[Quality of life of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma based on EQ-5D in Wenzhou]

Objective: To evaluate the quality of life of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and its related factors in Wenzhou. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis. A total of 339 POAG patients diagnosed in the Wenzhou glaucoma progression study conducted in the Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University from March 2014 to October 2019 were included. Quality of life of POAG patients was assessed by EQ-5D including the visual analogue scale (VAS). The effects of gender, age, visual field loss (VFL), family history of glaucoma, hypertension, diabetes, migraine, sleep quality, and amateur exercise on the quality of life were analyzed. The utility value (UV) and VAS score were expressed as the median (P₂₅, P₇₅), and Mann-Whitney U was used for the comparison between two groups. Kruskal-Wallis H was performed to compare the differences among multiple groups. Results: A total of 339 POAG patients were included in the study; 164 were males (48.4%), and 175 were females (51.6%). The mean age was (63±10) years. Thirty-four patients (10.0%) had received medication (including one with combined surgical treatment), while the remaining 305 patients (90.0%) had received no anti-glaucoma treatment. Among the patients, 10.5% (32/305) had no VFL, 68.9% (210/305) had mild VFL, 17.0% (52/305) had moderate VFL, and 3.6% (11/305) had severe VFL. In all patients, the median of UV was 1.000 (1.000, 1.000), the mean of UV was 0.964, and the median of VAS score was 80 (75, 90), the mean of VAS score was 81.58. Anxiety or depression and pain or discomfort occurred in 45.7% (43/94) and 34.1% (32/94), respectively, of POAG patients with decreased UVs, as well as mobility constraints in 13.8 % (13/94) and usual activity constraints in 6.4% (6/94). The median of UV of the eye with a better visual field in the group without VFL or with mild or moderate VFL was 1.000 (1.000, 1.000), and in the group with severe VFL was 1.000 (0.862, 1.000), but there was no significant difference in the UV and the VAS score of the eye with a better visual field among groups with different degrees of VFL (both P>0.05). There was statistically significant difference in the UV among groups with different sleep qualities (H=17.465; P<0.01). Using pairwise comparison, the median of UV of the very good sleep group was 1.000 (1.000, 1.000), significantly different to the slightly poor sleep group 1.000 (0.866, 1.000) (z=3.613; P<0.05). The median of UV in patients with migraine was 1.000 (0.875, 1.000), without migraine 1.000 (1.000, 1.000), and in patients with hypertension was 1.000 (0.875, 1.000), without hypertension 1.000 (1.000, 1.000), and in patients with diabetes was 1.000 (0.875, 1.000), without diabetes was 1.000 (1.000, 1.000), the difference was statistically significant (Z=-2.189, -3.864, -2.417; all P<0.05). The UV was not related to age, gender, family history of glaucoma, amateur exercise, alcohol and tobacco, and history of anti-glaucoma medication (all P>0.05). Conclusions: VFL is related to the UV of POAG patients in Wenzhou. Quality of life in mild POAG patients is good but decrease in advanced POAG patients. Sleep quality, systemic complications and physical or psychological discomfort impact on quality of life in POAG patients. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57: 207-214).

Expression Pattern of Starch Biosynthesis Genes in Relation to the Starch Molecular Structure in High-Amylose Maize

The molecular structure and the expression levels of starch biosynthesis-related genes of three types of high-amylose maize (HAM) genotypes and one normal maize (NM) genotype at 5-35 days after pollination (DAP) were studied. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis showed that the molecular size of amylopectin molecules in NM increased from 5 to 35 DAP and the amylose content in HAM genotypes increased from 15 to 35 DAP. Correlation analysis for both NM and HAMs combined showed that SBEIIb and ISAII were negatively correlated with the contents of amylose and long amylopectin chains (DP > 30) and positively correlated with the content of short amylopectin chains (DP ≤ 31) and the molecular size of amylopectin molecules. Correlation analysis for only the HAMs showed that amylose content was negatively correlated with SBEI and SSIIa. In both correlation analyses, SSIIa showed a negative correlation with the average chain lengths of amylose chains.

[The efficacy of hemostatic powder for chronic rhinosinusitis in endoscopic sinus surgery: a prospective, randomised, controlled and single blinded clinical trial]

Objective: To study the efficacy and patient comfort of absorbable hemostatic powder after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Methods: A total of 21 (17 males, 4 females) patients with an average age of 42(ranging from 18 to 65) underwent bilateral ESS for chronic rhinosinusitis(CRS) in Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University between October 2015 and July 2019 were enrolled to compare the effect of absorbable hemostasis powder with Nasopore using an intrapatient control design. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in the left and right nasal cavities of the same patient. If hemostatic powder was applied in the experiment nasal cavity, the Nasopore was applied in the control nasal cavity. The mean preoperative sinus computed tomography (CT) score was 6.25. All patients competed for symptom diaries using a visual analog scale (VAS, score out of 10) at baseline, through 1, 7, 14 and 30 days. Outcomes including bleeding, facial pain, nasal obstruction, nasal discharges using VAS were recorded separately for both sides. Postoperative endoscopic scores were also investigated. SPSS 22 and Graphpad prism 8.0 statistical softwares were used for the analysis. Paired t-test or nonparametric test was used between the test side and the control side. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Results: The bleeding score and total nasal symptom VAS scores at postoperative days (POD) 1, 7, 14 and 30 were not significantly different(t=1.341, 0.552, 0.631, 0.158, all P>0.05;t=0.944, 1.471, 1.612, 2.251, all P>0.05). There was no significant difference between absorbable hemostasis powder and Nasopore side on POD 1, 7, 14 and 30 in terms of each nasal symptom VAS scores(all P>0.05). On POD 1, 7 and 14, the packing material degeneration scores of the absorbable hemostasis powder side were significantly lower than those of the Nasopore side [(1.33±0.21)vs(2.00±0.00),(0.38±0.18) vs (1.95±0.22), 0 vs (1.80±0.13), all P<0.01]. There were significant differences between absorbable hemostasis powder and Nasopore side on POD 1, 7, 14 and 30 in terms of endoscopic scores (edema, crusting, discharges, scar, polyps and material degeneration, t=3.07, 7.00, 6.41, 2.69, all P<0.05). Conclusions: The absorbable hemostasis powder and Nasopore has similar postoperative hemostasis effect. The absorbable hemostasis powder is rapidly cleared and without negative effects on mucosal wound healing 14 days postoperatively.

Potential and pH Dependence of the Buried Interface of Membrane-Coated Electrocatalysts

Semipermeable silica membranes are attractive as protective coatings for metal electrocatalysts such as platinum, but their impact on the catalytic properties has not been fully understood. Here, we develop a first-principles formalism to investigate how silica membranes interact with the surface of platinum metal electrocatalysts to develop a better understanding of the membrane-metal interplay. By generalizing the concept of Pourbaix diagrams to electrochemical solid-solid interfaces, we establish which bonds are formed between the SiO₂ membrane and Pt(111) surface in aqueous electrolytes for different pH values and potential biases. We find that the membrane termination changes as a function of the pH and potential, which affects the adhesion strength and the energy requirements for partial membrane detachment, controlling the Pt surface area that is accessible for reactant species. The charge transfer between the Pt surface and SiO₂ membrane is also pH- and potential-dependent and results in changes of the Pt surface d-band states, which are known to correlate with catalytic activity. Our analysis reveals the complex response of a buried interface to the electrochemical environment and identifies trends that are expected to apply also to other membrane-coated electrocatalysts.

Identification of Ear Morphology Genes in Maize (Zea mays L.) Using Selective Sweeps and Association Mapping

The performance of maize hybrids largely depend on two parental inbred lines. Improving inbred lines using artificial selection is a key task in breeding programs. However, it is important to elucidate the effects of this selection on inbred lines. Altogether, 208 inbred lines from two maize heterosis groups, named Shaan A and Shaan B, were sequenced by the genotype-by-sequencing to detect genomic changes under selection pressures. In addition, we completed genome-wide association analysis in 121 inbred lines to identify candidate genes for ear morphology related traits. In a genome-wide selection scan, the inbred lines from Shaan A and Shaan B groups showed obvious population divergences and different selective signals distributed in 337 regions harboring 772 genes. Meanwhile, functional enrichment analysis showed those selected genes are mainly involved in regulating cell development. Interestingly, some ear morphology related traits showed significant differentiation between the inbred lines from the two heterosis groups. The genome-wide association analysis of ear morphology related traits showed that four associated genes were co-localized in the selected regions with high linkage disequilibrium. Our spatiotemporal pattern and gene interaction network results for the four genes further contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms behind ear and fruit length development. This study provides a novel insight into digging a candidate gene for complex traits using breeding materials. Our findings in relation to ear morphology will help accelerate future maize improvement.

Genome-wide evolutionary characterization and expression analysis of SIAMESE-RELATED family genes in maize

Background

The SIAMESE (SIM) locus is a cell-cycle kinase inhibitor (CKI) gene that has to date been identified only in plants; it encodes a protein that promotes transformation from mitosis to endoreplication. Members of the SIAMESE-RELATED (SMR) family have similar functions, and some are related to cell-cycle responses and abiotic stresses. However, the functions of SMRs are poorly understood in maize (Zea mays L.).

Results

In the present study, 12 putative SMRs were identified throughout the entire genome of maize, and these were clustered into six groups together with the SMRs from seven other plant species. Members of the ZmSMR family were divided into four groups according to their protein sequences. Various cis-acting elements in the upstream sequences of ZmSMRs responded to abiotic stresses. Expression analyses revealed that all ZmSMRs were upregulated at 5, 20, 25, and 35 days after pollination. In addition, we found that ZmSMR9/11/12 may have regulated the initiation of endoreplication in endosperm central cells. Additionally, ZmSMR2/10 may have been primarily responsible for the endoreplication regulation of outer endosperm or aleurone cells. The relatively high expression levels of almost all ZmSMRs in the ears and tassels also implied that these genes may function in seed development. The effects of treatments with ABA, heat, cold, salt, and drought on maize seedlings and expression of ZmSMR genes suggested that ZmSMRs were strongly associated with response to abiotic stresses.

Conclusion

The present study is the first to conduct a genome-wide analysis of members of the ZmSMR family by investigating their locations in chromosomes, identifying regulatory elements in their promoter regions, and examining motifs in their protein sequences. Expression analysis of different endosperm developmental periods, tissues, abiotic stresses, and hormonal treatments suggests that ZmSMR genes may function in endoreplication and regulate the development of reproductive organs. These results may provide valuable information for future studies of the functions of the SMR family in maize.

AB0147 GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF PRIMARY SJÖGREN’S SYNDROME ASSOCIATED THROMBOCYTOPENIA IN B-LYMPHOCYTE USING HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING

Background:

Primary Sjögren’s syndrome(pSS) is a classical systemic autoimmune disease. Thrombocytopenia is one of the hematological manifestations of pSS with great challenges in clinic.

Objectives:

To identify the candidate genes and functionally enriched pathways in the immune genesis and progression of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) associated thrombocytopenia.

Methods:

High-throughput sequencing was performed on 3 patients with pSS, 3 patients with pSS associated thrombocytopenia and 3 healthy individuals. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and function enrichment analyses were processed. The protein-protein interaction network (PPI) was constructed, followed by calculation of topological characteristics and sub-module analysis in order to obtain hub DEGs. The expression of some hub genes was verified by Real-Time PCR in 24 pSS patients.

Results:

A total of 19 DEGs were identified. The enriched functions and pathway of the DEGs include Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Salmonella infection, Viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor, NF-kappa B signaling pathway and Human cytomegalovirus infection. Seven hub genes (TNF, IL1B, CXCL8, CCL3, CCL4, CCL3L1, CCL4L1) were identified and pathway enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were mainly enriched in toll-like receptor pathway. The relative expression of the CXCL8 mRNA in B-lymphocytes in patients with pSS associated thrombocytopenia was higher than that in the pSS without thrombocytopenia group. No differences were observed in the IL-1β or TNFα expression between these two groups.

Conclusion:

PSS associated thrombocytopenia might be a subset characterized by a systemic inflammatory state. The identification of upregulated genes involved in thrombocytopenia of pSS provides insight in disease pathogenesis and opens avenues for the design of novel therapeutic strategies.

References:

[1] Fox RI: Sjögren’s syndrome. Lancet, 2005; 366: 321–31.

[2]Baldini C, Ferro F, Elefante E, Bombardieri S. Biomarkers for Sjögren’s syndrome. Biomark Med. 2018;12(3):275-286.

[3]Hua F, Li Y, Zhao X, et al. The expression profile of toll-like receptor signaling molecules in CD19(+) B cells from patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Immunol Lett. 2016, 176:28-35.

Table 1.

Differentially expressed genes among patients with pSS associated thrombocytopenia, pSS without thrombocytopenia, and healthy controls

GeneLogFCin group2FDRin group 2LogFCin group1FDRin group 1TNF4.961.29E-034.554.98E-05CXCL88.881.29E-039.743.23E-05CCL35.654.54E-035.611.70E-05G0S27.384.54E-0312.331.09E-05LILRA38.427.23E-0310.264.31E-05IER35.449.53E-037.712.98E-06DUSP23.509.53E-033.918.12E-05TNFAIP32.639.53E-032.241.36E-03CCL44.531.19E-025.423.35E-06CCL4L26.721.40E-028.925.19E-05CCL4L14.721.40E-025.943.94E-06IL1B5.541.66E-0210.233.27E-06METRNL3.551.80E-024.022.08E-04ID22.932.43E-023.786.57E-03PER12.332.99E-022.427.68E-04EGR12.983.09E-022.931.80E-04CCL3L15.863.20E-026.665.94E-03FFAR24.944.09E-028.401.34E-05FOSB3.234.86E-023.491.39E-03Figure 1.

DEGs in pSS associated thrombocytopenia. 183 DEGs (31 up- and 151 down- regulated) between pSS patients with and without thrombocytopenia(a, c). 459 DEGs between pSS associated thrombocytopenia patients and healthy individuals were identified (2up- and 457 down- regulated) (b, d). The overlap among the 2 groups contained 19 genes represents the DEGs specified in pSS associated thrombocytopenia (e).

Figure 2.

KEGG pathway analysis.

Acknowledgments:

The authors apologize to all colleagues whose work has not been separately cited or discussed here due to limitations in space or knowledge.

Disclosure of Interests:

SHUO ZHANG: None declared, Jingge Qu: None declared, Li Wang: None declared, Mengtao Li: None declared, Xiaofeng Zeng Consultant of: MSD Pharmaceuticals

Core-shell polymeric nanoparticles co-loaded with photosensitizer and organic dye for photodynamic therapy guided by fluorescence imaging in near and short-wave infrared spectral regions

BACKGROUND

Biodistribution of photosensitizer (PS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be assessed by fluorescence imaging that visualizes the accumulation of PS in malignant tissue prior to PDT. At the same time, excitation of the PS during an assessment of its biodistribution results in premature photobleaching and can cause toxicity to healthy tissues. Combination of PS with a separate fluorescent moiety, which can be excited apart from PS activation, provides a possibility for fluorescence imaging (FI) guided delivery of PS to cancer site, followed by PDT.

RESULTS

In this work, we report nanoformulations (NFs) of core-shell polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) co-loaded with PS [2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a, HPPH] and near infrared fluorescent organic dyes (NIRFDs) that can be excited in the first or second near-infrared windows of tissue optical transparency (NIR-I, ~ 700-950 nm and NIR-II, ~ 1000-1350 nm), where HPPH does not absorb and emit. After addition to nanoparticle suspensions, PS and NIRFDs are entrapped by the nanoparticle shell of co-polymer of N-isopropylacrylamide and acrylamide [poly(NIPAM-co-AA)], while do not bind with the polystyrene (polySt) core alone. Loading of the NIRFD and PS to the NPs shell precludes aggregation of these hydrophobic molecules in water, preventing fluorescence quenching and reduction of singlet oxygen generation. Moreover, shift of the absorption of NIRFD to longer wavelengths was found to strongly reduce an efficiency of the electronic excitation energy transfer between PS and NIRFD, increasing the efficacy of PDT with PS-NIRFD combination. As a result, use of the NFs of PS and NIR-II NIRFD enables fluorescence imaging guided PDT, as it was shown by confocal microscopy and PDT of the cancer cells in vitro. In vivo studies with subcutaneously tumored mice demonstrated a possibility to image biodistribution of tumor targeted NFs both using HPPH fluorescence with conventional imaging camera sensitive in visible and NIR-I ranges (~ 400-750 nm) and imaging camera for short-wave infrared (SWIR) region (~ 1000-1700 nm), which was recently shown to be beneficial for in vivo optical imaging.

CONCLUSIONS

A combination of PS with fluorescence in visible and NIR-I spectral ranges and, NIR-II fluorescent dye allowed us to obtain PS nanoformulation promising for see-and-treat PDT guided with visible-NIR-SWIR fluorescence imaging.

[Effect of anatomical changes of frontal recess and frontal sinus on airflow after nasalisation by image reconstruction and numerical simulation]

Objective: To describe the influence of post-operative anatomical structure changes on nasal airflow characteristics by 3D reconstruction and numerical simulation in real cases after nasalisation with Draf Ⅲ so as to explore the correlation between the changes of anatomical structure and subjective symptoms as well as airflow characteristics. Methods: Ten patients underwent nasalization with Draf Ⅲ in Department of Rhinology in Beijing Tongren Hospital from 2006 to 2018 were selected retrospectively. Postoperative follow-up of all patients was more than 1 year. All patients had no abnormalities in their paranasal sinus CT scans and Lund-Kennedy scores were 0 except scar. VAS scores including nasal obstruction, stimulation in frontal sinus, and headache were collected at the same period. The control model was a normal person. Numerical simulation was used for calculating airflow characteristics in deep inspiratory period of both models. Independent sample Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation test were used by software SPSS 22.0. Results: The airflow pressure in frontal sinus ostium was (7.21±1.39)×10(4) Pa (Mean±SD), which was lower than that in normal subjects (8.99×10(4) Pa) under deep inspiratory simulation. But, the velocities in frontal sinus ostium and frontal sinus were (40.10±2.46) m/s and (28.19±1.73) m/s respectively, which were higher than those in normal one (2.70 m/s, 0.73 m/s). The airflow patterns of the two models were basically similar. There was no significant difference in the opening size and volume of frontal sinus between different groups after grouped by three symptoms respectively. No correlation could be found between the opening size and volume of the frontal sinus with the appearance and severity of three subjective symptoms. Conclusions: The airflow pattern and distribution after nasalisation with Draf Ⅲ are like those of normal person. There is no correlation between the changes of anatomy in frontal recess and frontal sinus and nasal airflow characteristics as well as subjective symptoms.

A goal programming approach for balancing diet costs and feed water use under different environmental conditions

Water is essential in livestock production systems. In typical dairy production systems, 90% of the total water used by a dairy farm is attributed to feed production. Theoretically, ration manipulation is a method to potentially reduce the irrigation water needed for feed crops without dramatically increasing diet costs. However, published quantitative studies on the relationship between feed production and water use that are integrated with linear programming models are scarce. The overall objective of this study was to develop an optimization framework that could achieve a balance between minimization of dietary costs and dietary irrigation water usage, and that could be used as a framework for future research and models for various livestock production systems. Weighted goal programming models were developed to minimize the dietary costs and irrigation water usage for a hypothetical cow under 8 different environmental scenarios. The environmental conditions used a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, including 2 atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (400 and 550 ppm), 2 water years (dry and wet), and 2 irrigation methods (furrow and drip). A systematic weighting scheme was used to model the trade-off between minimizing diet cost and minimizing irrigation water use for feedstuffs. Each environmental condition generated a set of distinct diets, which each met the same nutrient requirements of the hypothetical cow but had a different water usage when the weighting scheme was changed from weighting minimum diet costs to minimum irrigation water usage. For water resource planning in areas of dairy production, this set of unique solutions provides the decision maker with different feeding options according to diet cost, water usage, and available feeds. As water was more constrained, dietary dry matter intake increased, concentrations of neutral detergent fiber, ether extract, and energy decreased, and the concentration of lignin increased because less nutritive but more water-saving feedstuffs were included in the diet. Mitigation costs of water usage were calculated from goal programming results and indicated that the potential value of water under water-limited conditions (e.g., in a drought region) was higher than that under water-sufficient conditions. However, a smaller increase in feed costs can initially significantly reduce water usage compared with that of a least-cost diet, which implies that the reduction of water usage through ration manipulation might be possible. This model serves as a framework for the study of irrigation water usage in dairy production and other livestock production systems and for decision-making processes involved in water resources planning in the broader area of animal production.

Validation of Zero TE-MRA in the Characterization of Cerebrovascular Diseases: A Feasibility Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Zero TE-MRA is less sensitive to field heterogeneity, complex flow, and acquisition noise. This study aimed to prospectively validate the feasibility of zero TE-MRA for cerebrovascular diseases assessment, compared with TOF-MRA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seventy patients suspected of having cerebrovascular disorders were recruited. Sound levels were estimated for each MRA subjectively and objectively in different modes. MRA image quality was estimated by 2 neuroradiologists. The degree of stenosis (grades 0-4) and the z-diameter of aneurysms (tiny group ≤3 mm and large group >3 mm) were measured for further quantitative analysis. CTA was used as the criterion standard.

RESULTS

Zero TE-MRA achieved significantly lower subjective perception and objective noise reduction (37.53%). Zero TE-MRA images showed higher signal homogeneity (3.29 ± 0.59 versus 3.04 ± 0.43) and quality of venous signal suppression (3.67 ± 0.47 versus 2.75 ± 0.46). The intermodality agreement was higher for zero TE-MRA than for TOF-MRA (zero TE, 0.90; TOF, 0.81) in the grading of stenosis. Zero TE-MRA had a higher correlation than TOF-MRA (zero TE, 0.84; TOF, 0.74) in the tiny group and a higher consistency with CTA (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.83; intercept, -0.5084-1.1794; slope -0.4952 to -0.2093) than TOF-MRA (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.64; intercept, 0.7000-2.6133; slope -1.0344 to -0.1923). Zero TE-MRA and TOF-MRA were comparable in the large group. Zero TE-MRA had more accurate details than TOF-MRA of AVM and Moyamoya lesions.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with TOF-MRA, zero TE-MRA achieved more robust performance in depicting cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, zero TE-MRA was shown to be a promising MRA technique for further routine application in the clinic in patients with cerebrovascular diseases.

Comparative transcriptomics reveals the difference in early endosperm development between maize with different amylose contents

In seeds, the endosperm is a crucial organ that plays vital roles in supporting embryo development and determining seed weight and quality. Starch is the predominant storage carbohydrate of the endosperm and accounts for ∼70% of the mature maize kernel weight. Nonetheless, because starch biosynthesis is a complex process that is orchestrated by multiple enzymes, the gene regulatory networks of starch biosynthesis, particularly amylose and amylopectin biosynthesis, have not been fully elucidated. Here, through high-throughput RNA sequencing, we developed a temporal transcriptome atlas of the endosperms of high-amylose maize and common maize at 5-, 10-, 15- and 20-day after pollination and found that 21,986 genes are involved in the programming of the high-amylose and common maize endosperm. A coexpression analysis identified multiple sequentially expressed gene sets that are closely correlated with cellular and metabolic programmes and provided valuable insight into the dynamic reprogramming of the transcriptome in common and high-amylose maize. In addition, a number of genes and transcription factors were found to be strongly linked to starch synthesis, which might help elucidate the key mechanisms and regulatory networks underlying amylose and amylopectin biosynthesis. This study will aid the understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns and genetic regulation of endosperm development in different types of maize and provide valuable genetic information for the breeding of starch varieties with different contents.

[Effective prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents]

Myopia prevention and control is an important health issue related to children and adolescents, general public physical fitness and national defense security. In 2018, General Secretary Xi Jinping gave instructions on students' myopia. Ministry of Education and other seven ministries and commissions issued the Implementation Plan of the Myopia Prevention and Control for Children and Adolescents. As the myopia prevalence continues to develop into an urgent situation, myopia prevention and control has become a national strategy. In the battle fighting against prevalent myopia, medical and scientific researchers, as professionals, play a key role in guiding the effective implementation of the project and coordinating among five parties including government, schools, medical institutions, families and individual students. It is of great significance to effectively prevent and control myopia for children and adolescents and to achieve the overall goal of prevention and control. This article summarizes the potential effective methods in myopia prevention and control, hoping to provide useful reference and help for the national prevention and control work. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2019, 55: 81-85).

Hyperspectral Multiplexed Biological Imaging of Nanoprobes Emitting in the Short-Wave Infrared Region

Optical bioimaging with exogenous luminophores emitting in short-wave infrared spectral region (SWIR, ~ 1000-1700 nm) is a rapidly developing field, and the development of multiple SWIR-photoluminescent nanoprobes has recently been reported. In this regard, hyperspectral imaging (HSI), combined with unmixing algorithms, is a promising tool that can allow for efficient multiplexing of the SWIR-emitting nanoagents by their photoluminescence (PL) spectral profiles. The SWIR HSI technique reported here is developed to multiplex two types of nanoprobes: polymeric nanoparticles doped with organic dye (PNPs) and rare-earth doped fluoride nanoparticles (RENPs). Both types of nanoprobes exhibit PL in the same spectral range (~ 900-1200 nm), which hinders spectral separation of PL with optical filters and limits possibilities for their multiplexed imaging in biological tissues. By applying SWIR HSI, we exploited differences in the PL spectral profiles and achieved the spectrally selective and sensitive imaging of the PL signal from every type of nanoparticles. Unmixing of acquired data allowed for multiplexing of the spectrally overlapping nanoprobes by their PL profile. Both quantitative and spatial distribution for every type of nanoparticles were obtained from their mixed suspensions. Finally, the SWIR HSI technique with unmixing protocol was applied to in vivo imaging of mice subcutaneously injected with PNPs and RENPs. The applicability of hyperspectral techniques to multiplex nanoprobes in the in vivo imaging was successfully demonstrated.

[Changing trends of topical anti-glaucoma medications in the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University during the past ten years]

Objective: To investigate the changing trends of topical anti-glaucoma medications in the outpatient of the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University over the decade 2005-2014. Methods: Retrospective case series study. The medications data of glaucoma outpatients in the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University were collected for the period of January 1(st) 2005 to December 31(st) 2014. SPSS 20.0 statistical software was used, mainly for statistical description of the data. The main outcome measures were the proportions of the prescriptions of different medications, and the proportions of the monotherapy and combination therapies. Results: During the 10 years, the number of glaucoma outpatients increased year by year, from 994 in 2005 to 3 266 in 2014, the gender ration was close to 1∶1, and the age were (57±18) years. The proportion of β-blockers decreased from 56.7% (750/1 323) in 2005 to 33.1% (2 120/6 407) in 2014. The proportion of cholinergic agents decreased from 17.2% (227/1 323) in 2005 to 10.3% (663/6 407) in 2014. While the proportion of prostaglandins increased from 13.3% (176/1 323) in 2005 to 36.8% (1 916/5 209) in 2011, which was close to the 37.9% (1 972/5 209) of β-blockers in 2011. In 2012, the prostaglandins proportion increased to 41.9% (2 435/5 810) exceeding the 37.2% (2 161/5 810) of β-blockers, and became the most prescribed medication. The proportion of prostaglandins continued to increase to 46.9% (3 008/6 407) in 2014. The proportion of α(2)-agonists increased from 17.0% (225/1 323) in 2005 to 22.8% (1 460/6 407) in 2014. The proportion of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors increased from 9.6% (127/1 323) in 2005 to 24.1% (1 546/6 407) in 2014.The proportion of monotherapy decreased from 78.0% (1 032/1 323) in 2005 to 58.6% (3 757/6 407) in 2014. The proportion of two drugs combination increased from 20.0% (264/1 323) in 2005 to 26.7% (1 709/6 407) in 2014. The proportion of three drugs combination increased from 2.0% (26/1 323) in 2005 to 12.3% (788/6 407) in 2014. The proportion of four drugs combination increased from 0.1% (1/1 323) in 2005 to 2.3% (150/6 407) in 2014. Conclusions: The changes of the proportions of topical anti-glaucoma medications were remarkable from 2005 to 2014 in the outpatient of the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. The β-blockers and cholinergic agents were declining, while the prostaglandins, α(2)-agonists and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors were increasing, and the prostaglandins became the most prescribed medication since 2012. The proportion of combination therapy was increasing. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2018, 54: 520-525).

[Quantitative evaluation of the relationship between femoral trochlear dysplasia and the degeneration of the patellofemoral cartilage by using T2mapping]

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the femoral trochlear dysplasia(FTD) and the degeneration of the patellofemoral cartilage by using MR T2mapping technique. Methods: Sixty two subjects with FTD(aged 18-45 years) were enrolled in Tianjin First Center Hospital from January 2016 to December 2017,the controls which both age and gender were matched.T2mapping scan were aquired for each subject and control. Compare the differences of the T2mapping values for each area between subjects and controls, and compare Dejour types of femoral trochlear in different age groups, respectively. Results: The T2mapping value of subjects was significant lower than controls: the superficial-femoral-lateral layer (sFL) (P=0.000) and the superficial-patella-lateral layer (sPL) (P=0.009). In the group of age less than 30 years, the T2mapping value of subjects was significant lower than controls:sFL (P=0.001) and sPL (P=0.015). In group of age greater than 30 years, the T2mapping value of subjects was significant lower than controls: sFL (P=0.035). In difference Dejour types of FTD, the T2mapping value of type B-D was lowest in sFL(P=0.014),sPL(P=0.000), the superficial-patella-medial layer (sPM) (P=0.020) and the the T2mapping value of type B-D was highest in the deep-femoral-medial layer (dFM) (P=0.006). The difference was statistically significant, P<0.05. Conclusion: The FTD might cause the early degeneration of patellofemoral cartilage, which significantly appear in the young age; The type B-D of FTD is more likely to cause the wider range of superficial cartilage injure and involved some part of deep layer; the injure shows dehydration change in superficial cartilage and edema in deep layer.

[Evaluation of the fabrication deviation of a kind of milling digital implant surgical guides]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the deviation of digital implant surgical guides during fabrication process in the Organical Dental Implant (ODI) system.

METHODS

This study included two parts. The first part was the in vitro study. A resin block with a diagnostic template was used for the planning. After cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning, a surgical guide with eight implants was virtually designed using the ODI system. The guide was milled by a 5-axial numerical controlled milling machine, and an optical scanning was taken to digitalize the guide to a standard tessellation language (STL) form. The STL data were then imported into an ODI software and registered with the original design. The deviation of the sleeves between the design and the STL was measured in the ODI software and set as the golden standard. Then the ODI examination table was used to measure the deviation of the guide during fabrication. Examiners A and B measured 10 times separately. The reliability and the validity of the examination table was calculated. The second part was the in vivo study: The deviation during fabrication of 12 guides designed and fabricated by the ODI system were measured using the examination table.

RESULTS

The standard deviation of the deviation measured using the examination table by examiners A and B were all below 0.40 mm (for the shell reference points) and 0.71 degree (for the angles). No significant difference was found between the two examiners for any implant sites. The result of the examination table was larger than that of the software for the shell reference point (t-test, P<0.05), but no significant difference was found for the angle deviation (t-test, P>0.05). The 45 implants positions in the 12 guides for the in vivo study were examined using the examination table. The deviations at the shell reference points were (1.06±0.29) mm (0.42-1.75 mm), and at the implant tip were (1.12±0.48) mm (0.41-2.44 mm). The angle deviations were (1.42±0.70) degree (0.29-2.96 degree).

CONCLUSION

Deviation is unavoidable during the fabrication process of the guides. The examination table of the ODI system is a reliable and valid tool to measure the deviation during fabrication of the ODI guides. More studies should be designed to research the relationship between the fabrication deviation and the implant insertion deviation.

Evolutionary, structural and expression analysis of core genes involved in starch synthesis

Starch is the main storage carbohydrate in plants and an important natural resource for food, feed and industrial raw materials. However, the details regarding the pathway for starch biosynthesis and the diversity of biosynthetic enzymes involved in this process are poorly understood. This study uses a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of 74 sequenced plant genomes to revisit the evolutionary history of the genes encoding ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), starch synthase (SS), starch branching enzyme (SBE) and starch de-branching enzyme (DBE). Additionally, the protein structures and expression patterns of these four core genes in starch biosynthesis were studied to determine their functional differences. The results showed that AGPase, SS, SBE and DBE have undergone complicated evolutionary processes in plants and that gene/genome duplications are responsible for the observed differences in isoform numbers. A structure analysis of these proteins suggested that the deletion/mutation of amino acids in some active sites resulted in not only structural variation but also sub-functionalization or neo-functionalization. Expression profiling indicated that AGPase-, SS-, SBE- and DBE-encoding genes exhibit spatio-temporally divergent expression patterns related to the composition of functional complexes in starch biosynthesis. This study provides a comprehensive atlas of the starch biosynthetic pathway, and these data should support future studies aimed at increasing understanding of starch biosynthesis and the functional evolutionary divergence of AGPase, SS, SBE, and DBE in plants.

3D Black-Blood Luminal Angiography Derived from High-Resolution MR Vessel Wall Imaging in Detecting MCA Stenosis: A Preliminary Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

3D high-resolution vessel wall imaging is increasingly used for intracranial arterial diseases. This study compared the diagnostic performance of black-blood luminal angiography derived from 3D vessel wall imaging with source images of vessel wall imaging and TOF-MRA in detecting middle cerebral artery stenosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty-two patients with suspected MCA atherosclerosis underwent TOF-MRA, vessel wall imaging, and CTA. Intracranial black-blood luminal angiography was created from source images of vessel wall imaging using minimum intensity projection. The degree and length of MCA stenosis were measured on source images of vessel wall imaging, TOF-MRA, and black-blood luminal angiography and compared using CTA as a reference standard.

RESULTS

The image quality of black-blood luminal angiography was diagnostic in most patients. The intra- and interobserver agreement for both stenosis degree and length measurements was excellent for black-blood luminal angiography. It was comparable with that of source images of vessel wall imaging in grading stenosis. Compared with TOF-MRA, black-blood luminal angiography showed significantly higher sensitivity for the detection of severe stenosis (89.3% versus 64.3%, P = .039) and higher specificity for the detection of occlusion (95.4% versus 84.6%, P = .039). Lesion length estimated on source images of vessel wall imaging was significantly greater than that measured by CTA and black-blood luminal angiography (P < .001 and P = .010).

CONCLUSIONS

Black-blood luminal angiography is better than TOF-MRA in detecting severe stenosis and occlusion of the MCA. Compared with source images of vessel wall imaging, it is more accurate in evaluating stenosis length. Black-blood luminal angiography can be produced as a derivative from vessel wall imaging and implemented as an adjunct to vessel wall imaging and TOF-MRA without extra acquisition time.