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Schulenberg J, Vondracek FW, Shimizu K. Convergence and Obfuscation: A Rejoinder to Osipow and to Laplante, Coallier, Sabourin, and Martin. JOURNAL OF CAREER ASSESSMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/106907279400200104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our previous critique of Martin, Sabourin, Laplante, and Coallier (1991) included 10 serious criticisms of their methods and conclusions regarding the dimensionality of the Career Decision Scale (CDS). Although the quantity of the Laplante, Coallier, Sabourin, and Martin (1994) response was not bad (i.e., they attempted to address 7 of the 10 criticisms), the quality of their response was disappointing because it confused fact with fiction, and included a wealth of extraneous and irrelevant material. Nothing in their response convinced (or even tempted) us to retract any of our original criticisms. Most importantly, the equivalence of their French version of the CDS with the English version was still not demonstrated, our four-factor model was still not disconfirmed, and their model testing procedures remain suspect (e.g., for some undisclosed reason, Laplante et al. (1994) and Martin et al. (1991) are at odds as to whether they accepted their one-factor model). Based on our findings (as well as those of Martin et al. [1991]— despite their conclusions, their findings support our model), the fact remains that our four-factor model provided the best fit among the several models tested, indicating firm support for the multidimensionality of the CDS. We found ourselves in substantial agreement with Osipow (1994), and we urge him to refine the CDS by adding dimension-specific items and revising double-barreled items.
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Shimizu K, Vondracek FW, Schulenberg J. Unidimensionality Versus Multidimensionality of the Career Decision Scale: A Critique of Martin, Sabourin, Laplante, and Coallier. JOURNAL OF CAREER ASSESSMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/106907279400200101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the past 15 years the Career Decision Scale (CDS) has been used primarily to assess degree of indecision. Controversy has arisen around the issue of whether it should thus be considered a unidimensional measure or whether it is a multidimensional measure of several dimensions of career indecision. Although a number of studies reported significant empirical support for the multidimensionality of the CDS, a study by Martin, Sabourin, Laplante, and Coallier (1991) claimed to present evidence supporting its unidimensionality. The present study refutes those claims by demonstrating serious methodological and conceptual errors and omissions in the findings of Martin et al. (1991) and by presenting further empirical evidence in support of multidimensionality.
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Maslowsky J, Schulenberg J, Chiodo LM, Hannigan JH, Greenwald MK, Janisse J, Sokol RJ, Delaney-Black V. Parental Support, Mental Health, and Alcohol and Marijuana Use in National and High-Risk African-American Adolescent Samples. SUBSTANCE ABUSE-RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2016; 9:11-20. [PMID: 26843811 PMCID: PMC4736548 DOI: 10.4137/sart.s22441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
African-American adolescents experience disproportionate rates of negative consequences of substance use despite using substances at average or below-average rates. Due to underrepresentation of African-American adolescents in etiological literature, risk and protective processes associated with their substance use require further study. This study examines the role of parental support in adolescents' conduct problems (CPs), depressive symptoms (DSs), and alcohol and marijuana use in a national sample and a high-risk sample of African-American adolescents. In both samples, parental support was inversely related to adolescent CPs, DSs, and alcohol and marijuana use. CPs, but not DSs, partially mediated the relation of parental support to substance use. Results were consistent across the national and high-risk samples, suggesting that the protective effect of parental support applies to African-American adolescents from a range of demographic backgrounds.
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Schulenberg J, Maslowsky J. Contribution of Adolescence to the Life Course: What Matters Most in the Long Run? RESEARCH IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2015; 12:319-326. [PMID: 26478720 PMCID: PMC4602400 DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2015.1068039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Our wish is for more long-term longitudinal studies specifically designed to demonstrate the importance of adolescence in the life course. Specifically, we wish for our science to document as rigorously as possible the individual and contextual characteristics and experiences that matter the most during adolescence for long-term adult health and well-being. Recent research has shown the early childhood effects on adult outcomes, including effects from intervention programs, bringing needed scientific evidence to inform social policy about the importance of optimizing early development. In most of these efforts, there is little emphasis on adolescence, and thus there is little understanding about the effects of adolescence over and above the effects of childhood on adult outcomes. Our view is that adolescence matters a great deal for long-term health and well-being and we summarize what it will take to make our wish come true.
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Maggs JL, Staff J, Kloska DD, Patrick ME, O’Malley PM, Schulenberg J. Predicting Young Adult Degree Attainment by Late Adolescent Marijuana Use. J Adolesc Health 2015; 57. [PMID: 26206441 PMCID: PMC4514914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess whether infrequent and frequent marijuana use at age 19/20 years predicts receipt of educational degrees by the mid-20s, independent of confounding age 18 adolescent risk factors. METHODS Data were from the Monitoring the Future study, an annual nationally representative survey of high school seniors followed into adulthood. Thirteen cohorts (1990-2002) of high school seniors were followed longitudinally to their mid-20s (n = 4,925; 54% female). We used logistic regression and propensity score matching with successive inclusion of age 18 risk factors and substance use to compare age 19/20 frequent marijuana users (six or more occasions in past 30 days) to nonusers, frequent users to infrequent users (1-6 occasions), and infrequent users to nonusers on their likelihood of degree attainment by the mid-20s. RESULTS Frequent marijuana users were less likely than infrequent users and nonusers to earn bachelor's degrees, even after controlling for a host of age 18 risk factors (e.g., family socioeconomic background, academic performance, educational expectations, truancy). However, these differences were reduced in magnitude to statistical nonsignificance when we controlled for age 18 substance use. Across analyses, the proportion reaching this educational milestone did not differ significantly between infrequent users and nonusers. CONCLUSIONS Results support a growing body of work suggesting that frequent marijuana use predicts a lower likelihood of postsecondary educational attainment, and this difference may originate during secondary school.
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Beal SJ, Negriff S, Dorn LD, Pabst S, Schulenberg J. Longitudinal associations between smoking and depressive symptoms among adolescent girls. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2015; 15:506-15. [PMID: 23689842 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-013-0402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is an important period for initiation of smoking and manifestation of depression, which are often comorbid. Researchers have examined associations between depressive symptoms and smoking to elucidate whether those with increased depressive symptoms smoke more to self-medicate, whether those who smoke experience increased subsequent depressive symptoms, or both. Collectively, there have been mixed findings; however, studies have been limited by (1) cross-sectional or short-term longitudinal data or (2) the use of methods that test associations, or only one direction in the associations, rather than a fully-reciprocal model to examine directionality. This study examined the associations between smoking and depressive symptoms in a sample of adolescent girls using latent dual change scores to model (1) the effect of smoking on change in depressive symptoms, and simultaneously (2) the effect of depressive symptoms on change in smoking across ages 11-20. Data were from a cohort-sequential prospective longitudinal study (N = 262). Girls were enrolled by age cohort (11, 13, 15, and 17 years) and were primarily White (61 %) or African American (31 %). Data were restructured by age. Every 6 months, girls reported depressive symptoms and cigarette use. Results indicated that controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, higher levels of smoking predicted a greater increase in depressive symptoms across adolescence. These findings suggest that a higher level of cigarette smoking does contribute to more depressive symptoms, which has implications for prevention of depression and for intervention and future research.
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Keyes KM, Maslowsky J, Hamilton A, Schulenberg J. The great sleep recession: changes in sleep duration among US adolescents, 1991-2012. Pediatrics 2015; 135:460-8. [PMID: 25687142 PMCID: PMC4338325 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-2707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Average nightly sleep times precipitously decline from childhood through adolescence. There is increasing concern that historical shifts also occur in overall adolescent sleep time. METHODS Data were drawn from Monitoring the Future, a yearly, nationally representative cross-sectional survey of adolescents in the United States from 1991 to 2012 (N = 272 077) representing birth cohorts from 1973 to 2000. Adolescents were asked how often they get ≥7 hours of sleep and how often they get less sleep than they should. Age-period-cohort models were estimated. RESULTS Adolescent sleep generally declined over 20 years; the largest change occurred between 1991-1995 and 1996-2000. Age-period-cohort analyses indicate adolescent sleep is best described across demographic subgroups by an age effect, with sleep decreasing across adolescence, and a period effect, indicating that sleep is consistently decreasing, especially in the late 1990s and early 2000s. There was also a cohort effect among some subgroups, including male subjects, white subjects, and those in urban areas, with the earliest cohorts obtaining more sleep. Girls were less likely to report getting ≥7 hours of sleep compared with boys, as were racial/ethnic minorities, students living in urban areas, and those of low socioeconomic status (SES). However, racial/ethnic minorities and adolescents of low SES were more likely to self-report adequate sleep, compared with white subjects and those of higher SES. CONCLUSIONS Declines in self-reported adolescent sleep across the last 20 years are concerning. Mismatch between perceptions of adequate sleep and actual reported sleep times for racial/ethnic minorities and adolescents of low SES are additionally concerning and suggest that health education and literacy approaches may be warranted.
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Miech RA, Johnston L, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg J, Patrick ME. Trends in use of marijuana and attitudes toward marijuana among youth before and after decriminalization: the case of California 2007-2013. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2015; 26:336-44. [PMID: 25662893 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This analysis examines decriminalization as a risk factor for future increases in youth marijuana acceptance and use. Specifically, we examine marijuana-related behaviors and attitudes of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders in California as compared to other U.S. states during the years before and after California passed legislation in 2010 to decriminalize marijuana. METHODS Data come from Monitoring the Future, an annual, nationally representative survey of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students. RESULTS In 2012 and afterwards California 12th graders as compared to their peers in other states became (a) 25% more likely to have used marijuana in the past 30 days, (b) 20% less likely to perceive regular marijuana use as a great health risk, (c) 20% less likely to strongly disapprove of regular marijuana use, and (d) about 60% more likely to expect to be using marijuana five years in the future. Analysis of 10th graders raises the possibility that the findings among 12th graders may reflect a cohort effect that was set into place two years earlier. CONCLUSION These results provide empirical evidence to support concerns that decriminalization may be a risk factor for future increases in youth marijuana use and acceptance.
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Schulenberg J, Schoon I. The Transition to Adulthood across Time and Space: Overview of Special Section. LONGITUDINAL AND LIFE COURSE STUDIES : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 2012; 3:164-172. [PMID: 26473017 PMCID: PMC4603838 DOI: 10.14301/llcs.v3i2.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
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Maggs JL, Jager J, Patrick ME, Schulenberg J. Social role patterning in early adulthood in the USA: adolescent predictors and concurrent wellbeing across four distinct configurations. LONGITUDINAL AND LIFE COURSE STUDIES : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 2012; 3:190-210. [PMID: 23155366 PMCID: PMC3495328 DOI: 10.14301/llcs.v3i2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The decade following secondary school is pivotal in setting the stage for adulthood functioning and adjustment. We identify four social role configurations of early adults in their mid-20s using latent class analyses in two nationally representative samples of American youth in their last year of secondary education (modal age 18) who were followed longitudinally into adulthood (age 25/26). We focus on the big five social role domains of early adulthood: education, residential status, employment, cohabitation/marriage, and parenthood. Aims were to identify latent classes of social role configurations in early adulthood, examine demographic and late adolescent educational predictors of these classes, and explore contemporaneous health and adjustment correlates focusing on life satisfaction, economic independence, and substance use. Four classes with very similar characteristics and prevalence were identified in the two cohorts who were born 12 years apart: Educated Students without Children (8% in 80s cohort/9% in 90s cohort); Working Singles Living with Parents (16%/18%); Educated Workers without Children (45%/46%); and Married Workers with Children (31%/27%). Late adolescent demographic and educational variables and mid-20s variables were related to class membership. Results evidenced notable similarities (and some differences) across cohorts. Discussion focuses on how roles facilitate or inhibit each other and the potential diversity of optimal patterns of transitions to adulthood.
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Schulenberg J, Vondracek FW, Kim JR. Career Certainty and Short-term Changes in Work Values During Adolescence. CAREER DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-0045.1993.tb00377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ilgen MA, Schulenberg J, Kloska DD, Czyz E, Johnston L, O'Malley P. Prevalence and characteristics of substance abuse treatment utilization by U.S. adolescents: national data from 1987 to 2008. Addict Behav 2011; 36:1349-52. [PMID: 21885197 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although many adolescents use and abuse illicit drugs, few of those who could benefit from substance abuse treatment ever receive these services. The present study examines the prevalence of utilization of substance abuse treatment in national samples of adolescents over the past 22 years and identifies characteristics associated with receipt of these services. METHOD Monitoring the Future data on lifetime utilization of substance abuse treatment was available for 12th grade students who reported any lifetime illicit drug use from 1987 to 2008 (N=25,537). After describing the prevalence of treatment utilization over this time period, logistic regression was used to examine potential predictors of treatment utilization. RESULTS The overall prevalence of treatment utilization has remained relatively unchanged over the past 22 years. In multivariable models, adolescents reporting a greater frequency of lifetime use of marijuana or cocaine were more likely to receive substance abuse treatment. Additionally, substance abuse treatment utilization was more likely in those who received other mental health services. CONCLUSION Despite increased evidence for the effectiveness of substance abuse treatment, utilization of these services by adolescents has remained low and relatively stable over the past 22 years. Attempts to increase utilization of substance abuse treatment services would likely benefit from building on existing connections with mental health treatment.
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Maslowsky J, Keating D, Monk C, Schulenberg J. Planned Versus Unplanned Risks: Evidence for Subtypes of Risk Behavior in Adolescence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2011; 35:152-160. [PMID: 22679340 PMCID: PMC3367561 DOI: 10.1177/0165025410378069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Risk behavior escalates during adolescence, contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality. This study examined whether individual differences in personality and neurocognitive function previously shown to be associated with overall frequency of risk behavior are differentially related to two proposed subtypes of adolescent risk behavior: planned and unplanned. Adolescents (N = 69, 49% male, M = 15.1 years, SD = 1.0), completed a battery of self-report measures and neurocognitive tasks. Several personality and neurocognitive variables predicted membership in the planned versus unplanned risk group: perceiving the benefits of risk behaviors to outweigh risks, more accurately identifying beneficial choices in a modified Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), and performing more advantageously on the IGT and the Game of Dice Task. This study supports the hypothesis that planned versus unplanned risk behavior comprise distinct subtypes in adolescence. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these subtypes may inform prevention programs targeting specific contributors to adolescent risk behavior.
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Maggs JL, Schulenberg J. Reasons to Drink and Not to Drink: Altering Trajectories of Drinking Through an Alcohol Misuse Prevention Program. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1207/s1532480xads0201_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Brown SA, McGue M, Maggs J, Schulenberg J, Hingson R, Swartzwelder S, Martin C, Chung T, Tapert SF, Sher K, Winters KC, Lowman C, Murphy S. Underage alcohol use: summary of developmental processes and mechanisms: ages 16-20. ALCOHOL RESEARCH & HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM 2009; 32:41-52. [PMID: 23104446 PMCID: PMC3860496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Late adolescence (i.e., the age-group between 16 and 20 years) is characterized by significant changes in neurological and cognitive processes, behavioral and social functioning, and relational and physical contexts as the individual moves toward adulthood. In this age-group, major role transitions affect almost every aspect of life. Moreover, brain development continues-and with it the development of cognitive functions, working memory, emotional and behavioral self-regulation, and decisionmaking. The adolescent's social and emotional development also continues to evolve, affecting interactions with parents, siblings, peers, and first romantic relationships. All of these changes impact drinking behavior during late adolescence, and, in fact, alcohol use, binge drinking, and heavy drinking are particularly prevalent in youth ages 16-20. Determining the common trajectories of drinking behavior in this age-group is important for understanding how adolescent alcohol use helps shape adult outcomes and for identifying risk and protective factors. It also is important to study the short- and long-term consequences of adolescent alcohol use and abuse, including alcohol's effects on the developing adolescent brain and accomplishment of important developmental tasks of this age.
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Brown SA, McGue M, Maggs J, Schulenberg J, Hingson R, Swartzwelder S, Martin C, Chung T, Tapert SF, Sher K, Winters KC, Lowman C, Murphy S. A developmental perspective on alcohol and youths 16 to 20 years of age. Pediatrics 2008; 121 Suppl 4:S290-310. [PMID: 18381495 PMCID: PMC2765460 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-2243d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Late adolescence (ie, 16-20 years of age) is a period characterized by escalation of drinking and alcohol use problems for many and by the onset of an alcohol use disorder for some. This heightened period of vulnerability is a joint consequence of the continuity of risk from earlier developmental stages and the unique neurologic, cognitive, and social changes that occur in late adolescence. We review the normative neurologic, cognitive, and social changes that typically occur in late adolescence, and we discuss the evidence for the impact of these transitions on individual drinking trajectories. We also describe evidence linking alcohol abuse in late adolescence with neurologic damage and social impairments, and we discuss whether these are the bases for the association of adolescent drinking with increased risks of mental health, substance abuse, and social problems in adulthood. Finally, we discuss both the challenges and successes in the treatment and prevention of adolescent drinking problems.
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Yang S, Lynch J, Schulenberg J, Diez Roux AV, Raghunathan T. Emergence of socioeconomic inequalities in smoking and overweight and obesity in early adulthood: the national longitudinal study of adolescent health. Am J Public Health 2008; 98:468-77. [PMID: 18235067 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2007.111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined whether socioeconomic inequalities in smoking and overweight and obesity emerged in early adulthood and the contribution of family background, adolescent smoking, and body mass index to socioeconomic inequalities. METHODS Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health we employed multinomial regression analyses to estimate relative odds of heavy or light-to-moderate smoking to nonsmoking and of overweight or obesity to normal weight. RESULTS For smoking, we found inequalities by young adult socioeconomic position in both genders after controlling for family background and smoking during adolescence. However, family socioeconomic position was not strongly associated with smoking in early adulthood. For overweight and obesity, we found socioeconomic inequalities only among women both by young adult and family socioeconomic position after adjusting for birthweight, other family background, and body mass index during adolescence. CONCLUSIONS Socioeconomic inequalities in smoking emerged in early adulthood according to socioeconomic position. Among women, inequalities in overweight or obesity were already evident by family socioeconomic position and strengthened by their own socioeconomic position. The relative importance of family background and current socioeconomic circumstances varied between smoking and overweight or obesity.
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Youngblade LM, Theokas C, Schulenberg J, Curry L, Huang IC, Novak M. Risk and promotive factors in families, schools, and communities: a contextual model of positive youth development in adolescence. Pediatrics 2007; 119 Suppl 1:S47-53. [PMID: 17272585 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-2089h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging evidence about optimal youth development highlights the importance of both reducing negative behavior and promoting positive behavior. In our study we tested a contextual model derived from positive youth-development theory by examining the association of family, school, and community risk and promotive factors, with several outcome indices of both positive and negative adolescent development. METHODS A sample of 42305 adolescents aged 11 to 17 (51% girls) was drawn from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health. Survey item composites were formed representing promotive and risk factors in the family (eg, closeness, aggression) and school and community (eg, community connectedness, school violence). Outcome composites reflected positive (social competence, health-promoting behavior, self-esteem) and negative (externalizing, internalizing, academic problems) developmental outcomes. Ordinary least squares regression was used to test the overall model. RESULTS Between 0.10 and 0.50 of the variance in each outcome was explained by the contextual model. Multiple positive family characteristics were related to adolescent social competence and self-esteem, as well as lowered levels of internalizing and externalizing behavior and academic problems. Family communication, rules about television, and parents' own healthy behavior were related to adolescent health-promoting behavior. School and community safety were associated with increased social competence and decreased externalizing behavior. School violence was related to adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior, as well as academic problems and lower self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the proposition that healthy adolescent development has roots in multiple contexts. Youth who were involved in contexts that provided positive resources from important others (ie, parents, schools, and communities) not only were less likely to exhibit negative outcomes, but also were more likely to show evidence of positive development. These findings provide important implications for intervention and prevention efforts and, more generally, for the promotion of positive, competent, and healthy youth development.
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Yang S, Lynch J, Diez-Roux A, Raghunathan T, Schulenberg J. 594-S: Role of Cognitive Functioning and Parental Socioeconomic Position on Bmi and Smoking During Adolescence and Early Adulthood. Am J Epidemiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1093/aje/161.supplement_1.s149a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Sy S, Schulenberg J. Parent beliefs and children's achievement trajectories during the transition to school in Asian American and European American families. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/01650250500147329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Steinman KJ, Schulenberg J. A pattern-centered approach to evaluating substance use prevention programs. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2004:87-98. [PMID: 15460979 DOI: 10.1002/cd.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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O'Leary TA, Brown SA, Colby SM, Cronce JM, D'Amico EJ, Fader JS, Geisner IM, Larimer ME, Maggs JL, McCrady B, Palmer RS, Schulenberg J, Monti PM. Treating Adolescents Together or Individually? Issues in Adolescent Substance Abuse Interventions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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O'Leary TA, Brown SA, Colby SM, Cronce JM, D'Amico EJ, Fader JS, Geisner IM, Larimer ME, Maggs JL, McCrady B, Palmer RS, Schulenberg J, Monti PM. Treating adolescents together or individually? Issues in adolescent substance abuse interventions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002; 26:890-9. [PMID: 12068259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes the proceedings of a symposium, chaired by Peter Monti and cochaired by Tracy O'Leary, that was presented at the 2001 RSA Meeting in Montreal, Quebec. The aim of this symposium was to present data on group- and individual-based interventions for adolescent alcohol and substance abuse, with a discussion of the implications of research findings bearing on developmental considerations when working with adolescents and young adults. Elizabeth J. D'Amico, PhD, reviewed recent findings on adolescents' choice of type of substance abuse treatment. Jennifer L. Maggs, PhD, presented a developmental perspective on this issue. Tracy O'Leary, PhD, presented data on enhancing motivational interviewing with the presence of a supportive peer for college students cited for alcohol infractions. Mary E. Larimer, PhD, presented 1-year follow-up results of the Greeks 2000 Project, a 5-year longitudinal study designed to evaluate the efficacy of an alcohol abuse prevention program provided to college students who were entering a pledge class (first year) of Greek houses. Barbara McCrady, PhD, a noted expert on the treatment of couples for substance abuse problems, served as discussant.
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Schulenberg J, Maggs JL. Moving Targets: Modeling Developmental Trajectories of Adolescent Alcohol Misuse, Individual and Peer Risk Factors, and Intervention Effects. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2001. [DOI: 10.1207/s1532480xads0504_05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Maggs JL, Schulenberg J. Editors' Introduction: Prevention as Altering the Course of Development and the Complementary Purposes of Developmental and Prevention Sciences. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2001. [DOI: 10.1207/s1532480xads0504_01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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