26
|
Chang SY, Keeney M, Law M, Donovan J, Aubry MC, Garcia J. Detection of human papillomavirus in non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:1592-7. [PMID: 26342243 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) is an etiologic agent in squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) arising in the oropharynx and cervix, and a proven prognostic factor in oropharyngeal SqCC. Many studies have found HPV in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Recent studies advocate the detection of messenger RNA transcripts of E6/E7 as more reliable evidence of transcriptively active HPV in tumor cells. The clinical significance of finding HPV remains unclear in NSCLC. This study sought to determine the prevalence of biologically active HPV infection in NSCLC comparing different methodologies. Surgical pathology material from resected primary lung adenocarcinoma (ADC; n=100) and SqCC (n=96) were retrieved to construct tissue microarrays. In situ hybridization (ISH) for hrHPV DNA (DNA-ISH), hrHPV E6/E7 RNA (RNA-ISH), and p16 immunohistochemistry were performed. Cases of oropharyngeal SqCC with known HPV infection were used as positive controls. Expression of p16 was scored as positive if at least 70% of tumor cells showed diffuse and strong nuclear and cytoplasmic staining. Punctate nuclear hybridization signals by DNA-ISH in the malignant cells defined an HPV-positive carcinoma. Of the 196 patients (range, 33-87 years; 108 men), p16 was positive in 19 ADCs and 9 SqCCs, but HPV DNA-ISH and RNA-ISH were negative in all cases. Our study did not detect HPV infection by DNA-ISH or RNA-ISH in any cases of primary NSCLC despite positive p16 expression in a portion of ADC and SqCC. p16 should therefore not be used as a surrogate marker for HPV infection in NSCLC.
Collapse
|
27
|
Hedley BD, Keeney M, Popma J, Chin-Yee I. Novel lymphocyte screening tube using dried monoclonal antibody reagents. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 88:361-70. [PMID: 25944189 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We previously developed a 10-color 11-antibody combination including a viability dye, to screen T-, B-, and natural killer (NK)-cell populations in blood, bone marrow, tissue, and body fluids. Recently, Beckman Coulter has introduced a line of dried reagents that, unlike liquid reagents and cocktails, require no refrigeration, titration, or manipulation before using. We evaluated custom tubes based on our standard lymphocyte screening panel, focusing on comparative analysis, ease of use, and advantages compared with our liquid reagent set. We tested 42 samples from blood (n = 15), bone marrow (n = 17), and tissue (n = 10) with the combination CD4/CD8/KAPPA/LAMBDA/CD19/CD56/CD5/CD20/CD10/CD3/CD45 and a vital dye by both methods and compared positivity and staining intensity for each antigen. Of the 42 samples, 5 were normal samples, 3 were red cell disorders, 20 were B-cell malignancies, 5 T-cell malignancies, 4 myeloid malignancies, and the remaining 5 were other diagnoses. Dried reagents gave equivalent staining intensity results to our standard panel in a variety of sample types, with diagnoses including reactive lymphocytosis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and various lymphomas. Our standard panel for evaluation of mature lymphoid malignancies allows rapid assessment of any sample type while providing direct assessment of viability. The dried reagent tube reduces preanalytical work, with simple addition of sample and the viability dye to the tube, saving time, reducing potential errors, and obviating need to titrate and monitor individual antibodies. With a shelf life of at least 12 months, the reagents also offer potential savings in reagent costs by reducing wastage due to expiration or tandem breakdown in standard liquid formulation.
Collapse
|
28
|
Hedley BD, Llewellyn-Smith N, Lang S, Hsia CC, MacNamara N, Rosenfeld D, Keeney M. Combined accurate platelet enumeration and reticulated platelet determination by flow cytometry. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 88:330-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
29
|
Lazo-Langner A, Kovacs MJ, Hedley B, Al-Ani F, Keeney M, Louzada ML, Chin-Yee I. Screening of patients with idiopathic venous thromboembolism for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clones. Thromb Res 2015; 135:1107-9. [PMID: 25890452 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an uncommon disorder characterized by hemolysis, thrombosis and marrow failure. Whereas venous and arterial thrombosis is a very common symptom of the disease, the frequency of PNH clones in patients with unexplained venous thromboembolism, including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, has not been studied. We conducted a cross sectional study evaluating the presence of PNH clones in patients with prevalent venous thromboembolism using a high sensitivity flow cytometry assay for erythrocytes and neutrophils. Among the 388 patients enrolled in the study one patient had a detectable PNH clone of 0.02% in the neutrophil population (0.26%; 95% CI 0.05 to 1.45) and no detectable erythrocyte clone. We conclude that the presence of PNH clones in patients with idiopathic venous thrombosis is rare. Screening for PNH clones among VTE patients might be better reserved for patients with signs of hemolysis.
Collapse
|
30
|
Sutherland DR, Illingworth A, Keeney M, Richards SJ. High‐Sensitivity Detection of PNH Red Blood Cells, Red Cell Precursors, and White Blood Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 72:6.37.1-6.37.29. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0637s72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
31
|
Deveza L, Ashoken J, Castaneda G, Tong X, Keeney M, Han LH, Yang F. Microfluidic Synthesis of Biodegradable Polyethylene-Glycol Microspheres for Controlled Delivery of Proteins and DNA Nanoparticles. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:157-165. [DOI: 10.1021/ab500051v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
32
|
Keeney M, Halley JG, Rhoads DD, Ansari MQ, Kussick SJ, Karlon WJ, Mehta KU, Dorfman DM, Linden MA. Marked Variability in Reported Minimal Residual Disease Lower Level of Detection of 4 Hematolymphoid Neoplasms: A Survey of Participants in the College of American Pathologists Flow Cytometry Proficiency Testing Program. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 139:1276-80. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0543-cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context
Flow cytometry is often applied to minimal residual disease (MRD) testing in hematolymphoid neoplasia. Because flow-based MRD tests are developed in the laboratory, testing methodologies and lower levels of detection (LODs) are laboratory dependent.
Objectives
To broadly survey flow cytometry laboratories about MRD testing in laboratories, if performed, including indications and reported LODs.
Design
Voluntary supplemental questions were sent to the 549 laboratories participating in the College of American Pathologists (CAP) FL3-A Survey (Flow Cytometry—Immunophenotypic Characterization of Leukemia/Lymphoma) in the spring of 2014.
Results
A total of 500 laboratories (91%) responded to the supplemental questions as part of the FL3-A Survey by April 2014; of those 500 laboratories, 167 (33%) currently perform MRD for lymphoblastic leukemia, 118 (24%) for myeloid leukemia, 99 (20%) for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and 91 (18%) for plasma cell myeloma. Other indications include non-Hodgkin lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, neuroblastoma, and myelodysplastic syndrome. Most responding laboratories that perform MRD for lymphoblastic leukemia reported an LOD of 0.01%. For myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and plasma cell myeloma, most laboratories indicated an LOD of 0.1%. Less than 3% (15 of 500) of laboratories reported LODs of 0.001% for one or more MRD assays performed.
Conclusions
There is major heterogeneity in the reported LODs of MRD testing performed by laboratories subscribing to the CAP FL3-A Survey. To address that heterogeneity, changes to the Flow Cytometry Checklist for the CAP Laboratory Accreditation Program are suggested that will include new requirements that each laboratory (1) document how an MRD assay's LOD is measured, and (2) include the LOD or lower limit of enumeration for flow-based MRD assays in the final diagnostic report.
Collapse
|
33
|
Madl CM, Keeney M, Li X, Han LH, Yang F. Co-Release of Cells and Polymeric Nanoparticles from Sacrificial Microfibers Enhances Nonviral Gene Delivery Inside 3D Hydrogels. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:798-805. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
34
|
Lin TH, Yao Z, Sato T, Keeney M, Li C, Pajarinen J, Yang F, Egashira K, Goodman SB. Suppression of wear-particle-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in macrophages via NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotide: a preliminary report. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3747-55. [PMID: 24814879 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Total joint replacement (TJR) is very cost-effective surgery for end-stage arthritis. One important goal is to decrease the revision rate, mainly because TJR has been extended to younger patients. Continuous production of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear particles induces macrophage infiltration and chronic inflammation, which can lead to periprosthetic osteolysis. Targeting individual pro-inflammatory cytokines directly has not reversed the osteolytic process in clinical trials, owing to compensatory up-regulation of other pro-inflammatory factors. It is hypothesized that targeting the important transcription factor NF-κB could mitigate the inflammatory response to wear particles, potentially diminishing osteolysis. In the current study, NF-κB activity in mouse RAW 264.7 and human THP1 macrophage cell lines, as well as primary mouse and human macrophages, was suppressed via competitive binding with double strand decoy oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) containing an NF-κB binding element. It was found that macrophage exposure to UHMWPE particles induced multiple pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression, including TNF-α, MCP1, MIP1α and others. Importantly, the decoy ODN significantly suppressed the induced cytokine and chemokine expression in both murine and human macrophages, and resulted in suppression of macrophage recruitment. The strategic use of decoy NF-κB ODN, delivered locally, could potentially diminish particle-induced periprosthetic osteolysis.
Collapse
|
35
|
Fletcher M, Sutherland DR, Whitby L, Whitby A, Richards SJ, Acton E, Keeney M, Borowitz M, Illingworth A, Reilly JT, Barnett D. Standardizing leucocyte PNH clone detection: an international study. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2014; 86:311-8. [PMID: 24715466 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consensus and Practical Guidelines for robust high-sensitivity detection of glycophosphatidylinostitol-deficient structures on red blood cells and white blood cells in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) were recently published. METHODS UK NEQAS LI issued three stabilized samples manufactured to contain no PNH cells (normal), approximately 0.1% and 8% PNH leucocyte populations, together with instrument-specific Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and pretitered antibody cocktails to 19 international laboratories experienced in PNH testing. Samples were tested using both standardized protocol/reagents and in-house protocols. Additionally, samples were issued to all participants in the full PNH External Quality Assessment (EQA) programs. RESULTS Expert laboratory results showed no difference in PNH clone detection rates when using standardized and their "in-house" methods, though lower variation around the median was found for the standardized approach compared to in-house methods. Neutrophil analysis of the sample containing an 8% PNH population, for example, showed an interquartile range of 0.48% with the standardized approach compared with 1.29% for in-house methods. Results from the full EQA group showed the greatest variation with an interquartile range of 1.7% and this was demonstrated to be significantly different (P<0.001) to the standardized cohort. CONCLUSIONS The results not only demonstrate that stabilized whole PNH blood samples are suitable for use with currently recommended high-sensitivity reagent cocktails/protocols but also highlight the importance of using carefully selected conjugates alongside the standardized protocols. While much more variation was seen among the full UK NEQAS LI EQA group, the standardized approach lead to reduced variation around the median even for the experienced laboratories.
Collapse
|
36
|
Fletcher M, Sutherland DR, Whitby L, Whitby A, Richards SJ, Acton E, Keeney M, Borowitz M, Illingworth A, Reilly JT, Barnett D. Standardizing Leucocyte PNH clone detection: An international study. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2014:n/a-n/a. [PMID: 24659169 DOI: 10.1002/cytob.21174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background: Consensus and Practical Guidelines for robust high-sensitivity detection of glycophosphatidylinostitol (GPI)-deficient structures on Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and White Blood Cells (WBCs) in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) were recently published. Methods: UK NEQAS LI issued 3 stabilized samples manufactured to contain no PNH cells (normal), approximately 0.1% and 8% PNH leucocyte populations, together with instrument-specific SOPs and pre-titered antibody cocktails to 19 international laboratories experienced in PNH testing. Samples were tested using both standardized protocol/reagents and in-house protocols. Additionally, samples were issued to all participants in the full PNH EQA programmes. Results: Expert laboratory results showed no difference in PNH clone detection rates when using standardized and their 'in-house' methods though lower variation around the median was found for the standardized approach compared to in-house methods. Neutrophil analysis of the sample containing an 8% PNH population, for example, showed an interquartile range of 0.48% with the standardized approach compared with 1.29% for in-house methods. Results from the full EQA group showed the greatest variation with an inter-quartile range of 1.70 and this was demonstrated to be significantly different (P<0.001) to the standardized cohort. Conclusions: The results not only demonstrate that stabilized whole PNH blood samples are suitable for use with currently recommended high-sensitivity reagent cocktails/protocols but also highlight the importance of using carefully selected conjugates alongside the standardized protocols. While much more variation was seen amongst the full UK NEQAS LI EQA group, the standardized approach lead to reduced variation around the median even for the experienced laboratories. © 2014 Clinical Cytometry Society.
Collapse
|
37
|
Lowes LE, Hedley BD, Keeney M, Allan AL. Adaptation of semiautomated circulating tumor cell (CTC) assays for clinical and preclinical research applications. J Vis Exp 2014:e51248. [PMID: 24637923 DOI: 10.3791/51248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of cancer-related deaths occur subsequent to the development of metastatic disease. This highly lethal disease stage is associated with the presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). These rare cells have been demonstrated to be of clinical significance in metastatic breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. The current gold standard in clinical CTC detection and enumeration is the FDA-cleared CellSearch system (CSS). This manuscript outlines the standard protocol utilized by this platform as well as two additional adapted protocols that describe the detailed process of user-defined marker optimization for protein characterization of patient CTCs and a comparable protocol for CTC capture in very low volumes of blood, using standard CSS reagents, for studying in vivo preclinical mouse models of metastasis. In addition, differences in CTC quality between healthy donor blood spiked with cells from tissue culture versus patient blood samples are highlighted. Finally, several commonly discrepant items that can lead to CTC misclassification errors are outlined. Taken together, these protocols will provide a useful resource for users of this platform interested in preclinical and clinical research pertaining to metastasis and CTCs.
Collapse
|
38
|
Goodman SB, Gibon E, Pajarinen J, Lin TH, Keeney M, Ren PG, Nich C, Yao Z, Egashira K, Yang F, Konttinen YT. Novel biological strategies for treatment of wear particle-induced periprosthetic osteolysis of orthopaedic implants for joint replacement. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20130962. [PMID: 24478281 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wear particles and by-products from joint replacements and other orthopaedic implants may result in a local chronic inflammatory and foreign body reaction. This may lead to persistent synovitis resulting in joint pain and swelling, periprosthetic osteolysis, implant loosening and pathologic fracture. Strategies to modulate the adverse effects of wear debris may improve the function and longevity of joint replacements and other orthopaedic implants, potentially delaying or avoiding complex revision surgical procedures. Three novel biological strategies to mitigate the chronic inflammatory reaction to orthopaedic wear particles are reported. These include (i) interference with systemic macrophage trafficking to the local implant site, (ii) modulation of macrophages from an M1 (pro-inflammatory) to an M2 (anti-inflammatory, pro-tissue healing) phenotype in the periprosthetic tissues, and (iii) local inhibition of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) by delivery of an NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotide, thereby interfering with the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. These three approaches have been shown to be viable strategies for mitigating the undesirable effects of wear particles in preclinical studies. Targeted local delivery of specific biologics may potentially extend the lifetime of orthopaedic implants.
Collapse
|
39
|
Keeney M, Onyiah S, Zhang Z, Tong X, Han LH, Yang F. Modulating polymer chemistry to enhance non-viral gene delivery inside hydrogels with tunable matrix stiffness. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9657-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
40
|
Yao Z, Keeney M, Lin TH, Pajarinen J, Barcay K, Waters H, Egashira K, Yang F, Goodman S. Mutant monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 protein attenuates migration of and inflammatory cytokine release by macrophages exposed to orthopedic implant wear particles. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:3291-7. [PMID: 24123855 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wear particles generated from total joint replacements can stimulate macrophages to release chemokines, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), which is the most important chemokine regulating systemic and local cell trafficking and infiltration of monocyte/macrophages in chronic inflammation. One possible strategy to curtail the adverse events associated with wear particles is to mitigate migration and activation of monocyte/macrophages. The purpose of this study is to modulate the adverse effects of particulate biomaterials and inflammatory stimuli such as endotoxin by interfering with the biological effects of the chemokine MCP-1. In the current study, the function of MCP-1 was inhibited by the mutant MCP-1 protein called 7ND, which blocks its receptor, the C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) on macrophages. Addition of 7ND decreased MCP-1-induced migration of THP-1 cells in cell migration experiments in a dose-dependent manner. Conditioned media from murine macrophages exposed to clinically relevant polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particles with/without endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] had a chemotactic effect on human macrophages, which was decreased dramatically by 7ND. 7ND demonstrated no adverse effects on the viability of macrophages, and the capability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to form bone at the doses tested. Finally, proinflammatory cytokine production was mitigated when macrophages were exposed to PMMA particles with/without LPS in the presence of 7ND. Our studies confirm that the MCP-1 mutant protein 7ND can decrease macrophage migration and inflammatory cytokine release without adverse effects at the doses tested. Local delivery of 7ND at the implant site may provide a therapeutic strategy to diminish particle-associated periprosthetic inflammation and osteolysis.
Collapse
|
41
|
Hedley BD, Keeney M. Technical issues: flow cytometry and rare event analysis. Int J Lab Hematol 2013; 35:344-50. [PMID: 23590661 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry has become an essential tool for identification and characterization of hematological cancers and now, due to technological improvements, allows the identification and rapid enumeration of small tumor populations that may be present after induction therapy (minimal residual disease, MRD). The quantitation of MRD has been shown to correlate with relapse and survival rates in numerous diseases and in certain cases, and evidence of MRD is used to alter treatment protocols. Recent improvements in hardware allow for high data rate collection. Improved fluorochromes take advantage of violet laser excitation and maximize signal-to-noise ratio allowing the population of interest to be isolated in multiparameter space. This isolation, together with a low background rate, permits for detection of residual tumor populations in a background of normal cells. When counting such rare events, the distribution is governed by Poisson statistics, with precision increasing with higher numbers of cells collected. In several hematological malignancies, identification of populations at frequencies of 0.01% and lower has been attained. The choice of antibodies used in MRD detection facilitates the definition of a fingerprint to identify abnormal populations throughout treatment. Tumor populations can change phenotype, and an approach that relies on 'different from normal' has proven useful, particularly in the acute leukemias. Flow cytometry can and is used for detection of MRD in many hematological diseases; however, standardized approaches for specific diseases must be developed to ensure precise identification and enumeration that may alter the course of patient treatment.
Collapse
|
42
|
Keeney M, Deveza L, Yang F. Programming stem cells for therapeutic angiogenesis using biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles. J Vis Exp 2013:e50736. [PMID: 24121540 DOI: 10.3791/50736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled vascular growth is critical for successful tissue regeneration and wound healing, as well as for treating ischemic diseases such as stroke, heart attack or peripheral arterial diseases. Direct delivery of angiogenic growth factors has the potential to stimulate new blood vessel growth, but is often associated with limitations such as lack of targeting and short half-life in vivo. Gene therapy offers an alternative approach by delivering genes encoding angiogenic factors, but often requires using virus, and is limited by safety concerns. Here we describe a recently developed strategy for stimulating vascular growth by programming stem cells to overexpress angiogenic factors in situ using biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles. Specifically our strategy utilized stem cells as delivery vehicles by taking advantage of their ability to migrate toward ischemic tissues in vivo. Using the optimized polymeric vectors, adipose-derived stem cells were modified to overexpress an angiogenic gene encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We described the processes for polymer synthesis, nanoparticle formation, transfecting stem cells in vitro, as well as methods for validating the efficacy of VEGF-expressing stem cells for promoting angiogenesis in a murine hindlimb ischemia model.
Collapse
|
43
|
Keeney M, Waters H, Barcay K, Jiang X, Yao Z, Pajarinen J, Egashira K, Goodman SB, Yang F. Mutant MCP-1 protein delivery from layer-by-layer coatings on orthopedic implants to modulate inflammatory response. Biomaterials 2013; 34:10287-95. [PMID: 24075408 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Total joint replacement (TJR) is a common and effective surgical procedure for hip or knee joint reconstruction. However, the production of wear particles is inevitable for all TJRs, which activates macrophages and initiates an inflammatory cascade often resulting in bone loss, prosthetic loosening and eventual TJR failure. Macrophage Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) is one of the most potent cytokines responsible for macrophage cell recruitment, and previous studies suggest that mutant MCP-1 proteins such as 7ND may be used as a decoy drug to block the receptor and reduce inflammatory cell recruitment. Here we report the development of a biodegradable, layer-by-layer (LBL) coating platform that allows efficient loading and controlled release of 7ND proteins from the surface of orthopedic implants using as few as 14 layers. Scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence imaging confirmed effective coating using the LBL procedure on titanium rods. 7ND protein loading concentration and release kinetics can be modulated by varying the polyelectrolytes of choice, the polymer chemistry, the pH of the polyelectrolyte solution, and the degradation rate of the LBL assembly. The released 7ND from LBL coating retained its bioactivity and effectively reduced macrophage migration towards MCP-1. Finally, the LBL coating remained intact following a femoral rod implantation procedure as determined by immunostaining of the 7ND coating. The LBL platform reported herein may be applied for in situ controlled release of 7ND protein from orthopedic implants, to reduce wear particle-induced inflammatory responses in an effort to prolong the lifetime of implants.
Collapse
|
44
|
Brown W, Keeney M, Hedley BD. Initial performance evaluation of the UniCel® DxH slide maker/stainer Coulter® cellular analysis system. Int J Lab Hematol 2013; 36:172-83. [PMID: 24028789 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the advancements in instrumentation within hematology laboratories, there is still a need for review of a peripheral blood film (PBF). For a thorough PBF evaluation, it is critical that a well spread and stained film is available. METHODS In this study, we evaluated an automatic slide maker/stainer (DxH-SMS, Beckman Coulter) compared with manually prepared blood films on 124 normal and abnormal samples. The primary goal of the study was to determine whether or not the DxH-SMS was able to consistently and reproducibly prepare and stain blood films of exemplary quality, without carryover between specimens. Additionally, repeatability of white blood cell distribution, comparability of morphology to reference methodologies, and grading of acceptance criteria outlined in the CLSI document H20-A2 were assessed. RESULTS Carryover was not an issue and repeatability was within expected limits. There was excellent agreement of the 5-part differential between the automated blood films made by the DxH-SMS compared with the manually prepared reference blood film. There was no difference in identification and enumeration of blasts, variant lymphocytes, or nucleated red blood cells (P < 0.05). Red cell morphology showed excellent agreement. CONCLUSION Blood films prepared by the DxH-SMS are of excellent quality, reproducible, and compare well with manually prepared slides. Introduction to our laboratory has improved and standardized slide quality.
Collapse
|
45
|
Keeney M, Ong SG, Padilla A, Yao Z, Goodman S, Wu JC, Yang F. Development of poly(β-amino ester)-based biodegradable nanoparticles for nonviral delivery of minicircle DNA. ACS NANO 2013; 7:7241-50. [PMID: 23837668 PMCID: PMC3789527 DOI: 10.1021/nn402657d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy provides a powerful tool for regulating cellular processes and tissue repair. Minicircle (MC) DNA are supercoiled DNA molecules free of bacterial plasmid backbone elements and have been reported to enhance prolonged gene expression compared to conventional plasmids. Despite the great promise of MC DNA for gene therapy, methods for safe and efficient MC DNA delivery remain lacking. To overcome this bottleneck, here we report the development of a poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE)-based, biodegradable nanoparticulate platform for efficient delivery of MC DNA driven by a Ubc promoter in vitro and in vivo. By synthesizing and screening a small library of 18 PBAE polymers with different backbone and end-group chemistry, we identified lead cationic PBAE structures that can complex with minicircle DNA to form nanoparticles, and delivery efficiency can be further modulated by tuning PBAE chemistry. Using human embryonic kidney 293 cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts as model cell types, we identified a few PBAE polymers that allow efficient MC delivery at levels that are comparable or even surpassing Lipofectamine 2000. The biodegradable nature of PBAE-based nanoparticles facilitates in vivo applications and clinical translation. When injected via intraperitoneal route in vivo, MC alone resulted in high transgene expression, and a lead PBAE/MC nanoparticle formulation achieved a further 2-fold increase in protein expression compared to MC alone. Together, our results highlight the promise of PBAE-based nanoparticles as promising nonviral gene carriers for MC delivery, which may provide a valuable tool for broad applications of MC DNA-based gene therapy.
Collapse
|
46
|
Sutherland DR, Acton E, Keeney M, Davis BH, Illingworth A. Use of CD157 in FLAER-based assays for high-sensitivity PNH granulocyte and PNH monocyte detection. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2013; 86:44-55. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
47
|
Sutherland DR, Acton E, Keeney M, Davis BH, Illingworth A. Use of CD157 in FLAER-based assays for high-sensitivity PNH granulocyte and PNH monocyte detection. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2013:n/a-n/a. [PMID: 23893962 DOI: 10.1002/cytob.21111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Background: Recent Flow Cytometric guidelines to detect Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) in white blood cells recommend using FLAER-based assays to detect granulocytes and monocytes lacking expression of GPI-linked structures. However national proficiency testing results continue to suggest a need for improved testing algorithms, including the need to optimize diagnostic analytes in PNH. Methods: CD157 is another GPI-linked structure expressed on both granulocytes and monocytes and here we assess its ability to replace CD24 and CD14 in predicate 4-color granulocyte and monocyte assays respectively. We also assess a single tube, 5-color combination of FLAER, CD157, CD64, CD15 and CD45 to simultaneously detect PNH clones in granulocyte and monocyte lineages. Results: Delineation of PNH from normal phenotypes with 4- or 5-color CD157-based assays compared favorably with 4-color predicate methods and PNH clone size data were similar and highly correlated (R2 >0.99) with predicate values over a range (0.06% - 99.8%) of samples. Both CD157-based assays exhibited similar high levels of sensitivity and low background levels in normal samples. Conclusion: While CD157-based 4- and 5-color assays generated closely similar results to the predicate assays on a range of PNH and normal samples, the 5-color assay has significant advantages. Only a single 5-color WBC reagent cocktail is required to detect both PNH granulocytes and monocytes. Additionally, sample preparation and analysis time is reduced yielding significant efficiencies in technical resources and reagent costs. All 4- and 5-color reagent sets stained stabilized whole blood PNH preparations, used in external quality assurance programs. © 2013 Clinical Cytometry Society.
Collapse
|
48
|
Nii M, Lai JH, Keeney M, Han LH, Behn A, Imanbayev G, Yang F. The effects of interactive mechanical and biochemical niche signaling on osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells using combinatorial hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:5475-83. [PMID: 23153761 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells reside in a multi-factorial environment containing biochemical and mechanical signals. Changing biochemical signals in most scaffolds often leads to simultaneous changes in mechanical properties, which makes it difficult to elucidate the complex interplay between niche cues. Combinatorial studies on cell-material interactions have emerged as a tool to facilitate analyses of stem cell responses to various niche cues, but most studies to date have been performed on two-dimensional environments. Here we developed three-dimensional combinatorial hydrogels with independent control of biochemical and mechanical properties to facilitate analysis of interactive biochemical and mechanical signaling on adipose-derived stem cell osteogenesis in three dimensions. Our results suggest that scaffold biochemical and mechanical signals synergize only at specific combinations to promote bone differentiation. Leading compositions were identified to have intermediate stiffness (∼55kPa) and low concentration of fibronectin (10μg ml(-1)), which led to an increase in osteocalcin gene expression of over 130-fold. Our results suggest that scaffolds with independently tunable niche cues could provide a powerful tool for conducting mechanistic studies to decipher how complex niche cues regulate stem cell fate in three dimensions, and facilitate rapid identification of optimal niche cues that promote desirable cellular processes or tissue regeneration.
Collapse
|
49
|
Keeney M, Mathur M, Cheng E, Tong X, Yang F. Effects of polymer end-group chemistry and order of deposition on controlled protein delivery from layer-by-layer assembly. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:794-800. [PMID: 23360295 DOI: 10.1021/bm3018559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly is an attractive platform for controlled release of biologics given its mild fabrication process and versatility in coating substrates of any shape. Proteins can be incorporated into LBL coatings by sequentially depositing oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, which self-assemble into nanoscale films on medical devices or tissue engineering scaffolds. However, previously reported LBL platforms often require the use of a few hundred layers to avoid burst release, which hinders their broad translation due to the lengthy fabrication process, cost, and batch-to-batch variability. Here we report a biodegradable LBL platform composed of only 10 layers with tunable protein release kinetics, which is an order of magnitude less than previously reported LBL platforms. We performed a combinatorial study to examine the effects of polymer chemistry and order of deposition of poly(β-amino) esters on protein release kinetics under 81 LBL assembly conditions. Using the optimal "polyelectrolyte couples" for constructing the LBL film, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was released gradually over 14 days with retained biological activity to stimulate cell proliferation. The method reported herein is applicable for coating various substrates including metals, polymers, and ceramics and may be used for a broad range of biomedical and tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
|
50
|
Goodman SB, Yao Z, Keeney M, Yang F. The future of biologic coatings for orthopaedic implants. Biomaterials 2013; 34:3174-83. [PMID: 23391496 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Implants are widely used for orthopaedic applications such as fixing fractures, repairing non-unions, obtaining a joint arthrodesis, total joint arthroplasty, spinal reconstruction, and soft tissue anchorage. Previously, orthopaedic implants were designed simply as mechanical devices; the biological aspects of the implant were a byproduct of stable internal/external fixation of the device to the surrounding bone or soft tissue. More recently, biologic coatings have been incorporated into orthopaedic implants in order to modulate the surrounding biological environment. This opinion article reviews current and potential future use of biologic coatings for orthopaedic implants to facilitate osseointegration and mitigate possible adverse tissue responses including the foreign body reaction and implant infection. While many of these coatings are still in the preclinical testing stage, bioengineers, material scientists and surgeons continue to explore surface coatings as a means of improving clinical outcome of patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery.
Collapse
|