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Norrgran Engdahl J, Bignert A, Jones B, Athanassiadis I, Bergman Å, Weiss JM. Cats' Internal Exposure to Selected Brominated Flame Retardants and Organochlorines Correlated to House Dust and Cat Food. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3012-3020. [PMID: 28192994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pet cats may be used as a biomarker for assessing exposures to organohalogen compounds (OHCs) adsorbed to household dust in home environments. This study explores two exposure routes of OHCs, ingestion of OHCs (i) via house dust and (ii) via cat food. House dust from 17 Swedish homes and serum from the participating families' pet cats were collected, and cat food was purchased matching the diet reported. Paired samples of cat serum, house dust, and cat food were analyzed for brominated flame retardants/natural products (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromobiphenyl (BB-209), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP), OH-PBDEs) and organochlorines (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 1,1-bis(4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (4,4'-DDT), 1,1-bis(4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (4,4'-DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), pentachlorophenol (PCP)). Significant correlations were found between serum and dust samples from the living rooms for BDE-47 (p < 0.035), BDE-99 (p < 0.035), and BDE-153 (p < 0.039), from the adult's bedroom for BDE-99 (p < 0.019) and from all rooms for BDE-99 (p < 0.020) and BB-209 (p < 0.048). This is the first time a correlation between cat serum levels and household dust has been established, a finding that supports the hypothesis that dust is a significant exposure route for cats. Serum levels were also significantly correlated with concentrations found in cat food for 6-OH-BDE47 (p < 0.002), 2,4,6-TBP (p < 0.035), and BB-209 (p < 0.007). DBDPE was found in high concentrations in all dust (median 154 pmol/g) and food samples (median 0.7 pmol/g lw) but was below detection in serum samples, suggesting low or no bioavailability for DBDPE in cats.
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Geitner M, Hoppe I, Biskup C, Runnebaum IB, Weiss JM. Ulipristal hemmt Progesteron-vermittelte Kalziumsignale und könnte mit der für die Spermienfunktion wichtigen Progesteronwirkung interagieren. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1592780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Scarzello AJ, Jiang Q, Back T, Dang H, Hodge D, Hanson C, Subleski J, Weiss JM, Stauffer JK, Chaisaingmongkol J, Rabibhadana S, Ruchirawat M, Ortaldo J, Wang XW, Norris PS, Ware CF, Wiltrout RH. LTβR signalling preferentially accelerates oncogenic AKT-initiated liver tumours. Gut 2016; 65. [PMID: 26206664 PMCID: PMC5036232 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relative contributions of inflammatory signalling and sequential oncogenic dysregulation driving liver cancer pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. Lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR) signalling is critically involved in hepatitis and liver tumorigenesis. Therefore, we explored the interdependence of inflammatory lymphotoxin signalling and specific oncogenic pathways in the progression of hepatic cancer. DESIGN Pathologically distinct liver tumours were initiated by hydrodynamic transfection of oncogenic V-Akt Murine Thymoma Viral Oncogene Homolog 1 (AKT)/β-catenin or AKT/Notch expressing plasmids. To investigate the relationship of LTβR signalling and specific oncogenic pathways, LTβR antagonist (LTβR-Fc) or agonist (anti-LTβR) were administered post oncogene transfection. Initiated livers/tumours were investigated for changes in oncogene expression, tumour proliferation, progression, latency and pathology. Moreover, specific LTβR-mediated molecular events were investigated in human liver cancer cell lines and through transcriptional analyses of samples from patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). RESULTS AKT/β-catenin-transfected livers displayed increased expression of LTβ and LTβR, with antagonism of LTβR signalling reducing tumour progression and enhancing survival. Conversely, enforced LTβR-activation of AKT/β-catenin-initiated tumours induced robust increases in proliferation and progression of hepatic tumour phenotypes in an AKT-dependent manner. LTβR-activation also rapidly accelerated ICC progression initiated by AKT/Notch, but not Notch alone. Moreover, LTβR-accelerated development coincides with increases of Notch, Hes1, c-MYC, pAKT and β-catenin. We further demonstrate LTβR signalling in human liver cancer cell lines to be a regulator of Notch, pAKTser473 and β-catenin. Transcriptome analysis of samples from patients with ICC links increased LTβR network expression with poor patient survival, increased Notch1 expression and Notch and AKT/PI3K signalling. CONCLUSIONS Our findings link LTβR and oncogenic AKT signalling in the development of ICC.
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Wang W, Erbe AK, Gallenberger M, Kim K, Carmichael L, Hess D, Mendonca EA, Song Y, Hank JA, Cheng SC, Signoretti S, Atkins M, Carlson A, Weiss JM, Mier J, Panka D, McDermott DF, Sondel PM. Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and KIR-ligand genotype do not correlate with clinical outcome of renal cell carcinoma patients receiving high-dose IL2. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:1523-1532. [PMID: 27695964 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1904-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
NK cells play a role in many cancer immunotherapies. NK cell activity is tightly regulated by killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and KIR-ligand interactions. Inhibitory KIR-ligands have been identified as HLA molecules, while activating KIR-ligands are largely unknown. Individuals that have not inherited the corresponding KIR-ligand for at least one inhibitory KIR gene are termed the "KIR-ligand missing" genotype, and they are thought to have a subset of NK cells that express inhibitory KIRs for which the corresponding KIR-ligand is missing on autologous tissue, and thus will not be inhibited through KIR-ligand recognition. In some settings where an anticancer immunotherapeutic effect is likely mediated by NK cells, individuals with a KIR-ligand missing genotype have shown improved clinical outcome compared to individuals with an "all KIR-ligands present" genotype. In addition, patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplants for leukemia may do better if their donor has more activating KIR genes (i.e., KIR haplotype-B). In a recent multi-institution clinical trial of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving high-dose IL2 (HD-IL2), 25 % of patients showed a complete or partial tumor response to this therapy. We genotyped KIR and KIR-ligand genes for these patients (n = 107) and tested whether KIR/KIR-ligand genotypes correlated with patient clinical outcomes. In these analyses, we did not find any significant association of KIR/KIR-ligand genotype (either KIR-ligand missing or the presence of KIR haplotype-B) with patient outcome in response to the HD-IL2 therapy.
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Baseler WA, Davies LC, Quigley L, Ridnour LA, Weiss JM, Hussain SP, Wink DA, McVicar DW. Autocrine IL-10 functions as a rheostat for M1 macrophage glycolytic commitment by tuning nitric oxide production. Redox Biol 2016; 10:12-23. [PMID: 27676159 PMCID: PMC5037266 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory maturation of M1 macrophages by proinflammatory stimuli such as toll like receptor ligands results in profound metabolic reprogramming resulting in commitment to aerobic glycolysis as evidenced by repression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and enhanced glucose utilization. In contrast, "alternatively activated" macrophages adopt a metabolic program dominated by fatty acid-fueled OXPHOS. Despite the known importance of these developmental stages on the qualitative aspects of an inflammatory response, relatively little is know regarding the regulation of these metabolic adjustments. Here we provide evidence that the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 defines a metabolic regulatory loop. Our data show for the first time that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced glycolytic flux controls IL-10-production via regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and that autocrine IL-10 in turn regulates macrophage nitric oxide (NO) production. Genetic and pharmacological manipulation of IL-10 and nitric oxide (NO) establish that metabolically regulated autocrine IL-10 controls glycolytic commitment by limiting NO-mediated suppression of OXPHOS. Together these data support a model where autocine IL-10 production is controlled by glycolytic flux in turn regulating glycolytic commitment by preserving OXPHOS via suppression of NO. We propose that this IL-10-driven metabolic rheostat maintains metabolic equilibrium during M1 macrophage differentiation and that perturbation of this regulatory loop, either directly by exogenous cellular sources of IL-10 or indirectly via limitations in glucose availability, skews the cellular metabolic program altering the balance between inflammatory and immunosuppressive phenotypes.
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Weiss JM, Chen W, Nyuydzefe MS, Trzeciak A, Flynn R, Tonra JR, Marusic S, Blazar BR, Waksal SD, Zanin-Zhorov A. ROCK2 signaling is required to induce a subset of T follicular helper cells through opposing effects on STATs in autoimmune settings. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra73. [PMID: 27436361 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad8953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rho-associated kinase 2 (ROCK2) determines the balance between human T helper 17 (TH17) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells. We investigated its role in the generation of T follicular helper (TFH) cells, which help to generate antibody-producing B cells under normal and autoimmune conditions. Inhibiting ROCK2 in normal human T cells or peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) decreased the number and function of TFH cells induced by activation ex vivo. Moreover, inhibition of ROCK2 activity decreased the abundance of the transcriptional regulator Bcl6 (B cell lymphoma 6) and increased that of Blimp1 by reducing the binding of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and increasing that of STAT5 to the promoters of the genes Bcl6 and PRDM1, respectively. In the MRL/lpr murine model of SLE, oral administration of the selective ROCK2 inhibitor KD025 resulted in a twofold reduction in the numbers of TFH cells and antibody-producing plasma cells in the spleen, as well as a decrease in the size of splenic germinal centers, which are the sites of interaction between TFH cells and B cells. KD025-treated mice showed a substantial improvement in both histological and clinical scores compared to those of untreated mice and had reduced amounts of Bcl6 and phosphorylated STAT3, as well as increased STAT5 phosphorylation. Together, these data suggest that ROCK2 signaling plays a critical role in controlling the development of TFH cells induced by autoimmune conditions through reciprocal regulation of STAT3 and STAT5 activation.
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Afreen S, Bohler S, Kunze M, Weiss JM, Erlacher M. The role of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL for the maintenance of human hematopoiesis. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1582503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Shen AK, Weiss JM, Andrus JK, Pecenka C, Atherly D, Taylor K, McQuestion M. Country Ownership And Gavi Transition: Comprehensive Approaches To Supporting New Vaccine Introduction. Health Aff (Millwood) 2016; 35:272-6. [DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yoshimura T, Imamichi T, Weiss JM, Sato M, Li L, Matsukawa A, Wang JM. Induction of Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins in Macrophages via the Production of Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor by Breast Cancer Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:2. [PMID: 26834744 PMCID: PMC4718995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL2 plays an important role in the initiation and progression of cancer. We previously reported that in 4T1 murine breast cancer, non-tumor stromal cells, including macrophages, were the major source of MCP-1. In the present study, we analyzed the potential mechanisms by which MCP-1 is upregulated in macrophages infiltrating 4T1 tumors. We found that cell-free culture supernatants of 4T1 cells (4T1-sup) markedly upregulated MCP-1 production by peritoneal inflammatory macrophages. 4T1-sup also upregulated other MCPs, such as MCP-3/CCL7 and MCP-5/CCL12, but modestly upregulated neutrophil chemotactic chemokines, such as KC/CXCL1 or MIP-2/CXCL2. Physicochemical analysis indicated that an approximately 20-30 kDa 4T1 cell product was responsible for the capacity of 4T1-sup to upregulate MCP-1 expression by macrophages. A neutralizing antibody against granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), but not macrophage CSF, almost completely abrogated MCP-1-inducing activity of 4T1-sup, and recombinant GM-CSF potently upregulated MCP-1 production by macrophages. The expression levels of GM-CSF in 4T1 tumors in vivo were higher than other tumors, such as Lewis lung carcinoma. Treatment of mice with anti-GM-CSF antibody significantly reduced the growth of 4T1 tumors at the injection sites but did not reduce MCP-1 production or lung metastasis in tumor-bearing mice. These results indicate that 4T1 cells have the capacity to directly upregulate MCP-1 production by macrophages by releasing GM-CSF; however, other mechanisms are also involved in increased MCP-1 levels in the 4T1 tumor microenvironment.
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Funamizu N, Hu C, Lacy C, Schetter A, Zhang G, He P, Gaedcke J, Ghadimi MB, Ried T, Yfantis HG, Lee DH, Subleski J, Chan T, Weiss JM, Back TC, Yanaga K, Hanna N, Alexander HR, Maitra A, Hussain SP. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition, enhances tumor aggressiveness and predicts clinical outcome in resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2015; 132:785-94. [PMID: 22821831 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
MIF is a proinflammatory cytokine and is implicated in cancer. A higher MIF level is found in many human cancer and cancer-prone inflammatory diseases, including chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. We tested the hypothesis that MIF contributes to pancreatic cancer aggressiveness and predicts disease outcome in resected cases. Consistent with our hypothesis we found that an elevated MIF mRNA expression in tumors was significantly associated with poor outcome in resected cases. Multivariate Cox-regression analysis further showed that MIF is independently associated with patients' survival (HR = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.17-4.37, p = 0.015). Mechanistic analyses revealed that MIF overexpression decreased E-cadherin and increased vimentin mRNA and protein levels in pancreatic cancer cell lines, consistent with the features of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, MIF-overexpression significantly increased ZEB1/2 and decreased miR-200b expression, while shRNA-mediated inhibition of MIF increased E-cadherin and miR-200b expression, and reduced the expression of ZEB1/2 in Panc1 cells. Re-expression of miR-200b in MIF overexpressing cells restored the epithelial characteristics, as indicated by an increase in E-cadherin and decrease in ZEB1/2 and vimentin expression. A reduced sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic drug, gemcitabine, occurred in MIF-overexpressing cells. Indicative of an increased malignant potential, MIF over-expressing cells showed significant increase in their invasion ability in vitro, and tumor growth and metastasis in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. These results support a role of MIF in disease aggressiveness, indicating its potential usefulness as a candidate target for designing improved treatment in pancreatic cancer.
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Subleski JJ, Scarzello AJ, Alvord WG, Jiang Q, Stauffer JK, Kronfli A, Saleh B, Back T, Weiss JM, Wiltrout RH. Serum-based tracking of de novo initiated liver cancer progression reveals early immunoregulation and response to therapy. J Hepatol 2015; 63:1181-9. [PMID: 26143441 PMCID: PMC4615530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver inflammatory diseases associated with cancer promoting somatic oncogene mutations are increasing in frequency. Preclinical cancer models that allow for the study of early tumor progression are often protracted, which limits the experimental study parameters due to time and expense. Here we report a robust inexpensive approach using Sleeping Beauty transposition (SBT) delivery of oncogenes along with Gaussia Luciferase expression vector GLuc, to assess de novo liver tumor progression, as well as the detection of innate immune responses or responses induced by therapeutic intervention. METHODS Tracking de novo liver tumor progression with GLuc was demonstrated in models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or adenoma (HCA) initiated by hydrodynamic delivery of SBT oncogenes. RESULTS Rising serum luciferase levels correlated directly with increasing liver tumor burden and eventual morbidity. Early detection of hepatocyte apoptosis from mice with MET+CAT transfected hepatocytes was associated with a transient delay in HCC growth mediated by a CD8(+) T-cell response against transformed hepatocytes. Furthermore, mice that lack B cells or macrophages had an increase in TUNEL(+) hepatocytes following liver MET transfection demonstrating that these cells provide protection from MET-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. Treatment with IL-18+IL-12 of mice displaying established HCC decreased tumor burden which was associated with decreased levels of serum luciferase. CONCLUSIONS Hydrodynamic delivery of the SBT vector GLuc to hepatocytes serves as a simple blood-based approach for real-time tracking of pathologically distinct types of liver cancer. This revealed tumor-induced immunologic responses and was beneficial in monitoring the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
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Wang J, He P, Gaida MM, Yang S, Schetter A, Gaedcke J, Ghadimi M, Ried T, Yfantis HG, Lee DH, Weiss JM, Hanna N, Alexander HR, Hussain SP. Abstract 923: Nitric oxide signaling pathway as a pathogenic driver in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most malignant cancers, with 5-year survival of 6%. Chronic inflammation is associated with increased risk of PDAC. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator of inflammatory responses and plays a role in tumorigenesis. The principal source of an increased and sustained level of NO is inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2). In this study, we’ve tested the hypothesis that NO enhances tumor progression in pancreatic cancer. We found that higher NOS2 expression in tumors was associated with poor survival in resected PDAC patients (p = 0.011). We then investigated the role of NO by deleting NOS2 gene in a genetically engineered mouse model of pancreatic cancer (KPC mice) with pancreas-specific activation of mutant KRAS and P53, which faithfully recapitulates the development and progression of human pancreatic cancer. NOS2-deficient KPC mice showed longer survival compared to the KPC littermates with wildtype NOS2 (p<0.01). Compared to tumors from KPC mice, KPC/NOS2−/− tumors were less vascularized (p<0.001) and with less macrophage recruitment (p<0.005), indicated by decreased expression of CD31 and F4/80 respectively. NOS2 deficiency led to attenuated proliferation and invasion, and enhanced apoptosis indicated by high level of cleaved caspase-3 (p = 0.02). Consistent with the less malignant phenotype, NOS2 deficiency reduced nuclear pERK accumulation (P = 0.034) and the subsequent phosphorylation of FOXO3 (p = 0.026). Further investigation showed a positive correlation between NOS2 expression and pFOXO level in human PDAC specimen (p = 0.005). In addition, NOS2 deficiency reduced the expression of a well known oncogenic microRNA, miR21 (p = 0.001). In summary, NOS2 gene expression in tumors is a candidate prognostic marker in resected pancreatic cancer patients, and NOS2/NO signaling may contribute to the pancreatic tumor progression by inactivating FOXO3 in KPC mice. In this ongoing study, we are further investigating the mechanistic role of NO in disease progression.
Citation Format: Jian Wang, Peijun He, Matthias M. Gaida, Shouhui Yang, Aaron Schetter, Jochen Gaedcke, Michael Ghadimi, Thomas Ried, Harris G. Yfantis, Dong H. Lee, Jonathan M. Weiss, Nadar Hanna, H. Richard Alexander, S. Perwez Hussain. Nitric oxide signaling pathway as a pathogenic driver in pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 923. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-923
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Ridnour LA, Cheng RYS, Weiss JM, Kaur S, Soto-Pantoja DR, Basudhar D, Heinecke JL, Stewart CA, DeGraff W, Sowers AL, Thetford A, Kesarwala AH, Roberts DD, Young HA, Mitchell JB, Trinchieri G, Wiltrout RH, Wink DA. NOS Inhibition Modulates Immune Polarization and Improves Radiation-Induced Tumor Growth Delay. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2788-99. [PMID: 25990221 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are important mediators of progrowth signaling in tumor cells, as they regulate angiogenesis, immune response, and immune-mediated wound healing. Ionizing radiation (IR) is also an immune modulator and inducer of wound response. We hypothesized that radiation therapeutic efficacy could be improved by targeting NOS following tumor irradiation. Herein, we show enhanced radiation-induced (10 Gy) tumor growth delay in a syngeneic model (C3H) but not immunosuppressed (Nu/Nu) squamous cell carcinoma tumor-bearing mice treated post-IR with the constitutive NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). These results suggest a requirement of T cells for improved radiation tumor response. In support of this observation, tumor irradiation induced a rapid increase in the immunosuppressive Th2 cytokine IL10, which was abated by post-IR administration of L-NAME. In vivo suppression of IL10 using an antisense IL10 morpholino also extended the tumor growth delay induced by radiation in a manner similar to L-NAME. Further examination of this mechanism in cultured Jurkat T cells revealed L-NAME suppression of IR-induced IL10 expression, which reaccumulated in the presence of exogenous NO donor. In addition to L-NAME, the guanylyl cyclase inhibitors ODQ and thrombospondin-1 also abated IR-induced IL10 expression in Jurkat T cells and ANA-1 macrophages, which further suggests that the immunosuppressive effects involve eNOS. Moreover, cytotoxic Th1 cytokines, including IL2, IL12p40, and IFNγ, as well as activated CD8(+) T cells were elevated in tumors receiving post-IR L-NAME. Together, these results suggest that post-IR NOS inhibition improves radiation tumor response via Th1 immune polarization within the tumor microenvironment.
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Kapanadze T, Medina-Echeverz J, Gamrekelashvili J, Weiss JM, Wiltrout RH, Kapoor V, Hawk N, Terabe M, Berzofsky JA, Manns MP, Wang E, Marincola FM, Korangy F, Greten TF. Tumor-induced CD11b(+) Gr-1(+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells exacerbate immune-mediated hepatitis in mice in a CD40-dependent manner. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1148-58. [PMID: 25616156 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive CD11b(+) Gr-1(+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) accumulate in the livers of tumor-bearing (TB) mice. We studied hepatic MDSCs in two murine models of immune-mediated hepatitis. Unexpectedly, treatment of TB mice with Concanavalin A (Con A) or α-galactosylceramide resulted in increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) serum levels in comparison to tumor-free mice. Adoptive transfer of hepatic MDSCs into naïve mice exacerbated Con A induced liver damage. Hepatic CD11b(+) Gr-1(+) cells revealed a polarized proinflammatory gene signature after Con A treatment. An IFN-γ-dependent upregulation of CD40 on hepatic CD11b(+) Gr-1(+) cells along with an upregulation of CD80, CD86, and CD1d after Con A treatment was observed. Con A treatment resulted in a loss of suppressor function by tumor-induced CD11b(+) Gr-1(+) MDSCs as well as enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated hepatotoxicity. CD40 knockdown in hepatic MDSCs led to increased arginase activity upon Con A treatment and lower ALT/AST serum levels. Finally, blockade of arginase activity in Cd40(-/-) tumor-induced myeloid cells resulted in exacerbation of hepatitis and increased ROS production in vivo. Our findings indicate that in a setting of acute hepatitis, tumor-induced hepatic MDSCs act as proinflammatory immune effector cells capable of killing hepatocytes in a CD40-dependent manner.
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Wang J, He P, Gaida MM, Yang S, Schetter A, Gaedcke J, Ghadimi M, Ried T, Yfantis HG, Lee DH, Weiss JM, Stauffer J, Hanna N, Alexander HR, Hussain SP. Abstract 926: Nitric oxide enhances tumor progression and disease aggressiveness in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most malignant cancer, with 5-year survival of a mere 6%. Chronic inflammation is associated with an increased risk of PDAC. Nitric oxide (NO•) is an important mediator of immune and inflammatory responses and plays a role in tumorigenesis. The principal source of an increased and sustained level of NO• is inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2). In this study, we have tested the hypothesis that NO• enhances tumor progression in pancreatic cancer. We found that a higher NOS2 expression in tumors was associated with poor survival in resected PDAC patients (p=0.011). We then used a genetic strategy to investigate the role of NO• in the development and progression of PDAC by deleting NOS2 gene in a genetically engineered mouse model of pancreatic cancer (KPC mice) with pancreas specific activation of mutant KRAS and P53, which faithfully recapitulates the development and progression of human pancreatic cancer. NOS2-deficient KPC mice showed a longer survival as compared to the KPC littermates with wild type NOS2 (p<0.01). Tumors from KPC/NOS2-/- mice showed reduced tumor cell proliferation and increased apoptosis as indicated by a lower expression of Ki67 and a higher level of activated caspase-3, as compared with KPC mice. Furthermore, tumors from KPC/NOS2-/- mice were less vascularized as compared with KPC mice, as indicated by CD31 expression. Additionally, NOS2-deficiency led to a decreased inflammatory response by attenuation of macrophage recruitment in pancreatic tumors as indicated by a significantly lower expression of F4/80. However, in contrast FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells were increased in tumors from KPC/NOS2-/- mice. Further mechanistic analysis revealed a higher expression of ph-FOXO3 and nuclear ph-ERK in tumors from KPC mice as compared with KPC/NOS2-/- mice. Analysis of human PDAC samples showed a positive correlation between NOS2 and ph-FOXO3 expression (P=0.004). In summary, NOS2 gene expression in tumors is a candidate prognostic marker in resected pancreatic cancer patients, and NOS2/NO• signaling may contribute to the pancreatic tumor progression by inactivating FOXO3 in KPC mice. In this ongoing study, we are further investigating the mechanistic role of NO• in disease progression.
Citation Format: Jian Wang, Peijun He, Matthias M. Gaida, Shouhui Yang, Aaron Schetter, Jochen Gaedcke, Michael Ghadimi, Thomas Ried, Harris G. Yfantis, Dong H. Lee, Jonathan M. Weiss, Jim Stauffer, Nader Hanna, H. Richard Alexander, S. Perwez Hussain. Nitric oxide enhances tumor progression and disease aggressiveness in pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 926. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-926
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Monjazeb AM, Tietze JK, Grossenbacher SK, Hsiao HH, Zamora AE, Mirsoian A, Koehn B, Blazar BR, Weiss JM, Wiltrout RH, Sckisel GD, Murphy WJ. Bystander activation and anti-tumor effects of CD8+ T cells following Interleukin-2 based immunotherapy is independent of CD4+ T cell help. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102709. [PMID: 25119341 PMCID: PMC4131875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that immunotherapy combining agonistic anti-CD40 and IL-2 (IT) results in synergistic anti-tumor effects. IT induces expansion of highly cytolytic, antigen-independent “bystander-activated” (CD8+CD44high) T cells displaying a CD25−NKG2D+ phenotype in a cytokine dependent manner, which were responsible for the anti-tumor effects. While much attention has focused on CD4+ T cell help for antigen-specific CD8+ T cell expansion, little is known regarding the role of CD4+ T cells in antigen-nonspecific bystander-memory CD8+ T cell expansion. Utilizing CD4 deficient mouse models, we observed a significant expansion of bystander-memory T cells following IT which was similar to the non-CD4 depleted mice. Expanded bystander-memory CD8+ T cells upregulated PD-1 in the absence of CD4+ T cells which has been published as a hallmark of exhaustion and dysfunction in helpless CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, compared to CD8+ T cells from CD4 replete hosts, these bystander expanded cells displayed comparable (or enhanced) cytokine production, lytic ability, and in vivo anti-tumor effects suggesting no functional impairment or exhaustion and were enriched in an effector phenotype. There was no acceleration of the post-IT contraction phase of the bystander memory CD8+ response in CD4-depleted mice. The response was independent of IL-21 signaling. These results suggest that, in contrast to antigen-specific CD8+ T cell expansion, CD4+ T cell help is not necessary for expansion and activation of antigen-nonspecific bystander-memory CD8+ T cells following IT, but may play a role in regulating conversion of these cells from a central memory to effector phenotype. Additionally, the expression of PD-1 in this model appears to be a marker of effector function and not exhaustion.
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Weiss JM, Wiltout RH. Multifaceted antitumor responses to activating anti-CD40 antibody therapy combined with immunomodulatory or targeted agents. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e954483. [PMID: 25610748 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.954483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of the CD40 pathway may be efficacious for cancer treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests synergistic and unique antitumor responses may be achieved using CD40-based therapies in combination with other immunomodulators or targeted agents.
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Weiss JM, Subleski JJ, Back T, Chen X, Watkins SK, Yagita H, Sayers TJ, Murphy WJ, Wiltrout RH. Regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment undergo Fas-dependent cell death during IL-2/αCD40 therapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5821-9. [PMID: 24808361 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fas ligand expression in certain tumors has been proposed to contribute to immunosuppression and poor prognosis. However, immunotherapeutic approaches may elicit the Fas-mediated elimination of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) within tumors that represent major obstacles for cancer immunotherapy. Previously, we showed that IL-2 and agonistic CD40 Ab (αCD40) elicited synergistic antitumor responses coincident with the efficient removal of Tregs and MDSCs. We demonstrate in this study in two murine tumor models that Treg and MDSC loss within the tumor microenvironment after IL-2/αCD40 occurs through a Fas-dependent cell death pathway. Among tumor-infiltrating leukocytes, CD8(+) T cells, neutrophils, and immature myeloid cells expressed Fas ligand after treatment. Fas was expressed by tumor-associated Tregs and immature myeloid cells, including MDSCs. Tregs and MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment expressed active caspases after IL-2/αCD40 therapy and, in contrast with effector T cells, Tregs significantly downregulated Bcl-2 expression. In contrast, Tregs and MDSCs proliferated and expanded in the spleen after treatment. Adoptive transfer of Fas-deficient Tregs or MDSCs into wild-type, Treg-, or MDSC-depleted hosts resulted in the persistence of Tregs or MDSCs and the loss of antitumor efficacy in response to IL-2/αCD40. These results demonstrate the importance of Fas-mediated Treg/MDSC removal for successful antitumor immunotherapy. Our results suggest that immunotherapeutic strategies that include exploiting Treg and MDSC susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis hold promise for treatment of cancer.
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Schumann-Stoiber KM, Weiss JM, Weiss T, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Kropf-Sanchen C, Rüdiger S, Hübers B, Rottbauer W, Schumann C. Lupus pernio als Erstmanifestation einer Sarkoidose mit schwerer Lungenbeteiligung. Pneumologie 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1368007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chen X, Yang Y, Zhou Q, Weiss JM, Howard OZ, McPherson JM, Wakefield LM, Oppenheim JJ. Effective chemoimmunotherapy with anti-TGFβ antibody and cyclophosphamide in a mouse model of breast cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85398. [PMID: 24416401 PMCID: PMC3887137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TGFβ is reportedly responsible for accumulation of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in tumor. Thus, we treated mouse 4T1 mammary carcinoma with 1D11, a neutralizing anti-TGFβ (1,2,3) antibody. The treatment delayed tumor growth, but unexpectedly increased the proportion of Tregs in tumor. In vitro, 1D11 enhanced while TGFβ potently inhibited the proliferation of Tregs. To enhance the anti-tumor effects, 1D11 was administered with cyclophosphamide which was reported to eliminate intratumoral Tregs. This combination resulted in long term tumor-free survival of up to 80% of mice, and the tumor-free mice were more resistant to re-challenge with tumor. To examine the phenotype of tumor infiltrating immune cells, 4T1-tumor bearing mice were treated with 1D11 and a lower dose of cyclophosphamide. This treatment markedly inhibited tumor growth, and was accompanied by massive infiltration of IFNγ-producing T cells. Furthermore, this combination markedly decreased the number of splenic CD11b+Gr1+ cells, and increased their expression levels of MHC II and CD80. In a spontaneous 4T1 lung metastasis model with resection of primary tumor, this combination therapy markedly increased the survival of mice, indicating it was effective in reducing lethal metastasis burden. Taken together, our data show that anti-TGFβ antibody and cyclophosphamide represents an effective chemoimmunotherapeutic combination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/pharmacology
- B7-1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- CD11b Antigen/genetics
- CD11b Antigen/immunology
- Carcinoma/immunology
- Carcinoma/mortality
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclophosphamide/pharmacology
- Drug Synergism
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mammary Glands, Animal/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Animal/immunology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/mortality
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
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Leal TB, Holden T, Cavalcante L, Allen GO, Schumacher JR, Smith MA, Weiss JM, Neuman HB, LoConte NK. Colon Cancer Staging in Vulnerable Older Adults: Adherence to National Guidelines and Impact on Survival. ANNALS OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY 2014; 1:1012. [PMID: 25914900 PMCID: PMC4405259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is concern that elders are not adequately evaluated prior to colon cancer surgery. We sought to determine adherence with ACOVE-3 (Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders) quality indicators for pre-operative staging prior to colectomy for colon cancer utilizing the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked database (1992-2005). METHODS We determined the proportion of patients aged 75 and older who had preoperative staging prior to colectomy for colon adenocarcinoma. Preoperative staging was defined as abdominopelvic computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scan (SCAN) and colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy (SCOPE). Multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of adherence. Odds ratios were adjusted for comorbidity, socioeconomic status, and disease severity. The association of adherence to ACOVE-3 and survival was quantified. RESULTS Of the 37,862 patients, the majority were 75-84 years, 28% of the patients were ≥85 years. Regarding preoperative staging in the 6-month interval prior to surgical resection, 8% had neither SCAN nor SCOPE, 6% had only SCAN, 43% had only SCOPE, and 43% had both SCAN and SCOPE. Compared to patients who were not staged, those evaluated with either SCOPE alone or SCAN plus SCOPE had lower odds of 3-year mortality. Patients who were staged with SCAN alone had an increased odds of death compared to those who had neither SCAN or SCOPE. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the majority of vulnerable elders with colon cancer did not receive appropriate preoperative staging prior to resection. The findings also confirm that adherence to ACOVE-3 guidelines is associated with improved long-term survival.
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Medina-Echeverz J, Kapanadze T, Ma C, Duffy A, Gamrekelashvili J, Kapoor V, Weiss JM, Wiltrout RH, Berzofsky J, Terabe M, Manns MP, Marincola FM, Wang E, Korangy F, Greten TF. Hepatic myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor bearing mice exacerbate hepatitis and transform into pro-inflammatory myeloid cells. J Immunother Cancer 2013. [PMCID: PMC3990326 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-1-s1-p166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Weiss JM, Alvord G, Quinones OA, Stauffer JK, Wiltrout RH. CD40 expression in renal cell carcinoma correlates with tumor apoptosis, CD8 T cell frequency and patient survival. J Immunother Cancer 2013. [PMCID: PMC3990988 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-1-s1-p65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Bouchlaka MN, Sckisel GD, Chen M, Mirsoian A, Zamora AE, Maverakis E, Wilkins DEC, Alderson KL, Hsiao HH, Weiss JM, Monjazeb AM, Hesdorffer C, Ferrucci L, Longo DL, Blazar BR, Wiltrout RH, Redelman D, Taub DD, Murphy WJ. Aging predisposes to acute inflammatory induced pathology after tumor immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2223-37. [PMID: 24081947 PMCID: PMC3804937 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging strongly promotes inflammation responses, which may predispose individuals after cancer therapies to lethal system toxicities and pathology that can be partially prevented by TNF blockade. Cancer commonly occurs in the elderly and immunotherapy (IT) is being increasingly applied to this population. However, the majority of preclinical mouse tumor models assessing potential efficacy and toxicities of therapeutics use young mice. We assessed the impact of age on responses to systemic immune stimulation. In contrast to young mice, systemic cancer IT regimens or LPS given to aged mice resulted in rapid and lethal toxicities affecting multiple organs correlating with heightened proinflammatory cytokines systemically and within the parenchymal tissues. This inflammatory response and increased morbidity with age was independent of T cells or NK cells. However, prior in vivo depletion of macrophages in aged mice resulted in lesser cytokine levels, increased survival, and decreased liver histopathology. Furthermore, macrophages from aged mice and normal human elderly volunteers displayed heightened TNF and IL-6 production upon in vitro stimulation. Treatment of both TNF knockout mice and in vivo TNF blockade in aged mice resulted in significant increases in survival and lessened pathology. Importantly, TNF blockade in tumor-bearing, aged mice receiving IT displayed significant anti-tumor effects. These data demonstrate the critical role of macrophages in the age-associated hyper-inflammatory cytokine responses to systemic immunostimulation and underscore the importance of performing preclinical assessments in aged mice.
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Scheurmann J, Treiber N, Weber C, Renkl AC, Frenzel D, Trenz-Buback F, Ruess A, Schulz G, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Weiss JM. Mice with heterozygous deficiency of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) have a skin immune system with features of "inflamm-aging". Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 306:143-55. [PMID: 23856836 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are central in regulating skin immunity. Immunosenescence is associated with a chronic inflammatory state. Little is known about the contribution of DC to "inflamm-aging". When determining langerhans cell (LC) numbers, we found a 60 % reduction of LC in aged epidermis. Reactive oxygen species(ROS) are linked with aging. The mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) is in the first line of antioxidant defense. We investigated the function of DC from SOD2 heterozygous mice (SOD2+/-) and found that at 4 months of age LC numbers are not altered, but activated LC have impaired expression of MHC-II and CD44. Immature SOD2+/- DC produced increased proinflammatory IL-6 and chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2. Upon challenge SOD2+/- DC accumulated ROS. When activating SOD2+/- DC by LPS they less efficiently upregulated MHC-II, CD86 and CD44. Surprisingly, in vivo contact hypersensitivity (CHS) was enhanced in SOD2+/- mice although SOD2+/- DC were less potent in stimulating wt T cells. However, SOD2+/- T cells showed increased proliferation, even when stimulated with SOD2+/- DC, possibly explaining the increased CHS. Our findings suggest that SOD2 is a molecular candidate in the regulation of "inflamm-aging" conveying both immunosuppressive and proinflammatory signals through alteration of DC and T cell functions.
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