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Scheib CL, Li H, Desai T, Link V, Kendall C, Dewar G, Griffith PW, Mörseburg A, Johnson JR, Potter A, Kerr SL, Endicott P, Lindo J, Haber M, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C, Sandhu MS, Lorenz JG, Randall TD, Faltyskova Z, Pagani L, Danecek P, O'Connell TC, Martz P, Boraas AS, Byrd BF, Leventhal A, Cambra R, Williamson R, Lesage L, Holguin B, Ygnacio-De Soto E, Rosas J, Metspalu M, Stock JT, Manica A, Scally A, Wegmann D, Malhi RS, Kivisild T. Ancient human parallel lineages within North America contributed to a coastal expansion. Science 2018; 360:1024-1027. [PMID: 29853687 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar6851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Little is known regarding the first people to enter the Americas and their genetic legacy. Genomic analysis of the oldest human remains from the Americas showed a direct relationship between a Clovis-related ancestral population and all modern Central and South Americans as well as a deep split separating them from North Americans in Canada. We present 91 ancient human genomes from California and Southwestern Ontario and demonstrate the existence of two distinct ancestries in North America, which possibly split south of the ice sheets. A contribution from both of these ancestral populations is found in all modern Central and South Americans. The proportions of these two ancestries in ancient and modern populations are consistent with a coastal dispersal and multiple admixture events.
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Pollard MO, Gurdasani D, Mentzer AJ, Porter T, Sandhu MS. Long reads: their purpose and place. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:R234-R241. [PMID: 29767702 PMCID: PMC6061690 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years long-read technologies have moved from being a niche and specialist field to a point of relative maturity likely to feature frequently in the genomic landscape. Analogous to next generation sequencing, the cost of sequencing using long-read technologies has materially dropped whilst the instrument throughput continues to increase. Together these changes present the prospect of sequencing large numbers of individuals with the aim of fully characterizing genomes at high resolution. In this article, we will endeavour to present an introduction to long-read technologies showing: what long reads are; how they are distinct from short reads; why long reads are useful and how they are being used. We will highlight the recent developments in this field, and the applications and potential of these technologies in medical research, and clinical diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Allcock SH, Young EH, Sandhu MS. A cross-sectional analysis of ITN and IRS coverage in Namibia in 2013. Malar J 2018; 17:264. [PMID: 30012154 PMCID: PMC6048889 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2417-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Achieving vector control targets is a key step towards malaria elimination. Because of variations in reporting of progress towards vector control targets in 2013, the coverage of these vector control interventions in Namibia was assessed. Methods Data on 9846 households, representing 41,314 people, collected in the 2013 nationally-representative Namibia Demographic and Health Survey were used to explore the coverage of two vector control methods: indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Regional data on Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate in those aged 2–10 years (PfPR2–10), obtained from the Malaria Atlas Project, were used to provide information on malaria transmission intensity. Poisson regression analyses were carried out exploring the relationship between household interventions and PfPR2–10, with fully adjusted models adjusting for wealth and residence type and accounting for regional and enumeration area clustering. Additionally, the coverage as a function of government intervention zones was explored and models were compared using log-likelihood ratio tests. Results Intervention coverage was greatest in the highest transmission areas (PfPR2–10 ≥ 5%), but was still below target levels of 95% coverage in these regions, with 27.6% of households covered by IRS, 32.3% with an ITN and 49.0% with at least one intervention (ITN and/or IRS). In fully adjusted models, PfPR2–10 ≥ 5% was strongly associated with IRS (RR 14.54; 95% CI 5.56–38.02; p < 0.001), ITN ownership (RR 5.70; 95% CI 2.84–11.45; p < 0.001) and ITN and/or IRS coverage (RR 5.32; 95% CI 3.09–9.16; p < 0.001). Conclusions The prevalence of IRS and ITN interventions in 2013 did not reflect the Namibian government intervention targets. As such, there is a need to include quantitative monitoring of such interventions to reliably inform intervention strategies for malaria elimination in Namibia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2417-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Martin AR, Lin M, Granka JM, Myrick JW, Liu X, Sockell A, Atkinson EG, Werely CJ, Möller M, Sandhu MS, Kingsley DM, Hoal EG, Liu X, Daly MJ, Feldman MW, Gignoux CR, Bustamante CD, Henn BM. An Unexpectedly Complex Architecture for Skin Pigmentation in Africans. Cell 2017; 171:1340-1353.e14. [PMID: 29195075 PMCID: PMC5884124 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 15 genes have been directly associated with skin pigmentation variation in humans, leading to its characterization as a relatively simple trait. However, by assembling a global survey of quantitative skin pigmentation phenotypes, we demonstrate that pigmentation is more complex than previously assumed, with genetic architecture varying by latitude. We investigate polygenicity in the KhoeSan populations indigenous to southern Africa who have considerably lighter skin than equatorial Africans. We demonstrate that skin pigmentation is highly heritable, but known pigmentation loci explain only a small fraction of the variance. Rather, baseline skin pigmentation is a complex, polygenic trait in the KhoeSan. Despite this, we identify canonical and non-canonical skin pigmentation loci, including near SLC24A5, TYRP1, SMARCA2/VLDLR, and SNX13, using a genome-wide association approach complemented by targeted resequencing. By considering diverse, under-studied African populations, we show how the architecture of skin pigmentation can vary across humans subject to different local evolutionary pressures.
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McLaren PJ, Pulit SL, Gurdasani D, Bartha I, Shea PR, Pomilla C, Gupta N, Gkrania-Klotsas E, Young EH, Bannert N, Del Amo J, Gill MJ, Gilmour J, Kellam P, Kelleher AD, Sönnerborg A, Wolinsky SM, Zangerle R, Post FA, Fisher M, Haas DW, Walker BD, Porter K, Goldstein DB, Sandhu MS, de Bakker PIW, Fellay J. Evaluating the Impact of Functional Genetic Variation on HIV-1 Control. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1063-1069. [PMID: 28968755 PMCID: PMC5853944 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous genetic association studies of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) progression have focused on common human genetic variation ascertained through genome-wide genotyping. Methods We sought to systematically assess the full spectrum of functional variation in protein coding gene regions on HIV-1 progression through exome sequencing of 1327 individuals. Genetic variants were tested individually and in aggregate across genes and gene sets for an influence on HIV-1 viral load. Results Multiple single variants within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region were observed to be strongly associated with HIV-1 outcome, consistent with the known impact of classical HLA alleles. However, no single variant or gene located outside of the MHC region was significantly associated with HIV progression. Set-based association testing focusing on genes identified as being essential for HIV replication in genome-wide small interfering RNA (siRNA) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) studies did not reveal any novel associations. Conclusions These results suggest that exonic variants with large effect sizes are unlikely to have a major contribution to host control of HIV infection.
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Partap U, Young EH, Allotey P, Sandhu MS, Reidpath DD. The Use of Different International References to Assess Child Anthropometric Status in a Malaysian Population. J Pediatr 2017; 190:63-68.e1. [PMID: 29144273 PMCID: PMC5667719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of child underweight, overweight, and obesity in a Malaysian population according to 3 international references because classification of anthropometric status may differ according to the reference used to express body mass index (BMI). STUDY DESIGN We assessed data from 6414 children aged 6-18 years, collected by the South East Asia Community Observatory. Child underweight, overweight, and obesity were expressed according to 3 internationally used BMI references: World Health Organization 2007, International Obesity Task Force 2012, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000. We assessed agreement in classification of anthropometric status among the references using Cohen's kappa statistic and estimated underweight, overweight, and obesity prevalence according to each reference using mixed effects Poisson regression. RESULTS There was poor to moderate agreement between references when classifying underweight, but generally good agreement when classifying overweight and obesity. Underweight, overweight, and obesity prevalence estimates generated using the 3 references were notably inconsistent. Overweight and obesity prevalence estimates were higher using the World Health Organization reference vs the other 2, and underweight prevalence was up to 8.5% higher and obesity prevalence was about 4% lower when using the International Obesity Task Force reference. CONCLUSIONS The choice of reference to express BMI may influence conclusions about child anthropometric status and malnutrition prevalence. This has implications regarding strategies for clinical management and public health interventions.
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Ekoru K, Murphy GAV, Young EH, Delisle H, Jerome CS, Assah F, Longo–Mbenza B, Nzambi JPD, On'Kin JBK, Buntix F, Muyer MC, Christensen DL, Wesseh CS, Sabir A, Okafor C, Gezawa ID, Puepet F, Enang O, Raimi T, Ohwovoriole E, Oladapo OO, Bovet P, Mollentze W, Unwin N, Gray WK, Walker R, Agoudavi K, Siziya S, Chifamba J, Njelekela M, Fourie CM, Kruger S, Schutte AE, Walsh C, Gareta D, Kamali A, Seeley J, Norris SA, Crowther NJ, Pillay D, Kaleebu P, Motala AA, Sandhu MS. Deriving an optimal threshold of waist circumference for detecting cardiometabolic risk in sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:ijo2017240. [PMID: 29087388 PMCID: PMC5880575 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waist circumference (WC) thresholds derived from western populations continue to be used in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) despite increasing evidence of ethnic variation in the association between adiposity and cardiometabolic disease and availability of data from African populations. We aimed to derive a SSA-specific optimal WC cut-point for identifying individuals at increased cardiometabolic risk. METHODS We used individual level cross-sectional data on 24 181 participants aged ⩾15 years from 17 studies conducted between 1990 and 2014 in eight countries in SSA. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to derive optimal WC cut-points for detecting the presence of at least two components of metabolic syndrome (MS), excluding WC. RESULTS The optimal WC cut-point was 81.2 cm (95% CI 78.5-83.8 cm) and 81.0 cm (95% CI 79.2-82.8 cm) for men and women, respectively, with comparable accuracy in men and women. Sensitivity was higher in women (64%, 95% CI 63-65) than in men (53%, 95% CI 51-55), and increased with the prevalence of obesity. Having WC above the derived cut-point was associated with a twofold probability of having at least two components of MS (age-adjusted odds ratio 2.6, 95% CI 2.4-2.9, for men and 2.2, 95% CI 2.0-2.3, for women). CONCLUSION The optimal WC cut-point for identifying men at increased cardiometabolic risk is lower (⩾81.2 cm) than current guidelines (⩾94.0 cm) recommend, and similar to that in women in SSA. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these cut-points based on cardiometabolic outcomes.International Journal of Obesity advance online publication, 31 October 2017; doi:10.1038/ijo.2017.240.
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Partap U, Young EH, Allotey P, Sandhu MS, Reidpath DD. Anthropometric and cardiometabolic risk factors in parents and child obesity in Segamat, Malaysia. Int J Epidemiol 2017; 46:1523-1532. [PMID: 29106558 PMCID: PMC5837730 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is little evidence regarding risk factors for child obesity in Asian populations, including the role of parental anthropometric and cardiometabolic risk factors. We examined the relation between parental risk factors and child obesity in a Malaysian population. Methods We used data from health and demographic surveillance conducted by the South East Asia Community Observatory in Segamat, Malaysia. Analyses included 9207 individuals (4806 children, 2570 mothers and 1831 fathers). Child obesity was defined based on the World Health Organization 2007 reference. We assessed the relation between parental anthropometric (overweight, obesity and central obesity) and cardiometabolic (systolic hypertension, diastolic hypertension and hyperglycaemia) risk factors and child obesity, using mixed effects Poisson regression models with robust standard errors. Results We found a high burden of overweight and obesity among children in this population (30% overweight or obese). Children of one or more obese parents had a 2-fold greater risk of being obese compared with children of non-obese parents. Sequential adjustment for parental and child characteristics did not materially affect estimates (fully adjusted relative risk for obesity in both parents: 2.39, 95% confidence interval: 1.82, 3.10, P < 0.001; P for trend < 0.001). These associations were not modified by parental or child sex. We found no consistent evidence for associations between parental cardiometabolic risk factors and child obesity. Conclusions Parental obesity was strongly associated with child obesity in this population. Further exploration of the behavioural and environmental drivers of these associations may help inform strategies addressing child obesity in Asia.
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Partap U, Young EH, Allotey P, Soyiri IN, Jahan N, Komahan K, Devarajan N, Sandhu MS, Reidpath DD. HDSS Profile: The South East Asia Community Observatory Health and Demographic Surveillance System (SEACO HDSS). Int J Epidemiol 2017; 46:1370-1371g. [PMID: 29024948 PMCID: PMC5837190 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Bergström A, Oppenheimer SJ, Mentzer AJ, Auckland K, Robson K, Attenborough R, Alpers MP, Koki G, Pomat W, Siba P, Xue Y, Sandhu MS, Tyler-Smith C. A Neolithic expansion, but strong genetic structure, in the independent history of New Guinea. Science 2017; 357:1160-1163. [PMID: 28912245 PMCID: PMC5802383 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan3842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
New Guinea shows human occupation since ~50 thousand years ago (ka), independent adoption of plant cultivation ~10 ka, and great cultural and linguistic diversity today. We performed genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping on 381 individuals from 85 language groups in Papua New Guinea and find a sharp divide originating 10 to 20 ka between lowland and highland groups and a lack of non-New Guinean admixture in the latter. All highlanders share ancestry within the last 10 thousand years, with major population growth in the same period, suggesting population structure was reshaped following the Neolithic lifestyle transition. However, genetic differentiation between groups in Papua New Guinea is much stronger than in comparable regions in Eurasia, demonstrating that such a transition does not necessarily limit the genetic and linguistic diversity of human societies.
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Murphy GAV, Asiki G, Nsubuga RN, Young EH, Seeley J, Sandhu MS, Kamali A. Erratum. The Use of Anthropometric Measures for Cardiometabolic Risk Identification in a Rural African Population. Diabetes Care 2013;37:e64-e65. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:625. [PMID: 28143853 PMCID: PMC5360289 DOI: 10.2337/dc17-er04a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Murphy GAV, Asiki G, Young EH, Seeley J, Nsubuga RN, Sandhu MS, Kamali A. Erratum. Cardiometabolic Risk in a Rural Ugandan Population. Diabetes Care 2013;36;e143. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:625. [PMID: 28143854 PMCID: PMC5360280 DOI: 10.2337/dc17-er04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Sandhu MS, Ross HH, Lee KZ, Ormerod BK, Reier PJ, Fuller DD. Intraspinal transplantation of subventricular zone-derived neural progenitor cells improves phrenic motor output after high cervical spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2017; 287:205-215. [PMID: 27302679 PMCID: PMC6154390 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI), intraspinal transplantation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) harvested from the forebrain sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) can improve locomotor outcomes. Cervical SCI often results in respiratory-related impairments, and here we used an established model cervical SCI (C2 hemisection, C2Hx) to confirm the feasibility of mid-cervical transplantation of SVZ-derived NPCs and the hypothesis that that this procedure would improve spontaneous respiratory motor recovery. NPCs were isolated from the SVZ of enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing neonatal rats, and then intraspinally delivered immediately caudal to an acute C2Hx lesion in adult non-GFP rats. Whole body plethysmography conducted at 4 and 8wks post-transplant demonstrated increased inspiratory tidal volume in SVZ vs. sham transplants during hypoxic (P=0.003) or hypercapnic respiratory challenge (P=0.019). Phrenic nerve output was assessed at 8wks post-transplant; burst amplitude recorded ipsilateral to C2Hx was greater in SVZ vs. sham rats across a wide range of conditions (e.g., quiet breathing through maximal chemoreceptor stimulation; P<0.001). Stereological analyses at 8wks post-injury indicated survival of ~50% of transplanted NPCs with ~90% of cells distributed in ipsilateral white matter at or near the injection site. Peak inspiratory phrenic bursting after NPC transplant was positively correlated with the total number of surviving cells (P<0.001). Immunohistochemistry confirmed an astrocytic phenotype in a subset of the transplanted cells with no evidence for neuronal differentiation. We conclude that intraspinal transplantation of SVZ-derived NPCs can improve respiratory recovery following high cervical SCI.
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Hird TR, Pirie FJ, Esterhuizen TM, O’Leary B, McCarthy MI, Young EH, Sandhu MS, Motala AA. Burden of Diabetes and First Evidence for the Utility of HbA1c for Diagnosis and Detection of Diabetes in Urban Black South Africans: The Durban Diabetes Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161966. [PMID: 27560687 PMCID: PMC4999239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is recommended as an additional tool to glucose-based measures (fasting plasma glucose [FPG] and 2-hour plasma glucose [2PG] during oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT]) for the diagnosis of diabetes; however, its use in sub-Saharan African populations is not established. We assessed prevalence estimates and the diagnosis and detection of diabetes based on OGTT, FPG, and HbA1c in an urban black South African population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey using multistage cluster sampling of adults aged ≥18 years in Durban (eThekwini municipality), KwaZulu-Natal. All participants had a 75-g OGTT and HbA1c measurements. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the overall diagnostic accuracy of HbA1c, using OGTT as the reference, and to determine optimal HbA1c cut-offs. RESULTS Among 1190 participants (851 women, 92.6% response rate), the age-standardised prevalence of diabetes was 12.9% based on OGTT, 11.9% based on FPG, and 13.1% based on HbA1c. In participants without a previous history of diabetes (n = 1077), using OGTT as the reference, an HbA1c ≥48 mmol/mol (6.5%) detected diabetes with 70.3% sensitivity (95%CI 52.7-87.8) and 98.7% specificity (95%CI 97.9-99.4) (AUC 0.94 [95%CI 0.89-1.00]). Additional analyses suggested the optimal HbA1c cut-off for detection of diabetes in this population was 42 mmol/mol (6.0%) (sensitivity 89.2% [95%CI 78.6-99.8], specificity 92.0% [95%CI: 90.3-93.7]). CONCLUSIONS In an urban black South African population, we found a high prevalence of diabetes and provide the first evidence for the utility of HbA1c for the diagnosis and detection of diabetes in black Africans in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Verbeek R, Boekholdt SM, Stoekenbroek RM, Hovingh GK, Witztum JL, Wareham NJ, Sandhu MS, Khaw KT, Tsimikas S. Population and assay thresholds for the predictive value of lipoprotein (a) for coronary artery disease: the EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:697-705. [PMID: 26828068 PMCID: PMC4808778 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p066258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Variable agreement exists between different lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] measurement methods, but their clinical relevance remains unclear. The predictive value of Lp(a) measured by two different assays [Randox and University of California, San Diego (UCSD)] was determined in 623 coronary artery disease (CAD) cases and 948 controls in a case-control study within the EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study. Participants were divided into sex-specific quintiles, and by Lp(a) <50 versus ∼50 mg/dl, which represents the 80th percentile in northern European subjects. Randox and UCSD Lp(a) levels were strongly correlated; Spearman's correlation coefficients for men, women, and sexes combined were 0.905, 0.915, and 0.909, respectively (P< 0.001 for each). The >80th percentile cutoff values, however, were 36 mg/dl and 24 mg/dl for the Randox and UCSD assays, respectively. Despite this, Lp(a) levels were significantly associated with CAD risk, with odds ratios of 2.18 (1.58-3.01) and 2.35 (1.70-3.26) for people in the top versus bottom Lp(a) quintile for the Randox and UCSD assays, respectively. This study demonstrates that CAD risk is present at lower Lp(a) levels than the currently suggested optimal Lp(a) level of <50 mg/dl. Appropriate thresholds may need to be population and assay specific until Lp(a) assays are standardized and Lp(a) thresholds are evaluated broadly across all populations at risk for CVD and aortic stenosis.
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Chandwani P, Verma P, Saxena S, Ramachandran PK, Abhyankar A, Sandhu MS, Parikh N, Bhupali A, Jain S, Prajapati J. Comparison of Clinical Outcomes Following Single versus Multivessel Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Using Biodegradable Polymer Coated Sirolimus-Eluting Stent in an All-comers Patient Population. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2015; 14:39-48. [PMID: 26585397 DOI: 10.2174/1871525714666151120111839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-eluting stents (DES) have been shown to reduce the rate of acute complications and the need for subsequent revascularization in cases where single-vessels are treated. The performance of DES in patients with multivessel disease and complex lesions, however, remains controversial. This study assessed and compared clinical outcomes following single vs. multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), using the Supraflex sirolimus-eluting stent (SES), in an all-comers patient population. METHODS We conducted retrospective, multicenter, all-comers, observational study of 995 patients, who underwent either single-vessel PCI (n=769 patients; group-I) or multivessel PCI (n=226 patients; group-II), treated with the biodegradable polymer coated Supraflex SES, between July-2013 and May-2014 at nine different centers in India. Pre-specified primary endpoint, rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) [defined as composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), target lesion revascularization (TLR) and non-target lesion target vessel revascularization (non-TL TVR)], was analyzed during 12 months after the post-index procedure. We also analyzed the incidence of stent thrombosis (ST) as a safety endpoint during the follow-up period, as defined by the Academic Research Consortium (ARC). RESULTS Of the whole study group, 1,242 lesions were treated in 995 patients (mean age 61.6±10.8 years; 80.0% male) with average stent length of 26.8±9.3 mm. Multivessel PCI patients were older, had a higher prevalence of arterial hypertension, were smoker, had a family history of coronary artery disease, previous stroke and previous PCI compared to single-vessel PCI patients. Follow-up was available in 99.0% (761/769) of patients with single-vessel intervention and 96.9% (219/226) of patients with multivessel intervention at the end of 12 months. In-hospital MACE was similar for both the groups [group-I, 3 (0.4%) vs. group-II, 1 (0.4%); p=1.000]. The observed MACE for group-I and group-II, at 30 days, 6 and 12 months follow-up were 9 (1.2%) vs. 2 (0.9%); p=1.000, 15 (2.0%) vs. 7 (3.2%); p=0.302 and 24 (3.2%) vs. 12 (5.5%); p=0.109, respectively. The cumulative incidence curves for MACE showed no significant differences between the two groups, at the end of 12 months (p=0.109). CONCLUSION Our study shows that use of the Supraflex SES in single and multivessel coronary artery disease produces good clinical outcomes during 12 months of follow-up with a low rate of revascularization, despite complex lesion morphology.
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Raghavan M, Steinrücken M, Harris K, Schiffels S, Rasmussen S, DeGiorgio M, Albrechtsen A, Valdiosera C, Ávila-Arcos MC, Malaspinas AS, Eriksson A, Moltke I, Metspalu M, Homburger JR, Wall J, Cornejo OE, Moreno-Mayar JV, Korneliussen TS, Pierre T, Rasmussen M, Campos PF, de Barros Damgaard P, Allentoft ME, Lindo J, Metspalu E, Rodríguez-Varela R, Mansilla J, Henrickson C, Seguin-Orlando A, Malmström H, Stafford T, Shringarpure SS, Moreno-Estrada A, Karmin M, Tambets K, Bergström A, Xue Y, Warmuth V, Friend AD, Singarayer J, Valdes P, Balloux F, Leboreiro I, Vera JL, Rangel-Villalobos H, Pettener D, Luiselli D, Davis LG, Heyer E, Zollikofer CPE, Ponce de León MS, Smith CI, Grimes V, Pike KA, Deal M, Fuller BT, Arriaza B, Standen V, Luz MF, Ricaut F, Guidon N, Osipova L, Voevoda MI, Posukh OL, Balanovsky O, Lavryashina M, Bogunov Y, Khusnutdinova E, Gubina M, Balanovska E, Fedorova S, Litvinov S, Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Mosher MJ, Archer D, Cybulski J, Petzelt B, Mitchell J, Worl R, Norman PJ, Parham P, Kemp BM, Kivisild T, Tyler-Smith C, Sandhu MS, Crawford M, Villems R, Smith DG, Waters MR, Goebel T, Johnson JR, Malhi RS, Jakobsson M, Meltzer DJ, Manica A, Durbin R, Bustamante CD, Song YS, Nielsen R, Willerslev E. POPULATION GENETICS. Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans. Science 2015. [PMID: 26198033 DOI: 10.1126/science.aab3884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
How and when the Americas were populated remains contentious. Using ancient and modern genome-wide data, we found that the ancestors of all present-day Native Americans, including Athabascans and Amerindians, entered the Americas as a single migration wave from Siberia no earlier than 23 thousand years ago (ka) and after no more than an 8000-year isolation period in Beringia. After their arrival to the Americas, ancestral Native Americans diversified into two basal genetic branches around 13 ka, one that is now dispersed across North and South America and the other restricted to North America. Subsequent gene flow resulted in some Native Americans sharing ancestry with present-day East Asians (including Siberians) and, more distantly, Australo-Melanesians. Putative "Paleoamerican" relict populations, including the historical Mexican Pericúes and South American Fuego-Patagonians, are not directly related to modern Australo-Melanesians as suggested by the Paleoamerican Model.
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Sandhu MS, Baekey DM, Maling NG, Sanchez JC, Reier PJ, Fuller DD. Midcervical neuronal discharge patterns during and following hypoxia. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:2091-101. [PMID: 25552641 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00834.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomical evidence indicates that midcervical interneurons can be synaptically coupled with phrenic motoneurons. Accordingly, we hypothesized that interneurons in the C3-C4 spinal cord can display discharge patterns temporally linked with inspiratory phrenic motor output. Anesthetized adult rats were studied before, during, and after a 4-min bout of moderate hypoxia. Neuronal discharge in C3-C4 lamina I-IX was monitored using a multielectrode array while phrenic nerve activity was extracellularly recorded. For the majority of cells, spike-triggered averaging (STA) of ipsilateral inspiratory phrenic nerve activity based on neuronal discharge provided no evidence of discharge synchrony. However, a distinct STA phrenic peak with a 6.83 ± 1.1 ms lag was present for 5% of neurons, a result that indicates a monosynaptic connection with phrenic motoneurons. The majority (93%) of neurons changed discharge rate during hypoxia, and the diverse responses included both increased and decreased firing. Hypoxia did not change the incidence of STA peaks in the phrenic nerve signal. Following hypoxia, 40% of neurons continued to discharge at rates above prehypoxia values (i.e., short-term potentiation, STP), and cells with initially low discharge rates were more likely to show STP (P < 0.001). We conclude that a population of nonphrenic C3-C4 neurons in the rat spinal cord is synaptically coupled to the phrenic motoneuron pool, and these cells can modulate inspiratory phrenic output. In addition, the C3-C4 propriospinal network shows a robust and complex pattern of activation both during and following an acute bout of hypoxia.
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Gurdasani D, Carstensen T, Tekola-Ayele F, Pagani L, Tachmazidou I, Hatzikotoulas K, Karthikeyan S, Iles L, Pollard MO, Choudhury A, Ritchie GRS, Xue Y, Asimit J, Nsubuga RN, Young EH, Pomilla C, Kivinen K, Rockett K, Kamali A, Doumatey AP, Asiki G, Seeley J, Sisay-Joof F, Jallow M, Tollman S, Mekonnen E, Ekong R, Oljira T, Bradman N, Bojang K, Ramsay M, Adeyemo A, Bekele E, Motala A, Norris SA, Pirie F, Kaleebu P, Kwiatkowski D, Tyler-Smith C, Rotimi C, Zeggini E, Sandhu MS. The African Genome Variation Project shapes medical genetics in Africa. Nature 2014; 517:327-32. [PMID: 25470054 PMCID: PMC4297536 DOI: 10.1038/nature13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Given the importance of Africa to studies of human origins and disease susceptibility, detailed characterization of African genetic diversity is needed. The African Genome Variation Project provides a resource with which to design, implement and interpret genomic studies in sub-Saharan Africa and worldwide. The African Genome Variation Project represents dense genotypes from 1,481 individuals and whole-genome sequences from 320 individuals across sub-Saharan Africa. Using this resource, we find novel evidence of complex, regionally distinct hunter-gatherer and Eurasian admixture across sub-Saharan Africa. We identify new loci under selection, including loci related to malaria susceptibility and hypertension. We show that modern imputation panels (sets of reference genotypes from which unobserved or missing genotypes in study sets can be inferred) can identify association signals at highly differentiated loci across populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Using whole-genome sequencing, we demonstrate further improvements in imputation accuracy, strengthening the case for large-scale sequencing efforts of diverse African haplotypes. Finally, we present an efficient genotype array design capturing common genetic variation in Africa.
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Dillon DG, Gurdasani D, Riha J, Ekoru K, Asiki G, Mayanja BN, Levitt NS, Crowther NJ, Nyirenda M, Njelekela M, Ramaiya K, Nyan O, Adewole OO, Anastos K, Azzoni L, Boom WH, Compostella C, Dave JA, Dawood H, Erikstrup C, Fourie CM, Friis H, Kruger A, Idoko JA, Longenecker CT, Mbondi S, Mukaya JE, Mutimura E, Ndhlovu CE, Praygod G, Pefura Yone EW, Pujades-Rodriguez M, Range N, Sani MU, Schutte AE, Sliwa K, Tien PC, Vorster EH, Walsh C, Zinyama R, Mashili F, Sobngwi E, Adebamowo C, Kamali A, Seeley J, Young EH, Smeeth L, Motala AA, Kaleebu P, Sandhu MS. Association of HIV and ART with cardiometabolic traits in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 42:1754-71. [PMID: 24415610 PMCID: PMC3887568 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyt198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has the highest burden of HIV in the world and a rising prevalence of cardiometabolic disease; however, the interrelationship between HIV, antiretroviral therapy (ART) and cardiometabolic traits is not well described in SSA populations. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis through MEDLINE and EMBASE (up to January 2012), as well as direct author contact. Eligible studies provided summary or individual-level data on one or more of the following traits in HIV+ and HIV-, or ART+ and ART- subgroups in SSA: body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TGs) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Information was synthesized under a random-effects model and the primary outcomes were the standardized mean differences (SMD) of the specified traits between subgroups of participants. Results Data were obtained from 49 published and 3 unpublished studies which reported on 29 755 individuals. HIV infection was associated with higher TGs [SMD, 0.26; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.08 to 0.44] and lower HDL (SMD, −0.59; 95% CI, −0.86 to −0.31), BMI (SMD, −0.32; 95% CI, −0.45 to −0.18), SBP (SMD, −0.40; 95% CI, −0.55 to −0.25) and DBP (SMD, −0.34; 95% CI, −0.51 to −0.17). Among HIV+ individuals, ART use was associated with higher LDL (SMD, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.72) and HDL (SMD, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.66), and lower HbA1c (SMD, −0.34; 95% CI, −0.62 to −0.06). Fully adjusted estimates from analyses of individual participant data were consistent with meta-analysis of summary estimates for most traits. Conclusions Broadly consistent with results from populations of European descent, these results suggest differences in cardiometabolic traits between HIV-infected and uninfected individuals in SSA, which might be modified by ART use. In a region with the highest burden of HIV, it will be important to clarify these findings to reliably assess the need for monitoring and managing cardiometabolic risk in HIV-infected populations in SSA.
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Dillon DG, Pirie F, Rice S, Pomilla C, Sandhu MS, Motala AA, Young EH. Open-source electronic data capture system offered increased accuracy and cost-effectiveness compared with paper methods in Africa. J Clin Epidemiol 2014; 67:1358-63. [PMID: 25135245 PMCID: PMC4271740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Existing electronic data capture options are often financially unfeasible in resource-poor settings or difficult to support technically in the field. To help facilitate large-scale multicenter studies in sub-Saharan Africa, the African Partnership for Chronic Disease Research (APCDR) has developed an open-source electronic questionnaire (EQ). Study Design and Setting To assess its relative validity, we compared the EQ against traditional pen-and-paper methods using 200 randomized interviews conducted in an ongoing type 2 diabetes case–control study in South Africa. Results During its 3-month validation, the EQ had a lower frequency of errors (EQ, 0.17 errors per 100 questions; paper, 0.73 errors per 100 questions; P-value ≤0.001), and a lower monetary cost per correctly entered question, compared with the pen-and-paper method. We found no marked difference in the average duration of the interview between methods (EQ, 5.4 minutes; paper, 5.6 minutes). Conclusion This validation study suggests that the EQ may offer increased accuracy, similar interview duration, and increased cost-effectiveness compared with paper-based data collection methods. The APCDR EQ software is freely available (https://github.com/apcdr/questionnaire).
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Ye Z, Sandhu MS, Forouhi NG. Response to comment on Ye et al. The association between circulating lipoprotein(a) and type 2 diabetes: is it causal? Diabetes 2014;63:332-342. Diabetes 2014; 63:e15. [PMID: 25060897 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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O'Connell J, Gurdasani D, Delaneau O, Pirastu N, Ulivi S, Cocca M, Traglia M, Huang J, Huffman JE, Rudan I, McQuillan R, Fraser RM, Campbell H, Polasek O, Asiki G, Ekoru K, Hayward C, Wright AF, Vitart V, Navarro P, Zagury JF, Wilson JF, Toniolo D, Gasparini P, Soranzo N, Sandhu MS, Marchini J. A general approach for haplotype phasing across the full spectrum of relatedness. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004234. [PMID: 24743097 PMCID: PMC3990520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Many existing cohorts contain a range of relatedness between genotyped individuals, either by design or by chance. Haplotype estimation in such cohorts is a central step in many downstream analyses. Using genotypes from six cohorts from isolated populations and two cohorts from non-isolated populations, we have investigated the performance of different phasing methods designed for nominally 'unrelated' individuals. We find that SHAPEIT2 produces much lower switch error rates in all cohorts compared to other methods, including those designed specifically for isolated populations. In particular, when large amounts of IBD sharing is present, SHAPEIT2 infers close to perfect haplotypes. Based on these results we have developed a general strategy for phasing cohorts with any level of implicit or explicit relatedness between individuals. First SHAPEIT2 is run ignoring all explicit family information. We then apply a novel HMM method (duoHMM) to combine the SHAPEIT2 haplotypes with any family information to infer the inheritance pattern of each meiosis at all sites across each chromosome. This allows the correction of switch errors, detection of recombination events and genotyping errors. We show that the method detects numbers of recombination events that align very well with expectations based on genetic maps, and that it infers far fewer spurious recombination events than Merlin. The method can also detect genotyping errors and infer recombination events in otherwise uninformative families, such as trios and duos. The detected recombination events can be used in association scans for recombination phenotypes. The method provides a simple and unified approach to haplotype estimation, that will be of interest to researchers in the fields of human, animal and plant genetics.
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Murphy GAV, Asiki G, Nsubuga RN, Young EH, Seeley J, Sandhu MS, Kamali A. The use of anthropometric measures for cardiometabolic risk identification in a rural African population. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:e64-5. [PMID: 24652731 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Olson AD, Meyer L, Prins M, Thiebaut R, Gurdasani D, Guiguet M, Chaix ML, Amornkul P, Babiker A, Sandhu MS, Porter K. An evaluation of HIV elite controller definitions within a large seroconverter cohort collaboration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86719. [PMID: 24489776 PMCID: PMC3904947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the mechanisms underlying viral control is highly relevant to vaccine studies and elite control (EC) of HIV infection. Although numerous definitions of EC exist, it is not clear which, if any, best identify this rare phenotype. Methods We assessed a number of EC definitions used in the literature using CASCADE data of 25,692 HIV seroconverters. We estimated proportions maintaining EC of total ART-naïve follow-up time, and disease progression, comparing to non-EC. We also examined HIV-RNA and CD4 values and CD4 slope during EC and beyond (while ART naïve). Results Most definitions classify ∼1% as ECs with median HIV-RNA 43–903 copies/ml and median CD4>500 cells/mm3. Beyond EC status, median HIV-RNA levels remained low, although often detectable, and CD4 values high but with strong evidence of decline for all definitions. Median % ART-naïve time as EC was ≥92% although overlap between definitions was low. EC definitions with consecutive HIV-RNA measurements <75 copies/ml with follow-up≥ six months, or with 90% of measurements <400 copies/ml over ≥10 year follow-up preformed best overall. Individuals thus defined were less likely to progress to endpoint (hazard ratios ranged from 12.5–19.0 for non-ECs compared to ECs). Conclusions ECs are rare, less likely to progress to clinical disease, but may eventually lose control. We suggest definitions requiring individuals to have consecutive undetectable HIV-RNA measurements for ≥ six months or otherwise with >90% of measurements <400 copies/ml over ≥10 years be used to define this phenotype.
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