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Patrick D, Betts J, Frey EA, Prameya R, Dorovini-Zis K, Finlay BB. Haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharide disrupts confluent monolayers of bovine brain endothelial cells via a serum-dependent cytotoxic pathway. J Infect Dis 1992; 165:865-72. [PMID: 1373754 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/165.5.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model consisting of primary cultures of bovine brain microvascular endothelial cells was used to examine the effect of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) on the BBB. Whole bacteria and purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS; greater than 10 ng/ml) caused marked cytotoxicity on the bovine brain endothelial cells. This effect could be completely blocked by polymyxin B. Similar cytotoxic effects were observed with a cultured bovine pulmonary endothelial cell line. Serum was essential for the LPS-mediated cytotoxic effect, and human, horse, bovine, or fetal calf serum all had similar effects. The serum factor was not a complement component. A monoclonal antibody against CD14, a receptor involved in mediating the effect of LPS in monocytes, completely blocked the cytotoxic effect in both brain and pulmonary endothelial cells. These results suggest that Hib LPS disrupts an in vitro BBB model via a serum- and CD14-dependent pathway and that LPS has cytotoxic effects on bovine endothelial cells without the involvement of monocytic cells, an effect that may be important in gram-negative meningitis and in endotoxic shock.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/immunology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects
- Cattle
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Cortex/blood supply
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/microbiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Immune Sera/immunology
- Intercellular Junctions/ultrastructure
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors
- Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
- Microcirculation
- Microscopy, Electron
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Phase-Contrast
- Polymyxin B/pharmacology
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Dorovini-Zis K, Bowman PD, Prameya R. Adhesion and migration of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes across cultured bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1992; 51:194-205. [PMID: 1538243 DOI: 10.1097/00005072-199203000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion and migration of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) across cerebral endothelium were studied in an in vitro model consisting of monolayers of bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells (BBMEC) grown on amniotic stroma or collagen membranes. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were stimulated to adhere to and migrate across confluent BBMEC monolayers in response to chemotactic gradients produced by formyl-methionyl-leucyl phenylalanine (fMLP), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) or acetyl-glyceryl-ether-phosphorylcholine (AGEPC) placed below the cultures. Under these conditions, PMN adherence to endothelium was 2-10-fold greater than that observed in the absence of chemoattractants or in the presence of equal concentrations of chemoattractants below and above the cultures. Transendothelial migration of PMN occurred rapidly and at focal points across the monolayers. Scanning and electron microscopic studies revealed that stimulated PMN migrated across the monolayers by first adhering to the apical surface of the endothelium and then moving between adjacent endothelial cells. Following their migration, PMN accumulated beneath the endothelium. The overlying endothelial monolayers showed no evidence of disruption and the interendothelial junctions appeared intact at the end of the migration period. We conclude that this in vitro system reproduces the endothelial cell-leukocyte interactions occurring during acute inflammation in vivo and should provide a useful in vitro model for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system.
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Reece DE, Frei-Lahr DA, Shepherd JD, Dorovini-Zis K, Gascoyne RD, Graeb DA, Spinelli JJ, Barnett MJ, Klingemann HG, Herzig GP. Neurologic complications in allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients receiving cyclosporin. Bone Marrow Transplant 1991; 8:393-401. [PMID: 1768975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Regimens using cyclosporin (CSP) and either methylprednisolone (MP) or methotrexate (MTX) have been useful in the prophylaxis of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). However, CSP produces a number of side effects, including neurologic toxicity. A retrospective review of recipients of 239 BMTs given CSP-based prophylactic regimens revealed that 10 patients (4.2%, 95% confidence interval 0% to 10.4%) experienced a syndrome characterized by hypertension, severe visual disturbances, seizures and occipital lobe density changes on brain computed tomography (nine patients) or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (one patient). Neurologic findings were reversible in all cases, usually after temporary discontinuation of CSP. Univariate analysis identified the following risk factors for neurotoxicity: use of unrelated or HLA-mismatched related donors, administration of etoposide (VP-16) or total body irradiation as part of conditioning, use of corticosteroids for prophylaxis or treatment of acute GVHD, or development of either acute GVHD or clinically significant microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) post-BMT. In multivariate analysis, the most important predictors were the use of VP-16 (p = 0.008), the use of a continuous infusion CSP plus MP prophylactic regimen for GVHD (p = 0.003) and the development of MAHA after BMT (p less than 0.001). The strong association with MAHA suggests that endothelial damage is related to the development of this complication.
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29
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Rojiani AM, Elliott K, Dorovini-Zis K. Extensive replacement of spinal cord and brainstem by hemangioblastoma in a case of von Hippel-Lindau disease. Clin Neuropathol 1991; 10:297-302. [PMID: 1764853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an extremely unusual case of von Hippel-Lindau disease, characterized by almost total replacement of the spinal cord and most of the medulla by capillary hemangioblastoma (CHB). A 34-year-old female presented 20 years earlier with signs of lower limb weakness. She developed progressive quadriplegia despite multiple surgical attempts to remove separate CHBs from the midthoracic and cervical spinal cord. Spinal cord lesions continued to develop as did multiple cerebellar CHBs. She eventually became respirator-dependent and died following severe upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. At autopsy there was extensive replacement of spinal cord and medulla by CHB as well as multiple solid and cystic cerebellar tumors. Both kidneys were enlarged and largely replaced by renal cell carcinomas and simple cysts. Additionally she had small pancreatic cysts and microscopic pulmonary hamartomas were observed. There was no evidence of retinal lesions clinically or at autopsy. Light microscopic and immunohistochemical studies of the lesions are presented. The early onset of this disease in a female, with such extensive spinal cord involvement, in addition to other CNS and visceral manifestations of von Hippel-Lindau disease, is unusual and has not been previously reported.
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30
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Dorovini-Zis K, Prameya R, Bowman PD. Culture and characterization of microvascular endothelial cells derived from human brain. J Transl Med 1991; 64:425-36. [PMID: 2002659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cultures of human cerebral endothelial cells were established from microvessels isolated from cortical fragments removed at surgery for seizure disorder and from brains at autopsy. A uniform population of cells growing in close association to each other formed confluent monolayers by 7 to 10 days in culture. They contained factor VIII/Von Willebrand antigen, the most specific marker for cells of endothelial origin, and showed lectin-binding sites for Ulex europaeus agglutinin characteristic of human endothelium. Cultured cells formed thin, continuous monolayers, contained few pinocytotic vesicles, and were joined together by tight junctional complexes. More than 99% of the intercellular junctions restricted the transendothelial passage of horseradish peroxidase. Monolayers of human brain microvessel endothelial cells thus resemble cerebral endothelium in vivo and should provide a useful in vitro model for studies of the biology of these cells and their role in the pathogenesis of certain human central nervous system diseases associated with abnormal blood-brain barrier function.
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31
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Dorovini-Zis K, Zis AP. Innervation of the zona fasciculata of the adult human adrenal cortex: a light and electron microscopic study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1991; 84:75-84. [PMID: 2054152 DOI: 10.1007/bf01249111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic innervation of the adrenal cortex has been demonstrated in several species. Detailed ultrastructural studies on the innervation of the zona fasciculata of the normal human adrenal cortex are lacking. We report herein our observations on the pattern of innervation of the cells of the zona fasciculata of the normal adult human cortex at both the light and electron microscope levels. Postganglionic unmyelinated fibers were observed to descend from a dense capsular meshwork and to be distributed as delicate branches among the columns of endocrine cells. Immunoperoxidase staining confirmed the presence of nerve fibers in the zona fasciculata in a distribution similar to that observed after staining with silver impregnation methods. Ultrastructural findings lent further support to these observations by the demonstration of bundles of unmyelinated fibers with focal enlargements containing terminal boutons with both clear and dense core vesicles in close approximation with the endocrine cells.
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32
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Dolman CL, Clasen RA, Dorovini-Zis K. Severe cerebral damage in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Clin Neuropathol 1988; 7:10-5. [PMID: 3370859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two patients are described with hyperammonemia due to ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency who suffered severe shrinkage and collapse of the brain. The cerebral cortex was spongy and cavitated, containing only a few residual neurons, and was markedly gliosed. In one patient the basal ganglia were affected and harbored Alzheimer type II astrocytes. These lesions resemble those of acquired hepatocerebral degeneration and occur especially in female children with the milder form of the disease, who have a potential to survive. Strict observance of dietary restrictions is mandatory to avoid catastrophic damage to the brain.
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Abstract
Adrenal weight was significantly higher in 16 victims of violent suicide than in 10 subjects who died suddenly from other causes. Since approximately half of suicide victims are depressed, these results support an association between depression and hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex.
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34
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Dorovini-Zis K, Bowman PD, Betz AL, Goldstein GW. Formation of a barrier by brain microvessel endothelial cells in culture. FEDERATION PROCEEDINGS 1987; 46:2521-2. [PMID: 3297802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) isolated from bovine brain microvessels produce a continuous monolayer when grown in primary culture. The EC are joined together by tight junctions and contain few pinocytotic vesicles. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is unable to penetrate this in vitro barrier system. Exposure of the cells to 1.6 M arabinose produces a reversible separation of the tight junctions with penetration of HRP across the monolayer in a pattern similar to that observed in animals after infusion of hyperosmotic solutions into the carotid artery. The behavior of brain microvascular cells in culture suggest that they retain properties important to the formation of the blood-brain barrier.
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35
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Dorovini-Zis K, Bowman PD, Betz AL, Goldstein GW. Hyperosmotic urea reversibly opens the tight junctions between brain capillary endothelial cells in cell culture. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1987; 46:130-40. [PMID: 3819772 DOI: 10.1097/00005072-198703000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of hyperosmotic solutions of urea on primary cultures of bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells was examined. Confluent monolayers of cells positive for Factor VIII-related antigen were obtained by seven days in culture. The cells were: incubated in media containing 1 M, 2 M or 3 M urea and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for various periods of time and then examined by transmission electron microscopy. Exposed to hypertonic urea solutions and 14C-3-O-methyl-D-glucose for determination of the intracellular water space. In control cultures endothelial cells were bound together by tight junctional complexes over 91% of which excluded HRP. In experimental cultures 82% of the interendothelial clefts became permeable to HRP after one minute of incubation with 3 M urea. The degree of cell shrinkage corresponded well with the extent of junctional opening. In monolayers examined 24 hours following removal of urea from the media more than 63% of the intercellular clefts were impermeable to HRP. These observations indicate that hyperosmotic solutions of urea reversibly open the tight junctions between brain microvessel endothelial cells in tissue culture. Decrease in cell volume appears to be linked to the increased junctional permeability.
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36
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Goldstein GW, Betz AL, Bowman PD, Dorovini-Zis K. In vitro studies of the blood-brain barrier using isolated brain capillaries and cultured endothelial cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 481:202-13. [PMID: 3028229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb27151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial cells in brain capillaries are the anatomic site of the blood-brain barrier. To learn more about the biology of these specialized cells, we developed methods to prepare suspensions of purified brain microvessels as well as primary cultures of endothelial cells in monolayer. These two preparations allow for direct investigation of the metabolism, transport properties, and receptor content of the brain capillary. We used isolated brain microvessels to study distribution of membrane carriers between the luminal and the abluminal plasma membrane of endothelial cells. We found that Na+K+-ATPase and the A-system amino-acid transport system are located predominantly on the abluminal surface of brain capillary endothelial cells. This distribution of transport carriers is consistent with the low permeability of potassium and small neutral amino acids in the blood-to-brain direction. It suggests, however, that both solutes can be actively transported across brain capillaries from the brain interstitial fluid to the blood. In tissue culture, the endothelial cells form continuous tight junctions with their neighbors. This results in a cellular layer impermeable to protein tracers. When exposed to hyperosmolar solutions, in an attempt to mimic the conditions that open the blood-brain barrier in vivo, we found a reversible separation of the tight junctions between contiguous endothelial cells. No indication of activation of pinocytosis was observed. In vitro systems provide a novel approach for studying the function of the blood-brain barrier and allow for observations not possible with intact animals.
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37
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Francis IR, Dorovini-Zis K, Glazer GM, Lloyd RV, Amendola MA, Martel W. The fibromatoses: CT-pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1986; 147:1063-6. [PMID: 3490146 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.147.5.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although CT has been used in the evaluation of benign fibroblastic tumors (fibromatoses), data are lacking on radiologic-histopathologic correlation. In an attempt to explain the variable CT appearance of these lesions, a retrospective analysis was carried out of CT findings and histopathologic features in nine patients with fibromatoses. In three of four patients who had precontrast CT scans, the tumors were hyperdense relative to muscle, whereas in one patient the lesion was hypodense. The postenhancement appearance was variable. The pathologic specimens were analyzed and graded for collagen content, cellular content, tumor necrosis, and tumor vascularity. No consistent relationship could be established between the CT appearance of these lesions and their histologic appearance.
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38
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Barr M, Heidelberger KP, Dorovini-Zis K. Scalp neoplasm associated with cranium bifidum in a 24-week human fetus. TERATOLOGY 1986; 33:153-7. [PMID: 3526619 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420330203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal ultrasonography at 24 weeks disclosed a fetus with a large mass protruding from the occiput. The mass was an invasive, undifferentiated mesenchymal neoplasm of the scalp associated with a defect in the occipital bone (cranium bifidum). The tumor may have derived from neural crest at the site of rhombencephalic closure. The tumor itself would seem to be a sporadic event, but the cranium bifidum may imply a recurrence risk of 2-3% for future pregnancies.
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39
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Stanley M, Traskman-Bendz L, Dorovini-Zis K. Correlations between aminergic metabolites simultaneously obtained from human CSF and brain. Life Sci 1985; 37:1279-86. [PMID: 2413327 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(85)90242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were simultaneously measured in 48 individuals at autopsy. Concentrations of 5-HIAA and HVA in the cerebral cortex were positively correlated with their levels in the CSF for the same individual. Additionally a positive correlation was observed between postmortem CSF levels of 5-HIAA and HVA and a significant concentration gradient for both metabolites was observed in serial fractions of CSF. These findings suggest that determinations of 5-HIAA and HVA in CSF from living individuals may reflect brain metabolite levels as well as the functional activity of these specific neuronal systems.
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40
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Mata M, Young AB, Dorovini-Zis K. New form of familial Parkinson-dementia syndrome and progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology 1984. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.34.11.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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41
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Albers JW, Faulkner JA, Dorovini-Zis K, Barald KF, Must RE, Ball RD. Abnormal neuromuscular transmission in an infantile myasthenic syndrome. Ann Neurol 1984; 16:28-34. [PMID: 6087719 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410160107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A term infant required intubation for respiratory depression. Examination revealed hypotonia and areflexia with intact extraocular movements. Electrodiagnostic studies demonstrated defective neuromuscular transmission characterized by borderline low motor evoked amplitudes, profound decremental responses at all stimulation rates, and moderate facilitation (50 to 740%) 15 seconds after 5 seconds of 50 Hz stimulation. Repetitive muscle action potential responses were not recorded following stimulation of nerves by single shocks. Sensory evoked responses and needle electromyographic findings were normal, as were acetylcholine receptor antibody levels. Results of muscle histochemical analyses, including acetylcholinesterase stains, were normal. End-plate histometric analyses demonstrated only a slight reduction in mean synaptic vesicle diameter compared with that in an adult control subject. In vitro muscle contractile properties, stimulating the muscle directly, were normal. Anticholinesterase medications were ineffective. Guanidine produced clinical deterioration. The amplitude of motor evoked responses progressively declined, whereas the percentage of decrement and amount of post-tetanic facilitation increased. Although the nature of the transmission defect was not identified, the data are consistent with abnormal acetylcholine resynthesis, mobilization, or storage without abnormality of release or receptors.
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42
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Dorovini-Zis K, Bowman PD, Betz AL, Goldstein GW. Hyperosmotic arabinose solutions open the tight junctions between brain capillary endothelial cells in tissue culture. Brain Res 1984; 302:383-6. [PMID: 6733518 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tight junctions between bovine brain capillary endothelial cells in primary cell culture are impermeable to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) after 5 min of incubation. However, following 1-5 min of exposure to 1.6 M arabinose, HRP penetrates the extracellular space between successive tight junctions. Endothelial cells in control cultures contain a small number of cytoplasmic pits and vesicles containing HRP which do not increase in number after hyperosmotic treatment.
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43
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Strongwater SL, Dorovini-Zis K, Ball RD, Schnitzer TJ. A murine model of polymyositis induced by coxsackievirus B1 (Tucson strain). ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1984; 27:433-42. [PMID: 6324823 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780270411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A murine model of polymyositis induced by coxsackievirus B1, Tucson strain (CVBT) is described. Intraperitoneal CVBT inoculation of CD 1 Swiss mice less than 48 hours old resulted in proximal hindquarter weakness that was first apparent 7 days after viral challenge and persisted for more than 10 weeks. Electromyographic and histologic evidence of a continuing myositis was present during this entire period of time. However, virus was not detectable later than 2 weeks post infection, despite clinical progression of disease. The finding of electromyographic and histologic abnormalities in CVBT-infected mice, long after virus had cleared and neutralizing antibody production evoked, suggests that persistent myositis may be immunologically mediated, triggered by the initial acute viral infection.
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44
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Latack JT, Gabrielsen TO, Knake JE, Gebarski SS, Dorovini-Zis K. Computed tomography of spinal cord necrosis from multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1984; 5:485-7. [PMID: 6431787 PMCID: PMC8332048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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45
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Mata M, Dorovini-Zis K, Wilson M, Young AB. New form of familial Parkinson-dementia syndrome: clinical and pathologic findings. Neurology 1983; 33:1439-43. [PMID: 6685236 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.33.11.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied a family in which three siblings had a syndrome characterized by parkinsonism features, mental deterioration, pyramidal signs, and abnormal eye movements beginning in the third decade. The pathology resembled that of progressive supranuclear palsy or the Parkinson-dementia complex of Guam, but these were excluded by the clinical presentation. This syndrome appears to be a new entity.
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46
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Dorovini-Zis K, Sato M, Goping G, Rapoport S, Brightman M. Ionic lanthanum passage across cerebral endothelium exposed to hyperosmotic arabinose. Acta Neuropathol 1983; 60:49-60. [PMID: 6880622 DOI: 10.1007/bf00685347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hyperosmotic media infused into the cerebral circulation open the blood-brain barrier to protein and colloid. The mechanism whereby such substances cross the affected vessels is still disputed. We describe here the transendothelial route taken by ionic lanthanum (La3+), a small electron-dense tracer which, unlike colloidal lanthanum, can be administered to the living animal. In adult rats, 2.9 ml of hyperosmotic (1.4 M) arabinose was infused into the internal carotid artery as a 30-s bolus, followed by 5 mM LaCl3. To find the extravasated La3+, which is invisible by light microscopy, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected simultaneously into the femoral vein. The hyperosmotic treatment resulted in exudation of both HRP and La3+ primarily around cerebral arterioles. The La3+ crossed arterioles through successive tight junctions between endothelial cells. Although the tight junctions were not discernibly opened, they must have become permeable because the extracellular pools between successive tight junctions were penetrated by the La3+. These pools are normally inaccessible to La3+. Luminal and abluminal pits and cytoplasmic vesicles, some of them containing La3+, formed intraendothelial clusters. Their role, if any, in the transfer of ion remains uncertain.
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47
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Hildenbrand PG, Gabrielsen TO, Dorovini-Zis K, Knake JE, Latack JT, Gebarski SS. Radiology of primary intracranial yolk-sac (endodermal sinus) tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1983; 4:991-3. [PMID: 6410888 PMCID: PMC8333764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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48
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Wolter JR, Schut AL, Dorovini-Zis K. Massive ocular astrocytoma in a congenitally deformed eye. Br J Ophthalmol 1982; 66:583-8. [PMID: 6809037 PMCID: PMC1039862 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.66.9.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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49
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Anders JJ, Dorovini-Zis K, Brightman MW. Endothelial and astrocytic cell membranes in relation to the composition of cerebral extracellular fluid. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1980; 131:193-209. [PMID: 7435332 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3752-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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50
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Abstract
The histochemical and fine structural profiles of human intrafusal muscle fibers were studied. Spindles were located in freshly frozen specimens taken from biopsied normal external intercostal muscles, and periodic 10- and 50-mum-thick cross sections were processed alternately for enzyme histochemical and electron microscopic examination. Nuclear bag fibers were of two types, bag1 and bag2, histochemically, and they displayed two distinct types of ultrastructure. Nuclear chain fibers were histochemically and ultrastructurally homogeneous. Regional differences in enzymatic staining and ultrastructure occurred along individual intrafusal fibers. Human bag1 and bag2 fibers appear to be analogous to the two types of nuclear bag fiber identified in animal spindles and are considered to have different roles in spindle function. The presence of three types of intrafusal fibers should be taken into account when studying spindle abnormalities in human neuromuscular disorders.
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