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Wang HX, Zhang BQ, Lin JL, Song XC, Ruan J, Liu YO, He J, Sun ZH, Zhou WJ. [Functional mapping of the insular and opercular cortex: A study using SEEG electrical stimulation in epileptic patients]. ZHONGHUA YI XUE ZA ZHI 2016; 96:2347-51. [PMID: 27524194 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2016.29.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insular and opercular cortex is involved in complicated physiological function.Insular seizures involve extensive epileptic network, which results in the complex and diverse semiology.Electrical cortical stimulation(ECS) can explore the functional mapping and symptomatogenic zone. METHODS The clinical presurgical evaluation and ECS data of 20 patients whose electrode contacts were located in the insular and opercular were analyzed retrospectively.CT scan/3D MRI data fusion was performed in order to accurately identify and locate each contact and check the electrode trajectory by the MRI images performed after the electrodes were removed.ECS was applied between two contiguous contacts.Stimulation usually lasted for 5 s at 50 Hz(pulse width=0.3 ms). Depending on the area of stimulated cortex, the stimulation intensities ranged from 0.2 to 3.0 mA.The classification of the insular were anterior short gyrus, middle short gyrus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, posterior long gyrus and insular pole.The classification of the opercular were orbital, frontal, precentral, central, parietal and temporal opercular. RESULTS One hundred and six contacts were located in the insular and 51 responses were evoked (48.11%). Four hundred eighteen contacts were located in the insular and 132 responses were evoked (31.58%). We classified the principal responses as somatosensory, pain, auditory, oropharyngeal, speech disturbances and neurovegetative response.Somatosensory responses were mainly evoked in parietal opercular and postcentral gyrus, while pain response distributed sporadically.Auditory were only evoked in temporal opercular(transverse temporal gyri) and posterior long gyrus.Oropharyngeal symptoms were only evoked in central opercular.Speech disturbances were located in precentral and central opercular and neurovegetative responses were mainly evoked in insular pole and middle short gyrus. CONCLUSIONS These findings may indicate a functional specificity for the insular gyrus and opercular, which contribute to the understanding of anatomo-functional organization and the role in insular and opercular epileptic network.Moreover, it could optimize the implantation strategy for exploring these structures.
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Ruan J, Shah B, Martin P, Schuster SJ. Clinical experience with lenalidomide alone or in combination with rituximab in indolent B-cell and mantle cell lymphomas. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:1226-34. [PMID: 27052651 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lenalidomide is an oral immunomodulatory drug with significant activity in indolent B-cell and mantle cell lymphomas. Lenalidomide has a manageable safety profile whether administered as a single agent or in combination with rituximab. The combination of lenalidomide with rituximab, known as the 'R(2)' regimen, enhances efficacy over what has been shown with monotherapy and has demonstrated activity in patients considered resistant to rituximab. Tolerability of these regimens has been consistent among studies. Asymptomatic neutropenia is the most common grade 3/4 adverse event, typically managed by dose interruption, followed by dose reduction once neutrophils have recovered. Nonhematologic toxicities (e.g. fatigue) are generally low-grade, manageable with concomitant treatment, and/or lenalidomide dose modification. More frequent with R(2), immune-related symptoms such as rash and tumor flare are important to recognize as lenalidomide-associated treatment effects in patients with lymphoma who require supportive care and potential dose modifications. Severe tumor flare reactions with painful lymphadenopathy are not typically observed outside of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Venous thromboembolism is uncommon in lymphomas, though prophylaxis is recommended. The general safety profile, differences between lenalidomide monotherapy and R(2) treatment, and optimal strategies for managing adverse events are discussed here.
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Aigbirhio FI, Allwein S, Anwar A, Atzrodt J, Audisio D, Badman G, Bakale R, Berthon F, Bragg R, Brindle KM, Bushby N, Campos S, Cant AA, Chan MYT, Colbon P, Cornelissen B, Czarny B, Derdau V, Dive V, Dunscombe M, Eggleston I, Ellis-Sawyer K, Elmore CS, Engstrom P, Ericsson C, Fairlamb IJS, Georgin D, Godfrey SP, He L, Hickey MJ, Huscroft IT, Kerr WJ, Lashford A, Lenz E, Lewinton S, L'Hermite MM, Lindelöf Å, Little G, Lockley WJS, Loreau O, Maddocks S, Marguerit M, Mirabello V, Mudd RJ, Nilsson GN, Owens PK, Pascu SI, Patriarche G, Pimlott SL, Pinault M, Plastow G, Racys DT, Reif J, Rossi J, Ruan J, Sarpaki S, Sephton SM, Simonsson R, Speed DJ, Sumal K, Sutherland A, Taran F, Thuleau A, Wang Y, Waring M, Watters WH, Wu J, Xiao J. Abstracts of the 24th international isotope society (UK group) symposium: synthesis and applications of labelled compounds 2015. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2016; 59:175-86. [PMID: 26991121 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 24th annual symposium of the International Isotope Society's United Kingdom Group took place at the Møller Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge, UK on Friday 6th November 2015. The meeting was attended by 77 delegates from academia and industry, the life sciences, chemical, radiochemical and scientific instrument suppliers. Delegates were welcomed by Dr Ken Lawrie (GlaxoSmithKline, UK, chair of the IIS UK group). The subsequent scientific programme consisted of oral presentations, short 'flash' presentations in association with particular posters and poster presentations. The scientific areas covered included isotopic synthesis, regulatory issues, applications of labelled compounds in imaging, isotopic separation and novel chemistry with potential implications for isotopic synthesis. Both short-lived and long-lived isotopes were represented, as were stable isotopes. The symposium was divided into a morning session chaired by Dr Rebekka Hueting (University of Oxford, UK) and afternoon sessions chaired by Dr Sofia Pascu (University of Bath, UK) and by Dr Alan Dowling (Syngenta, UK). The UK meeting concluded with remarks from Dr Ken Lawrie (GlaxoSmithKline, UK).
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Ruan J, Liu XG, Zheng HL, Li JB, Xiong XD, Zhang CL, Luo CY, Zhou ZJ, Shi Q, Weng YG. Deletion of the lmna gene induces growth delay and serum biochemical changes in C57BL/6 mice. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:123-30. [PMID: 25049934 PMCID: PMC4093278 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The A-type lamin deficient mouse line (Lmna−/−) has become one of the most frequently used models for providing insights into many different aspects of A-type lamin function. To elucidate the function of Lmna in the growth and metabolism of mice, tissue growth and blood biochemistry were monitored in Lmna-deficient mice, heterozygous (Lmna+/−) and wide-type (Lmna+/+) backcrossed to C57BL/6 background. At 4 weeks after birth, the weight of various organs of the Lmna−/−, Lmna+/− and Lmna+/+ mice was measured. A panel of biochemical analyses consisting of 15 serological tests was examined. The results showed that Lmna deficient mice had significantly decreased body weight and increased the ratio of organ to body weight in most of tissues. Compared with Lmna+/+ and Lmna+/− mice, Lmna−/− mice exhibited lower levels of ALP (alkaline phosphatase), Chol (cholesterol), CR (creatinine), GLU (glucose), HDL (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and higher levels of ALT (alanine aminotransferase) (p<0.05). Lmna−/− mice displayed higher AST (aspartate aminotransferase) values and lower LDL (lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol), CK-MB (creatine kinase-MB) levels than Lmna+/+ mice (p<0.05). There were no significant differences among the three groups of mice with respect to BUN (blood urea nitrogen), CK (creatine kinase), Cyc C (cystatin C), TP (total protein), TG (triacylglycerols) and UA (uric acid) levels (p>0.05). These changes of serological parameters may provide an experimental basis for the elucidation of Lmna gene functions.
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Shen J, Zheng H, Ruan J, Fang W, Li A, Tian G, Niu X, Luo S, Zhao P. Autophagy inhibition induces enhanced proapoptotic effects of ZD6474 in glioblastoma. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:164-71. [PMID: 23799852 PMCID: PMC3708568 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that can provide energy through its recycling mechanism to act as a cytoprotective adaptive response mediating treatment resistance in cancer cells. We investigated the autophagy-inducing effects of ZD6474, a small-molecule inhibitor that blocks activities of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and RET tyrosine kinases. METHODS We investigated the effects of ZD6474 on autophagy in glioblastomas cells. The ZD6474 mechanism of action was determined by western blot. We then examined the impacts of the inhibition of autophagy in combination with ZD6474 on cell apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, we evaluated the synergistic anticancer activity of combination treatment with an autophagy inhibitor (chloroquine) and ZD6474 in U251 glioblastoma cells xenograft model. RESULTS ZD6474-induced autophagy was dependent on signalling through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway. ZD6474-induced autophagy was inhibited by both knockdown of the ATG7 and Beclin 1 gene, essential autophagy genes, and pharmacologic agents (chloroquine and 3-methyalanine) treatment. Both treatments also dramatically sensitised glioblastoma cells to ZD6474-induced apoptosis, decreasing cell viability in vitro. Furthermore, in a xenograft mouse model, combined treatment with ZD6474 and chloroquine significantly inhibited U251 tumour growth, and increased the numbers of apoptotic cells compared with treatment with either agent alone. CONCLUSION Autophagy protects glioblastoma cells from the proapoptotic effects of ZD6474, which might contribute to tumour resistance against ZD6474 treatment.
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Chong Z, Ruan J, Wu CI. Rainbow: an integrated tool for efficient clustering and assembling RAD-seq reads. Bioinformatics 2012; 28:2732-7. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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He X, Ruan J, Du W, Chen G, Zuo X, Cao Y. PRM1 variant RS35576928 (R34S) was associated with defect spermatogenesis in the Chinese han population. Fertil Steril 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.07.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ruan J. Antiangiogenic therapies in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2012; 11:1030-43. [PMID: 21933106 DOI: 10.2174/156800911798073014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is critical in the initiation and progression of cancerous growth, which is dependent on the establishment of a functional vascular network supporting neoplastic proliferation. While the precise role of tumor angiogenesis in lymphoma pathogenesis remains under active investigation, emerging data on the proangiogenic properties of the neoplastic lymphoma cells and mechanism of vascular assembly suggest that angiogenesis is highly relevant to the biology and therapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Antiangiogenic therapies in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are in various stages of clinical development aiming at distinct angiogenic pathways operative in endothelial cells and perivascular stromal cells. The major classes of available antiangiogenics include anti-VEGF, small molecule inhibitors targeting proangiogenic receptor tyrosine kinases and their downstream signal transduction pathways, as well as immunomodulatory compounds with antiangiogenic properties. Preliminary clinical data indicate therapeutic advantages associated with strategies targeting dual compartments of vascular cells and tumor cells, as well as multiple angiogenic pathways within the tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes recent applications of antiangiogenic strategies in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma based on current understanding of the biology of lymphoma angiogenesis.
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Thangaraj J, Andonian G, Thurman-Keup R, Ruan J, Johnson AS, Lumpkin A, Santucci J, Maxwell T, Murokh A, Ruelas M, Ovodenko A. Demonstration of a real-time interferometer as a bunch-length monitor in a high-current electron beam accelerator. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:043302. [PMID: 22559527 DOI: 10.1063/1.3698388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A real-time interferometer (RTI) has been developed to monitor the bunch length of an electron beam in an accelerator. The RTI employs spatial autocorrelation, reflective optics, and a fast response pyro-detector array to obtain a real-time autocorrelation trace of the coherent radiation from an electron beam thus providing the possibility of online bunch-length diagnostics. A complete RTI system has been commissioned at the A0 photoinjector facility to measure sub-mm bunches at 13 MeV. Bunch length variation (FWHM) between 0.8 ps (~0.24 mm) and 1.5 ps (~0.45 mm) has been measured and compared with a Martin-Puplett interferometer and a streak camera. The comparisons show that RTI is a viable, complementary bunch length diagnostic for sub-mm electron bunches.
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Ruan J, Johnson AS, Lumpkin AH, Thurman-Keup R, Edwards H, Fliller RP, Koeth TW, Sun YE. First observation of the exchange of transverse and longitudinal emittances. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:244801. [PMID: 21770575 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.244801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An experimental program to demonstrate a novel phase-space manipulation in which the horizontal and longitudinal emittances of a particle beam are exchanged has been completed at the Fermilab A0 Photoinjector. A new beam line, consisting of a TM(110) deflecting mode cavity flanked by two horizontally dispersive doglegs has been installed. We report on the first direct observation of transverse and longitudinal emittance exchange.
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Wei B, Zhou Y, Xu Z, Ruan J, Zhu M, Jin K, Zhou D, Hu Q, Wang Q, Wang Z, Yan Z. XRCC1 Arg399Gln and Arg194Trp polymorphisms in prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2011; 14:225-31. [PMID: 21647176 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2011.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 gene (XRCC1) Arg399Gln and Arg194Trp polymorphisms and risk of prostate cancer (PCa). However, the results from the published studies on the association between these two XRCC1 polymorphisms and PCa risk are conflicting. To derive a more precise estimation of association between the XRCC1 polymorphisms and risk of PCa, we performed a meta-analysis. A comprehensive search was conducted to identify all case-control studies of XRCC1 polymorphisms and PCa risk. We used odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the strength of the association. Overall, we found that both Arg399Gln and Arg194Trp polymorphisms were not significantly associated with PCa risk. However, in stratified analysis by ethnicity, we found that the Arg399Gln polymorphism was significantly associated with PCa risk in Asian population (Gln/Gln vs Arg/Arg: OR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.05-2.03, P=0.03; Gln/Gln vs Arg/Gln+Arg/Arg: OR=1.48, 95% CI: 1.12-1.95, P=0.01). In this meta-analysis, we found that both Arg399Gln and Arg194Trp polymorphisms were not related to overall PCa risk. However, in subgroup analysis we found a suggestion that XRCC1 399Gln allele might be a low-penetrent risk factor for PCa only in Asian men.
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Bhushan B, Koinkar VN, Ruan J. Microtribological Studies by Using Atomic Force and Friction Force Microscopy and its Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-332-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTWe have used atomic force microscopy (AFM) and friction force microscopy (FFM) techniques for microtribological studies including microscale friction, nanowear, nanoscratching and nanoindentation hardness measurements. The microscale friction studies on a gold ruler sample demonstrated that the local variation in friction correspond to a change of local surface slope, and this correlation is explained by a friction mechanism. Directionality effect is also observed as the sample was scanned in either direction. Nanoscratching, nanowear and nanoindentation hardness studies were performed on single-crystal silicon. Wear rates of single crystal silicon are approximately constant for various loads and test duration. Nanoindentation hardness studies show that AFM technique allows the hardness measurements of surface monolayers and ultra thin films in multilayered structures at very shallow depths and low loads. The AFM technique has also been shown to be useful for nanofabrication.
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Sun YE, Piot P, Johnson A, Lumpkin AH, Maxwell TJ, Ruan J, Thurman-Keup R. Tunable subpicosecond electron-bunch-train generation using a transverse-to-longitudinal phase-space exchange technique. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:234801. [PMID: 21231471 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.234801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental generation of a train of subpicosecond electron bunches. The bunch train generation is accomplished using a beam line capable of exchanging the coordinates between the horizontal and longitudinal degrees of freedom. An initial beam consisting of a set of horizontally separated beamlets is converted into a train of bunches temporally separated with tunable bunch duration and separation. The experiment reported in this Letter unambiguously demonstrates the conversion process and its versatility.
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Ruan J, Haerdter R, Gerendás J. Impact of nitrogen supply on carbon/nitrogen allocation: a case study on amino acids and catechins in green tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] plants. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12:724-34. [PMID: 20701695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of free amino acids (AA) and polyphenols (PP) are important determinants of green tea quality. Levels of AA and PP are governed interactively by nitrogen (N) supply and carbon (C) status, so the impact of C/N allocation on green tea quality was investigated in saplings cultivated hydroponically with 0.3, 0.75, 1.5 or 4.5 mmol l(-1) N. Activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) were determined, as were concentrations of AA, PP and soluble sugars. Concentrations of AA increased with increasing N supply, and the AA profile was shifted towards AA characterised by low C/N ratios (arginine, glutamine) and away from theanine, the unique non-protein AA that is abundant in Camellia sinensis. High N supply significantly reduced the concentrations of PP in young shoots, and was accompanied by lower levels of carbohydrates (soluble sugars). Analysis of the C and N status and selected enzyme activities, combined with path coefficient analysis of variables associated with C and N metabolism, demonstrated increasing deviation of C flux to AA under abundant N supply. Accumulation of AA and PP depended strongly on N status, and the balance shifted toward increasing synthesis of AA associated with enhanced growth, while investment of C in secondary metabolites did not change proportionally under the condition of ample N supply.
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Ruan J, Mark TM, Allan J, Morrison J, Koirala A, Martin P, Coleman M, Lachs M, Niesvizky R, Leonard JP. Participation of elderly patients with lymphoma and myeloma in clinical trials of novel agents. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.8091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Thompson CA, Charlson ME, Schenkein E, Wells MT, Furman RR, Elstrom R, Ruan J, Martin P, Leonard JP. Surveillance CT scans are a source of anxiety and fear of recurrence in long-term lymphoma survivors. Ann Oncol 2010; 21:2262-2266. [PMID: 20423914 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to assess anxiety and the psychological impact of routine surveillance scans in long-term survivors of adult aggressive lymphoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional observational study of 70 survivors of curable adult aggressive lymphoma, we measured anxiety and the doctor-patient relationship and performed a qualitative interview (n = 30) focused on patient perception of routine follow-up imaging studies. RESULTS Participants were diagnosed with aggressive lymphoma a median of 4.9 years (2.4-38.0 years) before enrollment. Thirty-seven percent of patients were found to meet criteria for clinically significant anxiety, which was not associated with years since diagnosis. In multivariate analysis, history of relapse and a worse doctor-patient relationship were independently associated with higher anxiety levels. Despite representing a largely cured population, in qualitative interviews patients reported fear of recurrence as a major concern and considerable anxiety around the time of a follow-up imaging scan. CONCLUSIONS Routine surveillance scans exacerbate underlying anxiety symptoms and fear of recurrence in survivors of aggressive lymphoma. Strategies to minimize follow-up imaging and to improve doctor-patient communication should be prospectively evaluated to address these clinically significant issues.
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Huang Z, Richards MA, Zha Y, Francis R, Lozano R, Ruan J. Determination of inorganic pharmaceutical counterions using hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled with a Corona CAD detector. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:809-14. [PMID: 19616396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A simple generic approach was investigated for the determination of inorganic pharmaceutical counterions in drug substances using conventional high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) instruments. An intuitive approach combined Corona charged aerosol detection (CAD) with a polymer-based zwitterionic stationary phase in the hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) mode. Two generic methods based on this HILIC/CAD technique were developed to quantitate counterions such as Cl-, Br-, SO(4)(2-), K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in different pharmaceutical compounds. The development and capability of this HILIC/CAD technique analysis were examined. HILIC/CAD was compared to ion chromatography (IC), the most commonly used methodology for pharmaceutical counterion analysis. HILIC/CAD was found to have significant advantages in terms of: (1) being able to quantitate both anions and cations simultaneously without a need to change column/eluent or detection mode; (2) imposing much less restriction on the allowable organic percentage of the eluents than IC, and therefore being more appropriate for analysis of counterions of poorly water-soluble drugs; (3) requiring minimal training of the operating analysts. The precision and accuracy of counterion analysis using HILIC/CAD was not compromised. A typical precision of <2.0% was observed for all tested inorganic counterions; the determinations were within 2.0% relative to the theoretical counterion amount in the drug substance. Additionally, better accuracy was shown for Cl- in several drug substances as compared to IC. The main drawback of HILIC/CAD is its unsuitability for many of the current silica-based HILIC columns, because slight dissolution of silica leads to high baseline noise in the CAD detector. As a result of the universal detection characteristics of Corona CAD and the unique separation capabilities of a zwitterionic stationary phase, an intuitive and robust HPLC method was developed for the generic determination of various counterions in different drug substances. HILIC/CAD technique is a useful alternative methodology, particularly for determination of counterions in low-solubility drugs.
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Ruan J, Martin P, Coleman M, Furman R, Glynn P, Joyce M, Cheung K, Shore T, Schuster M, Leonard J. Durable responses with the antiangiogenic metronomic regimen RT-PEPC in elderly patients with recurrent mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.8525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
8525 Background: Targeting tumor microenvironment and angiogenesis is a novel therapeutic strategy in lymphoma. Two putative anti-angiogenic regimens, RT (rituximab with thalidomide) and PEPC oral metronomic chemotherapy (prednisone, etoposide, procarbazine and cyclophosphamide) are clinically active. We report phase II safety, activity, and angiogenic profiling data with the novel combination RT-PEPC in elderly patients with recurrent MCL. Methods: RT-PEPC includes an induction phase (mo 1–3) of daily thalidomide (50 mg) and PEPC with weekly rituximab x 4. A maintenance phase (mo 4 until progression) continues with daily thalidomide (100 mg), PEPC dosing titrated to ANC > 1K/ul, and rituximab q 4 months. Endpoints included safety, efficacy, and FACT-G quality of life (QoL) assessment. Translational studies assessed the angiogenic phenotypes of tumor cells, and dynamic levels of circulating endothelial and hematopoietic progenitors in response to treatment. Results: Twenty-five pts (19 males) were enrolled, with 22 evaluable (3 never received rx). At study entry, median age (N=25) was 68 yrs (range 52–81), 24 (96%) had stage ≥ III, 16 (64%) had LDH > nl, and 18 (72%) IPI 3–5. The median number of prior therapies was two (range 1 to 7), and 15 pts (60%) progressed on bortezomib. At a median followup of 30 months, overall response rate was 73% (32% CR/CRu, 41% PR, N=22). Median PFS was 12 months, and median OS 22 months. Four CRs of 4+, 28+, 46+ and 48+ months are ongoing. Toxicities included gr 1–2 fatigue, rash and neuropathy as well as cytopenias (by design) including gr 1–2 thrombocytopenia (56%) and gr 3/4 neutropenia (56%). Two thrombotic events and 5 episodes of gr 3–4 infection were observed. QoL was maintained or improved on treatment. Correlative studies demonstrated pre-therapy autocrine angiogenic loop in tumor cells evidenced by expression of VEGFA and VEGFR1. Circulating levels of hematopoietic and endothelial progenitor cells decreased on rx in responders. Conclusions: RT-PEPC has significant and durable clinical activity in MCL, with manageable toxicity and maintained QoL. Novel low-intensity anti-angiogenic approaches warrant further evaluation in MCL and other NHL subtypes, potentially as initial therapy in elderly patients. [Table: see text]
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Ruan J, Hajjar K, Rafii S, Leonard JP. Angiogenesis and antiangiogenic therapy in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Oncol 2009; 20:413-24. [PMID: 19088170 PMCID: PMC2733074 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdn666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, requires dynamic expansion, assembly and stabilization of vascular endothelial cells in response to proangiogenic stimuli. Antiangiogenic strategies have become an important therapeutic modality for solid tumors. While many aspects of postnatal pathological angiogenesis have been extensively studied in the context of nonhematopoietic neoplasms, the precise role of these processes in lymphoma pathogenesis is under active investigation. Lymphoma growth and progression is potentiated by at least two distinct angiogenic mechanisms: autocrine stimulation of tumor cells via expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors by lymphoma cells, as well as paracrine influences of proangiogenic tumor microenvironment on both local neovascular transformation and recruitment of circulating bone marrow-derived progenitors. Lymphoma-associated infiltrating host cells including hematopoietic monocytes, T cells and mesenchymal pericytes have increasingly been associated with the pathogenesis and prognosis of lymphoma, in part providing perivascular guidance and support to neoangiogenesis. Collectively, these distinct angiogenic mechanisms appear to be important therapeutic targets in selected non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) subtypes. Understanding these pathways has led to the introduction of antiangiogenic treatment strategies into the clinic where they are currently under assessment in several ongoing studies of NHL patients.
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Martin P, Chadburn A, Christos P, Furman R, Ruan J, Joyce M, Fusco E, Glynn P, Elstrom R, Niesvizky R, Feldman E, Shore T, Schuster M, Ely S, Knowles D, Chen-Kiang S, Coleman M, Leonard J. Intensive treatment strategies may not provide superior outcomes in mantle cell lymphoma: overall survival exceeding 7 years with standard therapies. Ann Oncol 2008; 19:1327-1330. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdn045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Leonard J, Martin P, Ruan J, Elstrom R, Barrientos J, Coleman M, Furman R. New monoclonal antibodies for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Oncol 2008; 19 Suppl 4:iv60-2. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdn199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Coleman M, Martin P, Ruan J, Niesvizky R, Leonard JP, Elstrom R, Furman RR. The THRIL (thalidomide [T], rituximab [R], and lenalidomide [L]) regimen for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma: daily alternating IMiDs and rituximab maintenance. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.7079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Calingasan NY, Ho DJ, Wille EJ, Campagna MV, Ruan J, Dumont M, Yang L, Shi Q, Gibson GE, Beal MF. Influence of mitochondrial enzyme deficiency on adult neurogenesis in mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroscience 2008; 153:986-96. [PMID: 18423880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial defects including reduction of a key mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme alpha-ketoglutarate-dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) are characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases. KGDHC consists of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase (E2k), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (Dld) subunits. We investigated whether Dld or E2k deficiency influences adult brain neurogenesis using immunohistochemistry for the immature neuron markers, doublecortin (Dcx) and polysialic acid-neural cell adhesion molecule, as well as a marker for proliferation, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Both Dld- and E2k-deficient mice showed reduced Dcx-positive neuroblasts in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus compared with wild-type mice. In the E2k knockout mice, increased immunoreactivity for the lipid peroxidation marker, malondialdehyde occurred in the SGZ. These alterations did not occur in the subventricular zone (SVZ). PCNA staining revealed decreased proliferation in the SGZ of E2k-deficient mice. In a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, Dcx-positive cells in the SGZ were also reduced compared with wild type, but Dld deficiency did not exacerbate the reduction. In the malonate lesion model of Huntington's disease, Dld deficiency did not alter the lesion-induced increase and migration of Dcx-positive cells from the SVZ into the ipsilateral striatum. Thus, the KGDHC subunit deficiencies associated with elevated lipid peroxidation selectively reduced the number of neuroblasts and proliferating cells in the hippocampal neurogenic zone. However, these mitochondrial defects neither exacerbated certain pathological conditions, such as amyloid precursor protein (APP) mutation-induced reduction of SGZ neuroblasts, nor inhibited malonate-induced migration of SVZ neuroblasts. Our findings support the view that mitochondrial dysfunction can influence the number of neural progenitor cells in the hippocampus of adult mice.
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Ruan J, Peyruchaud O, Nurden P, Cazes E, Combrié R, Bourre F, Nurden AT. Family screening for a Glanzmann's thrombasthenia mutation using PCR-SSCP. Platelets 2007; 9:129-36. [PMID: 16793688 DOI: 10.1080/09537109876915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic counselling is often requested in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, but measurements of GPIIb-IIIa density on platelets are often too inconclusive to allow a precise assessment of whether prospective parents are obligate heterozygotes for this disease by this measure alone. The recent application of PCR technology to Glanzmann's thrombasthenia has resulted in the identification of a large number of mutations, i.e. insertions/ deletions, splicing defects, in the genes for both GPIIb and GPIIIa. Among the reported abnormalities is an intronic G-->A substitution at the splice donor site of intron 15 in the GPIIb gene of a European gypsy tribe. This gives rise to an abnormal splicing, of an 8-bp deletion located at the 3' end of exon 15, a reading-frame shift and a premature stop codon in the mRNA for GPIIb. In applying PCR-SSCP to the elucidation of the genetic defects of a series of Glanzmann's patients, we have found the above-cited abnormality in three more gypsy families in France. The presence of the mutation was initially established by sequencing the amplified fragment, and its presence in family members was confirmed by both PCR-SSCP and HphI restriction analysis. Evaluation of the intronic G-->A mutation enabled genetic counselling to prospective parents within these families.
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Coleman M, Ruan J, Furman RR, Niesvizky R, Martin P, Leonard JP. Oral combination chemotherapy for refractory/relapsed lymphoma with the PEP-C (C3) regimen (daily prednisone, etoposide, procarbazine, cyclophosphamide): Low-dose continuous metronomic multidrug therapy. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.8064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
8064 Background: Oral daily low dose chemotherapy (metronomic therapy) may maintain continuous sequential drug levels to impact endothelial cell viability (anti-angiogenesis) or to overcome drug resistance. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data on 97 patients with refractory/relapsed Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with the PEP-C (C3) regimen, which consists of oral prednisone (20 mg in am), cyclophosphamide (50 mg at noon), etoposide (50 mg at dinner) and procarbazine (50 mg at h.s.with an oral anti- emetic). Medications were administered daily until the white blood cell count fell to less than 3000/dl, when treatment was held until recovery from the nadir. Treatment was then reinstituted on a daily, alternate day, or fractionated weekly basis (e.g. 5 of 7 days) based on patient tolerance. Doses given per day were constant. Results: All patients had been previously treated, with 80% having received 2 or more prior therapies and 57% with 3 or more previous regimens. Overall, 69 patients (71%) achieved a response. Responses by histology were: follicular (n=26) 92%, mantle cell (n=22) 82%, marginal zone (n=14) 71%, small lymphocytic (n=12) 67%, Hodgkin's lymphoma (n=9) 44%, diffuse large B cell (n=9) 33%, and T cell (n=5) 40%. Time on therapy of responding patients ranged from 3 weeks to 48 months (median 9 months, mean 11 months). Toxicity was predominantly myelosuppression, with hospitalization for infection occurring in 10 patients. Five patients developed H. zoster. Gastrointestinal effects prompting cessation of therapy occurred in 6 subjects, and 2 patients developed hematuria. Conclusions: Low dose, continuous (metronomic) combination chemotherapy with PEP-C is an easily administered, generally well- tolerated and effective treatment for relapsed/refractory lymphoma, particularly in indolent and mantle cell histologies. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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