Alcohol consumption and hematology

A number of hematological variables have been investigated and followed during a hospital stay in a group of 34 non-cirrhotic male alcoholics after acute drinking bouts. The most prominent findings were a rise in reticulocytes, a fall in serum iron and a rise in WBC, especially with respect to the lymphocytes. HB and hematocrit values both fell during hospitalization, while ESR and serum haptoglobin rose. No change was observed in the platelet count. It is concluded that alcohol has marked effects on the hematological system even in subjects without serious liver damage. The results underline the importance of an adequate knowledge of the patient's alcohol habits in the investigation of obscure hematologic abnormalities.

Intermuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissue distributions differ in HIV+ versus HIV-men and women

BACKGROUND: Loss of subcutaneous (SAT) with sparing of visceral (VAT) adipose tissue (AT) has been documented in HIV + men and women. Intermuscular AT (IMAT) rivals VAT in independent associations with cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the size and distribution of IMAT differs in HIV+ vs. HIV- men and/or women. DESIGN: We used whole-body MRI to measure VAT, IMAT and four SAT compartments and compared them by HIV status using whole-body skeletal muscle (SM) or total AT (TAT) as co-variates in multi-ethnic groups of healthy HIV- (n=86) and stable HIV+ (n=76) men and women. RESULTS: The sizes of AT depots (adjusting for SM) did not differ by HIV status, except for smaller gluteal SAT (lower trunk, between L(4)-L(5) to greater trochanter) in both sexes (P<0.05). The AT distribution (adjusting for TAT) was significantly different, with larger VAT (P<0.05) and smaller gluteal and limb SAT (P<0.05) in both HIV+ sexes; IMAT increased more with TAT in HIV+ vs. HIV- men (P<0.05 for slope interaction) but there were no significant differences in women. There were significant race by HIV interactions in AT distribution with more pronounced VAT differences in non-Hispanic white men and larger trunk SAT in African Americans HIV+ vs. HIV-. CONCLUSION: The AT distribution differed markedly in HIV+ vs. HIV- with limb and lower body SAT representing a smaller proportion of TAT in HIV+ in both sexes and IMAT representing a larger proportion of TAT in HIV+ vs. HIV- men.

A high activity index of stearoyl-CoA desaturase is associated with increased risk of fracture in men

The activity index of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), a key enzyme in lipogenesis, was associated with increased risk of fracture in a longitudinal population-based cohort of men. This indicates that elevated levels of endogenous lipogenesis increase the risk of fracture and suggest a role for saturated fat in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.

INTRODUCTION

Osteoblasts and marrow adipocytes are derived from a common mesenchymal progenitor, and experimental studies have indicated that increased adipogenesis can occur at the expense of osteoblasts, leading to bone loss. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) converts saturated to monounsaturated fatty acids and is a key enzyme in lipogenesis.

METHODS

Analysis was performed in a population-based, longitudinal cohort study of men (n = 2009). A product-to-precursor index (palmitoleic acid/palmitic acid) was used to estimate SCD activity in fasting serum analyzed in samples obtained at enrollment at age 50 years. Fractures were documented in 422 men during 35 years of follow-up. Cox regression analysis was used to determine the risk of fracture according to SCD activity index.

RESULTS

The risk of fracture was highest among men with the highest levels of SCD activity index. Multivariable analysis of the risk of fracture in the highest quintile as compared to the lowest one showed that the rate ratio was 1.71 (95% CI 1.26-2.33) for any fracture, with an estimated population attributable risk of 15%. The risk was further increased within the highest quintile.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that elevated levels of endogenous lipogenesis increase the risk of fracture and suggest a role for saturated fat in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.

The Swedish Blood Pass project

Manipulation of the blood's oxygen carrying capacity (CaO(2)) through reinfusion of red blood cells, injections of recombinant erythropoietin or by other means results in an increased maximal oxygen uptake and concomitantly enhanced endurance performance. Therefore, there is a need to establish a system--"A Blood Pass"--through which such illegal and unethical methods can be detected. Venous blood samples were taken under standardized conditions from 47 male and female Swedish national and international elite endurance athletes four times during the athletic year of the individual sport (beginning and end of the preparation period and at the beginning and during peak performance in the competition period). In these samples, different hematological values were determined. ON(hes) and OFF(hre) values were calculated according to the formula of Gore et al. A questionnaire regarding training at altitude, alcohol use and other important factors for hematological status was answered by the athletes. There were some individual variations comparing hematological values obtained at different times of the athletic year or at the same time in the athletic year but in different years. However, the median values of all individual hematological, ON(hes) and OFF(hre), values taken at the beginning and the end of the preparation or at the beginning and the end of the competition period, respectively, as well as median values for the preparation and competition periods in the respective sport, were all within the 95% confidence limit (CI) of each comparison. It must be mentioned that there was no gender difference in this respect. This study shows that even if there are some individual variations in different hematological values between different sampling times in the athletic year, median values of important hematological factors are stable over time. It must be emphasized that for each blood sample, the 95% CI in each athlete will be increasingly narrower. The conclusion is that there is a physiological basis for establishing an individual-based "Blood Pass" system, mainly for athletes competing at the international level. On indications of manipulations of hemoglobin concentration and red cell mass by deviations from established "Blood Pass" data, more specific methods can be applied.

Construction of an evidence-based integrated morphology cleavage embryo score for implantation potential of embryos scored and transferred on day 2 after oocyte retrieval

BACKGROUND

Evidence-based morphological embryo scoring models for ranking of implantation potential are still scarce, and the need for a precise model increases when aiming for singleton pregnancies.

METHODS

Prospectively, 2266 IVF/ICSI double-embryo, day 2 transfers were studied. The five variables scored in 3- to 5-step scales for the embryos transferred are blastomere number (BL), fragmentation, blastomere size variation ('equality', EQ), symmetry of the cleavage and mononuclearity in the blastomeres (NU). The scoring results of embryos with an individual traceability from scoring to implantation, i.e. treatments resulting in either no implantation (n=1385) or twin implantation (n=228), were studied for prognostic potential.

RESULTS

Although all five variables correlated highly with implantation potential, only BL, NU and EQ remained independently significant after regression analysis. The equation thus derived formed the basis for a 10-point integrated morphology cleavage (IMC) embryo score. A table with the scoring point for each possible combination of the embryo variables is presented. The scoring model was statistically validated on the singleton pregnancy group (n=653).

CONCLUSIONS

We suggest that this IMC embryo scoring, incorporating cleavage stage and information on the variation in blastomere size and the number of mononucleated blastomeres, may optimize embryo ranking and selection for day 2 transfers.

Conservative treatment of obesity in an academic obesity unit. Long-term outcome and drop-out

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to explore the outcome and the problems of drop-out in the treatment of obese outpatients at an academic obesity unit.

DESIGN

A two-year clinical treatment evaluation.

SUBJECTS

A total of 117 obese subjects, 83 women and 34 men, mean aged 50 (23-70) years, with an average body mass index (BMI) of 39.0 kg/m2 (28.8- 64.7).

INTERVENTION

All treatment was based on group therapy and included behaviour modification and nutrition counselling. A team of nurses, dieticians, a physiotherapist, a psychotherapist and a physician supervised the treatment. Two programmes were used. Group 1 initially received a low-calorie diet (LCD) for seven weeks combined with the behaviour treatment programme. Group 2 was treated with the behaviour treatment programme only. All subjects were offered complementary treatment according to their medical needs.

RESULTS

There was a continuous drop-out of subjects during the two-year treatment period with an overall drop-out rate of 53%. Anthropometric characteristics, medical history or reasons for drop-out had no impact on the drop-out rate. In completers the weight reduction after two years was 9.2 [+/-10.8 standard deviation (S.D.) kg. In non-completers the weight reduction of the last observed weight measurement was 4.7 (+/-7.9 S.D.) kg. After year two, the weight reduction in Group 1 was 8.8 (+/-12.2 S.D.) kg, and in Group 2 was 9.7 (+/-8.0 S.D.) kg.

CONCLUSION

This study has showed the difficulties of long-term clinical treatment of obese outpatients, even in a specialised obesity clinic. The findings demonstrate that educated and experienced staff together with an extended package of treatment options is not enough to keep patients in treatment for two years. However though the drop-out rate was high, two thirds of the included subjects reduced their weight, which is a satisfactory result in a clinical setting. The drop-out rate and the reasons for dropping out could give a clue in which direction the diagnostics and analysis of the subject's individual needs in health care should be directed.

The Impact of Age and Intrauterine Contraception on the Clinical Course of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

BACKGROUND

The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical course of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and factors that could predict failed conservative treatment of PID. Additionally, the study aimed to examine the role of age and intrauterine device (IUD) use on the severity of PID.

METHOD

Fifty-one women admitted to hospital with the diagnosis of acute PID were recruited. Of those, 17 patients were subsequently operated because of failed conservative treatment. All women underwent careful examination and completed a questionnaire at admission. Their clinical course was followed and the clinician responsible for the patient completed forms at admission and at discharge. Two groups were established retrospectively, those who were treated conservatively and those who underwent surgery. The outcome results were analyzed with regard to IUD use, duration of IUD use (>or=5 or <5 years), and with regard to age below or above 35 years. All data were analyzed using the statistical package SAS. A p value <0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

Women who subsequently underwent surgical treatment were significantly older and significantly more frequently, current IUD users. There was no significant difference with regard to other socio-demographic characteristics. Women who subsequently underwent surgery had significantly more frequent complaints of severe abdominal pain, elevated body temperature, symptoms of peritoneal irritation, and appearance of adnexal mass. No differences were found between groups with regard to anaerobic microbiological findings, nor with regard to the finding of Actinomyces. IUD use and age >or=35 were found to be highly significant risk factors for surgery in patients with PID.

CONCLUSION

Age over 35 years and IUD use, independently of each other, were factors strongly associated with an increased risk of surgery for PID as a result of failed conservative treatment.

Microbiology profile in women with pelvic inflammatory disease in relation to IUD use

OBJECTIVE

To study the microbial characteristics of patients with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and the possible impact of an intrauterine device (IUD) on the microbial environment in women presenting with PID.

METHODS

Case-control study, investigating 51 women with acute PID and 50 healthy women. Endocervical specimens for microbiological investigation were obtained at gynaecological examination.

RESULTS

IUD users with PID had significantly more Fusobacteria spp. and Peptostreptococcus spp. than non-IUD users with PID. The finding of combinations of several anaerobic or aerobic microbes was associated with a significantly increased risk of PID and with complicated PID. In IUD users, the combinations of several anaerobic/aerobic microbes were associated with an increased risk of PID, irrespective of duration of IUD use. Long-term IUD use appeared to be associated with an increased risk of a PID being complicated.

CONCLUSION

The finding of several anaerobic or aerobic microbes appears to be associated with PID in users of IUD.

The relation between alcohol intake and physical activity and the fatty acids 14 : 0, 15 : 0 and 17 : 0 in serum phospholipids and adipose tissue used as markers for dairy fat intake

The relative contents of the fatty acids 14 : 0, 15 : 0 and 17 : 0 in serum and adipose tissue may be used as biological markers of dairy fat intake. However, the determinants of these fatty acids are not fully understood. This study investigates the relationship between these fatty acids and the intake of macronutrients and physical activity in a cross-sectional study of 301 healthy men aged 61-64 years. Dietary intake was assessed using a pre-coded 7 d food record, and physical activity during the previous year was recorded in an interview. Under-reporters of energy intake were identified by the Goldberg cut-off. Fatty acid composition was determined in serum phospholipids (PL) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) from the upper buttock. The relative content of each of 14 : 0, 15 : 0 and 17 : 0 in PL and AT was positively associated with the intake of dairy fat. In addition, all three fatty acids were inversely correlated with alcohol intake, R ranging from -0.28 to -0.53 (P<0.001). The results were not markedly affected when under-reporters (n 88) were excluded from the analyses. In both PL and AT, the relative content of the fatty acids was approximately 5% higher in a group of high physical activity compared with a group of low physical activity, although significant trends were only seen for 14 : 0 in PL and 17 : 0 in AT. The findings suggest that adjustments should be made for alcohol intake when the fatty acids 14 : 0, 15 : 0 and 17 : 0 are applied as markers for dairy fat intake.

Associations between the intake of dairy fat and calcium and abdominal obesity

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluates the association between abdominal obesity and the intake of dairy fat and calcium using information from dietary data and the relative content of the fatty acids 14:0, 15:0, and 17 : 0 in serum phospholipids (PL) and adipose tissue (AT), which are suggested biological markers for dairy fat intake. This study also explores how the associations were affected when under-reporters (URs) were separated from the analyses.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

SUBJECTS

In all, 301 healthy 63-y-old men with different degrees of fasting-insulin concentrations.

METHODS

Sagittal abdominal obesity (SAD), dietary intake assessed by a 7-day food registration, and the fatty acid composition in serum PL and AT were measured. URs (n=88) and non-under-reporters (non-URs, n=213) were identified by Goldberg's equation, which compares energy intake with energy expenditure, both expressed as multiples of the basal metabolic rate.

RESULTS

The intake of dairy fat, expressed as g/100 g fat, was inversely correlated with SAD; however, this association was only observed in the URs (r=-0.36, P=0.001) and not in the non-URs (r=-0.04, P=0.59). The intake of calcium was inversely correlated with SAD in both groups, although the association was weaker in the non-URs. The intake of dairy fat was related to the relative content of the fatty acids 14:0, 15:0, and 17 : 0 in serum PL and AT (r ranging between 0.32 and 0.55). When these fatty acids were correlated to SAD, inverse associations were seen except for 14:0 in PL (r ranging between -0.17 and -0.29.

CONCLUSION

If there is a true inverse association between the intake of dairy fat and SAD, it remains to explain why this association was not seen in the non-URs. The data gave some indications of an inverse association between SAD and the intake of calcium. The diverse findings observed when the URs and non-URs were separated highlight the question of how to use and interpret dietary data in URs when diet-disease relationships are investigated.

A programme of behaviour modification and nutrition counselling in the treatment of obesity: a randomised 2-y clinical trial

OBJECTIVE

To compare two group treatment programmes for obese outpatients. Both programmes included behaviour modification, nutrition counselling, very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) and a continuous measuring of metabolic and anthropometrical status, but they differed regarding the treatment intensiveness. The main aim was to study whether intensive treatment gives a larger weight reduction compared with less intensive treatment and what level of input from health care personnel is needed to reach adequate treatment results.

DESIGN

A 2-y randomised clinical trial.

SUBJECTS

A total of 43 obese subjects aged 24-60 y, BMI 35 kg/m(2) (29-48).

INTERVENTION

Two programmes were used. Both were based on group therapy and were supervised by a dietitian and a psychologist. Group 1 received a continuous intensive treatment with planned group meetings every fortnight during the first year and six group meetings the second year. Group 2 had planned group meetings every third month. Anthropometrical and metabolic data were measured every third month in both groups. The VLCD periods were the same.

RESULTS

There was no evidence that a more intensive treatment promotes a larger weight reduction. Weight reduction after 1 y: group 1, -7.6 (+/-0.97) kg, BMI -2.6 (+/-0.3) kg/m(2); group 2, -6.4 (+/-1.16) kg, BMI -2.2 (+/-0.4) kg/m(2). Weight reduction after 2 y: group 1, -6.8 (+/-1.4) kg, BMI -2.4 (+/-0.3) kg/m(2); group 2, -8.6 (+/-1.6) kg, BMI -3.0 (+/-0.3) kg/m(2). The dropout rate was 26%.

CONCLUSION

There were no significant differences in weight reduction, compliance or dropout rate between the groups and there was no evidence that a more intensive treatment promotes a larger weight reduction. This observation is of value when setting up treatment programmes. To measure the metabolic and anthropometrical status during the treatment and to give continuous feedback to the subjects seem to be important factors for compliance. Both treatment programmes gave highly significant weight reductions in the range of 5-10%, which has been referred to as a realistic goal for the treatment of obese patients.

Lectins interact differentially with purified human eosinophils, cultured cord blood-derived mast cells and the myeloid leukaemic cell line AML14.3D10: induction of interleukin-4 secretion is conserved among granulocytes, but is not proportional to agglutination or lectin-glycoprotein interaction

BACKGROUND

Atopy is closely associated with the cellular T helper type-2 (Th2) phenotype, that is dominated by the pleiotrophic cytokine IL-4. The cellular source of IL-4 has yet to be determined, although basophils have been proposed. Eosinophils and mast cells are likely contenders investigated here, and the eosinophil-like leukaemia line AML14.3D10 is compared to eosinophils as an in vitro culturable model for eosinophils. Lectins can cross-link-specific surface glycoproteins and are found in the ingested (processed foods) and inhaled (airborne pollen grains) human environment. Therefore it is of interest to determine whether lectins can elicit the release of IL-4 from Th2-associated granulocytes other than basophils.

METHOD

This study investigated the ability of eosinophils, AML14.3D10 and mast cells to secrete preformed IL-4 in response to stimulation with lectins, and explored molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction.

RESULTS

Purified eosinophils and basophils, and cultured mast cells and AML14.3D10 cells were incubated with 1 micro m lectin. Agglutination was scored by microscopy. IL-4 secretion was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Biotinylated lectins were used to determine binding to cells by flow cytometry and in lectin blots of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) gels.

DISCUSSION

Purified human eosinophils, AML14.3D10 cells and cultured mast cells secrete IL-4 with a pattern similar to that found in basophils when stimulated with a panel of reactive and unreactive lectins. The lectin SNA induces IL-4 secretion from mast cells and basophils, but not from eosinophils or AML14.3D10. Eosinophils appear to secrete only pre-formed IL-4, whereas mast cells may synthesize IL-4 on ligation with the lectin LCA. Lectins that agglutinate the granulocytes investigated do not necessarily induce secretion of IL-4. Lectins that elicit secretion of IL-4 bind more to eosinophils than unreactive lectins as determined by flow cytometry and lectin blotting of SDS gels.

CONCLUSION

As granulocytes with functions related to that of basophils, eosinophils, AML14.3D10 and cultured mast cells respond to stimulation with lectins similarly to basophils. This emphasizes the possibility that eosinophils and mast cells may be linked in their cellular heritage as the cellular partners, and lectins as ligands, may contribute to the maintenance of a Th2-favoured microenvironment that is thought to underlie the allergic march.

Tularaemia

Tularaemia is a zoonotic bacterial disease of the Northern hemisphere. The causative agent, Francisella tularensis, is spread to humans by direct contact with infected rodents or lagomorphs, aerogenic exposure, ingestion of contaminated food or water, or by arthropod bites. The prevalence of tularaemia shows a wide geographic variation. In some endemic regions, outbreaks occur frequently, whereas nearby rural parts of a country may be completely free. F. tularensis is a facultative intracellular pathogen and its primary mammalian target cell is the mononuclear phagocyte. When tularaemia is acquired via the skin, a primary ulcer is often detected and in general, regional lymph nodes become prominently enlarged. When contracted by inhalation, the disease may present with pneumonia. Nearly as frequent, however, is the development of fever and general illness with no respiratory symptoms and no pulmonary radiological changes. When present, the changes vary widely and may sometimes include hilar enlargement indistinguishable from that of lymphoma. Within an outbreak, the first case of tularaemia is not always readily diagnosed. A decade may have lapsed since the disease was encountered and its existence may be more or less forgotten. The difficulty refers especially to the respiratory form, in which symptoms are less specific. In cases of atypical pneumonia or acute febrile disease with no local symptoms, a history of exposure to hares or rodents or merely living in an endemic region should be sufficient to include tularaemia among differential diagnoses. The microbiological diagnosis of tularaemia relies mainly on serology, and the treatment on broad-spectrum antibiotics. For decades, a live vaccine has been successfully used in risk groups but is presently not available due to difficulties in standardisation.

Metabolic abnormalities and treatment of mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism

Background

Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates, especially due to cardiovascular disease. This may be an effect of metabolic alterations in lipoprotein, glucose and urate turnover. The few previous reports studying this matter have been inconclusive and have included only hypercalcaemic patients.

Methods

In a population-based screening of 5202 postmenopausal women, 109 were diagnosed with mild pHPT. Some 92 patients, together with matched controls, were investigated to analyse metabolic disturbances, and the effect of parathyroidectomy and hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Sixty-nine pairs completed the 5-year study.

Results

Patients had higher serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels than controls. They had hypertriglyceridaemia and a significantly increased amount of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Furthermore, patients had pronounced hypercholesterolaemia, although the level of high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol was lower, and higher serum blood glucose and urate levels. While 5 years of surveillance only failed to affect these alterations, parathyroidectomy with or without addition of HRT normalized the metabolic changes. Thus, 4 years after surgery no differences were seen between cases and controls.

Conclusion

The metabolic alterations in mild pHPT span over many extraparathyroid metabolic systems and constitute an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and death. Parathyroidectomy has a reversing effect on these proatherosclerotic changes, while surveillance does not affect the outcome. Even in mild pHPT surveillance may be questioned.

Effects of tibolone and continuous combined hormone replacement therapy on bleeding rates, quality of life and tolerability in postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE

To compare the effects of tibolone and conjugated equine oestrogens continuously combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate on bleeding rates, quality of life (QoL) and tolerability.

DESIGN

A double-blind, randomised comparative trial.

SETTING

Thirty-seven centres in six European countries.

POPULATION

Five hundred and one postmenopausal women, under 65 years of age with an intact uterus.

INTERVENTIONS

For 12 months, women received daily treatment with tibolone 2.5 mg (n = 250), or conjugated equine oestrogens 0.625 mg continuously combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate 5 mg (CEE-MPA, n = 251).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary outcome was vaginal bleeding rate during cycles 4-6. The secondary outcomes were vaginal bleeding rate during cycles 1-3, 7-9 and 10-13, cumulative bleeding rate, QoL, wellbeing, climacteric symptoms, urogenital complaints and tolerability.

RESULTS

Treatment with tibolone led to a significantly lower bleeding rate during cycles 4-6 compared with CEE-MPA (15.0% vs 26.9%; P = 0.004); there was a similar difference during cycles 1-3. Both treatments improved QoL, wellbeing, climacteric symptoms and urogenital complaints. By intent-to-treat analysis, tibolone significantly improved sexual drive, interest and/or performance, compared with CEE-MPA at 12 months (P = 0.017). Although both treatments were well tolerated, there was a significantly lower incidence of breast tenderness with tibolone than CEE-MPA (2.4% vs 17.1%; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The vaginal bleeding rate during cycles 4-6 was significantly lower in women using tibolone. Both treatments improved QoL, wellbeing, climacteric symptoms and urogenital symptoms. Breast tenderness was significantly less frequent with tibolone.

Loci for CETP, LPL, LIPC, and APOC3 affect plasma lipoprotein size and sub-population distribution in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white subjects: the Columbia University BioMarkers Study

BACKGROUND AND AIM

The effect of genetic variation on plasma lipoproteins and their subfraction distribution was examined.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Forty Hispanic men and 223 women and 42 non-Hispanic white men and 53 women participated in the study. Genotypes for cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP TaqIB), hepatic lipase (LIPC -480 C > T), lipoprotein lipase (LPL S447X), and apolipoprotein CIII (APOC3--455T > C) were determined by polymerase chain reaction. Lipoprotein particle size distribution was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. For all but APOC3, genotype effects were homogeneous in the ethnic/racial groups and men and women. Effects were seen primarily in the women. Compared to women carriers of the common CETP B1 allele, B2B2 women had significantly higher plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (16.4.0%, p = 0.001), reflected in the level of larger HDL particles (21.9%, p = 0.001), and larger mean particle size of HDL (2.3%, p = 0.01) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) (1.3%, p = 0.02). Compared to LPL 447S homozygous women carriers of the LPL 447X allele had significantly lower levels of very-low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride (VLDL-TG) (21.0%, p = 0.02). For APOC3, there was significant gender:genotype interaction with the genotype differences seen only in the men. Compared to men homozygous for the -455T allele, carriers of -455C had higher levels of VLDL-TG (71.4%, p = 0.0001), reflected in a larger mean VLDL particle size (13.7%, p = 0.009). LIPC genotype was not associated with significant effects on any of these traits.

CONCLUSION

These data confirm the role of genetic variants of CETP, LPL and APOC3 in determining the relationship between VLDL, LDL and HDL particles.

Changes in food habits in healthy Swedish adolescents during the transition from adolescence to adulthood

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the change in food habits in Swedish adolescents between 15 and 21 y of age with reference to age, sex, region and socioeconomic background.

DESIGN

A longitudinal study from 1993 to 1999.

SETTING

Two different regions in Sweden, the university city of Uppsala and the industrial town of Trollhättan.

SUBJECTS

On three different occasions, 1993, 1995 and 1999, 208 adolescents, 96 males and 112 females, were studied.

METHODS

A food frequency questionnaire containing 29 different food groups was used. The questionnaire also contained questions about food habits and amounts of some food items and socioeconomic conditions of the participants and their families.

RESULTS

At 17 and 21 y of age, the adolescents consumed significantly more often pasta, vegetables, coffee and tea compared to age 15, while the frequency consumption of fat spread, milk, bread, potatoes, carrots and buns and biscuits decreased. The changes between 15 and 17 were smaller than between age 17 and 21. At age 21, the males decreased their intake of fruit, while the females decreased their intake of meat. No-meat consumers among females increased from 2 to 13%. Higher educational level of the mothers of the adolescents was associated with more frequent consumption of vegetables and pasta between ages 17 and 21. Milk consumption decreased significantly in both sexes. Breakfast habits did not change: 90% had breakfast five times/week or more.

CONCLUSIONS

Food habits change significantly during adolescence along with lifestyle changes. Therefore, health promotion during adolescence ought to be more supported by the society.

On the anti-atherogenic effect of the antioxidant BHT in cholesterol-fed rabbits: inverse relation between serum triglycerides and atheromatous lesions

We have shown that inclusion of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in the diet protects against development of atherosclerotic lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits. In parallel, BHT treatment results in increased plasma triglyceride levels. The present study explores the relationship between the triglyceride-inducing and protective effects of BHT in two different studies. The combined material contains 22 rabbits fed cholesterol and 18 rabbits fed cholesterol in combination with 1% BHT. In the BHT group there was an inverse relationship between triglyceride exposure/cholesterol exposure and extent of lesions with r=0.74 (P=0.0005). Our results show that increased triglyceride exposure parallels the anti-atherogenic effect of BHT. There was no significant correlation between atheromatosis and serum BHT levels. beta-very low density lipoprotein (beta-VLDL) from cholesterol and BHT animals was triglyceride-enriched and smaller compared to beta-VLDL from cholesterol-fed animals, but there was no significant association between the anti-atherogenic effect of BHT and particle size or apolipoprotein pattern of LDL or beta-VLDL. LDL isolated from rabbits treated with cholesterol and BHT was less sensitive to oxidative modification than LDL isolated from rabbits treated with cholesterol only. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the degree of triglyceride exposure may be an important modulator of the anti-atherogenic effect of an antioxidant.