26
|
Yung CF, Kam KQ, Wong MSY, Maiwald M, Tan YK, Tan BH, Thoon KC. Environment and Personal Protective Equipment Tests for SARS-CoV-2 in the Isolation Room of an Infant With Infection. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173:240-242. [PMID: 32236490 PMCID: PMC7133054 DOI: 10.7326/m20-0942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
|
27
|
Li J, Thoon KC, Chong CY, Maiwald M, Kam KQ, Nadua K, Tan NW, Yung CF. Comparative Analysis of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2020; 49:530-537. [PMID: 33164022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, a comparison of clinical, epidemiological and laboratory parameters between symptomatic and asymptomatic children with SARS-CoV-2 infection was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from all children with laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH), Singapore, from January to May 2020 were analysed. RESULTS Of the 39 COVID-19 children included, 38.5% were asymptomatic. Household transmission accounted for 95% of cases. The presenting symptoms of symptomatic children were low-grade fever (54.2%), rhinorrhoea (45.8%), sore throat (25%), diarrhoea (12.5%) and acute olfactory dysfunction (5.4%). Children of Chinese ethnicity (37.5% vs 6.7%), complete blood count (45.8% vs 6.7%) and liver enzyme abnormalities (25% vs 7.7%) were more common in symptomatic versus asymptomatic children. All children had a mild disease course and none required oxygen supplementation or intensive care. CONCLUSIONS The high proportion of asymptomatic infected children coupled with household transmission as the main source of paediatric COVID-19 infection underscores the importance of early screening and isolation of children upon detection of an index case of COVID-19 in a household. Symptomatic children were more likely to have abnormal laboratory parameters but they did not have a poorer outcome compared to asymptomatic cases.
Collapse
|
28
|
Tan YY, Quek BH, Thoon KC, Maiwald M, Yung CF, Rajadurai VS, Kong JY. Successful containment of horizontal enterovirus infection in a neonatal unit in Singapore through diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequence analysis. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:1556-1561. [PMID: 32653481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus (EV) outbreaks often coincide with seasonal peaks in the community. However, they may also sporadically occur in neonatal units. Identification of EV infection in neonates can be challenging, as they tend to present with mild or nonspecific symptoms. This study reports an EV outbreak in the Neonatal Unit at KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore. METHODS This is a single-center, retrospective cohort study of neonates who had positive results for EV during the outbreak. Demographic characteristics, clinical presentations and outcomes were analyzed. Control measures used to limit the spread of infection are reported. RESULTS A total of 7 cases of EV infection were identified. Their median birth weight and gestational age were 1240 g (750 -2890 g) and 28 weeks (26-35 weeks), respectively. Symptoms occurred at a median age of 48 days (9-103 days). All cases presented initially with recurrent apnea and 4 needed assisted ventilator support with CPAP (2) and mechanical ventilation (2). Serious complications occurred in 3 infants (2 with necrotizing enterocolitis and 1 with meningitis) and none died. EV was detected from rectal swabs (n = 6), CSF (n = 2) and nasopharyngeal swabs (n = 2). Viral subtyping uniformly revealed echovirus 25. Surveillance of all exposed infants by nasopharyngeal swabs was implemented, along with strict contact precautions and cohorting measures. CONCLUSIONS Premature infants with EV are more prone to serious complications, which can lead to significant morbidity. Thus, early recognition of symptoms, rapid diagnosis and prompt implementation of infection control measures are key to prevent further spread of infection.
Collapse
|
29
|
Yusuf E, Maiwald M. COVID-19, equipoise and observational studies: a reminder of forgotten issues. Infection 2020; 49:371-373. [PMID: 32588335 PMCID: PMC7315903 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
30
|
Kam KQ, Yung CF, Maiwald M, Chong CY, Soong HY, Loo LH, Tan NWH, Li J, Nadua KD, Thoon KC. Clinical Utility of Buccal Swabs for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Detection in Coronavirus Disease 2019-Infected Children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020; 9:370-372. [PMID: 32463086 PMCID: PMC7313923 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was detected from at least 1 buccal specimen in 9 of 11 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-infected children (81.8%). Viral loads in buccal specimens were substantially lower than those in nasopharyngeal specimens. Buccal swabs are not good as COVID-19 screening specimens in children.
Collapse
|
31
|
Chan JC, Chong CY, Thoon KC, Tee NWS, Maiwald M, Lam JCM, Bhattacharya R, Chandran S, Yung CF, Tan NWH. Invasive paediatric Elizabethkingia meningoseptica infections are best treated with a combination of piperacillin/tazobactam and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or fluoroquinolone. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1167-1172. [PMID: 31199227 PMCID: PMC7423161 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Elizabethkingia meningoseptica is a multi-drug-resistant organism that is associated with high mortality and morbidity in newborn and immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to identify the best antimicrobial therapy for treating this infection. Methods A retrospective descriptive study was conducted from 2010 to 2017 in a tertiary paediatric hospital in Singapore. Paediatric patients aged 0 to 18 years old with a positive culture for E. meningoseptica from any sterile site were identified from the hospital laboratory database. The data collected included clinical characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility and treatment, and clinical outcomes. Results Thirteen cases were identified in this study. Combination therapy with piperacillin/tazobactam and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or a fluoroquinolone resulted in a cure rate of 81.8 %. The mortality rate was 15.4 % and neurological morbidity in patients with bacteraemia and meningitis remained high (75 %). Conclusions Treatment with combination therapy of piperacillin/tazobactam and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or a fluroquinolone was effective in this study, with low mortality rates being observed.
Collapse
|
32
|
Yung CF, Maiwald M, Loo LH, Soong HY, Tan CB, Lim PK, Li L, Tan NW, Chong CY, Tee N, Thoon KC, Chan YH. Elizabethkingia anophelis and Association with Tap Water and Handwashing, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1730-1733. [PMID: 30124415 PMCID: PMC6106401 DOI: 10.3201/eid2409.171843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an Elizabethkingia anophelis case cluster associated with contaminated aerators and tap water in a children’s intensive care unit in Singapore in 2017. We demonstrate a likely transmission route for E. anophelis to patients through acquisition of the bacteria on hands of healthcare workers via handwashing.
Collapse
|
33
|
Maiwald M. The concept of clinical equipoise and its relevance to infectious disease clinical trials. Pathology 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2018.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
34
|
Seah VXF, Chew Y, Thoon KC, Tee NWS, Cui L, Chong CY, Yung CF, Maiwald M, Tanugroho RR, Tan NWH. 2341. Trends in Adenovirus Infections in Singapore Children and Outcomes of Cidofovir Treatment in the Severely Ill. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018. [PMCID: PMC6253563 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy210.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An increase in human adenovirus (HAdV) infections among hospitalized children in Singapore was observed since 2013. Cidofovir is often used to treat severe HAdV infections despite limited data. This study describes the epidemiology and outcomes of children with severe HAdV disease requiring high dependency (HD) or intensive care unit (ICU) admission in our hospital (KKH). Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of HAdV-infected children admitted to HD and ICU in KKH from January 2013 to September 2017. Characteristics and outcomes of those who received IV cidofovir was also reviewed. Results HAdV admissions and genotype profiles in KKH are described in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. There were 85 children with severe HAdV infection, of which 17 (20%) received cidofovir for mainly viremia (8, 47.1%) and pneumonia (7, 41.2%). Of these 17 patients, 7 (41.2%) died. More children treated with cidofovir had genotype 7 infection (8 of 17, 47.1%) vs. 13 of 68 (19.1%) who did not (P = 0.027). Characteristics of patients who received cidofovir are described in Table 1. None experienced adverse reactions from cidofovir. ![]()
![]()
All are n (%) unless stated otherwise. Conclusion More children with HAdV genotype 7 infection required cidofovir treatment. HAdV pneumonia and ICU admission are potential risk factors for mortality despite cidofovir treatment. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
Collapse
|
35
|
Maiwald M, Widmer AF. WHO's recommendation for surgical skin antisepsis is premature. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 17:1023-1024. [PMID: 28948925 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
36
|
Gottu Mukkula A, Engell S, Kern S, Guhl S, Meyer K, Maiwald M. PAT-basierte iterative Optimierung der Fahrweise eines kontinuierlichen organischen Syntheseprozesses. CHEM-ING-TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201855233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
37
|
Guhl S, Kern S, Meyer K, Wander L, Bornemann M, Maiwald M. Produzieren Sie schon oder kalibrieren Sie noch? - Online-NMR-Spektrometer als Smarte Feldgeräte. CHEM-ING-TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201855229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
38
|
Josman N, Tee NWS, Maiwald M, Loo LH, Ho CKM. Pragmatic and evidence-based approach to paediatric cerebrospinal fluid reference limits for white cell count and concentrations of total protein and glucose. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:932-935. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundIt is often impractical for each laboratory to establish its own paediatric reference intervals. This is particularly true for specimen types collected using invasive procedures, for example, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).MethodsPublished CSF reference intervals for white cell count, and concentrations of total protein and glucose were reviewed by stakeholders in a paediatric hospital. Consensus reference intervals for the three CSF parameters were then subjected to verification using guidelines from the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute and residual CSF specimens.ResultsConsensus paediatric reference intervals adapted from published studies with minor modifications were locally verified as follows. White cell count (x106 cells/L): 0–20 (<1 month); 0–10 (1–2 months); 0–5 (>2 months). Total protein (g/L): 0.3–1.2 (<1 month); 0.2–0.6 (1–3 months); 0.1–0.4 (>3 months). Glucose (mmol/L): 2.0–5.6 (<6 months); 2.4–4.3 (6 months or older).
Collapse
|
39
|
Maiwald M. Are skin antiseptics for blood culture collection really equal? Commentary on Liu, W., et al., 2016 "Skin antiseptics in venous puncture site disinfection for preventing blood culture contamination: A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Int J Nurs Stud 2017; 75:91-92. [PMID: 28759824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
40
|
Loo LH, Soong HY, Maiwald M, Tee NW. Assessment of Genotypic Macrolide Resistance among Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections in Children in Singapore. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2017; 46:290-292. [PMID: 28821894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
|
41
|
Batzdorf L, Zientek N, Rump D, Fischer F, Maiwald M, Emmerling F. Make and break - Facile synthesis of cocrystals and comprehensive dissolution studies. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
42
|
Meyer K, Rademann K, Panne U, Maiwald M. Quantitative NMR spectroscopy for gas analysis for production of primary reference gas mixtures. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 275:1-10. [PMID: 27951425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to its direct correlation to the number of spins within a sample quantitative NMR spectroscopy (qNMR) is a promising method with absolute comparison abilities in complex systems in technical, as well as metrological applications. Most of the samples studied with qNMR are in liquid state in diluted solutions, while gas-phase applications represent a rarely applied case. Commercially available NMR equipment was used for purity assessment of liquid and liquefied hydrocarbons serving as raw materials for production of primary reference gas standards. Additionally, gas-phase studies were performed within an online NMR flow probe, as well as in a high-pressure NMR setup to check feasibility as verification method for the composition of gas mixtures.
Collapse
|
43
|
Kern S, Meyer K, Paul A, Maiwald M. Ugly Spectra and Lousy interfaces - Challenges for Compact NMR Spectroscopy in Process Control. CHEM-ING-TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201650243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
44
|
Meyer K, Ruiken JP, Illner M, Paul A, Müller D, Esche E, Repke JU, Maiwald M. Prozessanalytik für die moderne Verfahrenstechnik - Online-NMR- und -Raman-Spektroskopie im mizellaren Stoffsystem. CHEM-ING-TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201650219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
45
|
Wee LYJ, Tanugroho RR, Thoon KC, Chong CY, Choong CT, Krishnamoorthy S, Maiwald M, Tee NWS, Tan NWH. A 15-year retrospective analysis of prognostic factors in childhood bacterial meningitis. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:e22-9. [PMID: 26426265 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM This retrospective chart review aimed to identify factors in childhood bacterial meningitis that predicted disease severity and long-term outcome. METHODS The study included 112 episodes of microbiologically confirmed bacterial meningitis in children aged three days to 15 years who were admitted to a Singapore hospital from 1998 to 2013. RESULTS The mortality rate was 6%, and 44% required intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Predictive factors associated with ICU admission included pneumococcal meningitis, with an odds ratio (OR) of 5.2 and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.5-18.2, leukopenia (OR 5.6, 95% CI 1.7-17.9) and a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF):serum glucose ratio <0.25 (OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.4-14.4). An initial CSF white blood cell count >1000/mm(3) (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.086-0.76) was negatively associated with ICU admission. Five years after meningitis, 32% had residual sequelae, and the associated prognostic factors were Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis (OR 29.5, 95% CI 2-429), seizures during their inpatient stay (OR 10.6, 95% CI 1.9-60.2) and septic shock (OR 8.4, 95% CI 1.1-62.1). CONCLUSION As mortality was low in this bacterial meningitis study, ICU admission was used as a marker of disease severity. These findings underscore the importance of the pneumococcal and Hib meningitis vaccines.
Collapse
|
46
|
Ruhnke N, Müller A, Eppich B, Güther R, Maiwald M, Sumpf B, Erbert G, Tränkle G. Single-pass UV generation at 222.5 nm based on high-power GaN external cavity diode laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:2127-2129. [PMID: 25927802 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.002127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a compact system for single-pass frequency doubling of high-power GaN diode laser radiation. The deep UV laser light at 222.5 nm is generated in a β-BaB2O4 (BBO) crystal. A high-power GaN external cavity diode laser (ECDL) system in Littrow configuration with narrowband emission at 445 nm is used as pump source. At a pump power of 680 mW, a maximum UV power of 16 μW in continuous-wave operation at 222.5 nm is achieved. This concept enables a compact diode laser-based system emitting in the deep ultraviolet spectral range.
Collapse
|
47
|
Rajkumar V, Chiang CSM, Low JM, Cui L, Lin RTP, Tee NWS, Maiwald M, Chong CY, Thoon KC, Tan NWH. Risk Factors for Severe Adenovirus Infection in Children during an Outbreak in Singapore. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2015; 44:50-59. [PMID: 25797817 DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v44n2p50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) can cause a variety of human illnesses, with associated temporal and geographic changes in disease incidence. We report the emergence of an outbreak of HAdV infections in Singapore, presumably caused by a change of the predominating type to HAdV-7. We examined the clinical features of children admitted with HAdV infection to 1 institution and the risk factors for severe infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective case-control study of all HAdV-infected children admitted during weeks 1 to 19 in 2013, as identified from laboratory records. A descriptive retrospective analysis of epidemiology, clinical data and the outcome of these children was also performed. Patients with severe infections were defined as cases, those with non-severe infections as controls, and the 2 groups were compared to find possible independent risk factors. RESULTS Eighty-five patients with HAdV infection were studied, including 11 (12.9%) cases and 74 (87.1%) controls. Binary logistic regression showed that cases were more likely to be <2 years old (adjusted OR 10.6, 95% CI, 1.8 to 63.2) and to have significant comorbidities (adjusted OR 19.9, 95% CI, 3.4 to 116.1) compared to controls. The predominant type in 2013 was HAdV-7, which differed from 2011 and 2012, when HAdV-3 was more common. There was a trend towards pneumonia being more common in patients infected with HAdV-7 than in patients infected with other types, although this did not reach statistical significance (OR 2.8, 95% CI, 0.9 to 8.7). CONCLUSION The emergence of HAdV-7 in a population where other HAdV types had circulated previously may have caused the outbreak in Singapore, and this was associated with more serious infections in children. Young age (<2 years) and significant comorbidities were associated with more severe HAdV infection.
Collapse
|
48
|
Maiwald M, Widmer AF, Rotter ML. Lack of Evidence for Attributing Chlorhexidine as the Main Active Ingredient in Skin Antiseptics Preventing Surgical Site Infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 32:404-5. [DOI: 10.1086/659253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
49
|
Maiwald M. Alcohol-Based Hand Hygiene and Nosocomial Infection Rates. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 29:579-80; author reply 580-2. [DOI: 10.1086/587967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
50
|
Maiwald M, Widmer AF, Rotter ML. Chlorhexidine Is Not the Main Active Ingredient in Skin Antiseptics That Reduce Blood Culture Contamination Rates. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 31:1095-6; author reply 1096-7. [DOI: 10.1086/656561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|