P < 0.05). In addition, haplotype 1 (CG) and haplotype 2 (GA) of the linkage disequilibrium (LD) block were also associated with a risk of NSV. The present study suggests that TGFBR2 might be related to NSV.
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Park JH, Chang BU, Kim YJ, Seo JS, Choi SW, Yun JY. Determination of low (137)Cs concentration in seawater using ammonium 12-molybdophosphate adsorption and chemical separation method. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2008; 99:1815-1818. [PMID: 18799246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A new method has been developed for analyzing (137)Cs in a small volume of seawater. Ammonium 12-molybdophosphate (AMP) was used two times during pretreatment procedure. The first step was to adsorb (137)Cs in seawater samples into AMP in order to reduce sample volume, and the second was to remove (87)Rb, interference nuclide for beta counting. The AMP adsorbing (137)Cs was dissolved by sodium hydroxide solution, and then (137)Cs was finally formed to be cesium chloroplatinate precipitate by adding 10% hexachloroplatinic acid. The beta rays emitted from (137)Cs were measured with a low background gas-proportional alpha/beta counter. This method was applied to several seawater samples taken in the East Sea of Korea. Compared to the routinely used gamma-spectrometry method, this new AMP method was reliable and suitable for analyzing (137)Cs in deep seawater.
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Kim HS, Shin JY, Yun JY, Ahn DK, Le JY. Immortalization of human embryonic fibroblasts by overexpression of c-myc and simian virus 40 large T antigen. Exp Mol Med 2001; 33:293-8. [PMID: 11795494 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2001.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
SV40 large T antigen, a viral oncoprotein, is known to immortalize human diploid fibroblast by soaking up cellular RB and p53, but its frequency is extremely low. Additional genetic alteration is necessary for single-step immortalization. We attempted to find out what this alteration is by overexpressing cellular signal mediator genes; c-myc and cyclin D frequently amplified in many cancer cells. Overexpression of cyclin D did not affect the immortalization, but, overexpression of c-myc along with T antigen could immortalize normal human diploid fibroblast. Several cellular markers tested during immortalization process showed that p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and a marker of cellular senescence, disappeared in the life span-extended cells by T antigen and in the immortalized cells by c-myc. p21 was, however, elevated in the senescent cells and in the cells of crisis. Interestingly, p16 was upregulated whenever T antigen is overexpressed. Telomerase activity was also activated only in the immortalized cells. These results suggest that overexpression of c-myc contributes to immortalization of human diploid fibroblast by activating telomerase activity and suppressing p21 activity.
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Moon IS, Kim YG, Park JH, Kim YS, Kim JC, Yun JY, Bang BK, Koh YB. Influence of donor kidney size on immediate renal function (1 month) in kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:3666. [PMID: 9838608 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Park KD, Lee WK, Yun JY, Han DK, Kim SH, Kim YH, Kim HM, Kim KT. Novel anti-calcification treatment of biological tissues by grafting of sulphonated poly(ethylene oxide). Biomaterials 1997; 18:47-51. [PMID: 9003896 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(96)00096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Biological porcine tissue was modified by the direct coupling of sulphonated poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-SO3) containing amino acid end groups after glutaraldehyde fixation. The calcification of the modified tissue [bioprosthetic tissue (BT)-PEO-SO3] and control (BT control) was investigated by in vivo rate subdermal, canine aorta-illiac shunt and right ventricle-pulmonary artery shunt implantation models. Less calcium deposition of BT-PEO-SP3 than of BT control was observed in in vivo tests. Such a reduced calcification of BT-PEO-SO3 can be explained by decreases of residual glutaraldehyde groups, a space filling effect and, therefore, improved biostability and synergistic blood-compatible effects of PEO and SO3 groups after the covalent binding of PEO-SO3 to tissue. This simple method can be a useful anti-calcification treatment for implantable tissue valves.
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Park KD, Yun JY, Han DK, Jeong SY, Kim YH, Choi KS, Kim HM, Kim HJ, Kim KT. Chemical modification of implantable biologic tissue for anti-calcification. ASAIO J 1994; 40:M377-82. [PMID: 8555542 DOI: 10.1097/00002480-199407000-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologic porcine tissue was modified by coupling sulfonated polyethyl-eneoxide (PEO-SO3) and the effect of modification on calcification was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The modification process involves grafting PEO-SO3 to porcine valve leaflet either by carbodiimide (EDC) activation or by direct coupling using glutaraldehyde. Thermal property, measured by differential scanning calorimetry, showed that the shrinkage temperature of modified tissue increased compared with control tissue and fresh tissue, suggesting increased thermal stability. Resistance to collagenase digestion revealed that modified tissues have greater resistance to enzyme digestion than do control tissues. In vitro calcification showed that modified tissues have less calcium deposition than do control tissues. In vivo calcification, using a rat subcutaneous implantation model, also showed less calcification of modified tissue than that of control. The resistance of modified tissue to collagenase, higher shrinkage temperature, and reduced calcification, when compared with control tissue, attest to the usefulness of this chemical modification for implantable biologic tissue.
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