Prognostic value of different B symptoms in upper aerodigestive tract NK/T-cell lymphoma

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Background: Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKL) is a rare disease originated from NK or toxic T cells. ENKL arising from the upper aerodigestive tract (UNKTL) is a newly recognized subtype and commonly presents with B symptoms. This study is to investigate the prognostic value of different B symptoms in UNKTL. Methods: UNKTL cases with detailed clinical, pathological and prognostic data in our center since 2001 to 2007 were retrospectively analyzed with the major study endpoint of overall survival (OS). Central pathological review was performed. Survival curves were estimated by Kaplan-Meier method and tested by Log Rank method. Statistically significant factors in univariate analysis were then included in multivariate analysis. B symptoms were defined as fever, night sweat and weight loss according to the Ann Arbor Cotswolds meeting. The predictive values of survival for each type of B symptoms were studied independently. Results: 172 cases of UNKTL with a median follow-up duration of 27.4 months were included. 45 ladies and 127 gentlemen had a median age of 43 years. 98 cases were Ann Arbor stage I, 54 were stage II and the remaining 20 cases were stage III or IV. About half of the patients present B symptoms: 82 had fever, 5 had night sweat and 6 present weight loss. Totally 18 patients had ECOG PS larger than 1. The 5-year OS rate of the whole group is 41.8%. Patients with persistent fever before treatment indicated a poor outcome in the univariate analysis (p=.033) and its prognostic value was also confirmed by the Cox regression (p=.030) whereas those of night sweat and weight loss were not (p= .960 and .824 respectively). Conclusions: B symptoms were common in UNKTL patients. Our data suggested that only fever among the three types of B symptoms was independent prognostic factor for UNKTL but it still needs further confirmation.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Effects of pig antibacterial peptides on growth performance and intestine mucosal immune of broiler chickens

Currently, substitutions for antibiotic growth promoters in animals are attracting interest. This study investigated the effects of pig antibacterial peptides (PABP) on growth performance and small intestine mucosal immune responses in broilers. Three hundred 1-d-old Arbor Acre male broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 5 groups with 60 birds per group. The groups were control group; PABP administered in drinking water at 20 and 30 mg/L of water; or PABP supplemented in feed at 150 and 200 mg/kg of diet. The birds were fed a corn-soybean based diet for 6 wk. Chickens were weighed weekly and killed after 42 d of feeding, and growth performance was measured. Samples of the duodenum and jejunum were collected. The villus height, mucosa thickness, alkaline phosphatase activity, and numbers of secreting IgA and goblet cells were evaluated. The PABP-treated groups had greater BW and average daily gain, greater height of villus and thickness of gut mucosa, greater activity of alkaline phosphatase, higher ratio of secreting IgA, and a greater number of goblet cells compared with the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, PABP can improve the growth performance, increase the intestinal ability to absorb nutrients, and improve the mucosal immunity of the intestine.

CHOP compared to THP-COP regimen: Long-term outcome in Chinese non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients

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Background: THP-ADM (Pirarubicin) has potential to replace conventional ADM (Adriamycin) because of less severe toxicities. However, only a few studies have compared the long-term outcome between patients receiving the two drugs. A Japanese trial (JGTLE) shows the CR rate of THP-COP group was greater than CHOP group in elderly T-cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) patients. The current study was aimed at comparing the long-term outcome and toxicities between NHL patients receiving CHOP and THP-COP regimens within similar age-groups and pathological sub-types. Methods: 505 previously untreated NHL patients receiving either standard CHOP or THP-COP regimen (cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m2, doxorubicin or pirarubicin 50 mg/m2, vincristine 1.4 mg/m2and prednisone 40 mg/m2 for 5 days) were enrolled. Results: Patients’ characteristics between CHOP group(n=279) and THP-COP (n=228) group were well balanced. There were no differences in CR rate (54.8% vs. 54.0%, p=0.85) and response rate (82.1% vs. 84.1%, p=0.55). With a median follow-up of 59.7months, survival rate was similar (5-year OS: 56.7% vs. 55.8%, 5-year PFS: 43.5% vs. 47.3%, 5-year DFS: 54.0% vs. 54.7%). The incidence of cardiotoxicity(myocardial dysfunction and arrhythmia)was almost the same (10.0% vs10.2 %; P=0.958). Less Alopecia (39.1% vs. 28.8%, p= 0.015)and gastrointestinal toxicities(63.1% vs. 50.0%, p=0.003) were observed in THP-COP group. No differences between the two groups were observed within different pathological subtypes (B-cell subtype: CR rate 58.2% vs. 56.7%, 5-year OS 59.2% vs. 60.0%; T-cell subtype: CR rate 47.0% vs. 45.5%, 5-year OS 50.5% vs. 43.4%) and age-groups (<60 years group: CR rate 51.6% vs. 53.7%, p= 0.684; 5y OS 58.9% vs.61.1%, p= 0.570; =60 years group: CR rate 67.9% vs. 54.8 %, p= 0.148; 5y OS 48.0% vs. 42.1 %, p= 0.314). In the 33 elderly patients of T-cell subtype, CR rates were almost the same. (73.7% vs. 42.9%, p=0.073). Conclusions: The long-term outcome of NHL patients receiving THP-COP is similar to those receiving CHOP within similar age groups and pathologic subtypes. Cardiotoxicity occurs at a similar rate in both groups, while a lower incidence of alopecia and gastrointestinal toxicities was observed in THP-COP group.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Prognostic value of hemoglobin in natural killer cell lymphoma

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Background: Natural Killer (NK) cell lymphoma is a group of increasingly recognized but poorly defined disease entities. This study investigated its clinical features and prognostic factors for southern China population. Methods: Patients with pathologically confirmed NK cell lymphoma in one center since 1999 to 2004 were included. Central histological and immunohistochemical review was undertaken to every case. The major study endpoint was overall survival. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Detailed clinical, pathological and laboratory data were included in univariate analysis and statistically significant factors in univariate analysis were then included in multivariate analysis. Results: Totally 64 eligible patients were identified. Of these, 59 patients were extranodal NK cell lymphoma nasal type, 3 patients were aggressive NK cell lymphoma and 2 patients were blastic NK cell lymphoma. From the basic analysis, 47% of the patients had stage I disease, 42% were stage II, 11% were stage III or IV. B-symptoms were present in 39%. 73% of these patients had International Prognostic Index (IPI) 0 or 1. Before treatment, 25% complicated with anemia. As to the therapy, 38% received chemotherapy alone, 3% received radiotherapy alone and 59% received a multidisciplinary therapy. After initial therapy, 59% achieved CR, 22% achieved PR and 19% were refractory disease. With a median follow-up duration of 20 months, the median overall survival was 28 months (95% CI: 10, 45). Hb lower than 110 g/l before treatment was statistically significant in multivariate analysis (p = 0.031). Presenting B-symptoms and ECOG PS score higher than 1 were also independent prognostic factors (P = 0.001 and 0.006 respectively). Conclusions: The outcome of patients with NK cell lymphoma was poor even for Stage I or II cases. Our data suggested Hemoglobin < 110 g/l had more prognostic value than IPI and Ann Arbor staging system for NK cell lymphoma in southern China, but it needs further confirmation.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Involvement of LEU13 in interferon-induced refractoriness of human RSa cells to cell killing by X rays

Culture of human cells with human interferon alpha and beta (IFNA and IFNB) results in increased resistance of the cells to cell killing by X rays. To identify candidate genes responsible for the IFN-induced X-ray resistance, we searched for genes whose expression levels are increased in human RSa cells treated with IFNA, using an mRNA differential display method and Northern blotting analysis. RSa cells, which showed increased survival (assayed by colony formation) after X irradiation when they were treated with IFNA prior to irradiation, showed increased expression levels of LEU13 (IFITM1) mRNA after IFNA treatment alone. In contrast, IF(r) and F-IF(r) cells, both of which are derived from RSa cells, showed increased X-ray resistance and high constitutive LEU13 mRNA expression levels compared to the parental RSa cells. Furthermore, the IFNA-induced resistance of RSa cells to killing by X rays was suppressed by antisense oligonucleotides for LEU13 mRNA. LEU13, a leukocyte surface protein, was previously reported to mediate the actions of IFN such as inhibition of cell proliferation. The present results suggest a novel role of LEU13 different from that in the inhibition of cell proliferation, involved in IFNA-induced refractoriness of RSa cells to X rays.

Purification and enzymatic activity of an NADH-fumarate reductase and other mitochondrial activities of Leishmania parasites

A 65 kD membrane-associated NADH-fumarate reductase subunit, which has a molecular weight similar to that of one of the enzyme subunits from bacteria, was purified from Leishmania donovani promastigotes. NADH-fumarate reductase and other mitochondrial enzymatic activities of L. major and L. donovani promastigotes and amastigotes were investigated. The presence of NADH-fumarate reductase was demonstrated in digitonin-permeabilized L. major promastigotes and mitochondria of L. major and L. donovani promastigotes and amastigotes. The activity of solubilized NADH-fumarate reductase was measured in L. major and L. donovani promastigotes. Succinate exhibited a clear concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on fumarate reductase, whereas fumarate also exhibited a clear concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on succinate dehydrogenase. The data indicate that fumarate reductase is an obligatory component of the respiratory chain of the parasite. Since the enzyme is an important component in the intermediate metabolism in the Leishmania parasite and is absent in mammalian cells, it could be a potential target for antileishmanial drugs.

Tyrosine phosphorylation of villin regulates the organization of the actin cytoskeleton

We have previously shown that tyrosine phosphorylation of the actin-regulatory protein villin is accompanied by the redistribution of phosphorylated villin and a concomitant decrease in the F-actin content of intestinal epithelial cells. The temporal and spatial correlation of these two events suggested that tyrosine phosphorylation of villin may be involved in the rearrangement of the microvillar cytoskeleton. This hypothesis was investigated by analyzing the effects of tyrosine phosphorylation of villin on the kinetics of actin polymerization by reconstituting in vitro the tyrosine phosphorylation of villin and its association with actin. Full-length recombinant human villin was phosphorylated in vitro by expression in the TKX1-competent cells that carry an inducible tyrosine kinase gene. The actin-binding properties of villin were examined using a co-sedimentation assay. Phosphorylation of villin did not change the stoichiometry (1:2) but decreased the binding affinity (4.4 microm for unphosphorylated versus 0.6 microm for phosphorylated) of villin for actin. Using a pyrene-actin-based fluorescence assay, we demonstrated that tyrosine phosphorylation had a negative effect on actin nucleation by villin. In contrast, tyrosine phosphorylation enhanced actin severing by villin. Electron microscopic analysis showed complementary morphological changes. Phosphorylation inhibited the actin bundling and enhanced the actin severing functions of villin. Taken together our data show that tyrosine phosphorylation of villin decreases the amount of villin bound to actin filaments, inhibits the actin-polymerizing properties of villin, and promotes the actin-depolymerizing functions instead. These observations suggest a role for tyrosine phosphorylation in modulating the microvillar cytoskeleton in vivo by villin in response to specific physiological stimuli.

Inhibition of fumarate reductase in Leishmania major and L. donovani by chalcones

Our previous studies have shown that chalcones exhibit potent antileishmanial and antimalarial activities in vitro and in vivo. Preliminary studies showed that these compounds destroyed the ultrastructure of Leishmania parasite mitochondria and inhibited the respiration and the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases of Leishmania parasites. The present study was designed to further investigate the mechanism of action of chalcones, focusing on the parasite respiratory chain. The data show that licochalcone A inhibited the activity of fumarate reductase (FRD) in the permeabilized Leishmania major promastigote and in the parasite mitochondria, and it also inhibited solubilized FRD and a purified FRD from L. donovani. Two other chalcones, 2,4-dimethoxy-4'-allyloxychalcone (24m4ac) and 2,4-dimethoxy-4'-butoxychalcone (24mbc), also exhibited inhibitory effects on the activity of solubilized FRD in L. major promastigotes. Although licochalcone A inhibited the activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), NADH dehydrogenase (NDH), and succinate- and NADH-cytochrome c reductases in the parasite mitochondria, the 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of licochalcone A for these enzymes were at least 20 times higher than that for FRD. The IC(50) of licochalcone A for SDH and NDH in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were at least 70 times higher than that for FRD. These findings indicate that FRD, one of the enzymes of the parasite respiratory chain, might be the specific target for the chalcones tested. Since FRD exists in the Leishmania parasite and does not exist in mammalian cells, it could be an excellent target for antiprotozoal drugs.

Study on the degeneracy of antisense peptides using affinity chromatography

The degeneracy of antisense peptides was studied by high-performance affinity chromatography. A model sense peptide (AAAA) and its antisense peptides (CGGG, GGGG, RGGG, SGGG) were designed and synthesized according to the degeneracy of genetic codes. An affinity column with AAAA as the ligand was prepared. The affinity chromatographic behaviors of antisense peptides on the column were evaluated. The results indicated that model antisense peptides have clear retention on the immobilized AAAA affinity column. RGGG showed the strongest affinity interaction. Similar result was obtained from another experiment that Arg-substituted antisense peptide of fusion peptide (1-11) of influenza virus A was also shown the highest affinity binding to immobilized fusion peptide.

Do rodents have a gene encoding glycogenin-2, the liver isoform of the self-glucosylating initiator of glycogen synthesis?

The discovery of a second human gene, GYG2, encoding a liver-specific isoform of glycogenin, the self-glucosylating initiator of glycogen biosynthesis, raised the possibility for differential controls of this protein in liver and muscle. The new protein, glycogenin-2, had several properties similar biochemically to the muscle isoform, glycogenin-1, but unlike glycogenin-1, stable expression in fibroblasts led to a significant overaccumulation of glycogen. Ensuing attempts to generate reagents suitable for use with rodents, to examine the physiological regulation of glycogenin-2 by nutritional and hormonal factors, have been unsuccessful. Proof of a negative is difficult but the weight of the evidence is beginning to mitigate against the existence of a second glycogenin gene in rodents leading us to hypothesize that the presence of the GYG2 gene is limited to primates.

Structure and chromosomal localization of the human glycogenin-2 gene GYG2

Glycogenin-2 is one of two self-glucosylating proteins involved in the initiation phase of the synthesis of the storage polysaccharide glycogen. Cloning of the human glycogenin-2 gene, GYG2, has revealed the presence of 11 exons and a gene of more than 46 kb in size. The structure of the gene explains much of the observed diversity in glycogenin-2 cDNA sequences as being due to alternate exon usage. In some cases, there is variation in the splice junctions used. Over regions of protein sequence similarity, the GYG2 gene structure is similar to that of the other glycogenin gene, GYG. A genomic GYG2 clone was used to localize the gene to Xp22.3 by fluorescence in-situ hybridization. Localization close to the telomere of the short arm of the X chromosome is consistent with mapping information obtained from glycogenin-2 STS sequences. Glycogenin-2 maps between the microsatellite anchor markers AFM319te9 (DXS7100) and AFM205tf2 (DXS1060), and its 3' end is 34.5 kb from the 3' end of the arylsulphatase gene ARSD. GYG2 is outside the pseudoautosomal region PAR1 but still in a region of X-Y shared genes. As is true for several other genes in this location, an inactive remnant of GYG2, consisting of exons 1-3, may be present on the Y chromosome.

[Detection of telomerase activity in prostate needle-biopsy samples]

OBJECTIVE

To detect telomerase activity inprostate needle-biopsy samples and its role in diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer.

METHODS

20 tissue samples of prostate cancer tissues and 16 samples of adjacent tissues were obtained by needle-biopsy guided by transrectal B ultrasonography. 16 samples of benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues were obtained by prostatectomy and were confirmed pathologically. Telomerase activity was revealed by modified PCR-based telomeric repeat amplication protocol (TRAP)-silver staining assay.

RESULTS

Telomerase activity was revealed in 18 cases of prostate cancer. In tissues adjacent to prostate cancer, telomerase activity was found in 7 of 11 cases of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and in 2 of 5 cases of BPH. None of tissue samples from patients with BPH showed telomerase activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Telomerase activity in prostate needle-biopsy samples might be an useful marker for detecting prostate cancer and biological malignancy.

Characterization of the respiratory chain of Helicobacter pylori

The respiratory chain of Helicobacter pylori has been investigated. The total insensitivity of activities of NADH dehydrogenase to rotenone and of NADH-cytochrome c reductase to antimycin is indicative of the absence of the classical complex I of the electron transfer chain in this bacterium. NADPH-dependent respiration was significantly stronger than NADH-dependent respiration, indicating that this is a major respiratory electron donor in H. pylori. Fumarate and malonate exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the activity of succinate dehydrogenase. The activity of succinate-cytochrome c reductase was inhibited by antimycin, implying the presence of a classical pathway from complex II to complex III in this bacterium. The presence of NADH-fumarate reductase (FRD) was demonstrated in H. pylori and fumarate could reduce H2O2 production from NADH, indicating fumarate to be an endogenous substrate for accepting electrons from NADH. The activity of NADH-FRD was inhibited by 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone. A tentative scheme for the electron transfer pathway in H. pylori is proposed, which may be helpful in clarifying the pathogenesis of H. pylori and in opening new lines for chemotherapy against this bacterium.

The antileishmanial activity of novel oxygenated chalcones and their mechanism of action

Our previous studies have shown that licochalcone A, an oxygenated chalcone, has antileishmanial and antimalarial activities, and alters the ultrastructure and function of the mitochondria of Leishmania spp. parasites. The present study was designed to investigate the antileishmanial activity and the mechanism of action of a group of new oxygenated chalcones. The tested oxygenated chalcones inhibited the in-vitro growth of Leishmania major promastigotes and Leishmania donovani amastigotes. Treatment of hamsters infected with L. donovani with intraperitoneal administration of two oxygenated chalcones resulted in a significant reduction of parasite load in the liver and the spleen compared with untreated control animals. The oxygenated chalcones also inhibited the respiration of the parasite and the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases. Electron microscopic studies illustrated that they altered the ultrastructure of the mitochondria of L. major promastigote. The data clearly indicate that this group of oxygenated chalcones has a strong antileishmanial activity and might be developed into a new antileishmanial drug. The antileishmanial activity of oxygenated chalcones might be the result of interference with function of the parasite mitochondria.

Novel aspects of the regulation of glycogen storage

The storage polysaccharide glycogen is widely distributed in nature, from bacteria to mammals. Study of its regulated accumulation has resulted in the discovery or elaboration of several important biochemical principles. Many aspects of the control of glycogen storage still remain poorly understood and glycogen metabolism continues to provide interesting models of more general relevance.

[Feasibility study of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectrum for diagnosis of colon cancer]

OBJECTIVE

To study the usefulness of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectrum for diagnosis of colon cancer.

METHODS

Nitrogen laser, wavelength 337 nm, optical multichannel analyzer (OMA III) were used to demonstrate LIF spectra. A standard spectrum of LIF of colon cancer was used to analyse that of 51 surgically removed colon specimens and the results were compared with pathological findings.

RESULTS

Compared with pathological findings, LIF spectrum examination had 80.0% sensitivity, 100% specificity, with positive predictive value of 100%, negative predictive value of 83.9% and accuracy of 90.2% for the diagnosis of colon cancer, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectrum of colon is of use in the diagnosis of colon cancer.

The novel oxygenated chalcone, 2,4-dimethoxy-4'-butoxychalcone, exhibits potent activity against human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and rodent parasites Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium yoelii in vivo

Previous studies have shown that licochalcone A, an oxygenated chalcone, exhibits antileishmanial and antimalarial activities. The present study was designed to examine the antimalarial activity of an analog of licochalcone A, 2,4-dimethoxy-4'-butoxychalcone (2,4mbc). 2,4mbc inhibited the in vitro growth of both a chloroquine-susceptible (3D7) and a chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) strain of Plasmodium falciparum in a [3H]hypoxanthine uptake assay. The in vivo activity of 2,4mbc was tested in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei or Plasmodium yoelii and in rats infected with P. berghei. 2,4mbc administered either orally, intraperitoneally, or subcutaneously for 5 days protected the mice from otherwise lethal infections of these parasites. 2,4mbc administered orally for 5 days reduced parasitemia in the rats infected with P. berghei. These results demonstrate that 2,4mbc exhibits potent antimalarial activity and might be developed into a new antimalarial drug.

Immunoreactivities of p11 and calcyclin in baker's yeast, wheat germ and lobster

After effectively eliminating the nonspecific cross-immunoreactivity with the affinity columns of anti-IgG agarose and IgG agarose, the potent immunoreactivities of p11 and calcyclin in wheat germ, lobster tail muscle, and three strains of baker's yeast were analyzed by Western blotting using mouse anti-p11 and rabbit anti-calcyclin. The occurrence of multiple bands may be due to either autolyses and/or the interactions between the p11 (or calcyclin) and other endogenous biological molecules. The results suggest not only a ubiquitous distribution and a universal Ca(2+)-mediating regulatory role of p11 and calcyclin in eukaryotes, but also an evolutionary conservation of these (S-100)-related proteins.

Immunoreactivities of m-calpain, calpastatin, nitric oxide synthase, myelin basic protein and dynamin II in baker's yeast, wheat germ and lobster tail muscle

Vertebrate m-calpain, calpastatin, constitutive nitric oxide synthase, myelin basic protein, and dynamin I are substrates of protein kinase C (PKC). The presence/absence of similar/related protein in nonvertebrate was investigated by immunological methods, including (1) affinity chromatography on agarose-secondary antibodies and agarose IgG for removal of nonspecific immunoreactivities from crude extracts; (2) omitting beta-mercaptoethanol treatment and boiling prior to SDS-PAGE to increase the immunoreactivity; (3) immunoreactivity comparisons of nonspecific IgG as controls with specific anti-(vertebrate PKC-substrates/related proteins) in Western blots. It was found that (a) m-calpain and dynamin I were absent in baker's yeast, wheat germ and lobster tail muscle, (b) m-calpain, nitric oxide synthase, myelin basic protein and dynamin II were present in all three samples, and (c) calpastatin was present in baker's yeast and lobster tail muscle. The presence and absence of these proteins suggest evolutionary conservation and divergence, respectively, of these PKC substrates.

The antileishmanial agent licochalcone A interferes with the function of parasite mitochondria

Our previous studies have shown that licochalcone A, an oxygenated chalcone, has antileishmanial (M. Chen, S.B. Christensen, J. Blom, E. Lemmich, L. Nadelmann, K. Fich, T.G. Theander, and A. Kharazmi, Antimicrob, Agents Chemother. 37:2550-2556, 1993; M. Chen, S.B. Christensen, T.G. Theander, and A. Khrazmi, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:1339-1344, 1994) and antimalarial (M. Chen, T.G. Theander, S.B. Christensen, L. Hviid, L. Zhai, and A. Kaharazmi, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:1470-1475, 1994) activities. We have observed that licochalcone A alters the ultrastructure of the mitochondria of Leishmania promastigotes (Chen et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37:2550-2556, 1993). The present study was designed to examine this observation further and investigate the mechanism of action of antileishmanial activity of licochalcone A. Electron microscopic studies showed that licochalcone A altered the ultrastructure of Leishmania major promastigote and amastigote mitochondria in a concentration-dependent manner without damaging the organelles of macrophages or the phagocytic function of these cells. Studies on the function of the parasite mitochondria showed that licochalcone A inhibited the respiration of the parasite by the parasites. Moreover, licochalcone A inhibited the activity of the parasite mitochondrial dehydrogenase. The inhibition of the activity of the parasite mitochondrial enzyme correlated well with the changes in the ultrastructure of the mitochondria shown by electron microscopy. These findings demonstrate that licochalcone A alters the ultrastructure and function of the mitochondria of Leishmania parasites.

Casein kinase I gamma subfamily. Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of three mammalian isoforms and complementation of defects in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae YCK genes

Casein kinase I, one of the first protein kinases identified biochemically, is known to exist in multiple isoforms in mammals. Using a partial cDNA fragment corresponding to an isoform termed CK1 gamma, three full-length rat testis cDNAs were cloned that defined three separate members of this subfamily. The isoforms, designated CK1 gamma 1, CK1 gamma 2, and CK1 gamma 3, have predicted molecular masses of 43,000, 45,500, and 49,700. CK1 gamma 3 may also exist in an alternatively spliced form. The proteins are more than 90% identical to each other within the protein kinase domain but only 51-59% identical to other casein kinase I isoforms within this region. Messages for CK1 gamma 1 (2 kilobases (kb)), CK1 gamma 2 (1.5 and 2.4 kb), and CK1 gamma 3 (2.8 kb) were detected by Northern hybridization of testis RNA. Message for CK1 gamma 3 was also observed in brain, heart, kidney, lung, liver, and muscle whereas CK1 gamma 1 and CK1 gamma 2 messages were restricted to testis. All three CK1 gamma isoforms were expressed as active enzymes in Escherichia coli and partially purified. The enzymes phosphorylated typical in vitro casein kinase I substrates such as casein, phosvitin, and a synthetic peptide, D4. Phosphorylation of the D4 peptide was activated by heparin whereas phosphorylation of the protein substrates was inhibited. The known casein kinase I inhibitor CK1-7 also inhibited the CK1 gamma s although less effectively than the CK1 alpha or CK1 delta isoforms. All three CK1 gamma s underwent autophosphorylation when incubated with ATP and Mg2+. The YCK1 and YCK2 genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae encode casein kinase I homologs, defects in which lead to aberrant morphology and growth arrest. Expression of mammalian CK1 gamma 1 or CK1 gamma 3 restored growth and normal morphology to a yeast mutant carrying a disruption of YCK1 and a temperature-sensitive allele of YCK2, suggesting overlap of function between the yeast Yck proteins and these CK1 isoforms.

Licochalcone A, a new antimalarial agent, inhibits in vitro growth of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and protects mice from P. yoelii infection

Licochalcone A, isolated from Chinese licorice roots, inhibited the in vitro growth of both chloroquine-susceptible (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) Plasmodium falciparum strains in a [3H]hypoxanthine uptake assay. The growth inhibition of the chloroquine-resistant strain by licochalcone A was similar to that of the chloroquine-susceptible strain. To examine the activity of licochalcone A on the different asexual blood stages of the parasite, licochalcone A was added to highly synchronized cultures containing rings, trophozoites, and schizonts. The growth of the parasites at all stages was inhibited by licochalcone A. The in vivo activity of licochalcone A was tested in a mouse model of infection with P. yoelii. Licochalcone A administered either intraperitoneally or orally for 3 to 6 days protected the mice from the otherwise lethal P. yoelii infection. These results demonstrate that licochalcone A exhibits potent antimalarial activity and might be developed into a new antimalarial drug.

The use of a water-soluble formazan complex to quantitate the cell number and mitochondrial function of Leishmania major promastigotes

One of the methods to quantitate Leishmania major promastigotes (LmP) has been to utilize the formation of a formazan dye, which in turn is produced via conversion of an artificial substrate, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). The method has one major drawback in that the formazan complex precipitates inside the parasites and has to be extracted by denaturants before measurements can be performed. By using a new synthetic substrate, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5- (3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfonyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS), the extraction procedure is eliminated as the formazan-like dye is released spontaneously into the medium, making it possible to perform several measurements on the same parasite culture without disturbing or killing the parasites. The measurements were shown to reflect the numbers of parasites as confirmed via comparative experiments using radioactive thymidine uptake and cell counting, respectively. The method is simple, fast, and highly reproducible and is suitable for drug screening, identification of drug-resistant isolates, and growth-kinetics studies. It is therefore contemplated that the MTS method will be a general and useful technique in this field of parasitology.

Recombinant rabbit muscle casein kinase I alpha is inhibited by heparin and activated by polylysine

The casein kinase I (CKI) family consists of widely distributed monomeric Ser/Thr protein kinases that have a preference for acidic substrates. Four mammalian isoforms are known. A full length cDNA encoding the CKI alpha isoform was cloned from a rabbit skeletal muscle cDNA library and was utilized to construct a bacterial expression vector. Active CKI alpha was expressed in Escherichia coli as a polypeptide of Mr 36,000. The protein kinase phosphorylated casein, phosvitin and a specific peptide substrate (D4). The enzyme was inhibited by the isoquinolinesulfonamide CKI-7, half-maximally at 70 microM. Heparin inhibited phosphorylation of the D4 peptide or phosvitin by CKI alpha. Polylysine activated when the D4 peptide was the substrate but had no effect on phosvitin phosphorylation. It is becoming clear that the individual CKI isoforms have different kinetic properties and hence could have quite distinct cellular functions.

[The relationship of hypoperfusion and dementia caused by cerebral amyloid angiopathy]

The pathohistologic study was conducted on the brain of a dementia patient caused by simple cerebral amyloid angiopathy and the neural cell counts of cerebral cortices was compared with that of two normal subjects of same age. Medium to small arteries and capillaries of leptomeninges and cortices exhibited amyloid deposits. The occipital lobe was predominantly affected. 53.3% of medium to small arteries and 25.3% capillaries showed the abnormality. Decrease of neural cells also varied considerably. The occipital lobe was involved most severely and 54.8% neural cells lost in this lobe. The increase of amyloid deposits was closely related to the severity of ischemic lesion and loss of neurons. The findings in this patient indicated that the pathogenesis of dementia caused by cerebral amyloid angiopathy might be more complicated. The possible mechanism might be that the deposition of amyloid destroyed the structure of cerebral vasculature and lead to the impairment of autoregulation. These pathologic changes resulted in hypoperfusion which caused ischemic changes and loss of neurons and dementia.