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Rucker JC, Rizzo JR, Hudson TE, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL. Concerning Vision Therapy and Ocular Motor Training in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Ann Neurol 2020; 88:1053-1054. [PMID: 32799389 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Dahan N, Moehringer N, Hasanaj L, Serrano L, Joseph B, Wu S, Nolan-Kenney R, Rizzo JR, Rucker JC, Galetta SL, Balcer LJ. The SUN test of vision: Investigation in healthy volunteers and comparison to the mobile universal lexicon evaluation system (MULES). J Neurol Sci 2020; 415:116953. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Nguyen J, Rothman A, Gonzalez N, Avornu A, Ogbuokiri E, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL, Frohman EM, Frohman T, Crainiceanu C, Calabresi PA, Saidha S. Macular Ganglion Cell and Inner Plexiform Layer Thickness Is More Strongly Associated With Visual Function in Multiple Sclerosis Than Bruch Membrane Opening-Minimum Rim Width or Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thicknesses. J Neuroophthalmol 2020; 39:444-450. [PMID: 30921169 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements of ganglion cell + inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thicknesses are associated with visual function (VF) and disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the value of measuring Bruch membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) thickness in MS remains unclear. METHODS Sixty-eight patients with MS and 22 healthy controls (HCs) underwent spectral domain OCT, 100%-contrast visual acuity (VA), 2.5%- and 1.25%-contrast letter acuity (LA), and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) testing. Mixed-effects linear regression models, accounting for within-subject, intereye correlations, were used to assess relationships. RESULTS The MS cohort exhibited significantly lower BMO-MRW (P = 0.01), pRNFL at 3.7-, 4.1-, and 4.7-mm diameters surrounding the optic disc (P < 0.001 for all), and GCIPL (P < 0.001) thicknesses than HCs. BMO-MRW thickness was associated with 100%-VA (P < 0.001, R = 0.08), 2.5%-LA (P < 0.001; R = 0.13), and 1.25%-LA (P = 0.002; R = 0.11). All measured pRNFL thicknesses were associated with high- and low-contrast VF (all: P < 0.001). GCIPL thickness was more strongly associated with 100%-VA (P < 0.001; R = 0.23), 2.5%-LA (P < 0.001; R = 0.27), and 1.25%-LA (P < 0.001; R = 0.21) than the other OCT measures assessed. All OCT measures were significantly, but weakly, associated with EDSS scores. CONCLUSIONS BMO-MRW and pRNFL thicknesses are reduced and associated with VF and disability in MS, but GCIPL thickness is a stronger marker of visual impairment. Our findings corroborate the utility of OCT in providing valuable information regarding the MS disease process.
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Murphy OC, Kwakyi O, Iftikhar M, Zafar S, Lambe J, Pellegrini N, Sotirchos ES, Gonzalez-Caldito N, Ogbuokiri E, Filippatou A, Risher H, Cowley N, Feldman S, Fioravante N, Frohman EM, Frohman TC, Balcer LJ, Prince JL, Channa R, Calabresi PA, Saidha S. Alterations in the retinal vasculature occur in multiple sclerosis and exhibit novel correlations with disability and visual function measures. Mult Scler 2020; 26:815-828. [PMID: 31094280 PMCID: PMC6858526 DOI: 10.1177/1352458519845116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The retinal vasculature may be altered in multiple sclerosis (MS), potentially acting as a biomarker of disease processes. OBJECTIVE To compare retinal vascular plexus densities in people with MS (PwMS) and healthy controls (HCs), and examine correlations with visual function and global disability. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 111 PwMS (201 eyes) and 50 HCs (97 eyes) underwent optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Macular superficial vascular plexus (SVP) and deep vascular plexus (DVP) densities were quantified, and poor quality images were excluded according to an artifact-rating protocol. RESULTS Mean SVP density was 24.1% (SD = 5.5) in MS eyes (26.0% (SD = 4.7) in non-optic neuritis (ON) eyes vs. 21.7% (SD = 5.5) in ON eyes, p < 0.001), as compared to 29.2% (SD = 3.3) in HC eyes (p < 0.001 for all MS eyes and multiple sclerosis optic neuritis (MSON) eyes vs. HC eyes, p = 0.03 for MS non-ON eyes vs. HC eyes). DVP density did not differ between groups. In PwMS, lower SVP density was associated with higher levels of disability (expanded disability status scale (EDSS): R2 = 0.26, p = 0.004; multiple sclerosis functional composite (MSFC): R2 = 0.27, p = 0.03) and lower letter acuity scores (100% contrast: R2 = 0.29; 2.5% contrast: R2 = 0.40; 1.25% contrast: R2 = 0.31; p < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS Retinal SVP density measured by OCTA is reduced across MS eyes, and correlates with visual function, EDSS, and MSFC scores.
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Agarwal S, Sabadia S, Abou-Fayssal N, Kurzweil A, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL. Training in neurology: Flexibility and adaptability of a neurology training program at the epicenter of COVID-19. Neurology 2020; 94:e2608-e2614. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo outline changes made to a neurology residency program in response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).MethodsIn early March 2020, the first cases of COVID-19 were announced in the United States. New York City quickly became the epicenter of a global pandemic, and our training program needed to rapidly adapt to the increasing number of inpatient cases while being mindful of protecting providers and continuing education. Many of these changes unfolded over days, including removing residents from outpatient services, minimizing the number of residents on inpatient services, deploying residents to medicine services and medical intensive care units, converting continuity clinic patient visits to virtual options, transforming didactics to online platforms only, and maintaining connectedness in an era of social distancing. We have been able to accomplish this through daily virtual meetings among leadership, faculty, and residents.ResultsOver time, our program has successfully rolled out initiatives to service the growing number of COVID-related inpatients while maintaining neurologic care for those in need and continuing our neurologic education curriculum.ConclusionIt has been necessary and feasible for our residency training program to undergo rapid structural changes to adapt to a medical crisis. The key ingredients in doing this successfully have been flexibility and teamwork. We suspect that many of the implemented changes will persist long after the COVID-19 crisis has passed and will change the approach to neurologic and medical training.
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Grossman SN, Calix R, Tow S, Odel JG, Sun LD, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL, Rucker JC. Neuro-ophthalmology in the Era of COVID-19: Future Implications of a Public Health Crisis. Ophthalmology 2020; 127:e72-e74. [PMID: 32387481 PMCID: PMC7204645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Grossman SN, Han SC, Balcer LJ, Kurzweil A, Weinberg H, Galetta SL, Busis NA. Rapid implementation of virtual neurology in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Neurology 2020; 94:1077-1087. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is causing world-wide social dislocation, operational and economic dysfunction, and high rates of morbidity and mortality. Medical practices are responding by developing, disseminating, and implementing unprecedented changes in health care delivery. Telemedicine has rapidly moved to the frontline of clinical practice due to the need for prevention and mitigation strategies; these have been encouraged, facilitated, and enabled by changes in government rules and regulations and payer-driven reimbursement policies. We describe our neurology department's situational transformation from in-person outpatient visits to a largely virtual neurology practice in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Two key factors enabled our rapid deployment of virtual encounters in neurology and its subspecialties. The first was a well-established robust information technology infrastructure supporting virtual urgent care services at our institution; this connected physicians directly to patients using both the physician's and the patient's own mobile devices. The second is the concept of one patient, one chart, facilitated by a suite of interconnected electronic medical record (EMR) applications on several different device types. We present our experience with conducting general teleneurology encounters using secure synchronous audio and video connections integrated with an EMR. This report also details how we perform virtual neurologic examinations that are clinically meaningful and how we document, code, and bill for these virtual services. Many of these processes can be used by other neurology providers, regardless of their specific practice model. We then discuss potential roles for teleneurology after the COVID-19 global pandemic has been contained.
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Miller M, Zemon V, Nolan-Kenney R, Balcer LJ, Goff DC, Worthington M, Hasanaj L, Butler PD. Optical coherence tomography of the retina in schizophrenia: Inter-device agreement and relations with perceptual function. Schizophr Res 2020; 219:13-18. [PMID: 31937481 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optical coherence tomography (OCT) studies have demonstrated differences between people with schizophrenia and controls. Many questions remain including the agreement between scanners. The current study seeks to determine inter-device agreement of OCT data in schizophrenia compared to controls and to explore the relations between OCT and visual function measures. METHODS Participants in this pilot study were 12 individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 12 age- and sex-matched controls. Spectralis and Cirrus OCT machines were used to obtain retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and macular volume. Cirrus was used to obtain ganglion cell layer + inner plexiform layer (GCL + IPL) thickness. Visual function was assessed with low-contrast visual acuity and the King-Devick test of rapid number naming. RESULTS There was excellent relative agreement in OCT measurements between the two machines, but poor absolute agreement, for both patients and controls. On both machines, people with schizophrenia showed decreased macular volume but no difference in RNFL thickness compared to controls. No between-group difference in GCL + IPL thickness was found on Cirrus. Controls showed significant associations between King-Devick performance and RNFL thickness and macular volume, and between low-contrast visual acuity and GCL + IPL thickness. Patients did not show significant associations between OCT measurements and visual function. CONCLUSIONS Good relative agreement suggests that the offset between machines remains constant and should not affect comparisons between groups. Decreased macular volume in individuals with schizophrenia on both machines supports findings of prior studies and provides further evidence that similar results may be found irrespective of OCT device.
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Kurzweil AM, Lewis A, Pleninger P, Rostanski SK, Nelson A, Zhang C, Zabar S, Ishida K, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL. Education Research: Teaching and assessing communication and professionalism in neurology residency with simulation. Neurology 2020; 94:229-232. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Hamedani AG, Bardakjian T, Balcer LJ, Gonzalez-Alegre P. Contrast Acuity and the King-Devick Test in Huntington's Disease. Neuroophthalmology 2019; 44:219-225. [PMID: 33012907 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2019.1669668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccadic eye movement abnormalities are among the earliest manifestations of Huntington's disease (HD) but are difficult to quantify at the bedside. Similarly, afferent visual pathway involvement in HD is poorly characterised. The objective was to evaluate afferent and efferent visual function in HD. Participants with manifest HD (n = 19) and healthy controls (n = 20) performed the King-Devick test, a timed test of rapid number naming. Binocular high and low-contrast (2.5% and 1.25%) acuities were measured using low-contrast Sloan letter charts, and pupillometric recordings were made using a handheld NeurOptics PLR-3000 pupillometer. The NEI-VFQ-25 questionnaire with 10-item neuro-ophthalmic supplement were also completed. Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) motor score and other clinical and demographic variables were collected. Comparisons between manifest HD and controls were performed using linear regression adjusted for confounders. Mean King-Devick time scores were 102.9 seconds in patients with manifest HD and 48.2 seconds in controls (p < .01, t-test). In unadjusted analyses, binocular high contrast acuity was seven letters (one Snellen line equivalent) lower in manifest HD than controls (p = .043). This effect was similar for low-contrast acuity, but only low-contrast acuity remained statistically significant after adjusting for covariates. Low-contrast acuity also correlated with UHDRS motor score. There were no differences in pupillary reactivity or self-reported vision-related quality of life. In conclusion, HD is associated with reduced low-contrast acuity and abnormal performance on the King-Devick test of rapid number naming. These tests are easy to administer, providing an objective quantitative measure of visual function which could be incorporated into optimised rating scales.
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Goldman MD, LaRocca NG, Rudick RA, Hudson LD, Chin PS, Francis GS, Jacobs A, Kapoor R, Matthews PM, Mowry EM, Balcer LJ, Panzara M, Phillips G, Uitdehaag BMJ, Cohen JA. Evaluation of multiple sclerosis disability outcome measures using pooled clinical trial data. Neurology 2019; 93:e1921-e1931. [PMID: 31641014 PMCID: PMC6885577 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We report analyses of a pooled database by the Multiple Sclerosis Outcome Assessments Consortium to evaluate 4 proposed components of a multidimensional test battery. METHODS Standardized data on 12,776 participants, comprising demographics, multiple sclerosis disease characteristics, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, performance measures, and Short Form-36 Physical Component Summary (SF-36 PCS), were pooled from control and treatment arms of 14 clinical trials. Analyses of Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW), 9-Hole Peg Test (9HPT), Low Contrast Letter Acuity (LCLA), and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) included measurement properties; construct, convergent, and known group validity; and longitudinal performance of the measures individually and when combined into a multidimensional test battery relative to the EDSS and SF-36 to determine sensitivity and clinical meaningfulness. RESULTS The performance measures had excellent test-retest reliability and showed expected differences between subgroups based on disease duration and EDSS level. Progression rates in detecting time to 3-month confirmed worsening were lower for T25FW and 9HPT compared to EDSS, while progression rates for LCLA and SDMT were similar to EDSS. When the 4 measures were analyzed as a multidimensional measure rather than as individual measures, progression on any one performance measure was more sensitive than the EDSS. Worsening on the performance measures analyzed individually or as a multidimensional test battery was associated with clinically meaningful SF-36 PCS score worsening, supporting clinical meaningfulness of designated performance test score worsening. CONCLUSION These results support the use of the 4 proposed performance measures, individually or combined into a multidimensional test battery as study outcome measures.
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Balk LJ, Coric D, Knier B, Zimmermann HG, Behbehani R, Alroughani R, Martinez-Lapiscina EH, Brandt AU, Sánchez-Dalmau B, Vidal-Jordana A, Albrecht P, Koska V, Havla J, Pisa M, Nolan RC, Leocani L, Paul F, Aktas O, Montalban X, Balcer LJ, Villoslada P, Outteryck O, Korn T, Petzold A. Retinal inner nuclear layer volume reflects inflammatory disease activity in multiple sclerosis; a longitudinal OCT study. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2019; 5:2055217319871582. [PMID: 31523449 PMCID: PMC6728683 DOI: 10.1177/2055217319871582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The association of peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL)
and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness with
neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS) is well
established. The relationship of the adjoining inner nuclear
layer (INL) with inflammatory disease activity is less well
understood. Objective The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship of
INL volume changes with inflammatory disease activity in MS. Methods In this longitudinal, multi-centre study,
optical coherence tomography (OCT) and clinical data (disability
status, relapses and MS optic neuritis (MSON)) were collected in
785 patients with MS (68.3% female) and 92 healthy controls
(63.4% female) from 11 MS centres between 2010 and 2017 and
pooled retrospectively. Data on pRNFL, GCIPL and INL were
obtained at each centre. Results There was a significant increase in INL volume in eyes with new
MSON during the study (N = 61/1562,
β = 0.01 mm3, p < .001).
Clinical relapses (other than MSON) were significantly
associated with increased INL volume (β = 0.005,
p = .025). INL volume was independent of
disease progression (β = 0.002 mm3,
p = .474). Conclusion Our data demonstrate that an increase in INL volume is associated
with MSON and the occurrence of clinical relapses. Therefore,
INL volume changes may be useful as an outcome marker for
inflammatory disease activity in MSON and MS treatment
trials.
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Fallon S, Akhand O, Hernandez C, Galetta MS, Hasanaj L, Martone J, Webb N, Drattell J, Amorapanth P, Rizzo JR, Nolan-Kenney R, Serrano L, Rucker JC, Cardone D, Galetta SL, Balcer LJ. MULES on the sidelines: A vision-based assessment tool for sports-related concussion. J Neurol Sci 2019; 402:52-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Perumal J, Fox RJ, Balabanov R, Balcer LJ, Galetta S, Makh S, Santra S, Hotermans C, Lee L. Outcomes of natalizumab treatment within 3 years of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis diagnosis: a prespecified 2-year interim analysis of STRIVE. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:116. [PMID: 31176355 PMCID: PMC6555913 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background STRIVE is a multicenter, observational, open-label, single-arm study of natalizumab in anti–JC virus (JCV) seronegative patients with early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The objective of this prespecified 2-year interim analysis was to determine the effectiveness of natalizumab in establishing and maintaining no evidence of disease activity (NEDA) in early RRMS. Methods Patients aged 18–65 years had an RRMS diagnosis < 3 years prior to screening, an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score ≤ 4.0, and anti-JCV antibody negative status. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed at baseline and yearly thereafter. Cumulative probabilities of 24-week–confirmed EDSS worsening and improvement were evaluated at 2 years. NEDA (no 24-week–confirmed EDSS worsening, no relapses, no gadolinium-enhancing lesions, and no new/newly enlarging T2-hyperintense lesions) was evaluated over 2 years. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and Multiple Sclerosis Impact Score (MSIS-29) were assessed at baseline and 1 and 2 years. Statistical analysis used summary statistics and frequency distributions. Results The study population (N = 222) had early RRMS, with mean (standard deviation [SD]) time since diagnosis of 1.6 (0.77) years and mean (SD) baseline EDSS score of 2.0 (1.13). NEDA was achieved in 105 of 187 patients (56.1%) during year 1 and 120 of 163 (73.6%) during year 2. Over 2 years, 76 of 171 patients (44.4%) attained overall NEDA. Probabilities of 24-week–confirmed EDSS worsening and improvement were 14.1% and 28.4%, respectively. After 2 years, patients exhibited significant improvements from baseline in SDMT (n = 158; mean [SD]: 4.3 [11.8]; p < 0.001) and MSIS-29 physical (n = 153; mean [SD]: − 3.9 [14.7]; p = 0.001), psychological (n = 152; mean [SD]: − 2.0 [7.9]; p < 0.001), and quality-of-life (n = 153; mean [SD]: − 6.0 [21.3]; p < 0.001) scores. Conclusions These results support natalizumab’s effectiveness over 2 years, during which nearly half of early RRMS patients achieved NEDA. During year 2, nearly 75% of patients exhibited NEDA. Over 2 years, patients continued to experience significant cognitive and quality-of-life benefits. These results are limited by the lack of a comparator group to determine the extent of a placebo effect. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01485003, registered 5 December 2011. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12883-019-1337-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Rizzo JR, Hudson TE, Sequeira AJ, Dai W, Chaudhry Y, Martone J, Zee DS, Optican LM, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL, Rucker JC. Eye position-dependent opsoclonus in mild traumatic brain injury. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 249:65-78. [PMID: 31325998 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Opsoclonus consists of bursts of involuntary, multidirectional, back-to-back saccades without an intersaccadic interval. We report a 60-year-old man with post-concussive headaches and disequilibrium who had small amplitude opsoclonus in left gaze, along with larger amplitude flutter during convergence. Examination was otherwise normal and brain MRI was unremarkable. Video-oculography demonstrated opsoclonus predominantly in left gaze and during pursuit in the left hemifield, which improved as post-concussive symptoms improved. Existing theories of opsoclonus mechanisms do not account for this eye position-dependence. We discuss theoretical mechanisms of this behavior, including possible dysfunction of frontal eye field and/or cerebellar vermis neurons; review ocular oscillations in traumatic brain injury; and consider the potential relationship between the larger amplitude flutter upon convergence and post-traumatic ocular oscillations.
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Nolan-Kenney RC, Liu M, Akhand O, Calabresi PA, Paul F, Petzold A, Balk L, Brandt AU, Martínez-Lapiscina EH, Saidha S, Villoslada P, Al-Hassan AA, Behbehani R, Frohman EM, Frohman T, Havla J, Hemmer B, Jiang H, Knier B, Korn T, Leocani L, Papadopoulou A, Pisa M, Zimmermann H, Galetta SL, Balcer LJ. Optimal intereye difference thresholds by optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: An international study. Ann Neurol 2019; 85:618-629. [PMID: 30851125 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the optimal thresholds for intereye differences in retinal nerve fiber and ganglion cell + inner plexiform layer thicknesses for identifying unilateral optic nerve lesions in multiple sclerosis. Current international diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis do not include the optic nerve as a lesion site despite frequent involvement. Optical coherence tomography detects retinal thinning associated with optic nerve lesions. METHODS In this multicenter international study at 11 sites, optical coherence tomography was measured for patients and healthy controls as part of the International Multiple Sclerosis Visual System Consortium. High- and low-contrast acuity were also collected in a subset of participants. Presence of an optic nerve lesion for this study was defined as history of acute unilateral optic neuritis. RESULTS Among patients (n = 1,530), receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated an optimal peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer intereye difference threshold of 5μm and ganglion cell + inner plexiform layer threshold of 4μm for identifying unilateral optic neuritis (n = 477). Greater intereye differences in acuities were associated with greater intereye retinal layer thickness differences (p ≤ 0.001). INTERPRETATION Intereye differences of 5μm for retinal nerve fiber layer and 4μm for macular ganglion cell + inner plexiform layer are robust thresholds for identifying unilateral optic nerve lesions. These thresholds may be useful in establishing the presence of asymptomatic and symptomatic optic nerve lesions in multiple sclerosis and could be useful in a new version of the diagnostic criteria. Our findings lend further validation for utilizing the visual system in a multiple sclerosis clinical trial setting. Ann Neurol 2019;85:618-629.
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Akhand O, Rizzo JR, Rucker JC, Hasanaj L, Galetta SL, Balcer LJ. History and Future Directions of Vision Testing in Head Trauma. J Neuroophthalmol 2019; 39:68-81. [DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Al-Louzi O, Sotirchos ES, Vidal-Jordana A, Beh SC, Button J, Ying HS, Balcer LJ, Frohman EM, Saidha S, Calabresi PA, Newsome SD. Characteristics of morphologic macular abnormalities in neuroimmunology practice. Mult Scler 2019; 25:361-371. [PMID: 29125422 PMCID: PMC6929206 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517741206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphologic macular abnormalities (MMAs) are frequently seen on macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging in neuroimmunology practice, yet studies pragmatically assessing prevalence and risk factors of MMAs to date are limited. OBJECTIVE To describe the characteristics of MMAs in a neuroimmunology-based academic practice. METHODS Cross-sectional study of 1450 patients (2900 eyes) who underwent spectral-domain macular OCT between June 2010 and June 2012. The association between MMAs and demographic variables was analyzed using mixed-effects logistic regression. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated per 5-year age increments. RESULTS MMAs were observed in 338/2872 eyes (11.7%) of 232/1445 participants (16.1%). The most common abnormalities identified, included drusen (6.0%), epiretinal membrane (ERM; 5.5%), and microcystoid macular pathology (MMP; 1.9%). Overall, patients with MMAs were older (OR: 1.79, p = 5 × 10-5) and more likely to be males (OR: 2.45, p = 0.014). In particular, advancing age was associated with higher risk of drusen and ERM (OR: 1.80 and 4.26, p = 2 × 10-5 and 7 × 10-3, respectively). MMP prevalence declined with age (OR: 0.73, p = 0.015) and was associated with African-American ethnicity (OR: 15.0, p = 5 × 10-5). CONCLUSION Unexpected or incidental MMAs are common in patients assessed with OCT in neuroimmunology practice, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive OCT image review for risk stratification and appropriate ophthalmology referral.
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Rothman A, Murphy OC, Fitzgerald KC, Button J, Gordon-Lipkin E, Ratchford JN, Newsome SD, Mowry EM, Sotirchos ES, Syc-Mazurek SB, Nguyen J, Caldito NG, Balcer LJ, Frohman EM, Frohman TC, Reich DS, Crainiceanu C, Saidha S, Calabresi PA. Retinal measurements predict 10-year disability in multiple sclerosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:222-232. [PMID: 30847355 PMCID: PMC6389740 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Optical coherence tomography (OCT)‐derived measures of the retina correlate with disability and cortical gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS); however, whether such measures predict long‐term disability is unknown. We evaluated whether a single OCT and visual function assessment predict the disability status 10 years later. Methods Between 2006 and 2008, 172 people with MS underwent Stratus time domain‐OCT imaging [160 with measurement of total macular volume (TMV)] and high and low‐contrast letter acuity (LCLA) testing (n = 150; 87%). All participants had Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) assessments at baseline and at 10‐year follow‐up. We applied generalized linear regression models to assess associations between baseline TMV, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness, and LCLA with 10‐year EDSS scores (linear) and with clinically significant EDSS worsening (binary), adjusting for age, sex, optic neuritis history, and baseline disability status. Results In multivariable models, lower baseline TMV was associated with higher 10‐year EDSS scores (mean increase in EDSS of 0.75 per 1 mm3 loss in TMV (mean difference = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.11–1.39; P = 0.02). In analyses using tertiles, individuals in the lowest tertile of baseline TMV had an average 0.86 higher EDSS scores at 10 years (mean difference = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.23–1.48) and had over 3.5‐fold increased odds of clinically significant EDSS worsening relative to those in the highest tertile of baseline TMV (OR: 3.58; 95% CI: 1.30–9.82; Ptrend = 0.008). pRNFL and LCLA predicted the 10‐year EDSS scores only in univariate models. Interpretation Lower baseline TMV measured by OCT significantly predicts higher disability at 10 years, even after accounting for baseline disability status.
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Rostanski SK, Kurzweil AM, Zabar S, Balcer LJ, Ishida K, Galetta SL, Lewis A. Education Research: Simulation training for neurology residents on acquiring tPA consent. Neurology 2018; 91:e2276-e2279. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Rizzo JR, Hudson TE, Amorapanth PX, Dai W, Birkemeier J, Pasculli R, Conti K, Feinberg C, Verstraete J, Dempsey K, Selesnick I, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL, Rucker JC. The effect of linguistic background on rapid number naming: implications for native versus non-native English speakers on sideline-focused concussion assessments. Brain Inj 2018; 32:1690-1699. [PMID: 30182749 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1510543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if native English speakers (NES) perform differently compared to non-native English speakers (NNES) on a sideline-focused rapid number naming task. A secondary aim was to characterize objective differences in eye movement behaviour between cohorts. BACKGROUND The King-Devick (KD) test is a rapid number-naming task in which numbers are read from left-to-right. This performance measure adds vision-based assessment to sideline concussion testing. Reading strategies differ by language. Concussion may also impact language and attention. Both factors may affect test performance. METHODS Twenty-seven healthy NNES and healthy NES performed a computerized KD test under high-resolution video-oculography. NNES also performed a Bilingual Dominance Scale (BDS) questionnaire to weight linguistic preferences (i.e., reliance on non-English language(s)). RESULTS Inter-saccadic intervals were significantly longer in NNES (346.3 ± 78.3 ms vs. 286.1 ± 49.7 ms, p = 0.001), as were KD test times (54.4 ± 15.1 s vs. 43.8 ± 8.6 s, p = 0.002). Higher BDS scores, reflecting higher native language dominance, were associated with longer inter-saccadic intervals in NNES. CONCLUSION These findings have direct implications for the assessment of athlete performance on vision-based and other verbal sideline concussion tests; these results are particularly important given the international scope of sport. Pre-season baseline scores are essential to evaluation in the event of concussion, and performance of sideline tests in the athlete's native language should be considered to optimize both baseline and post-injury test accuracy.
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Leong D, Morettin C, Messner LV, Steinmetz RJ, Pang Y, Galetta SL, Balcer LJ. Visual Structure and Function in Collision Sport Athletes. J Neuroophthalmol 2018; 38:285-291. [PMID: 28885451 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vision-based measures have been shown to be useful markers in multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer and Parkinson disease. Therefore, these testing paradigms may have applications to populations explaining repetitive head trauma that has been associated with long-term neurodegenerative sequelae. We investigated retinal structure and visual function in professional collision sport athletes compared to age- and race-matched control participants. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, participants underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular ganglion cell complex (GCC = ganglion cell + inner plexiform layers) thickness. High-contrast visual acuity (100% level), low-contrast letter acuity (LCLA) (1.25% and 2.5% levels), and King-Devick Test of rapid number naming performance were administered. Vision-specific quality of life (QOL) measures were assessed. RESULTS Among 46 collision sport athletes (boxing, n = 14; football, n = 29; ice hockey, n = 3) and 104 control participants, average RNFL thickness was a significant predictor of athlete vs control status with athletes demonstrating 4.8-μm of thinning compared to controls (P = 0.01, generalized estimating equation [GEE] models accounting for age and within-subject, intereye correlations). Athlete vs control status was not a predictor of RNFL thickness for the subgroup of football players in this cohort (P = 0.60). Binocular (P = 0.001) and monocular (P = 0.02) LCLA at 2.5% contrast and vision-specific QOL (P = 0.04) were significant predictors of athlete vs control status (GEE models accounting for age and within-subject, intereye correlations). Rapid number naming performance times were not significantly different between the control and athlete groups. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that retinal axonal and neuronal loss is present among collision sport athletes, with most notable differences seen in boxers. These findings are accompanied by reductions in visual function and QOL, similar to patterns observed in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Vision-based changes associated with head trauma exposure that have the potential to be detected in vivo represent a unique opportunity for further study to determine if these changes in collision sport athletes are predictive of future neurodegeneration.
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Seay M, Akhand O, Galetta MS, Cobbs L, Hasanaj L, Amorapanth P, Rizzo JR, Nolan R, Serrano L, Rucker JC, Galetta SL, Balcer LJ. Mobile Universal Lexicon Evaluation System (MULES) in MS: Evaluation of a new visual test of rapid picture naming. J Neurol Sci 2018; 394:1-5. [PMID: 30193154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Mobile Universal Lexicon Evaluation System (MULES) is a test of rapid picture naming that is under investigation for concussion. MULES captures an extensive visual network, including pathways for eye movements, color perception, memory and object recognition. The purpose of this study was to introduce the MULES to visual assessment of patients with MS, and to examine associations with other tests of afferent and efferent visual function. METHODS We administered the MULES in addition to binocular measures of low-contrast letter acuity (LCLA), high-contrast visual acuity (VA) and the King-Devick (K-D) test of rapid number naming in an MS cohort and in a group of disease-free controls. RESULTS Among 24 patients with MS (median age 36 years, range 20-72, 64% female) and 22 disease-free controls (median age 34 years, range 19-59, 57% female), MULES test times were greater (worse) among the patients (60.0 vs. 40.0 s). Accounting for age, MS vs. control status was a predictor of MULES test times (P = .01, logistic regression). Faster testing times were noted among patients with MS who had greater (better) performance on binocular LCLA at 2.5% contrast (P < .001, linear regression, accounting for age), binocular high-contrast VA (P < .001), and K-D testing (P < .001). Both groups demonstrated approximately 10-s improvements in MULES test times between trials 1 and 2 (P < .0001, paired t-tests). CONCLUSION The MULES test, a complex task of rapid picture naming involves an extensive visual network that captures eye movements, color perception and the characterization of objects. Color recognition, a key component of this novel assessment, is early in object processing and requires area V4 and the inferior temporal projections. MULES scores reflect performance of LCLA, a widely-used measure of visual function in MS clinical trials. These results provide evidence that the MULES test can add efficient visual screening to the assessment of patients with MS.
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Nguyen J, Rothman A, Fitzgerald K, Whetstone A, Syc-Mazurek S, Aquino J, Balcer LJ, Frohman EM, Frohman TC, Crainiceanu C, Beier M, Newsome SD, Calabresi PA, Saidha S. Visual Pathway Measures are Associated with Neuropsychological Function in Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:941-948. [PMID: 29634379 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1459730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the relationships between visual function and ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer thickness and neuropsychological measures in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS Ninety-five relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and 36 progressive MS patients underwent 100%-contrast visual acuity (VA), 2.5%- and 1.25%-contrast letter acuity (LA) testing, Cirrus-HD-optical coherence tomography, and neuropsychological assessments. Mixed-effects regression models were used to assess relationships. RESULTS Across the cohort, 1.25%-contrast LA was associated with Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT; β = 2.17, p = 0.005) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R) total recall (TR) and delayed recall (DR) scores (β = 0.31, p < 0.001; β = 0.15, p = 0.039, respectively). 2.5%-contrast LA was associated with BVMT-R TR scores (β = 0.27, p = 0.006). In the RRMS cohort, 1.25%-contrast LA was generally more significantly associated with cognitive measures: SDMT (β = 2.97, p = 0.001) and BVMT-R TR (β = 0.32, p < 0.001) and DR (β = 0.22, p = 0.012). CONCLUSION This study suggests that visual pathway measures, particularly visual function measures, reflect aspects of cognitive function in MS, further supporting their roles as complementary outcomes in MS neuroprotection trials.
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Akhand O, Galetta MS, Cobbs L, Hasanaj L, Webb N, Drattell J, Amorapanth P, Rizzo JR, Nolan R, Serrano L, Rucker JC, Cardone D, Jordan BD, Silverio A, Galetta SL, Balcer LJ. The new Mobile Universal Lexicon Evaluation System (MULES): A test of rapid picture naming for concussion sized for the sidelines. J Neurol Sci 2018; 387:199-204. [PMID: 29571863 PMCID: PMC6022286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Measures of rapid automatized naming (RAN) have been used for over 50 years to capture vision-based aspects of cognition. The Mobile Universal Lexicon Evaluation System (MULES) is a test of rapid picture naming under investigation for detection of concussion and other neurological disorders. MULES was designed as a series of 54 grouped color photographs (fruits, random objects, animals) that integrates saccades, color perception and contextual object identification. Recent changes to the MULES test have been made to improve ease of use on the athletic sidelines. Originally an 11 × 17-inch single-sided paper, the test has been reduced to a laminated 8.5 × 11-inch double-sided version. We identified performance changes associated with transition to the new, MULES, now sized for the sidelines, and examined MULES on the sideline for sports-related concussion. METHODS We administered the new laminated MULES to a group of adult office volunteers as well as youth and collegiate athletes during pre-season baseline testing. Athletes with concussion underwent sideline testing after injury. Time scores for the new laminated MULES were compared to those for the larger version (big MULES). RESULTS Among 501 athletes and office volunteers (age 16 ± 7 years, range 6-59, 29% female), average test times at baseline were 44.4 ± 14.4 s for the new laminated MULES (n = 196) and 46.5 ± 16.3 s for big MULES (n = 248). Both versions were completed by 57 participants, with excellent agreement (p < 0.001, linear regression, accounting for age). Age was a predictor of test times for both MULES versions, with longer times noted for younger participants (p < 0.001). Among 6 athletes with concussion thus far during the fall sports season (median age 15 years, range 11-21) all showed worsening of MULES scores from pre-season baseline (median 4.0 s, range 2.1-16.4). CONCLUSION The MULES test has been converted to an 11 × 8.5-inch laminated version, with excellent agreement between versions across age groups. Feasibly administered at pre-season and in an office setting, the MULES test shows preliminary evidence of capacity to identify athletes with sports-related concussion.
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Hasanaj L, Thawani SP, Webb N, Drattell JD, Serrano L, Nolan RC, Raynowska J, Hudson TE, Rizzo JR, Dai W, McComb B, Goldberg JD, Rucker JC, Galetta SL, Balcer LJ. Rapid Number Naming and Quantitative Eye Movements May Reflect Contact Sport Exposure in a Collegiate Ice Hockey Cohort. J Neuroophthalmol 2018; 38:24-29. [PMID: 28746058 PMCID: PMC6022287 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The King-Devick (K-D) test of rapid number naming is a reliable visual performance measure that is a sensitive sideline indicator of concussion when time scores worsen (lengthen) from preseason baseline. Within cohorts of youth athletes <18 years old, baseline K-D times become faster with increasing age. We determined the relation of rapid number-naming time scores on the K-D test to electronic measurements of saccade performance during preseason baseline assessments in a collegiate ice hockey team cohort. Within this group of young adult athletes, we also sought to examine the potential role for player age in determining baseline scores. METHODS Athletes from a collegiate ice hockey team received preseason baseline testing as part of an ongoing study of rapid rink-side performance measures for concussion. These included the K-D test (spiral-bound cards and tablet computer versions). Participants also performed a laboratory-based version of the K-D test with simultaneous infrared-based video-oculographic recordings using an EyeLink 1000+. This allowed measurement of the temporal and spatial characteristics of eye movements, including saccadic velocity, duration, and intersaccadic interval (ISI). RESULTS Among 13 male athletes, aged 18-23 years (mean 20.5 ± 1.6 years), prolongation of the ISI (a combined measure of saccade latency and fixation duration) was the measure most associated with slower baseline time scores for the EyeLink-paired K-D (mean 38.2 ± 6.2 seconds, r = 0.88 [95% CI 0.63-0.96], P = 0.0001), the K-D spiral-bound cards (36.6 ± 5.9 seconds, r = 0.60 [95% CI 0.08-0.87], P = 0.03), and K-D computerized tablet version (39.1 ± 5.4 seconds, r = 0.79 [95% CI 0.42-0.93], P = 0.001). In this cohort, older age was a predictor of longer (worse) K-D baseline time performance (age vs EyeLink-paired K-D: r = 0.70 [95% CI 0.24-0.90], P = 0.008; age vs K-D spiral-bound cards: r = 0.57 [95% CI 0.03-0.85], P = 0.04; age vs K-D tablet version: r = 0.59 [95% CI 0.06-0.86], P = 0.03) as well as prolonged ISI (r = 0.62 [95% CI 0.11-0.87], P = 0.02). Slower baseline K-D times were not associated with greater numbers of reported prior concussions. CONCLUSIONS Rapid number-naming performance using the K-D at preseason baseline in this small cohort of collegiate ice hockey players is best correlated with ISI among eye movement-recording measures. Baseline K-D scores notably worsened with increasing age, but not with numbers of prior concussions in this small cohort. While these findings require further investigation by larger studies of contact and noncontact sports athletes, they suggest that duration of contact sports exposure may influence preseason test performance.
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Sobhanian MJ, Agarwal R, Meltzer E, Kildebeck E, Frohman BS, Frohman AN, Galetta SL, Saidha S, White O, Villoslada P, Paul F, Petzold A, Rennaker RL, Martinez-Lapiscina EH, Balcer LJ, Kardon R, Frohman EM, Frohman TC. Identification and treatment of the visual processing asymmetry in MS patients with optic neuritis: The Pulfrich phenomenon. J Neurol Sci 2018; 387:60-69. [PMID: 29571874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Pulfrich phenomenon (PF) is the illusory perception that an object moving linearly along a 2-D plane appears to instead follow an elliptical 3-D trajectory, a consequence of inter-eye asymmetry in the timing of visual object identification in the visual cortex; with optic neuritis as a common etiology. OBJECTIVE We have designed an objective method to identify the presence and magnitude of the PF, in conjunction with a cooresponding strategy by which to abolish the effect; with monocular application of neutral density filters to the less affected fellow eye, in patients with MS and a history of optic neuropathy (e.g. related to acute optic neuritis or subclinical optic neuropathy). METHODS Twenty-three MS patients with a history of acute unilateral or bilateral optic neuritis, and ten healthy control subjects (HC) were recruited to participate in a pilot study to assess our strategy. Subjects were asked to indicate whether a linearly moving pendulum ball followed a linear 2-D path versus an illusory 3-D elliptical object-motion trajectory, by reporting the ball's approximation to one of nine horizontally-oriented colored wires that were positioned parallel to one another and horizontal to the linear pendulum path. Perceived motion of the bob that moved along wires behind or in front (along the 'Z' plane) of the middle reference wire indicated an illusory elliptical trajectory of ball motion consistent with the PF. RESULTS When the neutral density filter titration was applied to the fellow eye the severity of the PF decreased, eventually being fully abolished in all but one patient. The magnitude of neutral density filtering required correlated to the severity of the patient's initial PF magnitude (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We ascertained the magnitude of the visual illusion associated with the PF, and the corresponding magnitude of neutral density filtering necessary to abolish it.
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Debacker J, Ventura R, Galetta SL, Balcer LJ, Rucker JC. Neuro-ophthalmologic disorders following concussion. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 158:145-152. [PMID: 30482342 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63954-7.00015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Visual symptoms, such as photophobia and blurred vision, are common in patients with concussion. Such symptoms may be accompanied by abnormalities of specific eye movements, such as saccades and convergence, or accommodation deficits. The high frequency of visual involvement in concussion is not surprising, since more than half of the brain's pathways are dedicated to vision and eye movement control. These areas include many that are most vulnerable to head trauma, including the frontal and temporal lobes. Vision and eye movement testing is important at the bedside and on the sidelines of athletic events, where brief performance measures that require eye movements, such as rapid number naming, are reliable and sensitive measures for concussion detection. Tests of vision and eye movements are also being explored clinically to identify and monitor patients with symptoms of both sport- and nonsport-related concussion. Evaluation of vision and eye movements can assist in making important decisions after concussion, including the prognosis for symptom recovery, and to direct further visual rehabilitation as necessary.
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Raynowska J, Rizzo JR, Rucker JC, Dai W, Birkemeier J, Hershowitz J, Selesnick I, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL, Hudson T. Validity of low-resolution eye-tracking to assess eye movements during a rapid number naming task: performance of the eyetribe eye tracker. Brain Inj 2017; 32:200-208. [PMID: 29211506 PMCID: PMC6028183 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2017.1374469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of the EyeTribe compared to the EyeLink for eye movement recordings during a rapid number naming test in healthy control participants. BACKGROUND With the increasing accessibility of portable, economical, video-based eye trackers such as the EyeTribe, there is growing interest in these devices for eye movement recordings, particularly in the domain of sports-related concussion. However, prior to implementation there is a primary need to establish the validity of these devices. One current limitation of portable eye trackers is their sampling rate (30-60 samples per second, or Hz), which is typically well below the benchmarks achieved by their research-grade counterparts (e.g., the EyeLink, which samples at 500-2000 Hz). METHODS We compared video-oculographic measurements made using the EyeTribe with those of the EyeLink during a digitized rapid number naming task (the King-Devick test) in a convenience sample of 30 controls. RESULTS EyeTribe had loss of signal during recording, and failed to reproduce the typical shape of saccadic main sequence relationships. In addition, EyeTribe data yielded significantly fewer detectable saccades and displayed greater variance of inter-saccadic intervals than the EyeLink system. CONCLUSION Caution is advised prior to implementation of low-resolution eye trackers for objective saccade assessment and sideline concussion screening.
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Galetta SL, Balcer LJ. The optic nerve should be included as one of the typical CNS regions for establishing dissemination in space when diagnosing MS - Yes. Mult Scler 2017; 24:121-122. [PMID: 29059003 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517721054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Petzold A, Balcer LJ, Calabresi PA, Costello F, Frohman TC, Frohman EM, Martinez-Lapiscina EH, Green AJ, Kardon R, Outteryck O, Paul F, Schippling S, Vermersch P, Villoslada P, Balk LJ. Retinal layer segmentation in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 2017; 16:797-812. [PMID: 28920886 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural retinal imaging biomarkers are important for early recognition and monitoring of inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. With the introduction of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), supervised automated segmentation of individual retinal layers is possible. We aimed to investigate which retinal layers show atrophy associated with neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis when measured with SD-OCT. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched for studies in which SD-OCT was used to look at the retina in people with multiple sclerosis with or without optic neuritis in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar between Nov 22, 1991, and April 19, 2016. Data were taken from cross-sectional cohorts and from one timepoint from longitudinal studies (at least 3 months after onset in studies of optic neuritis). We classified data on eyes into healthy controls, multiple-sclerosis-associated optic neuritis (MSON), and multiple sclerosis without optic neuritis (MSNON). We assessed thickness of the retinal layers and we rated individual layer segmentation performance by random effects meta-analysis for MSON eyes versus control eyes, MSNON eyes versus control eyes, and MSNON eyes versus MSON eyes. We excluded relevant sources of bias by funnel plots. FINDINGS Of 25 497 records identified, 110 articles were eligible and 40 reported data (in total 5776 eyes from patients with multiple sclerosis [1667 MSON eyes and 4109 MSNON eyes] and 1697 eyes from healthy controls) that met published OCT quality control criteria and were suitable for meta-analysis. Compared with control eyes, the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) showed thinning in MSON eyes (mean difference -20·10 μm, 95% CI -22·76 to -17·44; p<0·0001) and in MSNON eyes (-7·41 μm, -8·98 to -5·83; p<0·0001). The macula showed RNFL thinning of -6·18 μm (-8·07 to -4·28; p<0·0001) in MSON eyes and -2·15 μm (-3·15 to -1·15; p<0·0001) in MSNON eyes compared with control eyes. Atrophy of the macular ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) was -16·42 μm (-19·23 to -13·60; p<0·0001) for MSON eyes and -6·31 μm (-7·75 to -4·87; p<0·0001) for MSNON eyes compared with control eyes. A small degree of inner nuclear layer (INL) thickening occurred in MSON eyes compared with control eyes (0·77 μm, 0·25 to 1·28; p=0·003). We found no statistical difference in the thickness of the combined outer nuclear layer and outer plexiform layer when we compared MSNON or MSON eyes with control eyes, but we found a small degree of thickening of the combined layer when we compared MSON eyes with MSNON eyes (1·21 μm, 0·24 to 2·19; p=0·01). INTERPRETATION The largest and most robust differences between the eyes of people with multiple sclerosis and control eyes were found in the peripapillary RNFL and macular GCIPL. Inflammatory disease activity might be captured by the INL. Because of the consistency, robustness, and large effect size, we recommend inclusion of the peripapillary RNFL and macular GCIPL for diagnosis, monitoring, and research. FUNDING None.
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Khazaei S, Hanis SM, Mansori K, Begasse de Dhaem O, Barr WB, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL, Minen MT. Correspondence regarding: Post-traumatic headache: the use of the sport concussion assessment tool (SCAT-3) as a predictor of post-concussion recovery. J Headache Pain 2017; 18:92. [PMID: 28861747 PMCID: PMC5578942 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-017-0795-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article consists of a Letter to the Editor regarding Post-traumatic headache: the use of the sport concussion assessment tool (SCAT-3) as a predictor of post-concussion recovery, recently published in The Journal of Headache and Pain, along with a response from the original authors.
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Dhawan PS, Leong D, Tapsell L, Starling AJ, Galetta SL, Balcer LJ, Overall TL, Adler JS, Halker-Singh RB, Vargas BB, Dodick D. King-Devick Test identifies real-time concussion and asymptomatic concussion in youth athletes. Neurol Clin Pract 2017; 7:464-473. [PMID: 29431168 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Sports concussion has an annual incidence of approximately 3.8 million. Over half go unreported and a substantial number may be asymptomatic. A rapid, cost-effective, and reliable tool that facilitates diagnosis of concussion is needed. The King-Devick (K-D) test is a vision-based tool of rapid number naming for assessment of concussion. In this study, we evaluated the utility of the K-D test in real time for identification of symptomatic concussion in youth athletes and to determine if similar impairment (subclinical concussion) exists in youth athletes without an obvious head injury or symptoms. Methods Youth hockey players underwent K-D testing preseason, postseason, and immediately after suspected concussion. Additional testing was performed in a subgroup of nonconcussed athletes immediately before and after a game to determine effects of fatigue on K-D scores. Results Among 141 players tested, 20 had clinically diagnosed concussion. All 20 had immediate postconcussion K-D times >5 seconds from baseline (average 7.3 seconds) and all but 2 had worse postseason scores (46.4 seconds vs 52.4 seconds, p < 0.05, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Nonconcussed athletes saw minimal improvement postseason (43.9 seconds vs 42.1 seconds, p < 0.05) and 51 nonconcussed players assessed before and after a game revealed no significant time change as a result of fatigue. Conclusions Rapid number naming using the K-D test accurately identifies real-time, symptomatic concussion in youth athletes. Scores in concussed players may remain abnormal over time. Athletes should undergo preseason and postseason K-D testing, with additional evaluation real time to inform the assessment of suspected concussion. Classification of Evidence This study provides Class III evidence that the K-D test accurately identifies real-time concussions in youth athletes.
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Begasse de Dhaem O, Barr WB, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL, Minen MT. Post-traumatic headache: the use of the sport concussion assessment tool (SCAT-3) as a predictor of post-concussion recovery. J Headache Pain 2017; 18:60. [PMID: 28560540 PMCID: PMC5449412 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-017-0767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given that post-traumatic headache is one of the most prevalent and long-lasting post-concussion sequelae, causes significant morbidity, and might be associated with slower neurocognitive recovery, we sought to evaluate the use of concussion screening scores in a concussion clinic population to assess for post-traumatic headache. METHODS This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of 254 concussion patients from the New York University (NYU) Concussion Registry. Data on the headache characteristics, concussion mechanism, concussion screening scores were collected and analyzed. RESULTS 72% of the patients had post-traumatic headache. About half (56.3%) were women. The mean age was 35 (SD 16.2). 90 (35%) patients suffered from sport-related concussions (SRC). Daily post-traumatic headache patients had higher Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT)-3 symptom severity scores than the non-daily post-traumatic headache and the headache-free patients (50.2 [SD 28.2] vs. 33.1 [SD 27.5] vs. 21.6 SD23], p < 0.001). Patients with SRC had lower headache intensity (4.47 [SD 2.5] vs. 6.24 [SD 2.28], p < 0.001) and SCAT symptom severity scores (33.9 [SD 27.4] vs. 51.4 [SD 27.7], p < 0.001) than the other patients, but there were no differences in post-traumatic headache prevalence, frequency, and Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC) scores. CONCLUSION The presence and frequency of post-traumatic headache are associated with the SCAT-3 symptom severity score, which is the most important predictor for post-concussion recovery. The SCAT-3 symptom severity score might be a useful tool to help characterize patients' post-traumatic headache.
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Meltzer E, Sguigna PV, Subei A, Beh S, Kildebeck E, Conger D, Conger A, Lucero M, Frohman BS, Frohman AN, Saidha S, Galetta S, Calabresi PA, Rennaker R, Frohman TC, Kardon RH, Balcer LJ, Frohman EM. Retinal Architecture and Melanopsin-Mediated Pupillary Response Characteristics: A Putative Pathophysiologic Signature for the Retino-Hypothalamic Tract in Multiple Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74:574-582. [PMID: 28135360 PMCID: PMC5822208 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.5131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Importance A neurophysiologic signature of the melanopsin-mediated persistent constriction phase of the pupillary light reflex may represent a surrogate biomarker for the integrity of the retinohypothalamic tract, with potential utility for investigating alterations in homeostatic mechanisms associated with brain disorders and implications for identifying new treatments. Objective To characterize abnormalities of retinal architecture in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and corresponding alterations in the melanopsin-mediated sustained pupillary constriction response. Design, Setting, and Participants The case-control study was an experimental assessment of various stimulus-induced pupillary response characteristics and was conducted at a university clinical center for MS from September 6, 2012, to February 2015. Twenty-four patients with MS (48 eyes) and 15 individuals serving as controls (30 eyes) participated. The melanopsin-mediated, sustained pupillary constriction phase response following cessation of a blue light stimulus was compared with the photoreceptor-mediated pupillary constriction phase response following cessation of a red light stimulus. Optical coherence tomography was used to characterize the association between pupillary response characteristics and alterations in retinal architecture, specifically, the thickness of the retinal ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCL + IPL). Main Outcomes and Measures Association of pupillary response characteristics with alterations in retinal architecture. Results Of 24 patients with MS included in the analysis, 17 were women (71%); mean (SD) age was 47 (11) years. Compared with eyes from individuals with MS who had normal optical coherence tomography-derived measures of retinal GCL + IPL thickness, eyes of patients who had GCL + IPL thickness reductions to less than the first percentile exhibited a correspondingly significant attenuation of the melanopsin-mediated sustained pupillary response (mean [SD] pupillary diameter ratios at a point in time, 0.18 [0.1] vs 0.33 [0.09]; P < .001, generalized estimating equation models accounting for age and within-patient intereye correlations). Conclusions and Relevance In this case-control study, attenuation of the melanopsin-mediated sustained pupillary constriction response was significantly associated with thinning of the GCL + IPL sector of the retina in the eyes of patients with MS, particularly those with a history of acute optic neuritis. Melanopsin-containing ganglion cells in the retina represent, at least in part, the composition of the retinohypothalamic tract. As such, our findings may signify the ability to elucidate a putative surrogate neurophysiologic signature that correlates with a constellation of homeostatic mechanisms in both health and illness.
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Hainline C, Rizzo JR, Hudson TE, Dai W, Birkemeier J, Raynowska J, Nolan RC, Hasanaj L, Selesnick I, Frohman TC, Frohman EM, Galetta SL, Balcer LJ, Rucker JC. Capturing saccades in multiple sclerosis with a digitized test of rapid number naming. J Neurol 2017; 264:989-998. [PMID: 28389741 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The King-Devick (K-D) test of rapid number naming is a visual performance measure that captures saccadic eye movements. Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have slowed K-D test times associated with neurologic disability and reduced quality of life. We assessed eye movements during the K-D test to identify characteristics associated with slowed times. Participants performed a computerized K-D test with video-oculography. The 25-Item National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25) and its 10-Item Neuro-Ophthalmic Supplement measured vision-specific quality of life (VSQOL). Among 25 participants with MS (age 37 ± 10 years, range 20-59) and 42 controls (age 33 ± 9 years, range 19-54), MS was associated with significantly longer (worse) K-D times (58.2 ± 19.8 vs. 43.8 ± 8.6 s, P = 0.001, linear regression models, accounting for age). In MS, test times were slower among patients with higher (worse) Expanded Disability Status Scale scores (P = 0.01). Average inter-saccadic intervals (ISI) were significantly longer in MS participants compared to controls (362 ± 103 vs. 286 ± 50 ms, P = 0.001), and were highly associated with prolonged K-D times in MS (P = 0.006). MS participants generated greater numbers of saccades (P = 0.007). VSQOL scores were reduced in MS patients with longer (worse) K-D times (P = 0.04-0.001) and longer ISI (P = 0.002-0.001). Patients with MS have slowed K-D times that may be attributable to prolonged ISI and greater numbers of saccades. The K-D test and its requisite eye movements capture VSQOL and make rapid number naming a strong candidate efferent visual performance measure in MS.
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Balcer LJ, Raynowska J, Nolan R, Galetta SL, Kapoor R, Benedict R, Phillips G, LaRocca N, Hudson L, Rudick R. Validity of low-contrast letter acuity as a visual performance outcome measure for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2017; 23:734-747. [PMID: 28206829 PMCID: PMC5407511 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517690822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Low-contrast letter acuity (LCLA) has emerged as the leading outcome measure to assess visual disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) research. As visual dysfunction is one of the most common manifestations of MS, sensitive visual outcome measures are important in examining the effect of treatment. Low-contrast acuity captures visual loss not seen in high-contrast visual acuity (HCVA) measurements. These issues are addressed by the MS Outcome Assessments Consortium (MSOAC), including representatives from advocacy organizations, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), academic institutions, and industry partners along with persons living with MS. MSOAC goals are acceptance and qualification by regulators of performance outcomes that are highly reliable and valid, practical, cost-effective, and meaningful to persons with MS. A critical step is elucidation of clinically relevant benchmarks, well-defined degrees of disability, and gradients of change that are clinically meaningful. This review shows that MS and disease-free controls have similar median HCVA, while MS patients have significantly lower LCLA. Deficits in LCLA and vision-specific quality of life are found many years after an episode of acute optic neuritis, even when HCVA has recovered. Studies reveal correlations between LCLA and the Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS), Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer plus inner plexiform layer (GCL + IPL) thickness on optical coherence tomography (OCT), brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), visual evoked potential (VEP), electroretinogram (ERG), pupillary function, and King-Devick testing. This review also concludes that a 7-point change in LCLA is clinically meaningful. The overall goal of this review is to describe and characterize the LCLA metric for research and clinical use among persons with MS.
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Button J, Al-Louzi O, Lang A, Bhargava P, Newsome SD, Frohman T, Balcer LJ, Frohman EM, Prince J, Calabresi PA, Saidha S. Disease-modifying therapies modulate retinal atrophy in multiple sclerosis: A retrospective study. Neurology 2017; 88:525-532. [PMID: 28077493 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To retrospectively investigate whether disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) exert differential effects on rates of retinal atrophy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), as assessed using optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS A total of 402 patients with RRMS followed at the Johns Hopkins MS Center who underwent Cirrus-HD OCT were assessed for eligibility. Inclusion criteria included at least 1 year of OCT follow-up and adherence to a single DMT during the period of follow-up. Combined thickness of the ganglion cell + inner plexiform (GCIP) and other retinal layers was computed utilizing automated macular segmentation. Retinal thickness changes were analyzed using mixed-effects linear regression. RESULTS The effects of glatiramer acetate (GA; n = 48), natalizumab (NAT; n = 46), and interferon-β-1a subcutaneously (IFNSC; n = 35) and intramuscularly (IFNIM; n = 28) were assessed. Baseline analyses revealed no significant differences between groups in terms of age, sex, optic neuritis history, or follow-up duration. During follow-up, relative to NAT-treated patients, IFNSC- and GA-treated patients exhibited 0.37 μm/y (p < 0.001) and 0.14 μm/y (p = 0.035) faster rates of GCIP thinning, respectively, adjusting for the interval between initiation of DMT and OCT monitoring (gap time), age, sex, relapses, and disease duration. In the IFNSC group, GCIP thinning was 1.53 μm/y faster during the first year of therapy vs during the time interval afterwards (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Rates of GCIP atrophy in patients with RRMS vary according to DMT utilization. Our findings support OCT for monitoring neurodegenerative treatment effects in the retina, an easily accessible tissue, and as a practical outcome measure in RRMS clinical trials.
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Lloyd-Smith AJ, Narayana K, Warren F, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL, Rucker JC. Optical coherence tomography in an optic tract lesion: Retinal nerve fiber layer changes. Neurology 2016; 87:2063-2064. [PMID: 27821564 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Cobbs L, Hasanaj L, Amorapanth P, Rizzo JR, Nolan R, Serrano L, Raynowska J, Rucker JC, Jordan BD, Galetta SL, Balcer LJ. Mobile Universal Lexicon Evaluation System (MULES) test: A new measure of rapid picture naming for concussion. J Neurol Sci 2016; 372:393-398. [PMID: 27856005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study introduces a rapid picture naming test, the Mobile Universal Lexicon Evaluation System (MULES), as a novel, vision-based performance measure for concussion screening. The MULES is a visual-verbal task that includes 54 original photographs of fruits, objects and animals. We piloted MULES in a cohort of volunteers to determine feasibility, ranges of picture naming responses, and the relation of MULES time scores to those of King-Devick (K-D), a rapid number naming test. METHODS A convenience sample (n=20, age 34±10) underwent MULES and K-D (spiral bound, iPad versions). Administration order was randomized; MULES tests were audio-recorded to provide objective data on temporal variability and ranges of picture naming responses. RESULTS Scores for the best of two trials for all tests were 40-50s; average times required to name each MULES picture (0.72±0.14s) was greater than those needed for each K-D number ((spiral: 0.33±0.05s, iPad: 0.36±0.06s, 120 numbers), p<0.0001, paired t-test). MULES scores showed the greatest degree of improvement between trials (9.4±4.8s, p<0.0001 for trials 1 vs. 2), compared to K-D (spiral 1.5±3.3s, iPad 1.8±3.4s). Shorter MULES times demonstrated moderate and significant correlations with shorter iPad but not spiral K-D times (r=0.49, p=0.03). CONCLUSION The MULES test is a rapid picture naming task that may engage more extensive neural systems than more commonly used rapid number naming tasks. Rapid picture naming may require additional processing devoted to color perception, object identification, and categorization. Both tests rely on initiation and sequencing of saccadic eye movements.
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Rizzo JR, Hudson TE, Dai W, Birkemeier J, Pasculli RM, Selesnick I, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL, Rucker JC. Rapid number naming in chronic concussion: eye movements in the King-Devick test. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:801-811. [PMID: 27752515 PMCID: PMC5048390 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The King–Devick (KD) test, which is based on rapid number naming speed, is a performance measure that adds vision and eye movement assessments to sideline concussion testing. We performed a laboratory‐based study to characterize ocular motor behavior during the KD test in a patient cohort with chronic concussion to identify features associated with prolonged KD reading times. Methods Twenty‐five patients with a concussion history (mean age: 31) were compared to control participants with no concussion history (n = 42, mean age: 32). Participants performed a computerized KD test under infrared‐based video‐oculography. Results Average intersaccadic intervals for task‐specific saccades were significantly longer among concussed patients compared to controls (324.4 ± 85.6 msec vs. 286.1 ± 49.7 msec, P = 0.027). Digitized KD reading times were prolonged in concussed participants versus controls (53.43 ± 14.04 sec vs. 43.80 ± 8.55 sec, P = 0.004) and were highly correlated with intersaccadic intervals. Concussion was also associated with a greater number of saccades during number reading and larger average deviations of saccade endpoint distances from the centers of the to‐be‐read numbers (1.22 ± 0.29° vs. 0.98 ± 0.27°, P = 0.002). There were no differences in saccade peak velocity, duration, or amplitude. Interpretation Prolonged intersaccadic intervals, greater numbers of saccades, and larger deviations of saccade endpoints underlie prolonged KD reading times in chronic concussion. The KD test relies upon a diffuse neurocognitive network that mediates the fine control of efferent visual function. One sequela of chronic concussion may be disruption of this system, which may produce deficits in spatial target selection and planning of eye movements.
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Nolan R, Narayana K, Beh SC, Rucker JC, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL. Utility of optical coherence tomography in the evaluation of monocular visual loss related to retinal ischemia. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 26:116-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Martinez-Lapiscina EH, Arnow S, Wilson JA, Saidha S, Preiningerova JL, Oberwahrenbrock T, Brandt AU, Pablo LE, Guerrieri S, Gonzalez I, Outteryck O, Mueller AK, Albrecht P, Chan W, Lukas S, Balk LJ, Fraser C, Frederiksen JL, Resto J, Frohman T, Cordano C, Zubizarreta I, Andorra M, Sanchez-Dalmau B, Saiz A, Bermel R, Klistorner A, Petzold A, Schippling S, Costello F, Aktas O, Vermersch P, Oreja-Guevara C, Comi G, Leocani L, Garcia-Martin E, Paul F, Havrdova E, Frohman E, Balcer LJ, Green AJ, Calabresi PA, Villoslada P. Retinal thickness measured with optical coherence tomography and risk of disability worsening in multiple sclerosis: a cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15:574-84. [PMID: 27011339 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with multiple sclerosis without previous optic neuritis have thinner retinal layers than healthy controls. We assessed the role of peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) thickness and macular volume in eyes with no history of optic neuritis as a biomarker of disability worsening in a cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis who had at least one eye without optic neuritis available. METHODS In this multicentre, cohort study, we collected data about patients (age ≥16 years old) with clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, and progressive multiple sclerosis. Patients were recruited from centres in Spain, Italy, France, Germany, Czech Republic, Netherlands, Canada, and the USA, with the first cohort starting in 2008 and the latest cohort starting in 2013. We assessed disability worsening using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). The pRNFL thickness and macular volume were assessed once at study entry (baseline) by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and was calculated as the mean value of both eyes without optic neuritis for patients without a history of optic neuritis or the value of the non-optic neuritis eye for patients with previous unilateral optic neuritis. Researchers who did the OCT at baseline were masked to EDSS results and the researchers assessing disability with EDSS were masked to OCT results. We estimated the association of pRNFL thickness or macular volume at baseline in eyes without optic neuritis with the risk of subsequent disability worsening by use of proportional hazards models that included OCT metrics and age, disease duration, disability, presence of previous unilateral optic neuritis, and use of disease-modifying therapies as covariates. FINDINGS 879 patients with clinically isolated syndrome (n=74), relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (n=664), or progressive multiple sclerosis (n=141) were included in the primary analyses. Disability worsening occurred in 252 (29%) of 879 patients with multiple sclerosis after a median follow-up of 2·0 years (range 0·5-5 years). Patients with a pRNFL of less than or equal to 87 μm or less than or equal to 88 μm (measured with Spectralis or Cirrus OCT devices) had double the risk of disability worsening at any time after the first and up to the third years of follow-up (hazard ratio 2·06, 95% CI 1·36-3·11; p=0·001), and the risk was increased by nearly four times after the third and up to the fifth years of follow-up (3·81, 1·63-8·91; p=0·002). We did not identify meaningful associations for macular volume. INTERPRETATION Our results provide evidence of the usefulness of monitoring pRNFL thickness by OCT for prediction of the risk of disability worsening with time in patients with multiple sclerosis. FUNDING Instituto de Salud Carlos III.
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Rizzo JR, Hudson TE, Dai W, Desai N, Yousefi A, Palsana D, Selesnick I, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL, Rucker JC. Objectifying eye movements during rapid number naming: Methodology for assessment of normative data for the King-Devick test. J Neurol Sci 2016; 362:232-9. [PMID: 26944155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Concussion is a major public health problem and considerable efforts are focused on sideline-based diagnostic testing to guide return-to-play decision-making and clinical care. The King-Devick (K-D) test, a sensitive sideline performance measure for concussion detection, reveals slowed reading times in acutely concussed subjects, as compared to healthy controls; however, the normal behavior of eye movements during the task and deficits underlying the slowing have not been defined. METHODS Twelve healthy control subjects underwent quantitative eye tracking during digitized K-D testing. RESULTS The total K-D reading time was 51.24 (±9.7) seconds. A total of 145 saccades (±15) per subject were generated, with average peak velocity 299.5°/s and average amplitude 8.2°. The average inter-saccadic interval was 248.4 ms. Task-specific horizontal and oblique saccades per subject numbered, respectively, 102 (±10) and 17 (±4). Subjects with the fewest saccades tended to blink more, resulting in a larger amount of missing data; whereas, subjects with the most saccades tended to make extra saccades during line transitions. CONCLUSIONS Establishment of normal and objective ocular motor behavior during the K-D test is a critical first step towards defining the range of deficits underlying abnormal testing in concussion. Further, it sets the groundwork for exploration of K-D correlations with cognitive dysfunction and saccadic paradigms that may reflect specific neuroanatomic deficits in the concussed brain.
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Ventura RE, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL, Rucker JC. Ocular motor assessment in concussion: Current status and future directions. J Neurol Sci 2015; 361:79-86. [PMID: 26810521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mild head injury such as concussions and subconcussive repetitive impact may lead to subtle changes in brain function and it is imperative to find sensitive and reliable tests to detect such changes. Tests involving the visual system, in particular eye movements, can incorporate higher cortical functioning and involve diffuse pathways in the brain, including many areas susceptible to head impact. With concussions, the clinical neuro-ophthalmic exam is important for detecting abnormalities in vergence, saccades, pursuit, and visual fixation. On the sidelines, the King-Devick test has been used as a visual performance measure that incorporates eye movements and increases the sensitivity in detecting possible concussions in conjunction with standard sideline tests of cognition, symptom checklists, and balance. Much promise lies in the eye movement laboratory to quantitate changes in saccades and pursuit with concussions using video-oculography. A combination of eye movement tasks coupled with neuroimaging techniques and other objective biomarkers may lead to a better understanding of the anatomical and physiological consequences of concussion and to better understand the natural history of this condition.
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Lin TP, Rigby H, Adler JS, Hentz JG, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL, Devick S, Cronin R, Adler CH. Abnormal visual contrast acuity in Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 5:125-30. [PMID: 25425583 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-140470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-contrast vision is thought to be reduced in Parkinson's disease (PD). This may have a direct impact on quality of life such as driving, using tools, finding objects, and mobility in low-light condition. Low-contrast letter acuity testing has been successful in assessing low-contrast vision in multiple sclerosis. We report the use of a new iPad application to measure low-contrast acuity in patients with PD. OBJECTIVE To evaluate low- and high-contrast letter acuity in PD patients and controls using a variable contrast acuity eye chart developed for the Apple iPad. METHODS Thirty-two PD and 71 control subjects were studied. Subjects viewed the Variable Contrast Acuity Chart on an iPad with both eyes open at two distances (40 cm and 2 m) and at high contrast (black and white visual acuity) and 2.5% low contrast. Acuity scores for the two groups were compared. RESULTS PD patients had significantly lower scores (indicating worse vision) for 2.5% low contrast at both distances and for high contrast at 2 m (p < 0.003) compared to controls. No significant difference was found between the two groups for high contrast at 40 cm (p = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS Parkinson's disease patients have reduced low and high contrast acuity compared to controls. An iPad app, as used in this study, could serve as a quick screening tool to complement more formal testing of patients with PD and other neurologic disorders.
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Ventura RE, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL. The Concussion Toolbox: The Role of Vision in the Assessment of Concussion. Semin Neurol 2015; 35:599-606. [PMID: 26444405 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1563567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Concussion may lead to subtle changes in brain function, and tests involving the visual system probe higher cortical functioning and increase our sensitivity in detecting these changes. Concussions are acutely and sometimes more persistently associated with abnormalities in balance, cognition, and vision. The visual system involves roughly half of the brain's circuits, including many regions susceptible to head impacts. After a concussion, the neuro-ophthalmologic exam commonly detects abnormalities in convergence, accommodation, the vestibulo-ocular reflex, ocular muscle balance, saccades, and pursuit. The King-Devick (K-D) test is a visual performance measure that may increase the sensitivity of detecting concussions on the sideline when used in combination with tests of cognition and balance that are part of the Sports Concussion Assessment Tool (3rd ed.; SCAT3). Portable eye movement trackers and pupillometry may in the future improve our neuro-ophthalmic assessment after concussions. Combining visual tasks with neuroimaging and neurophysiology has allowed subtle changes to be detected, may refine our ability to make appropriate return-to-play decisions, and could potentially determine susceptibility to long-term sequelae of concussion.
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Saidha S, Al-Louzi O, Ratchford JN, Bhargava P, Oh J, Newsome SD, Prince JL, Pham D, Roy S, van Zijl P, Balcer LJ, Frohman EM, Reich DS, Crainiceanu C, Calabresi PA. Optical coherence tomography reflects brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis: A four-year study. Ann Neurol 2015; 78:801-13. [PMID: 26190464 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to determine whether atrophy of specific retinal layers and brain substructures are associated over time, in order to further validate the utility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) as an indicator of neuronal tissue damage in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS Cirrus high-definition OCT (including automated macular segmentation) was performed in 107 MS patients biannually (median follow-up: 46 months). Three-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging brain scans (including brain-substructure volumetrics) were performed annually. Individual-specific rates of change in retinal and brain measures (estimated with linear regression) were correlated, adjusting for age, sex, disease duration, and optic neuritis (ON) history. RESULTS Rates of ganglion cell + inner plexiform layer (GCIP) and whole-brain (r = 0.45; p < 0.001), gray matter (GM; r = 0.37; p < 0.001), white matter (WM; r = 0.28; p = 0.007), and thalamic (r = 0.38; p < 0.001) atrophy were associated. GCIP and whole-brain (as well as GM and WM) atrophy rates were more strongly associated in progressive MS (r = 0.67; p < 0.001) than relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS; r = 0.33; p = 0.007). However, correlation between rates of GCIP and whole-brain (and additionally GM and WM) atrophy in RRMS increased incrementally with step-wise refinement to exclude ON effects; excluding eyes and then patients (to account for a phenotype effect), the correlation increased to 0.45 and 0.60, respectively, consistent with effect modification. In RRMS, lesion accumulation rate was associated with GCIP (r = -0.30; p = 0.02) and inner nuclear layer (r = -0.25; p = 0.04) atrophy rates. INTERPRETATION Over time GCIP atrophy appears to mirror whole-brain, and particularly GM, atrophy, especially in progressive MS, thereby reflecting underlying disease progression. Our findings support OCT for clinical monitoring and as an outcome in investigative trials.
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Galetta KM, Liu M, Leong DF, Ventura RE, Galetta SL, Balcer LJ. The King-Devick test of rapid number naming for concussion detection: meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Concussion 2015; 1:CNC8. [PMID: 30202552 PMCID: PMC6114024 DOI: 10.2217/cnc.15.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vision encompasses a large component of the brain's pathways, yet is not represented in current sideline testing. Objectives: We performed a meta-analysis of published data for a vision-based test of rapid number naming (King-Devick [K-D] test). Studies & methods: Pooled and meta-analysis of 15 studies estimated preseason baseline K-D scores and sensitivity/specificity for identifying concussed versus nonconcussed control athletes. Result: Baseline K-D (n = 1419) showed a weighted estimate of 43.8 s (95% CI: 40.2, 47.5; I2 = 0.0%; p=0.85 – indicating very little heterogeneity). Sensitivity was 86% (96/112 concussed athletes had K-D worsening; 95% CI: 78%, 92%); specificity was 90% (181/202 controls had no worsening; 95% CI: 85%, 93%). Conclusion: Rapid number naming adds to sideline assessment and contributes a critical dimension of vision to sports-related concussion testing.
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Al-Louzi OA, Bhargava P, Newsome SD, Balcer LJ, Frohman EM, Crainiceanu C, Calabresi PA, Saidha S. Outer retinal changes following acute optic neuritis. Mult Scler 2015. [PMID: 26209589 DOI: 10.1177/1352458515590646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal nerve fiber and ganglion cell+inner plexiform (GCIP) layer thinning following multiple sclerosis-related acute optic neuritis (AON) is well described. However, whether AON results in changes in the inner nuclear (INL), outer plexiform (OPL), outer nuclear (ONL) and/or photoreceptor segment (PS) layers remains undetermined. OBJECTIVES The objective of this paper is to determine if INL+OPL and/or ONL+PS changes occur following AON. METHODS Thirty-three AON patients underwent serial optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual function testing (mean follow-up: 25 months). Longitudinal changes in retinal layer thickness were analyzed using mixed-effects linear regression. RESULTS Four months following AON, the mean decrease in GCIP thickness relative to baseline was 11.4% (p < 0.001). At four months, a concomitant 3.4% increase in average ONL+PS thickness was observed (p < 0.001). The percentage decrease in GCIP thickness and increase in ONL+PS thickness were strongly correlated (r = -0.70; p < 0.001). Between months 4 to 12, ONL+PS thickness declined and, at 12 months, was no longer significantly different from baseline (mean change: 0.5%; p = 0.37). Similar, albeit less robust, changes in the INL+OPL were observed. CONCLUSIONS Following AON, dynamic changes occur in the deep retinal layers, which are proportional to GCIP thinning. These novel findings help further our understanding of the biological and/or anatomical sequelae resulting from AON.
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