26
|
Boateng BO, Fever M, Edwards D, Petersson P, Euerby MR, Sutcliffe OB. Chromatographic retention behaviour, modelling and optimization of a UHPLC-UV separation of the regioisomers of the Novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS) methoxphenidine (MXP). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018. [PMID: 29514124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A detailed investigation into the chromatographic retention behaviour and separation of the three regioisomers of the Novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS) methoxphenidine (i.e. 2-, 3- and 4-MXP isomers) has revealed the ionization state of the analyte and stationary phase, to be the controlling factor in dictating which retention mechanism is in operation. At low pH, poor separation and retention was observed. In contrast, at intermediate pH, enhanced retention and separation of the three MXP isomers was obtained; it appeared that there was a synergistic effect between the electrostatic and hydrophobic mechanisms. At high pH, the MXP isomers were retained by hydrophobic retention. Accurate retention time predictions (<0.5%) were achievable using non-linear retention models (3 × 3). This allowed the optimization of the gradient separation of the MXP isomers using a two-dimensional gradient and temperature design space. Prediction errors for peak width and resolution were, in most cases, lower than 5%. The use of linear models (2 × 2) still afforded retention time and resolution accuracies of <2.3 and 11% respectively. A rapid and highly sensitive LC-MS friendly method (i.e. Rsmin > 5 within 4 min) was predicted and verified. The developed methodology should be highly suitable for the rapid, specific and sensitive detection and control of MXP regioisomers.
Collapse
|
27
|
Anthony NG, Baiget J, Berretta G, Boyd M, Breen D, Edwards J, Gamble C, Gray AI, Harvey AL, Hatziieremia S, Ho KH, Huggan JK, Lang S, Llona-Minguez S, Luo JL, McIntosh K, Paul A, Plevin RJ, Robertson MN, Scott R, Suckling CJ, Sutcliffe OB, Young LC, Mackay SP. Inhibitory Kappa B Kinase α (IKKα) Inhibitors That Recapitulate Their Selectivity in Cells against Isoform-Related Biomarkers. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7043-7066. [PMID: 28737909 PMCID: PMC5578373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IKKβ plays a central role in the canonical NF-kB pathway, which has been extensively characterized. The role of IKKα in the noncanonical NF-kB pathway, and indeed in the canonical pathway as a complex with IKKβ, is less well understood. One major reason for this is the absence of chemical tools designed as selective inhibitors for IKKα over IKKβ. Herein, we report for the first time a series of novel, potent, and selective inhibitors of IKKα. We demonstrate effective target engagement and selectivity with IKKα in U2OS cells through inhibition of IKKα-driven p100 phosphorylation in the noncanonical NF-kB pathway without affecting IKKβ-dependent IKappa-Bα loss in the canonical pathway. These compounds represent the first chemical tools that can be used to further characterize the role of IKKα in cellular signaling, to dissect this from IKKβ and to validate it in its own right as a target in inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
28
|
Zuway KY, Smith JP, Foster CW, Kapur N, Banks CE, Sutcliffe OB. Detection and quantification of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) within the evolved "legal high" product, NRG-2, using high performance liquid chromatography-amperometric detection (HPLC-AD). Analyst 2016; 140:6283-94. [PMID: 26244169 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01106j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The global increase in the production and abuse of cathinone-derived New Psychoactive Substances (NPSs) has developed the requirement for rapid, selective and sensitive protocols for their separation and detection. Electrochemical sensing of these compounds has been demonstrated to be an effective method for the in-field detection of these substances, either in their pure form or in the presence of common adulterants, however, the technique is limited in its ability to discriminate between structurally related cathinone-derivatives (for example: (±)-4′-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC, 2a) and (±)-4′-methyl-N-ethylmethcathinone (4-MEC, 2b) when they are both present in a mixture. In this paper we demonstrate, for the first time, the combination of HPLC-UV with amperometric detection (HPLC-AD) for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of 4-MMC and 4-MEC using either a commercially available impinging jet (LC-FC-A) or custom-made iCell channel (LC-FC-B) flow-cell system incorporating embedded graphite screen-printed macroelectrodes. The protocol offers a cost-effective, reproducible and reliable sensor platform for the simultaneous HPLC-UV and amperometric detection of the target analytes. The two systems have similar limits of detection, in terms of amperometric detection [LC-FC-A: 14.66 μg mL(-1) (2a) and 9.35 μg mL(-1) (2b); LC-FC-B: 57.92 μg mL(-1) (2a) and 26.91 μg mL(-1) (2b)], to the previously reported oxidative electrochemical protocol [39.8 μg mL(-1) (2a) and 84.2 μg mL(-1) (2b)], for two synthetic cathinones, prevalent on the recreational drugs market. Though not as sensitive as standard HPLC-UV detection, both flow cells show a good agreement, between the quantitative electroanalytical data, thereby making them suitable for the detection and quantification of 4-MMC and 4-MEC, either in their pure form or within complex mixtures. Additionally, the simultaneous HPLC-UV and amperometric detection protocol detailed herein shows a marked improvement and advantage over previously reported electroanalytical methods, which were either unable to selectively discriminate between structurally related synthetic cathinones (e.g. 4-MMC and 4-MEC) or utilised harmful and restrictive materials in their design.
Collapse
|
29
|
Smith JP, Sutcliffe OB, Banks CE. An overview of recent developments in the analytical detection of new psychoactive substances (NPSs). Analyst 2016; 140:4932-48. [PMID: 26031385 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00797f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPSs), sometimes referred to as "legal highs" in more colloquial environments/the media, are a class of compounds that have been recently made available for abuse (not necessarily recently discovered) which provide similar effects to the traditional well studied illegal drugs but are not always controlled under existing local, regional or international drug legislation. Following an unprecedented increase in the number of NPSs in the last 5 years (with 101 substances discovered for the first time in 2014 alone) its, occasionally fatal, consequences have been extensively reported in the media. Such NPSs are typically marketed as 'not for human consumption' and are instead labelled and sold as plant food, bath salts as well as a whole host of other equally nondescript aliases in order to bypass legislative controls. NPSs are a new multi-disciplinary research field with the main emphasis in terms of forensic identification due to their adverse health effects, which can range from minimal to life threatening and even fatalities. In this mini-review we overview this recent emerging research area of NPSs and the analytical approaches reported to provide detection strategies as well as detailing recent reports towards providing point-of-care/in-the-field NPS ("legal high") sensors.
Collapse
|
30
|
Sutcliffe OB, Skellern GG, Araya F, Cannavan A, Sasanya JJ, Dungu B, van Gool F, Münstermann S, Mattioli RC. Animal trypanosomosis: making quality control of trypanocidal drugs possible. REV SCI TECH OIE 2015; 33:813-30. [PMID: 25812206 DOI: 10.20506/rst.33.3.2320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
African animal trypanosomosis is arguably the most important animal disease impairing livestock agricultural development in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to vector control, the use oftrypanocidal drugs is important in controlling the impact of the disease on animal health and production in most sub-Saharan countries. However, there are no internationally agreed standards (pharmacopoeia-type monographs or documented product specifications) for the quality control of these compounds. This means that it is impossible to establish independent quality control and quality assurance standards for these agents. An international alliance between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Federation for Animal Health, the Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines, the University of Strathclyde and the International Atomic Energy Agency (with critical support from the World Organisation for Animal Health) was established to develop quality control and quality assurance standards for trypanocidal drugs, with the aim of transferring these methodologies to two control laboratories in sub-Saharan Africa that will serve as reference institutions for their respective regions. The work of the international alliance will allow development of control measures against sub-standard or counterfeit trypanocidal drugs for treatment of trypanosome infection. Monographs on diminazene aceturate (synonym: diminazene diaceturate), isometamidium chloride hydrochloride, homidium chloride and bromide salts and their relevant veterinary formulations for these agents are given in the annex to this paper. However, the authors do not recommend use of homidium bromide and chloride, because of their proven mutagenic properties in some animal test models and their suspected carcinogenic properties.
Collapse
|
31
|
Connor LE, Delori A, Hutchison IB, Nic Daeid N, Sutcliffe OB, Oswald IDH. The ecstasy and the agony; compression studies of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B-STRUCTURAL SCIENCE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2015; 71:3-9. [DOI: 10.1107/s2052520614026389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is a Class A substance that is usually found in a tableted form. It is only observed in one orthorhombic polymorph under ambient conditions. It shows slight positional disorder around the methlyenedioxy ring which persists during compression up to 6.66 GPa. The crystal quality deteriorates above 6.66 GPa where the hydrostatic limit of the pressure-transmitting medium is exceeded. The structure undergoes anisotropic compression with thea-axis compressing the greatest (12%cf.4 and 10% for theb- andc-axes, respectively). This is due to the pattern of the hydrogen bonding which acts like a spring and allows the compression along this direction.
Collapse
|
32
|
Cumba LR, Kolliopoulos AV, Smith JP, Thompson PD, Evans PR, Sutcliffe OB, do Carmo DR, Banks CE. Forensic electrochemistry: indirect electrochemical sensing of the components of the new psychoactive substance “Synthacaine”. Analyst 2015; 140:5536-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00858a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
For the first time a novel indirect, independently validated, electrochemical protocol for the sensing of MPA and 2-AI (“Synthacaine”) is reported.
Collapse
|
33
|
Smith JP, Foster CW, Metters JP, Sutcliffe OB, Banks CE. Metallic Impurities in Graphene Screen-Printed Electrodes Can Influence Their Electrochemical Properties. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
34
|
Smith JP, Metters JP, Khreit OIG, Sutcliffe OB, Banks CE. Forensic Electrochemistry Applied to the Sensing of New Psychoactive Substances: Electroanalytical Sensing of Synthetic Cathinones and Analytical Validation in the Quantification of Seized Street Samples. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9985-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502991g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
35
|
Apps MG, Johnson BW, Sutcliffe OB, Brown SD, Wheate NJ. Amide coupling reaction for the synthesis of bispyridine-based ligands and their complexation to platinum as dinuclear anticancer agents. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24893964 DOI: 10.3791/51740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Amide coupling reactions can be used to synthesize bispyridine-based ligands for use as bridging linkers in multinuclear platinum anticancer drugs. Isonicotinic acid, or its derivatives, are coupled to variable length diaminoalkane chains under an inert atmosphere in anhydrous DMF or DMSO with the use of a weak base, triethylamine, and a coupling agent, 1-propylphosphonic anhydride. The products precipitate from solution upon formation or can be precipitated by the addition of water. If desired, the ligands can be further purified by recrystallization from hot water. Dinuclear platinum complex synthesis using the bispyridine ligands is done in hot water using transplatin. The most informative of the chemical characterization techniques to determine the structure and gross purity of both the bispyridine ligands and the final platinum complexes is (1)H NMR with particular analysis of the aromatic region of the spectra (7-9 ppm). The platinum complexes have potential application as anticancer agents and the synthesis method can be modified to produce trinuclear and other multinuclear complexes with different hydrogen bonding functionality in the bridging ligand.
Collapse
|
36
|
Delori A, Maclure P, Bhardwaj RM, Johnston A, Florence AJ, Sutcliffe OB, Oswald IDH. Drug solid solutions – a method for tuning phase transformations. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00211c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuning phase transformation temperatures through the use of solid solutions.
Collapse
|
37
|
Smith JP, Metters JP, Irving C, Sutcliffe OB, Banks CE. Forensic electrochemistry: the electroanalytical sensing of synthetic cathinone-derivatives and their accompanying adulterants in “legal high” products. Analyst 2014; 139:389-400. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01985c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
38
|
Khreit OI, Grant MH, Zhang T, Henderson C, Watson DG, Sutcliffe OB. Elucidation of the Phase I and Phase II metabolic pathways of (±)-4′-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC) and (±)-4′-(trifluoromethyl)methcathinone (4-TFMMC) in rat liver hepatocytes using LC–MS and LC–MS2. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 72:177-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
39
|
Smith JP, Metters JP, Kampouris DK, Lledo-Fernandez C, Sutcliffe OB, Banks CE. Forensic electrochemistry: the electroanalytical sensing of Rohypnol® (flunitrazepam) using screen-printed graphite electrodes without recourse for electrode or sample pre-treatment. Analyst 2013; 138:6185-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01352a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
40
|
NicDaéid N, Meier-Augenstein W, Kemp HF, Sutcliffe OB. Using Isotopic Fractionation to Link Precursor to Product in the Synthesis of (±)-Mephedrone: A New Tool for Combating “Legal High” Drugs. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8691-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3019069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
41
|
Bawazeer S, Sutcliffe OB, Euerby MR, Bawazeer S, Watson DG. A comparison of the chromatographic properties of silica gel and silicon hydride modified silica gels. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1263:61-7. [PMID: 23040975 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The retention properties of a silica gel column and a type C silica (silicon hydride) column for bases, sugars and polar acids were compared in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) mode with formic acid or ammonium acetate as aqueous phase modifiers. The type C silica column was much more retentive for a series of model bases than the silica gel column and, surprisingly, retention of bases increased on the type C silica column when, the higher pH, ammonium acetate containing mobile phase was used. The retention of sugars was greater on the type C silica column than on the silica gel column and also increased on the type C silica column with increased pH suggesting either a silanophilic mechanism of retention or some unknown mechanism. Three type C silica based columns, type C silica, cogent diamond hydride and a β-pinene modified column, which it was hoped might exert some additional stereochemical discrimination, were tested for metabolomic profiling of urine. In general the unmodified type C silica column gave the strongest retention of the many polar metabolites in urine and could provide a useful complement to established HILIC methods for metabolomic profiling.
Collapse
|
42
|
Abualhasan MN, Batrawi N, Sutcliffe OB, Zaid AN. A validated stability-indicating HPLC method for routine analysis of an injectable lincomycin and spectinomycin formulation. Sci Pharm 2012; 80:977-86. [PMID: 23264944 PMCID: PMC3528054 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1207-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lincomycin and spectinomycin combination therapy is widely used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections caused by lincomycin- and spectinomycin-sensitive microorganisms. A simple, reverse phase HPLC method for the analysis of samples of an injectable lincomycin and spectinomycin preparation containing a mixture of inactive excipients has been developed. The HPLC was carried out using the RP-C18 (250 mm × 4.0 mm, 5 μm) column, with the gradient mobile phase consisting of an acetonitrile and phosphate buffer at pH 6; the flow rate of 1 mL/min and ultraviolet detection at 220 nm. This method was validated in accordance with both FDA and ICH guidelines and showed good linearity, accuracy, precision, selectivity, and system suitability results within the acceptance criteria. A stability-indicating study was also carried out and indicated that this method can also be used for purity and degradation evaluation of these formulations.
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang F, Good JAD, Rath O, Kaan HYK, Sutcliffe OB, Mackay SP, Kozielski F. Triphenylbutanamines: kinesin spindle protein inhibitors with in vivo antitumor activity. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1511-25. [PMID: 22248262 PMCID: PMC3428805 DOI: 10.1021/jm201195m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The human mitotic kinesin Eg5 represents a novel mitotic
spindle target for cancer chemotherapy. We previously identified S-trityl-l-cysteine (STLC) and related analogues
as selective potent inhibitors of Eg5. We herein report on the development
of a series of 4,4,4-triphenylbutan-1-amine inhibitors derived from
the STLC scaffold. This new generation systematically improves on
potency: the most potent C-trityl analogues exhibit Kiapp ≤ 10 nM and GI50 ≈ 50 nM, comparable to results from the phase II clinical
benchmark ispinesib. Crystallographic studies reveal that they adopt
the same overall binding configuration as S-trityl
analogues at an allosteric site formed by loop L5 of Eg5. Evaluation
of their druglike properties reveals favorable profiles for future
development and, in the clinical candidate ispinesib, moderate hERG
and CYP inhibition. One triphenylbutanamine analogue and ispinesib
possess very good bioavailability (51% and 45%, respectively), with
the former showing in vivo antitumor growth activity in nude mice
xenograft studies.
Collapse
|
44
|
Brown SD, Trotter KD, Sutcliffe OB, Plumb JA, Waddell B, Briggs NEB, Wheate NJ. Combining aspects of the platinum anticancer drugs picoplatin and BBR3464 to synthesize a new family of sterically hindered dinuclear complexes; their synthesis, binding kinetics and cytotoxicity. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:11330-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31313h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
45
|
Woo LWL, Ganeshapillai D, Thomas MP, Sutcliffe OB, Malini B, Mahon MF, Purohit A, Potter BVL. Cover Picture: Structure-Activity Relationship for the First-in-Class Clinical Steroid Sulfatase Inhibitor Irosustat (STX64, BN83495) (ChemMedChem 11/2011). ChemMedChem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201190047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
46
|
Woo LWL, Ganeshapillai D, Thomas MP, Sutcliffe OB, Malini B, Mahon MF, Purohit A, Potter BVL. Structure-activity relationship for the first-in-class clinical steroid sulfatase inhibitor Irosustat (STX64, BN83495). ChemMedChem 2011; 6:2019-34. [PMID: 21990014 PMCID: PMC3262147 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies were conducted on Irosustat (STX64, BN83495), the first steroid sulfatase (STS) inhibitor to enter diverse clinical trials for patients with advanced hormone-dependent cancer. The size of its aliphatic ring was expanded; its sulfamate group was N,N-dimethylated, relocated to another position and flanked by an adjacent methoxy group; and series of quinolin-2(1H)-one and quinoline derivatives of Irosustat were explored. The STS inhibitory activities of the synthesised compounds were assessed in a preparation of JEG-3 cells. Stepwise enlargement of the aliphatic ring from 7 to 11 members increases potency, although a further increase in ring size is detrimental. The best STS inhibitors in vitro had IC50 values between 0.015 and 0.025 nM. Other modifications made to Irosustat were found to either abolish or significantly weaken its activity. An azomethine adduct of Irosustat with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was isolated, and crystal structures of Irosustat and this adduct were determined. Docking studies were conducted to explore the potential interactions between compounds and the active site of STS, and suggest a sulfamoyl group transfer to formylglycine 75 during the inactivation mechanism.
Collapse
|
47
|
Baiget J, Llona-Minguez S, Lang S, Mackay SP, Suckling CJ, Sutcliffe OB. Manganese dioxide mediated one-pot synthesis of methyl 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-1-carboxylate: Concise synthesis of alangiobussinine. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:1407-11. [PMID: 22043251 PMCID: PMC3201054 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The carboline ring system is an important pharmacophore found in a number of biologically important targets. Development of synthetic routes for the preparation of these compounds is important in order to prepare a range of analogues containing the carboline heterocyclic moiety. A manganese dioxide mediated one-pot method starting with an activated alcohol and consisting of alcohol oxidation, Pictet–Spengler cyclisation, and oxidative aromatisation, offers a convenient process that allows access to β-carbolines. This one-pot process for the preparation of methyl 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-1-carboxylate has subsequently been used as the key step in the synthesis of alangiobussinine and a closely related analogue.
Collapse
|
48
|
Santali EY, Cadogan AK, Daeid NN, Savage KA, Sutcliffe OB. Synthesis, full chemical characterisation and development of validated methods for the quantification of (±)-4′-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone): A new “legal high”. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:246-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
49
|
Kirkpatrick GJ, Plumb JA, Sutcliffe OB, Flint DJ, Wheate NJ. Evaluation of anionic half generation 3.5-6.5 poly(amidoamine) dendrimers as delivery vehicles for the active component of the anticancer drug cisplatin. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1115-22. [PMID: 21704583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aquated cisplatin was added to half-generation PAMAM dendrimers and the resultant complexes were purified by centrifuge. The drug-dendrimer complexes were then characterised by 1-D and diffusion (1)H NMR and ICP-AES. The amount of drug bound was found to increase in proportion with dendrimer size: G3.5, 22 cis-{Pt(NH(3))(2)} molecules per dendrimer; G4.5, 37; G5.5, 54; and G6.5, 94, which represent only a fraction of the available binding sites on each dendrimer (68, 58, 42 and 37%, respectively). Drug release studies showed that some drug remains bound to the dendrimer even after prolonged incubation with 5'-GMP at temperatures of 60°C for over a week (percentage of drug released 18, 30, 35 and 63%, respectively). Attachment of the drug was found to decrease the radius of the dendrimers. Finally, the effect of the dendrimer on drug cytotoxicity was determined using in vitro assays with the A2780, A2780cis and A2780cp ovarian cancer cell lines. The free dendrimers display no cytotoxicity whilst the drug-dendrimer complexes showed moderate activity. In vivo activity was examined using an A2780 tumour xenograft. Cisplatin, at its maximum tolerated dose of 6 mg/kg, reduced tumour size by 33% compared to an untreated control group. The G6.5 cisplatin-dendrimer complex was administered at two doses (6 and 8 mg/kg equivalent of cisplatin). Both were well tolerated by the mice. The lower dose displayed comparable activity to cisplatin with a tumour volume reduction of 32%, but the higher dose was significantly more active than free cisplatin with a tumour reduction of 45%.
Collapse
|
50
|
Clark RL, Johnston BF, Mackay SP, Breslin CJ, Robertson MN, Sutcliffe OB, Dufton MJ, Harvey AL. The drug discovery portal: a computational platform for identifying drug leads from academia. Curr Pharm Des 2010; 16:1697-702. [PMID: 20222856 DOI: 10.2174/138161210791164018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Drug Discovery Portal (DDP) is a research initiative based at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, Scotland. It was initiated in 2007 by a group of researchers with expertise in virtual screening. Academic research groups in the university working in drug discovery programmes estimated there was a historical collection of physical compounds going back 50 years that had never been adequately catalogued. This invaluable resource has been harnessed to form the basis of the DDP library, and has attracted a high-percentage uptake from the Universities and Research Groups internationally. Its unique attributes include the diversity of the academic database, sourced from synthetic, medicinal and phytochemists working an academic laboratories and the ability to link biologists with appropriate chemical expertise through a target-matching virtual screening approach, and has resulted in seven emerging hit development programmes between international contributors.
Collapse
|