51
|
Cleary JM, Horick NK, McCleary NJ, Abrams TA, Yurgelun MB, Azzoli CG, Rubinson DA, Brooks GA, Chan JA, Blaszkowsky LS, Clark JW, Goyal L, Meyerhardt JA, Ng K, Schrag D, Savarese DM, Graham C, Fitzpatrick B, Gibb KA, Boucher Y, Duda DG, Jain RK, Fuchs CS, Enzinger PC. FOLFOX plus ziv-aflibercept or placebo in first-line metastatic esophagogastric adenocarcinoma: A double-blind, randomized, multicenter phase 2 trial. Cancer 2019; 125:2213-2221. [PMID: 30913304 PMCID: PMC6763367 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiangiogenic therapy is a proven therapeutic modality for refractory gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. This trial assessed whether the addition of a high affinity angiogenesis inhibitor, ziv-aflibercept, could improve the efficacy of first-line mFOLFOX6 (oxaliplatin, leucovorin, and bolus plus infusional 5- fluorouracil) in metastatic esophagogastric adenocarcinoma. METHODS Patients with treatment-naive metastatic esophagogastric adenocarcinoma were randomly assigned (in a 2:1 ratio) in a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial to receive first-line mFOLFOX6 with or without ziv-aflibercept (4 mg/kg) every 2 weeks. The primary endpoint was 6-month progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS Sixty-four patients were randomized to receive mFOLFOX6 and ziv-aflibercept (43 patients) or mFOLFOX6 and a placebo (21 patients). There was no difference in the PFS, overall survival, or response rate. Patients treated with mFOLFOX6/ziv-aflibercept tended to be more likely to discontinue study treatment for reasons other than progressive disease (P = .06). The relative dose intensity of oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil was lower in the mFOLFOX6/ziv-aflibercept arm during the first 12 and 24 weeks of the trial. There were 2 treatment-related deaths due to cerebral hemorrhage and bowel perforation in the mFOLFOX6/ziv-aflibercept cohort. CONCLUSIONS Ziv-aflibercept did not increase the anti-tumor activity of first-line mFOLFOX6 in metastatic esophagogastric cancer, potentially because of decreased dose intensity of FOLFOX. Further evaluation of ziv-aflibercept in unselected, chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic esophagogastric adenocarcinoma is not warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Cleary
- Center for Esophageal and Gastric Cancer, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nora K. Horick
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nadine Jackson McCleary
- Center for Esophageal and Gastric Cancer, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas A. Abrams
- Center for Esophageal and Gastric Cancer, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew B. Yurgelun
- Center for Esophageal and Gastric Cancer, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher G. Azzoli
- Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas A. Rubinson
- Center for Esophageal and Gastric Cancer, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gabriel A. Brooks
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Jennifer A. Chan
- Center for Esophageal and Gastric Cancer, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jeffrey W. Clark
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lipika Goyal
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A. Meyerhardt
- Center for Esophageal and Gastric Cancer, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimmie Ng
- Center for Esophageal and Gastric Cancer, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah Schrag
- Center for Esophageal and Gastric Cancer, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Diane M.F. Savarese
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher Graham
- Center for Esophageal and Gastric Cancer, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bridget Fitzpatrick
- Center for Esophageal and Gastric Cancer, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn A. Gibb
- Center for Esophageal and Gastric Cancer, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yves Boucher
- Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dan G. Duda
- Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rakesh K. Jain
- Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Peter C. Enzinger
- Center for Esophageal and Gastric Cancer, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Boileve A, Baiev I, Dinicola C, Horick NK, Tazdait M, Zhu AX, Hollebecque A, Goyal L. Clinical and molecular features of patients with cholangiocarcinoma harboring FGFR genetic alterations. J Clin Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
4084 Background: Genetic alterations (GAs) in the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway are emerging as promising therapeutic targets in CCA. The clinical and molecular features of patients (pts) with CCA harboring FGFR GAs are reported here. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed in pts with CCA who were found to have an FGFR GA on tumor molecular profiling as part of routine care. Data on demographics, risk factors, pathology, systemic therapy, radiographical response, progression free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were collected. Results: Among 65 pts, the median age at diagnosis was 55 years old (range = 27-92), and 38 (58%) pts were female, 63 (97%) had intrahepatic CCA, and 5 (11%) had chronic HBV. At presentation, 37% of pts had resectable disease. Of 47 pts with a known CA 19-9 at the time of initial diagnosis, 21 (45%) had a value < 35U/mL. FGFR2 fusions were the most common FGFR GA (78%), followed by FGFR2 mutations (14%), FGFR3 mutations (4%), FGFR3 fusion (2%) and FGFR1 amplification (2%). The most common fusion partners were BICC1 (20%), POC1B (6%), SORBS1 (6%), DBP (4%), and TACC2 (4%). The most common co-alterations were in ARID1A, CDKN2A/B, TP53, BAP1, IDH1, HER2, BRCA2, and PTEN. The median lines of palliative systemic therapies received was 3 (range = 0-8), and 9/65 (14%) pts had > 1 FGFR inhibitor (FGFRi). For the 30 (46%) pts with FGFR2 fusions who received gemcitabine/platinum as first line palliative systemic therapy, the median PFS was 4.7 months (95% CI: 2.1-6.0). In the overall population, the median OS from time of initial diagnosis was 35.8 months (95% CI:29.7-52.7). Among 46 pts who received an FGFRi on a clinical trial and had ≥ 1 follow-up scan, the overall response rate (ORR) by RECIST v1.1 in pts with FGFR2 fusions, was 35.8% (14/39) on their first FGFRi; ORR was 16.7% (1/6) for pts with FGFR2 mutations. Conclusions: Pts with CCA harboring FGFR GAs were found to have a high rate of normal CA 19-9 and short median PFS on first line gemcitabine/platinum compared to historical controls but additional comparative studies are necessary to evaluate these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew X. Zhu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Naoum GE, Salama L, Ho A, Horick NK, Oladeru O, Abouegylah M, Daniell K, MacDonald S, Arafat WO, Smith BL, Colwell AS, Taghian AG. The Impact of Chest Wall Boost on Reconstruction Complications and Local Control in Patients Treated for Breast Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 105:155-164. [PMID: 31055108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Giving an additional radiation dose to the incision or chest wall has been a practice, but it has never been studied in a randomized setting, and it might lead to inferior cosmetic outcomes. This study aims to evaluate whether delivery of a chest wall boost (CWB) to the mastectomy scar or chest wall is independently associated with reconstruction complications and to assess its disease control efficacy in the setting of breast reconstruction. METHODS AND MATERIALS We conducted a retrospective chart review of 746 patients with breast cancer who underwent mastectomy, breast reconstruction, and PMRT; all underwent treatment at our institution during 1997 to 2016. Various reconstruction techniques were used among this cohort including autologous reconstruction, single-stage direct-to-implant reconstruction, and 2-stage tissue expander implant. Cohorts were divided by administration of CWB. The primary objective was comparing the rate of reconstruction complications including skin necrosis, fat necrosis and infection between groups. Subgroup analysis for patients with implant-based reconstruction was performed to evaluate the effect of CWB on implant-related complications such as capsular contracture, implant exposure, and implant failure. The secondary objective was comparison of the cumulative incidence of local failure between groups overall and within clinically high-risk subgroups. RESULTS The median follow-up was 5.2 years. Most clinicopathologic features were well balanced between the 379 (51%) patients who received CWB and the 367 (49%) who did not. On multivariate analysis, CWB was significantly associated with infection, skin necrosis, and implant exposure. For implant reconstruction patients, CWB independently increased risks of implant failure. CWB administration was not associated with local tumor control benefits, even in high-risk subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that omission of chest wall boost in postmastectomy radiation improves breast reconstruction outcomes without compromising local tumor control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George E Naoum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Masters of Medical Sciences in Clinical Investigation program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura Salama
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alice Ho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nora K Horick
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Oluwadamilola Oladeru
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mohamed Abouegylah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Kayla Daniell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shannon MacDonald
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Waleed O Arafat
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Barbara L Smith
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amy S Colwell
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alphonse G Taghian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Finkelstein DM, Horick NK, Ramchandani R, Boyd KL, Rana HQ, Bychkovsky BL. Are rare cancer survivors at elevated risk of subsequent new cancers? BMC Cancer 2019; 19:166. [PMID: 30791872 PMCID: PMC6385466 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although rare cancers account for 27% of cancer diagnoses in the US, there is insufficient research on survivorship issues in these patients. An important issue cancer survivors face is an elevated risk of being diagnosed with new primary cancers. The primary aim of this analysis was to assess whether a history of rare cancer increases the risk of subsequent cancer compared to survivors of common cancers. Methods This was a prospective cohort study of 16,630 adults with personal and/or family history of cancer who were recruited from cancer clinics at 14 geographically dispersed US academic centers of the NIH-sponsored Cancer Genetics Network (CGN). Participants’ self-reported cancer histories were collected at registration to the CGN and updated annually during follow-up. At enrollment, 14% of participants reported a prior rare cancer. Elevated risk was assessed via the cause-specific hazard ratio on the time to a subsequent cancer diagnosis. Results After a median follow-up of 7.9 years, relative to the participants who were unaffected at enrollment, those with a prior rare cancer had a 23% higher risk of subsequent cancer (95% CI: -1 to 52%), while those with a prior common cancer had no excess risk. Patients having two or more prior cancers were at a 53% elevated risk over those with fewer than two (95% CI: 21 to 94%) and if the multiple prior cancers were rare cancers, risk was further elevated by 47% (95% CI: 1 to 114%). Conclusion There is evidence suggesting that survivors of rare cancers, especially those with multiple cancer diagnoses, are at an increased risk of a subsequent cancer. There is a need to study this population more closely to better understand cancer pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5358-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dianne M Finkelstein
- Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center & Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 50 Staniford Street, Suite 560, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Nora K Horick
- Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ritesh Ramchandani
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Kristina L Boyd
- Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huma Q Rana
- Department of Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brittany L Bychkovsky
- Department of Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Mitra D, Horick NK, Brackett DG, Mouw KW, Hornick JL, Ferrone S, Hong TS, Mamon H, Clark JW, Parikh AR, Allen JN, Ryan DP, Ting DT, Deshpande V, Wo JY. High IDO1 Expression Is Associated with Poor Outcome in Patients with Anal Cancer Treated with Definitive Chemoradiotherapy. Oncologist 2019; 24:e275-e283. [PMID: 30755500 PMCID: PMC6656510 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increased incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC), treatment recommendations have remained unchanged for the past 35 years. This article profiles the tumor microenvironment of patients with localized ASCC, examining CD8, PD‐1, PD‐L1, IDO1 and HLA class I expression and, specifically, characterizes expression of IDO1 in the context of several key components of the immune microenvironment. Background. This study characterizes the tumor‐immune microenvironment in pretreatment, localized anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC), including two markers that have not previously been studied in ASCC: indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I. Materials and Methods. Retrospective review identified 63 patients with ASCC receiving definitive chemoradiation between 2005 and 2016 with pretreatment tissue available. Immunohistochemistry was used to quantify cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8), programmed cell death protein 1, programmed death‐ligand 1, HLA class I, and IDO1. Cox proportional hazards models evaluated associations between outcomes and immune markers, controlling for clinical characteristics. Results. With a median follow‐up of 35 months, 3‐year overall survival was 78%. The only marker found to have a robust association with outcome was tumor IDO1. In general, the percentage of tumor cells expressing IDO1 was low (median 1%, interquartile range 0%–20%); however, patients with >50% of tumor cells expressing IDO1 had significantly worse overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] 4.7, p = .007) as well as higher local recurrence (HR 8.6, p = .0005) and distant metastasis (HR 12.7, p = .0002). Tumors with >50% IDO1 were also more likely to have the lowest quartile of CD8 infiltrate (<40 per high‐power field, p = .024). Conclusion. ASCC has a diverse immune milieu. Although patients generally do well with standard therapy, IDO1 may serve as a prognostic indicator of poor outcome and could help identify a patient population that might benefit from IDO‐targeted therapies. Implications for Practice. After definitive chemoradiation, patients with locally advanced anal cancer may experience significant treatment morbidity and high risk of recurrence. The goal of the current study is to identify novel prognostic factors in the tumor‐immune microenvironment that predict for poor outcomes after definitive chemoradiation. This study characterizes the tumor‐immune microenvironment in pre‐treatment, localized anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC), including two markers which have not previously been studied in ASCC: indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and HLA class I. With a median follow‐up of 3 years, this study demonstrated that high IDO1 expression is correlated with significantly worse 3‐year overall survival (88% vs. 25%). Whereas recent studies of IDO1 inhibitors have shown mixed results, this study suggests that patients with anal cancer with high IDO1 expression have dismal prognosis and may represent a patient population primed for response to targeted IDO1 inhibition.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Anal Canal/pathology
- Anus Neoplasms/immunology
- Anus Neoplasms/mortality
- Anus Neoplasms/pathology
- Anus Neoplasms/therapy
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Chemoradiotherapy
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/immunology
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Prognosis
- Retrospective Studies
- Tumor Escape
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
- Tumor Microenvironment/radiation effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devarati Mitra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nora K Horick
- Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diane G Brackett
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kent W Mouw
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason L Hornick
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Theodore S Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harvey Mamon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Clark
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aparna R Parikh
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jill N Allen
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David P Ryan
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David T Ting
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vikram Deshpande
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Wo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Farago AF, Taylor MS, Doebele RC, Zhu VW, Kummar S, Spira AI, Boyle TA, Haura EB, Arcila ME, Benayed R, Aisner DL, Horick NK, Lennerz JK, Le LP, Iafrate AJ, Ou SHI, Shaw AT, Mino-Kenudson M, Drilon A. Clinicopathologic Features of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Harboring an NTRK Gene Fusion. JCO Precis Oncol 2018; 2018. [PMID: 30215037 DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gene rearrangements involving NTRK1/2/3 can generate fusion oncoproteins containing the kinase domains of TRKA/B/C, respectively. These fusions are rare in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with frequency previously estimated to be <1%. Inhibition of TRK signaling has led to dramatic responses across tumor types with NTRK fusions. Despite the potential benefit of identifying these fusions, the clinicopathologic features of NTRK fusion-positive NSCLCs are not well characterized. Methods We compiled a database of NSCLC cases harboring NTRK fusions. We characterized the clinical, molecular, and histologic features of these cases with central review of histology. Results We identified 11 NSCLC cases harboring NTRK gene fusions verified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and with available clinical and pathologic data, forming the study cohort. Fusions involved NTRK1 (7 cases) and NTRK3 (4 cases), with 5 and 2 distinct fusion partners, respectively. Cohort patients were 55% male, with a median age at diagnosis of 47.6 years (range 25.3-86.0) and a median pack year history of 0 (range 0-58). 73% of patients had metastatic disease at diagnosis. No concurrent alterations in KRAS, EGFR, ALK, ROS1, or other known oncogenic drivers were identified. Nine cases were adenocarcinoma, including 2 invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas and 1 adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine features; one was squamous cell carcinoma; and one was neuroendocrine carcinoma. By collating data on 4872 consecutively screened NSCLC cases from unique patients, we estimate a frequency of NTRK fusions in NSCLC of 0.23% (95% CI 0.11-0.40). Conclusion NTRK fusions occur in NSCLCs across genders, ages, smoking histories, and histologies. Given the potent clinical activity of TRK inhibitors, we advocate that all NSCLCs be screened for NTRK fusions using a multiplexed NGS-based fusion assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna F Farago
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston MA
| | - Martin S Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
| | | | - Viola W Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Orange CA
| | - Shivaani Kummar
- Department of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto CA
| | | | - Theresa A Boyle
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL
| | - Eric B Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL
| | - Maria E Arcila
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York NY
| | - Ryma Benayed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York NY
| | - Dara L Aisner
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora CO
| | - Nora K Horick
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Jochen K Lennerz
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Long P Le
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Sai-Hong I Ou
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Orange CA
| | - Alice T Shaw
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston MA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Hubbeling HG, Schapira EF, Horick NK, Goodwin KEH, Lin JJ, Oh KS, Shaw AT, Mehan WA, Shih HA, Gainor JF. Safety of Combined PD-1 Pathway Inhibition and Intracranial Radiation Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2018; 13:550-558. [PMID: 29378267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intracranial metastases are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with advanced NSCLC, and are frequently managed with radiation therapy (RT). The safety of cranial RT in the setting of treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has not been established. METHODS We identified patients with advanced NSCLC with brain metastases who received cranial RT and were treated with or without programmed cell death 1/programmed death ligand 1 inhibitors between August 2013 and September 2016. RT-related adverse events (AEs) were retrospectively evaluated and analyzed according to ICI treatment status, cranial RT type, and timing of RT with respect to ICI. RESULTS Of 163 patients, 50 (31%) received ICIs, whereas 113 (69%) were ICI naive. Overall, 94 (58%), 28 (17%), and 101 (62%) patients received stereotactic radiosurgery, partial brain irradiation, and/or whole brain RT, respectively. Fifty percent of patients received more than one radiation course. We observed no significant difference in rates of all-grade AEs and grade 3 or higher AEs between the ICI-naive and ICI-treated patients across different cranial RT types (grade ≥3 AEs in 8% of ICI-naive patients versus in 9% of ICI-treated patients for stereotactic radiosurgery [p = 1.00] and in 8% of ICI-naive patients versus in 10% of ICI-treated patients for whole brain RT [p = 0.71]). Additionally, there was no difference in AE rates on the basis of timing of ICI administration with respect to RT. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with an ICI and cranial RT was not associated with a significant increase in RT-related AEs, suggesting that use of programmed cell death 1/programmed death ligand 1 inhibitors in patients receiving cranial RT may have an acceptable safety profile. Nonetheless, additional studies are needed to validate this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harper G Hubbeling
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily F Schapira
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nora K Horick
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kelly E H Goodwin
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica J Lin
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin S Oh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alice T Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William A Mehan
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Helen A Shih
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justin F Gainor
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Skates SJ, Greene MH, Buys SS, Mai PL, Brown P, Piedmonte M, Rodriguez G, Schorge JO, Sherman M, Daly MB, Rutherford T, Brewster WR, O'Malley DM, Partridge E, Boggess J, Drescher CW, Isaacs C, Berchuck A, Domchek S, Davidson SA, Edwards R, Elg SA, Wakeley K, Phillips KA, Armstrong D, Horowitz I, Fabian CJ, Walker J, Sluss PM, Welch W, Minasian L, Horick NK, Kasten CH, Nayfield S, Alberts D, Finkelstein DM, Lu KH. Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer using the Risk of Ovarian Cancer Algorithm with Frequent CA125 Testing in Women at Increased Familial Risk - Combined Results from Two Screening Trials. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:3628-3637. [PMID: 28143870 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Women at familial/genetic ovarian cancer risk often undergo screening despite unproven efficacy. Research suggests each woman has her own CA125 baseline; significant increases above this level may identify cancers earlier than standard 6- to 12-monthly CA125 > 35 U/mL.Experimental Design: Data from prospective Cancer Genetics Network and Gynecologic Oncology Group trials, which screened 3,692 women (13,080 woman-screening years) with a strong breast/ovarian cancer family history or BRCA1/2 mutations, were combined to assess a novel screening strategy. Specifically, serum CA125 q3 months, evaluated using a risk of ovarian cancer algorithm (ROCA), detected significant increases above each subject's baseline, which triggered transvaginal ultrasound. Specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) were compared with levels derived from general population screening (specificity 90%, PPV 10%), and stage-at-detection was compared with historical high-risk controls.Results: Specificity for ultrasound referral was 92% versus 90% (P = 0.0001), and PPV was 4.6% versus 10% (P > 0.10). Eighteen of 19 malignant ovarian neoplasms [prevalent = 4, incident = 6, risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) = 9] were detected via screening or RRSO. Among incident cases (which best reflect long-term screening performance), three of six invasive cancers were early-stage (I/II; 50% vs. 10% historical BRCA1 controls; P = 0.016). Six of nine RRSO-related cases were stage I. ROCA flagged three of six (50%) incident cases before CA125 exceeded 35 U/mL. Eight of nine patients with stages 0/I/II ovarian cancer were alive at last follow-up (median 6 years).Conclusions: For screened women at familial/genetic ovarian cancer risk, ROCA q3 months had better early-stage sensitivity at high specificity, and low yet possibly acceptable PPV compared with CA125 > 35 U/mL q6/q12 months, warranting further larger cohort evaluation. Clin Cancer Res; 23(14); 3628-37. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saundra S Buys
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mary B Daly
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - David M O'Malley
- Ohio State University and the James Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Edward Partridge
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | - Claudine Isaacs
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Duke University Medical Center, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Susan Domchek
- University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Steven A Elg
- The Iowa Clinic, Gynecologic Oncology, Des Moines, Iowa
| | - Katie Wakeley
- Dana-Farber Cancer Center in Clinical Affiliation with South Shore Hospital, South Weymouth, Massachusetts
| | - Kelly-Anne Phillips
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Ira Horowitz
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Carol J Fabian
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Westwood, Kansas
| | - Joan Walker
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma HSC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | | | | | - Nora K Horick
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - David Alberts
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Karen H Lu
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Horick NK, Manful A, Lowery J, Domchek S, Moorman P, Griffin C, Visvanathan K, Isaacs C, Kinney AY, Finkelstein DM. Physical and psychological health in rare cancer survivors. J Cancer Surviv 2016; 11:158-165. [PMID: 27761785 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-016-0573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Registries provide a unique tool for tracking quality of life in rare cancer survivors, whose survivorship experience is less known than for common cancers. This paper reports on these outcomes in 321 patients enrolled in the Rare Cancer Genetics Registry diagnosed with rare gastrointestinal, genitourinary, gynecologic, sarcoma, head/neck, or hematologic cancers. METHODS Four outcomes were assessed, reflecting registrants' self-reported physical and mental health, psychological distress, and loneliness. Combining all patients into a single analysis, regression was used to evaluate the association between outcomes and socio-demographic and clinical factors. RESULTS Median time since diagnosis was 3 years (range 0-9); 69 % were no longer in treatment. Poorer physical health was reported in registrants who were older at diagnosis, unmarried, and still in treatment. Poorer mental status was associated with younger diagnosis age and unmarried status. Psychological distress varied by cancer type and was higher among currently treated and unmarried registrants. Greater loneliness was reported in registrants with gynecological cancers, and those who were less educated or unmarried. The physical and mental health profile of rare cancer survivors is similar to what is reported for common cancers. CONCLUSIONS Unmarried participants reported poorer outcomes on all measures of quality of life. Furthermore, physical and mental health were not significantly different by cancer type after adjustment for diagnosis age, whether currently in treatment and marital status. Thus, the combined analysis performed here is a useful way to analyze outcomes in less common diseases. Our findings could be valuable in guiding evaluation and intervention for issues impacting quality of life. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS Rare cancer survivors, particularly those without spousal support, should be monitored for challenges to the physical as well as psychological aspects of quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora K Horick
- Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center, 50 Staniford St. Suite 560, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Adoma Manful
- Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center, 50 Staniford St. Suite 560, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jan Lowery
- School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Susan Domchek
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Constance Griffin
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kala Visvanathan
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Claudine Isaacs
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anita Y Kinney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Dianne M Finkelstein
- Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center, 50 Staniford St. Suite 560, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
del Carmen MG, Supko JG, Horick NK, Rauh-Hain JA, Clark RM, Campos SM, Krasner CN, Atkinson T, Birrer MJ. Phase 1 and 2 study of carboplatin and pralatrexate in patients with recurrent, platinum-sensitive ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer. Cancer 2016; 122:3297-3306. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela G. del Carmen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jeff G. Supko
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Nora K. Horick
- Department of Biostatistics; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | - J. Alejandro Rauh-Hain
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Rachel M. Clark
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Susana M. Campos
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Carolyn N. Krasner
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Tina Atkinson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Michael J. Birrer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Buchanan AH, Voils CI, Schildkraut JM, Fine C, Horick NK, Marcom PK, Wiggins K, Skinner CS. Adherence to Recommended Risk Management among Unaffected Women with a BRCA Mutation. J Genet Couns 2016; 26:79-92. [PMID: 27265406 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-016-9981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Identifying unaffected women with a BRCA mutation can have a significant individual and population health impact on morbidity and mortality if these women adhere to guidelines for managing cancer risk. But, little is known about whether such women are adherent to current guidelines. We conducted telephone surveys of 97 unaffected BRCA mutation carriers who had genetic counseling at least one year prior to the survey to assess adherence to current guidelines, factors associated with adherence, and common reasons for performing and not performing recommended risk management. More than half of participants reported being adherent with current risk management recommendations for breast cancer (69 %, n = 67), ovarian cancer (82 %, n = 74) and both cancers (66 %, n = 64). Older age (OR = 10.53, p = 0.001), white race (OR = 8.93, p = 0.019), higher breast cancer genetics knowledge (OR = 1.67, p = 0.030), higher cancer-specific distress (OR = 1.07, p = 0.002) and higher physical functioning (OR = 1.09, p = 0.009) were significantly associated with adherence to recommended risk management for both cancers. Responses to open-ended questions about reasons for performing and not performing risk management behaviors indicated that participants recognized the clinical utility of these behaviors. Younger individuals and those with lower physical functioning may require targeted interventions to improve adherence, perhaps in the setting of long-term follow-up at a multi-disciplinary hereditary cancer clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Buchanan
- Geisinger Health System, Genomic Medicine Institute, M.C. 26-20, 100 N. Academy Ave, Danville, PA, 17822, USA.
| | - Corrine I Voils
- Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Catherine Fine
- Department of Genetics, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nora K Horick
- Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Kelly Marcom
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kristi Wiggins
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Celette Sugg Skinner
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Harold C Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas - Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Jammallo LS, Miller CL, Horick NK, Skolny MN, O'Toole J, Specht MC, Taghian AG. Factors associated with fear of lymphedema after treatment for breast cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 2015; 41:473-83. [PMID: 25158653 DOI: 10.1188/14.onf.473-483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To identify demographic and treatment characteristics associated with postoperative fear of lymphedema. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Outpatient breast clinic at a comprehensive cancer center in the northeastern United States. SAMPLE 324 patients undergoing treatment for unilateral breast cancer. METHODS Women with breast cancer were prospectively screened for lymphedema (relative volume change of 10% or greater) preoperatively and every three to eight months postoperatively via Perometer arm volume measurements. Fear was simultaneously evaluated via questionnaire. Multivariate linear mixed-effects regression models were used to identify factors associated with mean postoperative fear score and to plot the average fear score over time within axillary surgery type subgroups. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Postoperative fear of lymphedema. FINDINGS Higher preoperative fear score (p < 0.0001), younger age at diagnosis (p = 0.0038), and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) (p < 0.0001) were significantly associated with higher mean postoperative fear score. The average fear score changed nonlinearly over time (p < 0.0001), decreasing from preoperative to 24 months postoperative and leveling thereafter. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative fear, younger age at diagnosis, and ALND may contribute to postoperative fear of lymphedema. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Individualized education that begins preoperatively, continues throughout treatment, and is re-emphasized 24 months postoperatively may help minimize fear of lymphedema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Jammallo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston
| | - Cynthia L Miller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston
| | - Nora K Horick
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston
| | - Melissa N Skolny
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston
| | - Jean O'Toole
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston
| | - Michelle C Specht
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston
| | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Jammallo LS, Miller CL, Singer M, Horick NK, Skolny MN, Specht MC, O'Toole J, Taghian AG. Impact of body mass index and weight fluctuation on lymphedema risk in patients treated for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 142:59-67. [PMID: 24122390 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Identifying risk factors for lymphedema in patients treated for breast cancer has become increasingly important, given the current lack of standardization surrounding diagnosis and treatment. Reports on the association of body mass index (BMI) and weight change with lymphedema risk are conflicting. We sought to examine the impact of pre-operative BMI and post-treatment weight change on the incidence of lymphedema. From 2005 to 2011, 787 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients underwent prospective arm volume measurements with a Perometer pre- and post-operatively. BMI was calculated from same-day weight and height measurements. Lymphedema was defined as a relative volume change (RVC) of ≥ 10 %. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association between lymphedema risk and pre-operative BMI, weight change, and other demographic and treatment factors. By multivariate analysis, a pre-operative BMI ≥ 30 was significantly associated with an increased risk of lymphedema compared to a pre-operative BMI <25 and 25- <30 (p = 0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively). Patients with a pre-operative BMI 25- <30 were not at an increased risk of lymphedema compared to patients with a pre-operative BMI <25 (p = 0.409). Furthermore, a cumulative absolute weight fluctuation of 10 pounds gained/lost per month post-operatively significantly increased risk of lymphedema (HR: 1.97, p = < 0.0001). In conclusion, pre-operative BMI of ≥ 30 is an independent risk factor for lymphedema, whereas a BMI of 25- <30 is not. Large post-operative weight fluctuations also increase risk of lymphedema. Patients with a pre-operative BMI ≥ 30 and those who experience large weight fluctuations during and after treatment for breast cancer should be considered at higher-risk for lymphedema. Close monitoring or early intervention to ensure optimal treatment of the condition may be appropriate for these patients.
Collapse
|
64
|
Hill DA, Horick NK, Isaacs C, Domchek SM, Tomlinson GE, Lowery JT, Kinney AY, Berg JS, Edwards KL, Moorman PG, Plon SE, Strong LC, Ziogas A, Griffin CA, Kasten CH, Finkelstein DM. Long-term risk of medical conditions associated with breast cancer treatment. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 145:233-43. [PMID: 24696430 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-2928-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Early and late effects of cancer treatment are of increasing concern with growing survivor populations, but relevant data are sparse. We sought to determine the prevalence and hazard ratio of such effects in breast cancer cases. Women with invasive breast cancer and women with no cancer history recruited for a cancer research cohort completed a mailed questionnaire at a median of 10 years post-diagnosis or matched reference year (for the women without cancer). Reported medical conditions including lymphedema, osteopenia, osteoporosis, and heart disease (congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease) were assessed in relation to breast cancer therapy and time since diagnosis using Cox regression. The proportion of women currently receiving treatment for these conditions was calculated. Study participants included 2,535 women with breast cancer and 2,428 women without cancer (response rates 66.0 % and 50.4 %, respectively) Women with breast cancer had an increased risk of lymphedema (Hazard ratio (HR) 8.6; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 6.3-11.6), osteopenia (HR 2.1; 95 % CI 1.8-2.4), and osteoporosis (HR 1.5; 95 % CI 1.2-1.9) but not heart disease, compared to women without cancer Hazard ratios varied by treatment and time since diagnosis. Overall, 49.3 % of breast cancer cases reported at least one medical condition, and at 10 or more years post-diagnosis, 37.7 % were currently receiving condition-related treatment. Responses from survivors a decade following cancer diagnosis demonstrate substantial treatment-related morbidity, and emphasize the need for continued medical surveillance and follow-up care into the second decade post-diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre A Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, MSC 10-5550, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Skates SJ, Mai P, Horick NK, Piedmonte M, Drescher CW, Isaacs C, Armstrong DK, Buys SS, Rodriguez GC, Horowitz IR, Berchuck A, Daly MB, Domchek S, Cohn DE, Van Le L, Schorge JO, Newland W, Davidson SA, Barnes M, Brewster W, Azodi M, Nerenstone S, Kauff ND, Fabian CJ, Sluss PM, Nayfield SG, Kasten CH, Finkelstein DM, Greene MH, Lu K. Large prospective study of ovarian cancer screening in high-risk women: CA125 cut-point defined by menopausal status. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 4:1401-8. [PMID: 21893500 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous screening trials for early detection of ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women have used the standard CA125 cut-point of 35 U/mL, the 98th percentile in this population yielding a 2% false positive rate, whereas the same cut-point in trials of premenopausal women results in substantially higher false positive rates. We investigated demographic and clinical factors predicting CA125 distributions, including 98th percentiles, in a large population of high-risk women participating in two ovarian cancer screening studies with common eligibility criteria and screening protocols. Baseline CA125 values and clinical and demographic data from 3,692 women participating in screening studies conducted by the National Cancer Institute-sponsored Cancer Genetics Network and Gynecologic Oncology Group were combined for this preplanned analysis. Because of the large effect of menopausal status on CA125 levels, statistical analyses were conducted separately in pre- and postmenopausal subjects to determine the impact of other baseline factors on predicted CA125 cut-points on the basis of 98th percentile. The primary clinical factor affecting CA125 cut-points was menopausal status, with premenopausal women having a significantly higher cut-point of 50 U/mL, while in postmenopausal subjects the standard cut-point of 35 U/mL was recapitulated. In premenopausal women, current oral contraceptive (OC) users had a cut-point of 40 U/mL. To achieve a 2% false positive rate in ovarian cancer screening trials and in high-risk women choosing to be screened, the cut-point for initial CA125 testing should be personalized primarily for menopausal status (50 for premenopausal women, 40 for premenopausal on OC, and 35 for postmenopausal women).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Skates
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Ziogas A, Horick NK, Kinney AY, Lowery JT, Domchek SM, Isaacs C, Griffin CA, Moorman PG, Edwards KL, Hill DA, Berg JS, Tomlinson GE, Anton-Culver H, Strong LC, Kasten CH, Finkelstein DM, Plon SE. Clinically relevant changes in family history of cancer over time. JAMA 2011; 306:172-8. [PMID: 21750294 PMCID: PMC3367662 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Knowledge of family cancer history is important for assessing cancer risk and guiding screening recommendations. OBJECTIVE To quantify how often throughout adulthood clinically significant changes occur in cancer family history that would result in recommendations for earlier or intense screening. DESIGN AND SETTING Descriptive study examining baseline and follow-up family history data from participants in the Cancer Genetics Network (CGN), a US national population-based cancer registry, between 1999 and 2009. PARTICIPANTS Adults with a personal history, family history, or both of cancer enrolled in the CGN through population-based cancer registries. Retrospective colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer screening-specific analyses included 9861, 2547, and 1817 participants, respectively; prospective analyses included 1533, 617, and 163 participants, respectively. Median follow-up was 8 years (range, 0-11 years). Screening-specific analyses excluded participants with the cancer of interest. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Percentage of individuals with clinically significant family histories and rate of change over 2 periods: (1) retrospectively, from birth until CGN enrollment and (2) prospectively, from enrollment to last follow-up. RESULTS Retrospective analysis revealed that the percentages of participants who met criteria for high-risk screening based on family history at ages 30 and 50 years, respectively, were as follows: for colorectal cancer, 2.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8%-2.4%) and 7.1% (95% CI, 6.5%-7.6%); for breast cancer, 7.2% (95% CI, 6.1%-8.4%) and 11.4% (95% CI, 10.0%-12.8%); and for prostate cancer, 0.9% (95% CI, 0.5%-1.4%) and 2.0% (95% CI, 1.4%-2.7%). In prospective analysis, the numbers of participants who newly met criteria for high-risk screening based on family history per 100 persons followed up for 20 years were 2 (95% CI, 0-7) for colorectal cancer, 6 (95% CI, 2-13) for breast cancer, and 8 (95% CI, 3-16) for prostate cancer. The rate of change in cancer family history was similar for colorectal and breast cancer between the 2 analyses. CONCLUSION Clinically relevant family history of colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer that would result in recommendations for earlier or intense cancer screening increases between ages 30 and 50 years, although the absolute rate is low for prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
67
|
Plouffe BD, Njoka DN, Harris J, Liao J, Horick NK, Radisic M, Murthy SK. Peptide-mediated selective adhesion of smooth muscle and endothelial cells in microfluidic shear flow. Langmuir 2007; 23:5050-5. [PMID: 17373836 DOI: 10.1021/la0700220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices have recently emerged as effective tools for cell separation compared to traditional techniques. These devices offer the advantages of small sample volumes, low cost, and high purity. Adhesion-based separation of cells from heterogeneous suspensions can be achieved by taking advantage of specific ligand-receptor interactions. The peptide sequences Arg-Glu-Asp-Val (REDV) and Val-Ala-Pro-Gly (VAPG) are known to bind preferentially to endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), respectively. This article examines the roles of REDV and VAPG and fluid shear stress in achieving selective capture of ECs and SMCs in microfluidic devices. The adhesion of ECs in REDV-coated devices and SMCs in VAPG-coated devices increases significantly compared to that of the nontargeted cells with decreasing shear stress. Furthermore, the adhesion of these cells is shown to be independent of whether these cells flow through the devices as suspensions of only one cell type or as a heterogeneous suspension containing ECs, SMCs, and fibroblasts. Whereas the overall adhesion of cells in the devices is determined mainly by shear stress, the selectivity of adhesion depends on the type of peptide and on the device surface as well as on the shear stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Plouffe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Skates SJ, Horick NK, Moy JM, Minihan AM, Seiden MV, Marks JR, Sluss P, Cramer DW. Pooling of Case Specimens to Create Standard Serum Sets for Screening Cancer Biomarkers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:334-41. [PMID: 17301268 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple identical sets of sera from cancer cases and controls would facilitate standardized testing of biomarkers. We describe the creation and use of standard serum sets developed from healthy donors and pooled sera from ovarian, breast, and endometrial cancer cases. METHODS Two hundred seventy-five 0.3-mL aliquots of sera were created for each of the 95 healthy women, and residual serum was pooled to create 275 identical sets of 20 0.3-mL aliquots. Aliquots (1.0-1.5 mL) from 441 women were combined to create 12 breast and pelvic disease pools with at least 115 0.3-mL aliquots. Sets were assembled to contain aliquots from individual controls, replicates, and disease pools. Cancer antigens (CA), CA 125, CA 19.9, and CA 15.3, and carcinoembryonic antigen were measured in one set and in 217 women comprising six of the pelvic disease pools. Use of a set was illustrated for mesothelin (soluble mesothelin-related protein). Statistical output included concentration differences between pooled cases and controls (z values for single analytes; Mahalanobis distances for pairs), correlation between z values and sensitivities, coefficient of variations, and standardized biases. RESULTS Marker concentrations in the six pelvic disease pools were generally within 0.25 SD of the actual average, and z values correlated well with sensitivities. CA 125 remains the best single marker for nonmucinous ovarian cancer, complemented by CA 15.3 or soluble mesothelin-related protein. There is no comparable breast cancer biomarker among the current analytes tested. CONCLUSION The potential value of standard serum sets for initial assessment of candidate biomarkers is illustrated. Sets are now available through the Early Detection Research Network to evaluate biomarkers for women's cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Skates
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Ye B, Skates S, Mok SC, Horick NK, Rosenberg HF, Vitonis A, Edwards D, Sluss P, Han WK, Berkowitz RS, Cramer DW. Proteomic-based discovery and characterization of glycosylated eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and COOH-terminal osteopontin fragments for ovarian cancer in urine. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:432-41. [PMID: 16428483 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective was to identify and characterize low molecular weight proteins/peptides in urine and their posttranslational modifications that might be used as a screening tool for ovarian cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Urine samples collected preoperatively from postmenopausal women with ovarian cancer and benign conditions and from nonsurgical controls were analyzed by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Selected proteins from mass profiles were purified by chromatography and followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry sequence analysis. Specific antibodies were generated for further characterization, including immunoprecipitation and glycosylation. Quantitative and semiquantitative ELISAs were developed for preliminary validation in patients of 128 ovarian cancer, 52 benign conditions, 44 other cancers, and 188 healthy controls. RESULTS A protein (m/z approximately 17,400) with higher peak intensities in cancer patients than in benign conditions and controls was identified and subsequently defined as eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). A glycosylated form of EDN was specifically elevated in ovarian cancer patients. A cluster of COOH-terminal osteopontin was identified from two-dimensional gels of urine from cancer patients. Modified forms EDN and osteopontin fragments were elevated in early-stage ovarian cancers and a combination of both resulted to 93% specificity and 72% sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Specific elevated posttranslationally modified urinary EDN and osteopontin COOH-terminal fragments in ovarian cancer might lead to potential noninvasive screening tests for early diagnosis. Urine with less complexity than serum and relatively high thermodynamic stability of peptides or metabolites is a promising study medium for discovery of the novel biomarkers which may present in many non-urinary tract neoplastic diseases.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/surgery
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/urine
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/surgery
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/urine
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Biomarkers, Tumor/urine
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/pathology
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/surgery
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/urine
- Case-Control Studies
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/surgery
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/urine
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin/urine
- Female
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/surgery
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/urine
- Osteopontin
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/surgery
- Ovarian Neoplasms/urine
- Prognosis
- Proteome
- Sialoglycoproteins/urine
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ye
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Center, 221 Longwood Avenue, LMRC-601B, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
del Carmen MG, Fuller AF, Matulonis U, Horick NK, Goodman A, Duska LR, Penson R, Campos S, Roche M, Seiden MV. Phase II trial of anastrozole in women with asymptomatic müllerian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2004; 91:596-602. [PMID: 14675683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2003.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of the selective aromatase inhibitor anastrozole (Arimidex), we conducted a phase II trial in 53 women with asymptomatic recurrent/persistent müllerian cancer. METHODS Patients with ovarian, peritoneal, or fallopian tube carcinoma were eligible for enrollment. Eligible patients had an ECOG PS < or = 1 and no clinical indication for immediate systemic chemotherapy. Patients were assigned to measurable (cohort 1) or evaluable disease (cohort 2) cohorts, respectively. Patients were treated with anastrozole 1 mg po daily. Monthly follow-up included interim history, physical exam, and CA-125 with radiologic evaluation every 3 months. Estrogen, progesterone, and Her-2/neu receptor status was also evaluated in archived tumor samples. RESULTS Fifty-three women with a median age of 63 (range, 46-86) years were enrolled. Twenty-nine women enrolled in cohort 1 and 24 in cohort 2. Included were 43, 7, and 3 women with ovarian, primary peritoneal, and fallopian tube carcinoma, respectively. All 53 patients were evaluable for treatment toxicity and response. The median time to disease progression was 85 days (85 days for cohort 1 and 82 days for cohort 2). A partial response was documented in a single patient with measurable disease. Forty-two percent of patients had stable disease (measured as time to treatment termination) for >90 days, 15% for >180 days, 7% for >270 days, and 4% for >360 days. One patient remained on anastrozole at 15 months. Toxicity was modest (grade I) and infrequent, with the most common toxicities being fatigue and hot flashes. There were no thrombotic complications. Median time to progression for patients with estrogen receptor-positive tumors was 72 days as compared to 125 days for those with tumors negative for the estrogen receptor (P = 0.95, log-rank test). The median time to progression in patients with progesterone-positive tumors was 77 days and 91 days for patients with progesterone-negative tumors. CONCLUSION In summary, anastrozole is a well-tolerated oral agent but with minimal tumoricidal activity in women with recurrent/persistent müllerian cancers. A minority of patients demonstrated prolonged stable disease while on this agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela G del Carmen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Ye B, Cramer DW, Skates SJ, Gygi SP, Pratomo V, Fu L, Horick NK, Licklider LJ, Schorge JO, Berkowitz RS, Mok SC. Haptoglobin-alpha subunit as potential serum biomarker in ovarian cancer: identification and characterization using proteomic profiling and mass spectrometry. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9:2904-11. [PMID: 12912935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to identify and characterize new serum biomarkers in ovarian cancer patients using mass spectrometric protein profiling and specific immunological assays. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Serum samples from 80 cancer patients and 91 healthy women were analyzed by surface enhanced laser desorption and ionization-mass spectrometry (MS) profiling. A candidate biomarker was purified by affinity chromatography, and its sequence was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem MS. An antibody was generated from the synthesized peptide for quantitative validation in the cases and controls. CA125 was determined and compared with the same set of specimens. RESULTS Using surface enhanced laser desorption and ionization, we found a serum biomarker at approximately 11700 Da, which had peak intensity significantly higher in cases (1.366) compared with controls (0.208, P = 0.002), and subsequently identified this as the alpha chain of haptoglobin. ELISA indicated that Hp-alpha was </=2-fold higher in cancer serum compared with normal, benign tumor, and other gynecological cancers (P < 0.05) and had 64% sensitivity at 90% specificity alone and 91% sensitivity and 95% specificity if combined with CA125. CONCLUSIONS Haptoglobin-derived alpha subunit is a potential marker for ovarian cancer that is complementary to CA125. MS-based protein profiling is a valuable tool for screening protein markers and useful to detect post-translational modification of tumor-associated proteins or abnormal metabolic products. However, confirmation of protein identity with specific antibodies is crucial for clinical application and functional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ye
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|