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Strong M, Burrows J, Stedman E, Redgrave P. Adverse drug effects following oseltamivir mass treatment and prophylaxis in a school outbreak of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) in June 2009, Sheffield, United Kingdom. Euro Surveill 2010; 15:pii/19565. [PMID: 20483106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During the containment phase of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic, mass treatment and prophylaxis with oseltamivir was used to control an outbreak of pandemic influenza in a primary school in Sheffield, United Kingdom, where ten cases of pandemic influenza had been laboratory confirmed over a three day period in June 2009. A subsequent cross-sectional survey showed that 51 of 297 (17%) pupils and 10 of 58 (17%) reported an influenza-like illness. The most common symptoms were headache, cough, fever, tiredness, sore throat and nausea. Fifty-three staff and 273 pupils took oseltamivir for treatment or prophylaxis. Of this group, 41% (113/273) of pupils and 47% (25/53) of staff reported adverse effects. Overall, 14% (37/273) of pupils and 20% (11/53) of staff did not complete the course of oseltamivir, primarily due to adverse effects. Nausea, vomiting and rash were statistically significantly associated with failing to complete the course of oseltamivir. Given the potential for side effects from oseltamivir, particularly among those without influenza who receive the drug for prophylaxis, our findings have two important implications. Firstly, the benefits of mass treatment in an outbreak setting must clearly be greater than the benefits of targeted treatment. Secondly, any large scale regional or state level system for distribution of antiviral drugs for treatment should ideally include a robust quantification of an individual s probability of infection with influenza virus in order to avoid unnecessary treatment.
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Tangborn A, Stajner I, Buchwitz M, Khlystova I, Pawson S, Burrows J, Hudman R, Nedelec P. Assimilation of SCIAMACHY total column CO observations: Global and regional analysis of data impact. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Burrows J. Inequalities and healthcare reform in Chile: equity of what? JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2008; 34:e13. [PMID: 18757613 DOI: 10.1136/jme.2007.022715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Chile has achieved great success in terms of growth and development. However, growing inequalities exist in relation to income and health status. The previous Chilean government began to reform the healthcare system with the aim of reducing health inequities. What is meant by "equity" in this context? What is the extent of the equity aimed for? A normative framework is required for public policy-makers to consider ideas about fairness in their decisions about healthcare reform. This paper aims to discuss the main features of the Chilean healthcare reform and their implications for such a normative framework.
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Burrows J, Fischer H, Künzi KF, Pfeilsticker K, Platt U, Richter A, Riese M, Stiller G, Wagner T. Atmosphärische Spurenstoffe und ihre Sondierung. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.200700426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kuttippurath J, Bremer H, Burrows J, Kleinböhl A, Küllmann H, Künzi K, Notholt J, Sinnhuber M, von Savigny C, Lautié N, Murtagh D, Urban J, Milz M, Stiller G, Petelina S, de La Noë J, Le Flochmoën E, Ricaud P. Intercomparison of ozone profile measurements from ASUR, SCIAMACHY, MIPAS, OSIRIS, and SMR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Burrows J. All the Way Through: Testing for Authorship in Different Frequency Strata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/llc/fqi067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Cede A, Herman J, Richter A, Krotkov N, Burrows J. Measurements of nitrogen dioxide total column amounts using a Brewer double spectrophotometer in direct Sun mode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Volkamer R, Spietz P, Burrows J, Platt U. High-resolution absorption cross-section of glyoxal in the UV–vis and IR spectral ranges. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gupta D, Lammersfeld CA, Vashi PG, Burrows J, Lis CG, Grutsch JF. Prognostic significance of Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) in advanced colorectal cancer. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59:35-40. [PMID: 15252422 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prognostic significance of Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) in advanced colorectal cancer and create statistically distinct prognostic groups of colorectal cancer patients based on clinical and nutritional variables. DESIGN A retrospective clinical epidemiologic study. SETTING A private tertiary care American Cancer Center. SUBJECTS In total, 234 colorectal cancer patients aged 29-82 y treated at Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Midwestern Regional Medical Center between January 1995 and March 2001. INTERVENTION SGA Questionnaire. SGA A-well nourished; SGA B-moderately malnourished; and SGA C-severely malnourished. Malnutrition was defined as either SGA B or SGA C. RESULTS The prevalence of malnutrition in this patient population, as determined by SGA, was 52% (113/217). The median survival of patients with SGA A was 12.8 months (95% CI; 9.1-16.5), those with SGA B was 8.8 months (95% CI; 6.7-10.9) and those with SGA C was 6 months (95% CI; 3.9-8.1); the difference being statistically significant at P=0.0013. Regression tree analysis identified prior treatment history, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and SGA to be important predictors of survival for our patient cohort. Patients with no prior treatment history (newly diagnosed disease), low LDH scores, and SGA A had the best overall survival of 40.4 months (95% CI; 30.45-50.4), whereas patients with prior treatment history (progressive disease), high LDH scores, and SGA B/C had the worst overall survival of 4.5 months (95% CI; 2.22-6.76). CONCLUSION The SGA provides useful prognostic information in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
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Abstract
As UK investment in forensic science has increased, the government has taken a fresh interest in how far this has led to dividends in terms of the detection of crime and its reduction. The Home Office funded 'Pathfinder Project' sought to monitor and document the complex relationships between the collection and use of forensic material (looking at a range of forensic science techniques) and its impact on crime detection. The project specifically targeted the 'volume' crimes of burglary and vehicle crime. Detailed data was gathered on all stages of the process between the collection and use of forensic material and crime detection. The model falls into two conceptual phases--scene attendance to suspect identification and identification to detection. From the analysis it was found that approximately one third of burglary and autocrime scenes are visited by SOCOs. While scientific identifications are only made in a minority of burglary and autocrime offences overall, it belies their importance. About one in ten of burglary and autocrime cases are cleared up by the police and it is estimated that fingerprints and SGMPlus were a contributory factor in achieving one third of these clear ups.
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Burrows J, Lammersfeld C, Dahlk S, Walker S, Vashi PG, Lis CG, Gupta D. Impact of self-reported performance status on survival in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.3761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Gupta D, Lammersfeld CA, Dahlk S, Burrows J, Vashi PG, Grutsch J, Lis CG. Phase angle, determined by bioelectrical impedance, as a prognostic indicator in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lammersfeld CA, Gupta D, Dahlk S, Burrows J, Walker S, Vashi PG, Grutsch J, Lis CG. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as a nutritional assessment tool in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.6121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Hearps AC, Burrows J, Connor CE, Woods GM, Lowenthal RM, Ragg SJ. Mitochondrial cytochrome c release precedes transmembrane depolarisation and caspase-3 activation during ceramide-induced apoptosis of Jurkat T cells. Apoptosis 2003. [PMID: 12207171 DOI: 10.1023/a: 1020034906200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Whilst the role of ceramide, a second messenger of the sphingolipid family, in the initiation of receptor-mediated apoptosis is controversial, a growing body of evidence is emerging for a role of ceramide in the amplification of apoptosis via mitochondrial perturbations that culminate in the activation of execution caspases. Treatment of Jurkat T cells with the cell-permeable analog, C(2)-ceramide, resulted in the rapid onset of apoptosis as evidenced by Annexin V-FITC staining of externalised phosphatidylserine residues. Cells bearing this early apoptotic marker had a reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Delta(Psi)m) that was preceded by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Subsequent activation of caspase-3 provides the link between these ceramide-induced mitochondrial changes and execution caspases that ultimately result in the physical destruction of the cell. Collectively these results demonstrate that ceramide signalling results in caspase-mediated apoptosis via mitochondrial cytochrome c release and are further supportive of the role of ceramide in the amplification of apoptosis.
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Hearps AC, Burrows J, Connor CE, Woods GM, Lowenthal RM, Ragg SJ. Mitochondrial cytochrome c release precedes transmembrane depolarisation and caspase-3 activation during ceramide-induced apoptosis of Jurkat T cells. Apoptosis 2002; 7:387-94. [PMID: 12207171 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020034906200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Whilst the role of ceramide, a second messenger of the sphingolipid family, in the initiation of receptor-mediated apoptosis is controversial, a growing body of evidence is emerging for a role of ceramide in the amplification of apoptosis via mitochondrial perturbations that culminate in the activation of execution caspases. Treatment of Jurkat T cells with the cell-permeable analog, C(2)-ceramide, resulted in the rapid onset of apoptosis as evidenced by Annexin V-FITC staining of externalised phosphatidylserine residues. Cells bearing this early apoptotic marker had a reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Delta(Psi)m) that was preceded by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Subsequent activation of caspase-3 provides the link between these ceramide-induced mitochondrial changes and execution caspases that ultimately result in the physical destruction of the cell. Collectively these results demonstrate that ceramide signalling results in caspase-mediated apoptosis via mitochondrial cytochrome c release and are further supportive of the role of ceramide in the amplification of apoptosis.
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Burrows J. 'Delta': a Measure of Stylistic Difference and a Guide to Likely Authorship. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/llc/17.3.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Teckman JH, Burrows J, Hidvegi T, Schmidt B, Hale PD, Perlmutter DH. The proteasome participates in degradation of mutant alpha 1-antitrypsin Z in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatoma-derived hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:44865-72. [PMID: 11577074 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103703200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Because retention of mutant alpha(1)-antitrypsin (alpha(1)-AT) Z in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is associated with liver disease in alpha(1)-AT-deficient individuals, the mechanism by which this aggregated glycoprotein is degraded has received considerable attention. In previous studies using stable transfected human fibroblast cell lines and a cell-free microsomal translocation system, we found evidence for involvement of the proteasome in degradation of alpha(1)-ATZ (Qu, D., Teckman, J. H., Omura, S., and Perlmutter, D. H. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 22791-22795). In more recent studies, Cabral et al. (Cabral, C. M., Choudhury, P., Liu, Y., and Sifers, R. N. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 25015-25022) found that degradation of alpha(1)-ATZ in a stable transfected murine hepatoma cell line was inhibited by tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors, but not by the proteasomal inhibitor lactacystin and concluded that the proteasome was only involved in ER degradation of alpha(1)-ATZ in nonhepatocytic cell types or in cell types with levels of alpha(1)-AT expression that are substantial lower than that which occurs in hepatocytes. To examine this important issue in further detail, in this study we established rat and murine hepatoma cell lines with constitutive and inducible expression of alpha(1)-ATZ. In each of these cell lines degradation of alpha(1)-ATZ was inhibited by lactacystin, MG132, epoxomicin, and clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone. Using the inducible expression system to regulate the relative level of alpha(1)-ATZ expression, we found that lactacystin had a similar inhibitory effect on degradation of alpha(1)-ATZ at high and low levels of alpha(1)-AT expression. Although there is substantial evidence that other mechanisms contribute to ER degradation of alpha(1)-ATZ, the data reported here indicate that the proteasome plays an important role in many cell types including hepatocytes.
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Warr T, Ward S, Burrows J, Harding B, Wilkins P, Harkness W, Hayward R, Darling J, Thomas D. Identification of extensive genomic loss and gain by comparative genomic hybridisation in malignant astrocytoma in children and young adults. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2001; 31:15-22. [PMID: 11284031 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although astrocytomas are the most common central nervous system tumours in all age groups, there is substantial evidence that tumours arising in young patients (< 25 years of age) do not have the same genetic abnormalities that are characteristic of tumours in older patients. Furthermore, novel, consistent changes have not been identified in astrocytomas in children and young adults. We analysed 13 malignant astrocytomas from young patients using comparative genomic hybridisation. Regions of genomic imbalance were identified in 10 cases. The most common recurrent copy number aberrations were loss of 16p (54% of cases), 17p (38%), 19p (38%), and 22 (38%) and gain on 2q (38%), 12q (38%), 13 (38%), 4q (31%), 5q (31%), and 8q (31%). Seven regions of high copy number amplification were observed at 8q21-22 (three cases), 7q22-23 (two cases), and 1p21-22, 2q22, 12q13-pter, 12q15-21, and 13q11-14 (one case each). This study provides evidence of new characteristic chromosomal imbalances from which potential candidate genes involved in the development of malignant astrocytoma in children and young adults may be identified.
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Connor CE, Burrows J, Hearps AC, Woods GM, Lowenthal RM, Ragg SJ. Cell cycle arrest of hematopoietic cell lines after treatment with ceramide is commonly associated with retinoblastoma activation. CYTOMETRY 2001; 43:164-9. [PMID: 11170101 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0320(20010301)43:3<164::aid-cyto1044>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukaemia cells differ from their normal counterparts in that their ability to properly regulate survival, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis is aberrant. Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling cell proliferation and developing therapeutic strategies to correct nonfunctional regulatory mechanisms are emerging areas of medical research. Ceramide, a metabolite of membrane sphingomyelin hydrolysis, has recently emerged as a key regulator of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in leukaemia cells. METHODS Leukaemia cell lines were treated with a biologically active analogue of ceramide, C(2)-ceramide. Cell cycle status was assessed flow cytometrically using propidium iodide. Induction of apoptosis was confirmed by annexin V staining of externalised phosphatidylserine and retinoblastoma activation was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS C(2)-ceramide induced activation of retinoblastoma tumour suppressor protein, G(0)/G(1) cell cycle arrest, or apoptosis in leukaemia cell lines. In addition, these effects differed depending upon cell type, thus confirming the pleiotropic nature of the ceramide signalling pathway. Most cells studied responded to exogenous C(2)-ceramide by entering growth arrest, evidently resulting from activation of retinoblastoma protein, and by displaying some degree of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that signalling via ceramide has novel therapeutic applications for treatment of leukaemia.
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Burrows J. The parturient woman: can there be room for more than 'one person with full and equal rights inside a single human skin'? J Adv Nurs 2001; 33:689-95. [PMID: 11298206 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS OF THE PAPER The aim of the paper is to raise awareness around the legal and ethical issues involved in the enforcement of caesarean sections on non-consenting women. The paper considers the competing rights of mother and foetus in situations where a mother's wishes may result in harm or death to the foetus. BACKGROUND/RATIONALE In this light of various court decisions about enforcing caesarean sections, the paper examines the pertinent legal and ethical issues, recognising that health professionals need to operate within an explicit legal and ethical framework. Content. The arguments about a woman's right to autonomous decision-making and a foetus' absolute right to life are examined with the focus throughout being on the legal framework. The need for health professionals to work within this as well as to avoid the temptation to base individual clinical decisions or professional behaviour on subjective moral judgements is emphasized. The attitudes of the judiciary are considered along with recent legal developments. There is an analysis of the way in which established legal principle is sometimes circumvented to override a woman's right to autonomy. The part played by lawyers and health professionals in denying a woman's competence to consent in order to achieve an outcome of which they approve is critically appraised. The basis for the decisions in these cases is deconstructed, along with a discussion of the role of health professionals in contributing to the dilemmas highlighted. CONCLUSION It is essential that nurses or midwives caring for pregnant women have a full understanding of the legal and ethical issues surrounding this complicated and emotive area and where they, as health professionals, fit within this. The subject matter is also a useful arena for debating such ethical and legal issues as capacity and competence to consent as well as the extent of the right of any patient to full autonomy.
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Burrows J. Telling tales and saving lives: whistleblowing--the role of professional colleagues in protecting patients from dangerous doctors. MEDICAL LAW REVIEW 2001; 9:110-129. [PMID: 14982078 DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/9.2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Bert AG, Burrows J, Hawwari A, Vadas MA, Cockerill PN. Reconstitution of T cell-specific transcription directed by composite NFAT/Oct elements. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:5646-55. [PMID: 11067921 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.10.5646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The complex nature of most promoters and enhancers makes it difficult to identify key determinants of tissue-specific gene expression. Furthermore, most tissue-specific genes are regulated by transcription factors that have expression profiles more widespread than the genes they control. NFAT is an example of a widely expressed transcription factor that contributes to several distinct patterns of cytokine gene expression within the immune system and where its role in directing specificity remains undefined. To investigate distinct combinatorial mechanisms employed by NFAT to regulate tissue-specific transcription, we examined a composite NFAT/AP-1 element from the widely active GM-CSF enhancer and a composite NFAT/Oct element from the T cell-specific IL-3 enhancer. The NFAT/AP-1 element was active in the numerous cell types that express NFAT, but NFAT/Oct enhancer activity was T cell specific even though Oct-1 is ubiquitous. Conversion of the single Oct site in the IL-3 enhancer to an AP-1 enabled activation outside of the T cell lineage. By reconstituting the activities of both the IL-3 enhancer and its NFAT/Oct element in a variety of cell types, we demonstrated that their T cell-specific activation required the lymphoid cofactors NIP45 and OCA-B in addition to NFAT and Oct family proteins. Furthermore, the Oct family protein Brn-2, which cannot recruit OCA-B, repressed NFAT/Oct enhancer activity. Significantly, the two patterns of combinatorial regulation identified in this study mirror the cell-type specificities of the cytokine genes that they govern. We have thus established that simple composite transcription factor binding sites can indeed establish highly specific patterns of gene expression.
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Bert AG, Burrows J, Osborne CS, Cockerill PN. Generation of an improved luciferase reporter gene plasmid that employs a novel mechanism for high-copy replication. Plasmid 2000; 44:173-82. [PMID: 10964627 DOI: 10.1006/plas.2000.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have engineered the reporter gene plasmid pXPG by incorporating a novel high-copy origin of replication and a modified luciferase gene into a pXP1-derived vector that efficiently blocks read-through transcription in eukaryotic cells. pXPG contains the Luc+ luciferase gene derived from pGL3 that lacks a peroxisomal targeting sequence, thereby allowing accumulation of luciferase protein in the cytoplasm rather than subcellular organelles of transfected eukaryotic cells. pXPG has distinct advantages over pGL3, because it contains SV40 polyadenylation signals that appear to be more efficient at blocking read-through transcription than the synthetic polyadenylation signal present in pGL3. pXPG contains a novel mutation near the origin of replication that increases plasmid copy number in Escherichia coli. This mutation alters the -10 sequence in the RNA II promoter of the ColE1 origin of replication from TAATCT to TAATAT. As this sequence is a closer match to the consensus -10 element, we suggest that the mutation increases copy number by increasing the rate of transcription of the RNA II replication primer. This novel mechanism for increasing copy number may have more widespread applications than the commonly used pUC high-copy origin of replication mutation. Unlike pUC, which reverts to low copy number at 30 degrees C, the pXPG mutation supports a higher copy number at both 37 and 30 degrees C.
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Bagust A, Burrows J, Oakley J. Quality or quantity. THE HEALTH SERVICE JOURNAL 1992; 102:23-5. [PMID: 10122499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Hawcroft D, Ball M, Burrows J. A pre-embedding reaction method for localizing NADH reductase and succinic dehydrogenase in skeletal muscle. Biotech Histochem 1992; 67:136-9. [PMID: 1617003 DOI: 10.3109/10520299209110023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraffin wax embedding methods suitable for demonstrating the distribution of enzyme activity in tissues sections are uncommon; most procedures rely on the use of frozen section techniques. This paper describes a system for demonstrating certain enzymes which involves incubation of the tissue with appropriate substrates before a Paramat wax embedding procedure. While it has distinct merits of its own, the procedure is eminently suitable for use where a cryostat is not available; it can also be readily applied to other enzymes and tissues.
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