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Seidel EM, Silani G, Metzler H, Thaler H, Lamm C, Gur RC, Kryspin-Exner I, Habel U, Derntl B. The impact of social exclusion vs. inclusion on subjective and hormonal reactions in females and males. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:2925-32. [PMID: 23972943 PMCID: PMC3863951 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The experience of social exclusion represents an extremely aversive and threatening situation in daily life. The present study examined the impact of social exclusion compared to inclusion on steroid hormone concentrations as well as on subjective affect ratings. METHODS Eighty subjects (40 females) participated in two independent behavioral experiments. They engaged in a computerized ball tossing game in which they ostensibly played with two other players who deliberately excluded or included them, respectively. Hormone samples as well as mood ratings were taken before and after the game. RESULTS Social exclusion led to a decrease in positive mood ratings and increased anger ratings. In contrast, social inclusion did not affect positive mood ratings, but decreased sadness ratings. Both conditions did not affect cortisol levels. Testosterone significantly decreased after being excluded in both genders, and increased after inclusion, but only in males. Interestingly, progesterone showed an increase after both conditions only in females. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that social exclusion does not trigger a classical stress response but gender-specific changes in sex hormone levels. The testosterone decrease after being excluded in both genders, as well as the increase after inclusion in males can be interpreted within the framework of the biosocial status hypothesis. The progesterone increase might reflect a generalized affiliative response during social interaction in females.
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Gur RE, Kaltman D, Melhem ER, Ruparel K, Prabhakaran K, Riley M, Yodh E, Hakonarson H, Satterthwaite T, Gur RC. Incidental findings in youths volunteering for brain MRI research. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34:2021-5. [PMID: 23811972 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE MRIs are obtained in research in healthy and clinical populations, and incidental findings have been reported. Most studies have examined adults with variability in parameters of image acquisition and clinical measures available. We conducted a prospective study of youths and documented the frequency and concomitants of incidental findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS Youths (n = 1400) with an age range from 8-23 years were imaged on the same 3T scanner, with a standard acquisition protocol providing 1.0 mm(3) isotropic resolution of anatomic scans. All scans were reviewed by an experienced board-certified neuroradiologist and were categorized into 3 groups: 1) normal: no incidental findings; 2) coincidental: incidental finding(s) were noted, further reviewed with an experienced pediatric neuroradiologist, but were of no clinical significance; 3) incidental findings that on further review were considered to have potential clinical significance and participants were referred for appropriate clinical follow-up. RESULTS Overall, 148 incidental findings (10.6% of sample) were noted, and of these, 12 required clinical follow-up. Incidental findings were not related to age. However, whites had a higher incidence of pineal cysts, and males had a higher incidence of cavum septum pellucidum, which was associated with psychosis-related symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Incidental findings, moderated by race and sex, occur in approximately one-tenth of participants volunteering for pediatric research, with few requiring follow-up. The incidence supports a 2-tiered approach of neuroradiologic reading and clinical input to determine the potential significance of incidental findings detected on research MR imaging scans.
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Watson AMM, Prasad KM, Klei L, Wood JA, Yolken RH, Gur RC, Bradford LD, Calkins ME, Richard J, Edwards N, Savage RM, Allen TB, Kwentus J, McEvoy JP, Santos AB, Wiener HW, Go RCP, Perry RT, Nasrallah HA, Gur RE, Devlin B, Nimgaonkar VL. Persistent infection with neurotropic herpes viruses and cognitive impairment. Psychol Med 2013; 43:1023-1031. [PMID: 22975221 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171200195x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes virus infections can cause cognitive impairment during and after acute encephalitis. Although chronic, latent/persistent infection is considered to be relatively benign, some studies have documented cognitive impairment in exposed persons that is untraceable to encephalitis. These studies were conducted among schizophrenia (SZ) patients or older community dwellers, among whom it is difficult to control for the effects of co-morbid illness and medications. To determine whether the associations can be generalized to other groups, we examined a large sample of younger control individuals, SZ patients and their non-psychotic relatives (n=1852). Method Using multivariate models, cognitive performance was evaluated in relation to exposures to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and cytomegalovirus (CMV), controlling for familial and diagnostic status and sociodemographic variables, including occupation and educational status. Composite cognitive measures were derived from nine cognitive domains using principal components of heritability (PCH). Exposure was indexed by antibodies to viral antigens. RESULTS PCH1, the most heritable component of cognitive performance, declines with exposure to CMV or HSV-1 regardless of case/relative/control group status (p = 1.09 × 10-5 and 0.01 respectively), with stronger association with exposure to multiple herpes viruses (β = -0.25, p = 7.28 × 10-10). There were no significant interactions between exposure and group status. CONCLUSIONS Latent/persistent herpes virus infections can be associated with cognitive impairments regardless of other health status.
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Kohn N, Kellermann T, Gur RC, Schneider F, Habel U. Gender differences in the neural correlates of humor processing: implications for different processing modes. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:888-897. [PMID: 21320516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Humor is a complex phenomenon of human social cognition with large inter-individual variability. Gender differences in emotion processing are a common finding in functional neuroimaging studies, and have been documented in behavioral studies of humor, but have received limited attention in functional neuroimaging studies on humor. Using blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrasts with high-field (3T) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMR) we investigated 29 healthy subjects (14 female, 15 male) during the processing of humorous cartoons. In women, the ventral system implicated ín detection and appraisal of emotion was activated, including amygdala, insula, and Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC). Men showed activation in both the ventral and dorsal processing systems. The results indicate that women process humor though limbic reactivity, involving appraisal of its emotional features, while men apply more evaluative, executive resources to humor processing.
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Hakun JG, Ruparel K, Seelig D, Busch E, Loughead JW, Gur RC, Langleben DD. Towards clinical trials of lie detection with fMRI. Soc Neurosci 2009; 4:518-27. [PMID: 18633835 DOI: 10.1080/17470910802188370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports of successful fMRI-based discrimination between lie and truth in single subjects raised the interest of prospective users and a public concern about the potential scope of this technology. The increased scrutiny highlighted the lack of controlled "real life", i.e. prospective clinical trials of this technology that conform to the common standards of medical device development. The ethics of conducting such trials given the paucity of data on fMRI-based lie detection has also been questioned. To probe the potential issues of translating the laboratory research into practice, we conducted a case study in which we adapted the standard Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT), a well-established model of producing deception, to the common scenario of lying on a resume. The task consisted of questions about pertinent items on the subject's resume, three of which could be independently verified as truth (KNOWN) and three that could not be verified and were thus termed UNKNOWN. The subject had an incentive to lie on all UNKNOWN items, and on debriefing confirmed that he had done so. Data was preprocessed, masked with a priori regions of interest, thresholded, and qualitatively evaluated for consistency with the previously reported prefronto-parietal Lie > Truth pattern. Deceptive responses to two out of the three UNKNOWN items were associated with the predicted prefronto-parietal fMRI pattern. In the third UNKNOWN this pattern was absent, and instead, increased limbic (amygdala and hippocampus) response was observed. Based on published prefronto-parietal Lie response pattern, only the first two items could be categorized as Lie. If confirmed, this demonstration of amygdala and hippocampus activation in a Lie > Truth contrast illustrates the need to integrate the limbic system and its emotional and cognitive correlates into the existing model of deception. Our experiment suggests an approach to a naturalistic scenario and the research questions that need to be answered in order to set the stage for prospective clinical trials of fMRI-based lie detection.
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Loughead J, Wileyto EP, Valdez JN, Sanborn P, Tang K, Strasser AA, Ruparel K, Ray R, Gur RC, Lerman C. Effect of abstinence challenge on brain function and cognition in smokers differs by COMT genotype. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:820-6. [PMID: 19065145 PMCID: PMC3896978 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The val allele of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) val(158)met polymorphism has been linked with nicotine dependence and with cognitive performance in healthy volunteers. We tested the hypothesis that the val allele is a risk factor for altered brain function and cognition during nicotine abstinence as compared with the normal smoking state. Chronic smokers (n=33) were genotyped prospectively for the COMT polymorphism for balanced selection of met/met, val/met and val/val groups. A visual N-back working memory task was performed during two separate blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging sessions in counterbalanced order: (1) smoking as usual, and (2)>or=14 h confirmed abstinence. Significant genotype by session interactions were observed for BOLD signal in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; (P=0.0005), left DLPFC (P=0.02) and dorsal cingulate/medial prefrontal cortex (P=0.01) as well as for task reaction time (P=0.03). Smokers with val/val genotypes were more sensitive to the abstinence challenge than carriers of the met allele, with the greatest effects on BOLD signal and performance speed at the highest working memory load. These data suggest a novel brain-behavior mechanism that may underlie the increased susceptibility to nicotine dependence and smoking relapse associated with the COMT val allele. Exploration of the effects of COMT inhibitors as a possible smoking cessation aid in this group may be warranted.
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Monroe JF, Griffin M, Pinkham A, Loughead J, Gur RC, Roberts TPL, Edgar JC. Effects of Explicit vs. Implicit Processing of Emotion on the Fusiform Face Response. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)72160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Dyck M, Loughead J, Boers F, Kellermann T, Ruparel K, Gur RC, Mathiak K. The Neural Correlates of Emotion Experience – Mood Induction with Facial Expressions and Classical Music. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)72150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Halene TB, Ehrlichman RS, Liang Y, Christian EP, Jonak GJ, Gur TL, Blendy JA, Dow HC, Brodkin ES, Schneider F, Gur RC, Siegel SJ. Assessment of NMDA receptor NR1 subunit hypofunction in mice as a model for schizophrenia. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2009; 8:661-75. [PMID: 19563516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play a pivotal role in excitatory neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity and brain development. Clinical and experimental evidence suggests a dysregulation of NMDAR function and glutamatergic pathways in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We evaluated electrophysiological and behavioral properties of NMDAR deficiency utilizing mice that express only 5-10% of the normal level of NMDAR NR1 subunit. Auditory and visual event related potentials yielded significantly increased amplitudes for the P20 and N40 components in NMDAR deficient (NR1(neo)-/-) mice suggesting decreased inhibitory tone. Compared to wild types, NR1(neo)-/- mice spent less time in social interactions and showed reduced nest building. NR1(neo)-/- mice displayed a preference for open arms of a zero maze and central zone of an open field, possibly reflecting decreased anxiety-related behavioral inhibition. However, locomotor activity did not differ between groups in either home cage environment or during behavioral testing. NR1(neo)-/- mice displayed hyperactivity only when placed in a large unfamiliar environment, suggesting that neither increased anxiety nor non-specific motor activation accounts for differential behavioral patterns. Data suggest that NMDAR NR1 deficiency causes disinhibition in sensory processing as well as reduced behavioral inhibition and impaired social interactions. The behavioral signature in NR1(neo)-/- mice supports the impact of impaired NMDAR function in a mouse model with possible relevance to negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
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Ragland JD, Moelter ST, Bhati MT, Valdez JN, Kohler CG, Siegel SJ, Gur RC, Gur RE. Effect of retrieval effort and switching demand on fMRI activation during semantic word generation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2008; 99:312-23. [PMID: 18155880 PMCID: PMC2383319 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Verbal fluency deficits in schizophrenia are difficult to interpret because the tasks are multi-factorial and groups differ in total words generated. We manipulated retrieval and switching demands by requiring alternation between over-learned sequences in which retrieval is relatively automatic (OS) and semantic categories requiring increased retrieval effort (SC). Controlled processing was also manipulated by including switching and non-switching conditions, and formal thought disorder (FTD) was assessed with the communication disorders index (CDI). The OS/SC semantic fluency paradigm was administered during fMRI to 13 patients with schizophrenia and 14 matched controls. Images were acquired on a 3 Tesla Siemens scanner using compressed image acquisition to allow for cued overt word production. Subjects alternated between OS, SC, OS-switch, SC-switch, and baseline blocks. Images were pre-processed in SPM-2, and a two-stage random effects analysis tested within and between group contrasts. There were no group performance differences. fMRI analysis did not reveal any group differences during the OS non-switching condition. Both groups produced expected activation in bilateral prefrontal and inferior parietal regions. However, during the SC condition patients had greater activation than controls in left prefrontal, right anterior cingulate, right superior temporal, bilateral thalamus, and left parietal regions. There was also evidence of patient over-activation in prefrontal, superior temporal, superior parietal, and visual association areas when a switching component was added. FTD was negatively correlated with BOLD response in the right anterior cingulate, cuneus and superior frontal gyrus during increased retrieval demand, and positively correlated with fMRI activation in the left lingual gyrus, right fusiform gyrus and left superior parietal lobule during increased switching demand. These results indicate that patients are able to successfully perform effortful semantic fluency tasks during non-speeded conditions. When retrieval is relatively automatic there does not appear to be an effect of schizophrenia on fMRI response. However, when retrieval and controlled processing demands increase, patients have greater activation than controls despite unimpaired task performance. This inefficient BOLD response may explain why patients are slower and less accurate on standard self-paced fluency tasks.
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Hakun JG, Seelig D, Ruparel K, Loughead JW, Busch E, Gur RC, Langleben DD. fMRI investigation of the cognitive structure of the Concealed Information Test. Neurocase 2008; 14:59-67. [PMID: 18569732 DOI: 10.1080/13554790801992792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied the cognitive basis of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) pattern of deception in three participants performing the Concealed Information Test (CIT). In all participants, the prefrontoparietal lie activation was similar to the pattern derived from the meta-analysis (N = 40) of our previously reported fMRI CIT studies and was unchanged when the lie response was replaced with passive viewing of the target items. When lies were replaced with irrelevant responses, only the left inferior gyrus activation was common to all subjects. This study presents a systematic strategy for testing the cognitive basis of deception models, and a qualitative approach to single-subject truth-verification fMRI tests.
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Wadhwa V, Kabra S, Khaki P, Gur R, Bhalla P, Rai S, Kharbanda P, Mishra B, Uppal B, Singh AV, Ahuja RB, Gautam VK. Outbreak of burn wound infections by Salmonella enterica serovar Menston and the role of disinfectant testing in finding the cause of spread. J Hosp Infect 2007; 65:180-1. [PMID: 17175067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sanders RD, Joo YH, Almasy L, Wood J, Keshavan MS, Pogue-Geile MF, Gur RC, Gur RE, Nimgaonkar VL. Are neurologic examination abnormalities heritable? A preliminary study. Schizophr Res 2006; 86:172-80. [PMID: 16854564 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurologic examination abnormalities (NEA) are more prevalent among patients with schizophrenia as well as their unaffected relatives when compared with healthy controls, suggesting that NEA may be endophenotypes for schizophrenia. We estimated the heritability of NEA in moderately sized pedigrees. We also evaluated correlations between NEA and cognitive performance in order to examine their construct validity. METHODS Members of eight extended families, each consisting of two first degree relatives with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorders, as well as available first- to fifth-degree relatives were examined (n=96 participants). A modification of the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) was employed, augmented with localizing signs. Where feasible, we used untransformed data such as error counts and completion time, rather than ordinal measures. Heritability was estimated using the variance component method, implemented in SOLAR. RESULTS Statistically significant heritability (h2) estimates were obtained for several measures (p<0.05, h2+/-standard error: rapid alternating movements, right-sided completion time, 0.99+/-0.19; alternating fist-palm test, completion time, 0.77+/-0.19 s, errors, 0.70+/-0.32; fist-ring test, right-sided completion time, 0.53+/-0.23 s, left-sided completion time, 0.70+/-0.21 s; go-no go task, correct responses, 0.93+/-0.33; audio-visual integration, correct responses, 0.79+/-0.54). For most items, heritability analysis was hampered by insufficient data variability (infrequent errors). Correlational analyses show some degree of divergence among types of NEA, repetitive motor tasks being associated with most domains of cognitive functioning other than executive functioning, and cognitive-perceptual tasks being associated with memory and executive functioning. CONCLUSIONS Significant familial influences on certain aspects of neurologic performance were detected. These heritable measures were also correlated with heritable neurocognitive measures.
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Wadhwa V, Rai S, Kharbanda P, Kabra S, Gur R, Sharma VK. A fatal pulmonary infection by Nocardia brasiliensis. Indian J Med Microbiol 2006; 24:63-4. [PMID: 16505561 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.19900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The reported case is of primary pulmonary nocardiosis, caused by Nocardia brasiliensis, in a immunocompromised patient, which ended fatally despite appropriate treatment. The partially acid fast filamentous bacterium was predominant on direct examination of the sputum. It was cultured on blood agar, MacConkey agar and by paraffin baiting technique. The bacterium was resistant to cotrimoxazole, the drug of choice for nocardiosis.
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Saykin AJ, Gur RC, Gur RE, Shtasel DL, Flannery KA, Mozley LH, Malamut BL, Watson B, Mozley PD. Normative neuropsychological test performance: effects of age, education, gender and ethnicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:79-88. [PMID: 16318528 DOI: 10.1207/s15324826an0202_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Normative data on neuropsychological test performance for a sample of 131 adults (ages 18-49) is presented. All subjects were native speakers of English screened for past or present medical, neurological and psychiatric disorders, including substance abuse. A broad-based battery including measures of intellectual skills, memory and learning, receptive and expressive language, auditory and visual information processing and attention, sensory processing, motor skills, and self-reported anxiety and depression was administered. Means, standard deviations and percentile rankings for all tests are reported. Regression analyses were computed to consider the concurrent influence of sociodemographic factors on all tests. Significant effects of age (M=27.1 yrs), education (M=14.6 yrs), gender (58% male), and ethnicity (62% white) were observed for relatively few test scores. Younger age at testing was associated with better continuous performance test scores. Higher education levels were associated with higher vocabulary and reading scores. Males had higher WAIS-R Information scores and faster Finger Tapping scores compared to females Ethnicity was associated with Full-scale IQ, and additional tests with a verbal component, e.g., Boston Naming Tests, and non-verbal component, e.g., Drawing Tests. We conclude that sociodemographic factors infrequently account for more than 10% of the variance for many neuropsychological test scores.
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Wadhwa V, Rai S, Kharbanda P, Kabra S, Gur R, Sharma VK. A FATAL PULMONARY INFECTION BY NOCARDIA BRASILIENSIS. Indian J Med Microbiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0255-0857(21)02476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Davatzikos C, Ruparel K, Fan Y, Shen DG, Acharyya M, Loughead JW, Gur RC, Langleben DD. Classifying spatial patterns of brain activity with machine learning methods: application to lie detection. Neuroimage 2005; 28:663-8. [PMID: 16169252 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of brain activity during deception have recently been characterized with fMRI on the multi-subject average group level. The clinical value of fMRI in lie detection will be determined by the ability to detect deception in individual subjects, rather than group averages. High-dimensional non-linear pattern classification methods applied to functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) images were used to discriminate between the spatial patterns of brain activity associated with lie and truth. In 22 participants performing a forced-choice deception task, 99% of the true and false responses were discriminated correctly. Predictive accuracy, assessed by cross-validation in participants not included in training, was 88%. The results demonstrate the potential of non-linear machine learning techniques in lie detection and other possible clinical applications of fMRI in individual subjects, and indicate that accurate clinical tests could be based on measurements of brain function with fMRI.
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Weiser M, Reichenberg A, Rabinowitz J, Knobler HY, Lubin G, Yazvitzky R, Nahon D, Gur RC, Davidson M. Cognitive performance of male adolescents is lower than controls across psychiatric disorders: a population-based study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004; 110:471-5. [PMID: 15521833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychiatric patients, as well as humans or experimental animals with brain lesions, often concurrently manifest behavioral deviations and subtle cognitive impairments. This study tested the hypothesis that as a group, adolescents suffering from psychiatric disorders score worse on cognitive tests compared with controls. METHOD As part of the assessment for eligibility to serve in the military, the entire, unselected population of 16-17-year old male Israelis undergo cognitive testing and screening for psychopathology by the Draft Board. We retrieved the cognitive test scores of 19 075 adolescents who were assigned any psychiatric diagnosis, and compared them with the scores of 243 507 adolescents without psychiatric diagnoses. RESULTS Mean test scores of cases were significantly poorer then controls for all diagnostic groups, except for eating disorders. Effect sizes ranged from 0.3 to 1.6. CONCLUSION As group, adolescent males with psychiatric disorders manifest at least subtle impairments in cognitive functioning.
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Kurtz MM, Moberg PJ, Gur RC, Gur RE. Results from randomized, controlled trials of the effects of cognitive remediation on neurocognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2004; 34:569-570. [PMID: 15259841 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291704002016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Langleben DD, Schroeder L, Maldjian JA, Gur RC, McDonald S, Ragland JD, O'Brien CP, Childress AR. Brain activity during simulated deception: an event-related functional magnetic resonance study. Neuroimage 2002; 15:727-32. [PMID: 11848716 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2001.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TheGuilty Knowledge Test (GKT) has been used extensively to model deception. An association between the brain evoked response potentials and lying on the GKT suggests that deception may be associated with changes in other measures of brain activity such as regional blood flow that could be anatomically localized with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI contrasts between deceptive and truthful responses were measured with a 4 Tesla scanner in 18 participants performing the GKT and analyzed using statistical parametric mapping. Increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the superior frontal gyrus (SFG), and the left premotor, motor, and anterior parietal cortex was specifically associated with deceptive responses. The results indicate that: (a) cognitive differences between deception and truth have neural correlates detectable by fMRI, (b) inhibition of the truthful response may be a basic component of intentional deception, and (c) ACC and SFG are components of the basic neural circuitry for deception.
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Kurtz MM, Moberg PJ, Mozley LH, Swanson CL, Gur RC, Gur RE. Effectiveness of an attention- and memory-training program on neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2002; 15:75-80. [PMID: 11527282 DOI: 10.1177/154596830101500110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of two cognitive remediation procedures developed for closed head injury, Attention Process Training (APT) and Prospective Memory Training (PROMT), on neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia was investigated. Six patients with schizophrenia, varying in baseline intellectual function and symptoms, were studied; three in a remediation condition and three in a nonremediated control condition. Results were evaluated individually for each of the three treated patients. Two of three remediation-treated subjects showed marked improvement on tests of sustained and divided attention. Untreated patients showed little evidence of change in neuropsychological test performance across a similar time interval, when tested on a subset of the measures administered to remediation-treated patients. The results of this study are discussed with a view toward future studies using larger sample sizes with homogeneous subject populations.
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Kurtz MM, Moberg PJ, Gur RC, Gur RE. Approaches to cognitive remediation of neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2001; 11:197-210. [PMID: 11883669 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012953108158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A review and critique of the literature pertaining to the use of cognitive remediation techniques in patients with schizophrenia is presented. The review is organized into three sections, according to the neuropsychological deficit targeted for remediation: 1) executive-function, 2) attention, and 3) memory. With regards to executive-function, despite an initial report suggesting that Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance cannot be remediated, subsequent studies suggest that performance can be improved on a variety of dependent measures including perseverative errors, categories achieved, and conceptual level responses. These observations were confirmed by a meta-analytic investigation that revealed large mean effects sizes (d+ = 0.96) for these studies. Effect sizes were homogenous across discrepant remediation strategies and dependent measures. With regards to attention, serial scanning can be improved with instruction and reinforcement, whereas there is mixed evidence suggesting that practice-based attention drills can improve performance on measures of sustained attention in schizophrenia. With regards to memory, relatively simple semantic and affective elaborate encoding strategies elevates verbal list-learning memory in patients with schizophrenia to levels consistent with controls. A similar encoding procedure, combined with vigilance training, produces substantial improvement in social cue recognition. Avenues for future research are discussed.
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Gur RC, Ragland JD, Moberg PJ, Bilker WB, Kohler C, Siegel SJ, Gur RE. Computerized neurocognitive scanning: II. The profile of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001; 25:777-88. [PMID: 11682261 DOI: 10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia is well established with neuropsychological batteries, which have assessed multiple domains indicating diffuse deficits especially in processing related to frontotemporal systems. Two studies are reported examining the feasibility of the computerized neurocognitive scan to assess differential deficits in schizophrenia. In Study 1, we tested 53 patients and 71 controls with the traditional and computerized assessments counterbalanced in order. Both showed comparable generalized impairment in schizophrenia with differential deficits in executive functions and memory. The profile was replicated in Study 2 in a new sample of 68 patients and 37 controls, receiving only the computerized scan. The combined sample showed robust correlations between performance on both speed and accuracy measures of the neurocognitive scan and clinical variables, including premorbid adjustment, onset age, illness duration, quality of life, and severity of negative symptoms. These correlations were higher and more prevalent in women than men, who showed correlations predominantly for speed rather than accuracy. Neuroleptic exposure was associated with poorer performance only for speed of memory processing, and in men, this association was seen only for typical neuroleptics. We conclude that the computerized neurocognitive scan can be applied reliably in people with schizophrenia, yielding data that support its construct and criterion validity.
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Gur RC, Ragland JD, Moberg PJ, Turner TH, Bilker WB, Kohler C, Siegel SJ, Gur RE. Computerized neurocognitive scanning: I. Methodology and validation in healthy people. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001; 25:766-76. [PMID: 11682260 DOI: 10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychological testing batteries are applied in neurobehavioral evaluations of brain disorders, including neuropsychiatric populations. They are lengthy, require expert administrators and professional scorers, and are prone to data handling errors. We describe a brief computerized neurocognitive "scan" that assesses similar domains with adequate reliability. The scan and a traditional battery were administered to a sample of 92 healthy individuals (44 men, 48 women) in a counterbalanced order. Both approaches showed a significant "sex-typical" gradient, with women outperforming men in verbal memory relative to spatial tasks. Both methods also yielded similar profiles of sex differences, with the additional computerized measure of face memory showing better performance in women. Age effects were evident for both methods, but the computerized scan isolated the effects to speed rather than accuracy. Therefore, the computerized scan has favorable reliability and construct validity and can be applied efficiently to study healthy variability related to age and gender.
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Moelter ST, Hill SK, Ragland JD, Lunardelli A, Gur RC, Gur RE, Moberg PJ. Controlled and automatic processing during animal word list generation in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology 2001; 15:502-9. [PMID: 11761039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlled and automatic aspects of semantic-associative functioning in schizophrenia were investigated by evaluating performance on animal word list generation (WLG). Responses from control (n = 47) and patient (n = 38) participants were subjected to multidimensional scaling (MDS), cluster analysis (CA), and indices on the basis of number of shared attributes (SA) between consecutive responses. Patient MDS results accounted for less variance and contained more error than control data. CA results yielded fewer and less clear animal-response subgroups among patients yet demonstrated intact associations among strongly related exemplars. The SA indices revealed better clustering and more effective switching among response clusters in controls than patients. Results suggest that animal WLG in schizophrenia is compromised both by aberrant automatic semantic-associative network activation and by controlled processes such as search, access, and selection. This pattern is consistent with prominent frontotemporal pathology evident in the disorder.
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