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Stelmashook EV, Isaev NK, Lozier ER, Goryacheva ES, Khaspekov LG. Role of Glutamine in Neuronal Survival and Death During Brain Ischemia and Hypoglycemia. Int J Neurosci 2011; 121:415-22. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2011.570464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Stelmashook EV, Novikova SV, Isaev NK. Glutamine effect on cultured granule neuron death induced by glucose deprivation and chemical hypoxia. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 75:1039-44. [PMID: 21073426 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910080134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Using a specific fluorescent probe of mitochondrial membrane potential (tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester), we have shown that glucose deprivation (GD) of cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) for 3 h lowers mitochondrial membrane potential in these cells. Longer glucose starvation (24 h) causes CGN death that is not prevented by blockers of ionotropic glutamate receptors (MK-801 (10 µM) and NBQX (10 µM)). Glutamine or pyruvate (2 mM) maintain membrane potential of mitochondria and decrease CGN death under GD conditions. In the presence of glucose the mitochondrial respiratory chain blocker rotenone induces neuron death potentiated by glutamine. The potentiation effect is completely prevented by blockers of ionotropic glutamate receptors. These results show that glutamine under conditions of GD can be utilized by mitochondria as substrate, but at the same time, in the case of mitochondrial function deterioration, metabolism of this amino acid results in glutamate accumulation to toxic level.
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Isaev NK, Stelmashook EV, Dirnagl U, Plotnikov EY, Kuvshinova EA, Zorov DB. Mitochondrial free radical production induced by glucose deprivation in cerebellar granule neurons. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 73:149-55. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Plotnikov EY, Silachev DN, Chupyrkina AA, Danshina MI, Jankauskas SS, Morosanova MA, Stelmashook EV, Vasileva AK, Goryacheva ES, Pirogov YA, Isaev NK, Zorov DB. New-generation Skulachev ions exhibiting nephroprotective and neuroprotective properties. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:145-50. [PMID: 20367601 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A mitochondria-targeted chimeric compound consisting of a rhodamine derivative linked to a plastoquinone molecule (10-(6'-plastoquinonyl)decylrhodamine, SkQR1) was studied under conditions of acute brain or kidney damage. A protective effect of this compound was demonstrated in a model of focal brain ischemia, rat kidney ischemia/reperfusion, myoglobinuria (rhabdomyolysis, or crush syndrome), and pyelonephritis. We found that a single intraperitoneal injection of SkQR1 diminishes the size of the ischemic zone in the brain and improves performance of a test characterizing neurological deficit in ischemic animals. Control substance not containing plastoquinone appeared to be not neuroprotective. The data show that SkQR1 is a nephroprotectant and neuroprotectant, which can be due to the antioxidative action of this Skulachev cation.
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Lozier ER, Dzhanibekova AI, Stel’mashuk EV, Graf AV, Zorov DB, Sokolova NA, Isaev NK. Glucose deprivation potentiates toxicity of ouabain and glutamate in cortical neurons cultured for different time periods. NEUROCHEM J+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712409030088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Isaev NK, Stelmashook EV, Plotnikov EY, Khryapenkova TG, Lozier ER, Doludin YV, Silachev DN, Zorov DB. Role of acidosis, NMDA receptors, and acid-sensitive ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) in neuronal death induced by ischemia. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 73:1171-5. [PMID: 19120019 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908110011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review collects data on the influence of intracellular and extracellular acidosis on neuronal viability and the effect of acidosis on neuronal damage progressing under brain ischemia/hypoxia. Particular attention is devoted to the involvement of ionotropic glutamic receptors and acid-sensitive ion channel 1a in these processes.
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Bakeeva LE, Barskov IV, Egorov MV, Isaev NK, Kapelko VI, Kazachenko AV, Kirpatovsky VI, Kozlovsky SV, Lakomkin VL, Levina SB, Pisarenko OI, Plotnikov EY, Saprunova VB, Serebryakova LI, Skulachev MV, Stelmashook EV, Studneva IM, Tskitishvili OV, Vasilyeva AK, Victorov IV, Zorov DB, Skulachev VP. Mitochondria-targeted plastoquinone derivatives as tools to interrupt execution of the aging program. 2. Treatment of some ROS- and Age-related diseases (heart arrhythmia, heart infarctions, kidney ischemia, and stroke). BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 73:1288-99. [DOI: 10.1134/s000629790812002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zorov DB, Isaev NK, Plotnikov EY, Zorova LD, Stelmashook EV, Vasileva AK, Arkhangelskaya AA, Khrjapenkova TG. The mitochondrion as janus bifrons. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2008; 72:1115-26. [PMID: 18021069 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The signaling function of mitochondria is considered with a special emphasis on their role in the regulation of redox status of the cell, possibly determining a number of pathologies including cancer and aging. The review summarizes the transport role of mitochondria in energy supply to all cellular compartments (mitochondria as an electric cable in the cell), the role of mitochondria in plastic metabolism of the cell including synthesis of heme, steroids, iron-sulfur clusters, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Mitochondria also play an important role in the Ca(2+)-signaling and the regulation of apoptotic cell death. Knowledge of mechanisms responsible for apoptotic cell death is important for the strategy for prevention of unwanted degradation of postmitotic cells such as cardiomyocytes and neurons.
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Plotnikov EY, Khryapenkova TG, Vasileva AK, Marey MV, Galkina SI, Isaev NK, Sheval EV, Polyakov VY, Sukhikh GT, Zorov DB. Cell-to-cell cross-talk between mesenchymal stem cells and cardiomyocytes in co-culture. J Cell Mol Med 2007; 12:1622-31. [PMID: 18088382 PMCID: PMC3918078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The goals of the study were: (1) to explore the communication between human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and rat cardiac myocytes resulting in differentiation of the stem cells and, (2) to evaluate the role of mitochondria in it. Light and fluorescence microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy revealed that after co-cultivation, cells formed intercellular contacts and transient exchange with cytosolic elements could be observed. The transport of cytosolic entity had no specific direction. Noticeably, mitochondria also could be transferred to the recipient cells in a unidirectional fashion (towards cardiomyocytes only). Transmission electron microscopy revealed significant variability in both the diameter of intercellular contacting tubes and their shape. Inside of these nanotubes mitochondria-resembling structures were identified. Moreover, after co-cultivation with cardiomyocytes, expression of human-specific myosin was revealed in MSC. Thus, we speculate that: (1) transport of intracellular elements to MSC possibly can determine the direction of their differentiation and, (2) mitochondria may be involved in the mechanism of the stem cell differentiation. It looks plausible that mitochondrial transfer to recipient cardiomyocytes may be involved in the mechanism of failed myocardium repair after stem cells transplantation.
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Plotnikov EY, Kazachenko AV, Vyssokikh MY, Vasileva AK, Tcvirkun DV, Isaev NK, Kirpatovsky VI, Zorov DB. The role of mitochondria in oxidative and nitrosative stress during ischemia/reperfusion in the rat kidney. Kidney Int 2007; 72:1493-502. [PMID: 17914353 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reoxygenation following ischemia causes tissue oxidative stress. We studied the role of oxidative stress caused by kidney ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) on the mitochondria of renal tissue slices. I/R caused the mitochondria to be swollen, fragmented, and have lower membrane potential. The mitochondria generated more reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in situ as measured by fluorescence of ROS- and NO-sensitive probes. Infusion of lithium ion, an inhibitor of glycogen kinase synthase-3, caused phosphorylation of its Ser-9 and restored the membrane potential and decreased ROS production of the mitochondrial fraction. Ischemic kidney and hypoxic rat preconditioning improved mitochondrial membrane potential and lowered ROS production caused by subsequent I/R similar to lithium ion infusion. Preconditioning normalized NO production in mitochondria as well. The drop in the mitochondrial membrane potential was prevented by NO synthase inhibition, demonstrating a strong contribution of NO to changes in mitochondrial energy metabolism during the I/R transition. Mitochondria in the I/R-stressed kidney contained less cytochrome c and more pro-apoptotic Bax, consistent with apoptotic degradation.
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Isaev NK, Stel'mashuk EV, Zorov DB. Cellular mechanisms of brain hypoglycemia. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:471-8. [PMID: 17573700 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907050021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Data on intracellular processes induced by a low glucose level in nerve tissue are presented. The involvement of glutamate and adenosine receptors, mitochondria, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and calcium ions in the development of hypoglycemia-induced damage of neurons is considered. Hypoglycemia-induced calcium overload of neuronal mitochondria is suggested to be responsible for the increased ROS production by mitochondria.
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Stelmashuk EV, Belyaeva EA, Isaev NK. Effect of acidosis, oxidative stress, and glutamate toxicity on the survival of mature and immature cultured cerebellar granule cells. NEUROCHEM J+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712407010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Isaev NK, Andreeva NA, Stel'mashuk EV, Zorov DB. Role of mitochondria in the mechanisms of glutamate toxicity. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005; 70:611-8. [PMID: 16038602 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Current data on glutamate-induced functional and morphological changes in mitochondria correlating with or being a result of their membrane potential changes are reviewed. The important role of Ca2+, Na+, and H+ in the potentiation of such changes is considered. It is assumed that glutamate-induced loss of mitochondrial potential is mediated by Ca2+ overload resulting in the induction of nonspecific permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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Zorov DB, Bannikova SY, Belousov VV, Vyssokikh MY, Zorova LD, Isaev NK, Krasnikov BF, Plotnikov EY. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: Friends or foes? BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005; 70:215-21. [PMID: 15807661 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical and physiological functions of molecular oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and existing equilibrium between pools of pro-oxidants and anti-oxidants providing steady state ROS level vital for normal mitochondrial and cell functioning are reviewed. The presence of intracellular oxygen and ROS sensors is postulated and few candidates for this role are suggested. Possible involvement of ROS in the process of fragmentation of mitochondrial reticulum made of long mitochondrial filaments serving in the cell as "electric cables", as well as the role of ROS in apoptosis and programmed mitochondrial destruction (mitoptosis) are reviewed. The critical role of ROS in destructive processes under ischemia/reoxygenation and ischemic preconditioning is discussed. Mitochondrial permeability transition gets special consideration as a possible component of the apoptotic cascade, resulting in excessive "ROS-induced ROS release".
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Isaev NK, Stelmashook EV, Dirnagl U, Andreeva NA, Manuhova L, Vorobjev VS, Sharonova IN, Skrebitsky VG, Victorov IV, Katchanov J, Weih M, Zorov DB. Neuroprotective effects of the antifungal drug clotrimazole. Neuroscience 2002; 113:47-53. [PMID: 12123683 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pretreatment with 10 microM of the antifungal drug clotrimazole potently reduced the death of cultured rat cerebellar granule cells induced by oxygen/glucose deprivation, and the excitotoxic effect of glutamate on cultured hippocampal neurons and cerebellar granule cells. In patch-clamped hippocampal pyramidal neurons, 10-50 microM clotrimazole caused a decrease in the amplitude of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated currents. Glutamate induced intracellular Ca(2+) overload, as measured by Fluo-3 confocal fluorescence imaging, while clotrimazole reduced Ca(2+) overload and promoted the recovery of intracellular calcium homeostasis after glutamate treatment. Using tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester fluorescence as a marker of mitochondrial membrane potential we found that clotrimazole prevented the glutamate-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Our data provide evidence that the protective effect of clotrimazole against oxygen/glucose deprivation and excitotoxicity is due to the ability of this drug to partially block NMDA receptor-gated channel, thus causing both reduced calcium overload and lower probability of the mitochondrial potential collapse.
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Stel'mashuk EV, Andreeva NA, Manukhova L, Zorov DB, Isaev NK. Bifonazole modulates death of cultured cerebellar granular cells induced by glutamate and oxygen-glucose deprivation. Bull Exp Biol Med 2001; 132:1076-8. [PMID: 11865326 DOI: 10.1023/a:1017920725582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2001] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cultured rat cerebellar granular cells with calmodulin antagonist bifonazole (10 mM) during oxygen-glucose deprivation or exposure to glutamate (75 mM) prevented neuronal death. However, addition of bifonazole after glutamate treatment promoted neuronal death. Calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine and thioridazine had no protective effects, while thioridazine even potentiated the toxic effect of glutamate.
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Andreeva NA, Stel'mashuk EV, Isaev NK, Ostrovskaya RU, Gudasheva TA, Viktorov IV. Neuroprotective properties of nootropic dipeptide GVS-111 in in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation, glutamate toxicity and oxidative stress. Bull Exp Biol Med 2000; 130:969-72. [PMID: 11177296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2000] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Argon anoxia and glucose deprivation were used for modeling of ischemic damage in the cultures of cerebellar granule cells. Protective effect of peptide piracetam analogue GVS-111 was demonstrated. GVS-111 prevented neurodegeneration induced by glutamate and oxidative stress. In contrast to GVS-111, piracetam did not attenuate neurocytotoxic effect of glutamate.
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Isaev NK, Stelmashook EV, Halle A, Harms C, Lautenschlager M, Weih M, Dirnagl U, Victorov IV, Zorov DB. Inhibition of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in cultured rat cerebellar granule cells prevents the onset of apoptosis induced by low potassium. Neurosci Lett 2000; 283:41-4. [PMID: 10729629 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(00)00903-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In cerebellar granule cells in culture, lowering of extracellular [K(+)] results in apoptotic death (D'Mello, S.R., Galli, C., Ciotti, T. and Calissano, P., Induction of apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons by low potassium: inhibition of death by insulin-like growth factor I and cAMP, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90 (1993) 10989-10993). In this model, we studied the influence of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase inhibition on apoptosis. We demonstrate that cell death (93+/-2 vs. 46+/-1.6%) as well as fragmentation of nuclear DNA induced by low extracellular potassium were prevented by addition of ouabain (0.1 mM), a specific inhibitor of the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. Blockade of glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors by 5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate (MK-801; 20 microM) and 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; 50 microM) did not inhibit the protective effect of ouabain. 24 h treatment with ouabain also decreased cell death induced by Fe(2+)/ascorbic acid (74+/-2% to 49+/-3%). We speculate that ouabain pretreatment enhances the resistance against low [K(+)]-induced apoptosis independent of glutamate-receptor activation. Since this effect can be mimicked by a free-radical generating system, we suggest an antioxidative effect underlying ouabain-induced neuroprotection.
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Andreeva NA, Stel'mashuk EV, Isaev NK, Ostrovskaya RU, Gudasheva TA, Viktorov IV. Bull Exp Biol Med 2000; 130:969-972. [DOI: 10.1023/a:1002828707337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Stel'mashuk EV, Isaev NK, Aleksandrova OP, Andreeva NA, Zorov DB, Viktorov IV. Effect of isosmotic medium with low sodium content on mitochondria of cultured cerebellar granular cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02433861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stel'mashuk EV, Isaev NK, Aleksandrova OP, Andreeva NA, Zorov DB, Viktorov IV. [Effect of the isoosmotic solution with decreased sodium level on mitochondria of cultured granule cells from the cerebellum]. BIULLETEN' EKSPERIMENTAL'NOI BIOLOGII I MEDITSINY 2000; 129:41-4. [PMID: 10710625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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47
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Weih M, Bergk A, Isaev NK, Ruscher K, Megow D, Riepe M, Meisel A, Victorov IV, Dirnagl U, Dirnagi U. Induction of ischemic tolerance in rat cortical neurons by 3-nitropropionic acid: chemical preconditioning. Neurosci Lett 1999; 272:207-10. [PMID: 10505617 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sublethal ischemia leads to increased tolerance against subsequent ischemia. We investigated whether tolerance could also be elicited by mild respiratory-chain inhibition (chemical hypoxia) in a rat neuronal-cell enriched culture system. 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of succinate-dehydrogenase. Two hours preconditioning with 3-NPA 24-48 h before oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) reduced neuronal damage morphologically and reduced lactate deydrogenase (LDH) release up to 72% compared to sham-treated sister cultures without 3-NPA. In an attempt to elucidate transcriptional mechanisms, we found no rapid translocation of the hypoxia-sensitive transcription factors N F-KB or hypoxia-inducible factor-I (HIF-I) at 3-NPA concentrations sufficient to trigger tolerance against OGD. In accordance to previous in vivo and brain slice data, we conclude that 3-NPA chemically induces tolerance against oxygen-glucose deprivation in vitro. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive.
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Isaev NK, Stelmashook EV, Alexandrova OP, Andreeva NA, Polyakova IA, Victorov IV, Zorov DB. The lack of extracellular Na+ exacerbates Ca2+-dependent damage of cultured cerebellar granule cells. FEBS Lett 1998; 434:188-92. [PMID: 9738475 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rhodamine 123 staining, light and electron microscopy were used to evaluate the ultrastructural and functional state of cultured cerebellar granule cells after short treatment with the solution where NaCl was substituted by sucrose (sucrose balance salt medium, SBSM). Cell exposure to SBSM for 20 min resulted in the fact that mitochondria in the neurons lost their ability to sequester rhodamine 123. This effect could be prevented by: (i) non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channel blocker, 10(-5) M MK-801; (ii) a competitive specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors, 0.25 x 10(-3) M D,L-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate (APH); (iii) 10(-3) M cobalt chloride; (iv) removal of Ca2+ from the medium. Low Na+ in the Ca2+-containing medium caused considerable mitochondrial swelling in granule cells. However, the same treatment in the absence of calcium ions in the medium abolished the deleterious effect of SBSM on the neuronal mitochondrial structure and functions. It is suggested that (i) the exposure of cultured cerebellar granule cells to SBSM leads to a release of endogenous glutamate from cells; (ii) Ca2+ ions potentially de-energizing neuronal mitochondria enter the neuron preferentially through the NMDA channels rather than through the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger; (iii) mitochondrial swelling in granule cells is highly Ca2+-dependent; (iv) cellular overload with sodium ions can activate mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and thus prevent permeability transition pore opening in mitochondria.
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Bruer U, Weih MK, Isaev NK, Meisel A, Ruscher K, Bergk A, Trendelenburg G, Wiegand F, Victorov IV, Dirnagl U. Induction of tolerance in rat cortical neurons: hypoxic preconditioning. FEBS Lett 1997; 414:117-21. [PMID: 9305743 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00954-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sublethal ischemia leads to increased tolerance against subsequent prolonged cerebral ischemia in vivo. In the present study we modeled preconditioning mechanisms in a neuronal-enriched culture. Damage was significantly reduced (up to 72%) with 1.5 h of oxygen-glucose deprivation 48-72 h before 3 h oxygen-glucose deprivation. Tolerance was also elicited by Na+-K+-ATPase inhibition. No damage was observed when astroglial or endothelial cells were exposed to hypoxia for 3 and 6 h, respectively. We conclude that hypoxic preconditioning is a robust neuronal phenomenon in vitro with a similar temporal pattern and selective cellular vulnerability as the ischemic tolerance phenomenon shown in vivo.
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Stel'mashuk EV, Isaev NK, Zorov DB, Viktorov IV. [Calcium causes decrease in membrane potentials of mitochondria from cultured rat cerebellar granular cells during toxic exposure to glutamate]. BIULLETEN' EKSPERIMENTAL'NOI BIOLOGII I MEDITSINY 1997; 123:378-80. [PMID: 9190173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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