Comparative effects of different triazole compounds on antioxidant metabolism of Solenostemon rotundifolius

The effect of different triazole compounds, viz., triadimefon (TDM) and hexaconazole (HEX) treatments on the antioxidant metabolism of Solenostemon rotundifolius Poir., Morton plants was investigated in the present study under pot culture. Plants were treated with TDM at 15 mg l(-1) and HEX at 10 mg l(-1) separately by soil drenching on 80, 110 and 140 days after planting (DAP). The plants were harvested randomly on 90, 120 and 150 DAP for determining the effect of both the triazoles on non-enzymatic antioxidant contents like ascorbic acid (AA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and alpha-tocopherol (alpha-toc), activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). All the analyses were made in leaf, stem and tubers of both control and treated plants. It was found that both these triazole compounds have profound effects on the antioxidant metabolism and caused an enhancement in both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant potentials under treatments. These results suggest that, the application of triazoles may be a useful tool to increase the antioxidant production in S. rotundifolius and thereby make it an economical food crop.

Antioxidant potential and indole alkaloid profile variations with water deficits along different parts of two varieties of Catharanthus roseus

The variations in antioxidant potentials and indole alkaloid content were studied in the present investigation, in two varieties (rosea and alba) of Catharanthus roseus, an important herb used in traditional as well as modern medicine, exposed to water deficit stress. The antioxidant and alkaloid profiles were estimated from root, stem, leaf, flowers and pods. The antioxidant potentials were examined in terms of non-enzymatic antioxidant molecules and activities of antioxidant enzymes. The non-enzymatic antioxidant molecules studied were ascorbic acid (AA), alpha-tocopherol (alpha-toc) and reduced glutathione (GSH). The estimated antioxidant enzymes were superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). The antioxidant concentrations and activities of antioxidant enzymes were high under water deficit stress in all parts of the plants. Indole alkaloid content was high in the roots of rosea variety in response to stress when compared to alba variety.

Comparative effects of different triazole compounds on growth, photosynthetic pigments and carbohydrate metabolism of Solenostemon rotundifolius

The effects of two triazole compounds, triadimefon and hexaconazole, on the growth and carbohydrate metabolism were studied in Solenostemon rotundifolius Poir., Morton plants under pot culture. Plants were treated with triadimefon at 15mg l(-1) and hexaconazole at 10mg l(-1) separately by soil drenching on 80, 110 and 140 days after planting (DAP). The plants were harvested randomly and growth parameters were studied on 90, 120 and 150 DAP for determining the effect of both the triazole on growth and chlorophyll pigments. These triazole compounds increased the chlorophyll pigments. However, both the treatments decreased the fresh and dry weights of shoot and leaf area. Both these triazole resulted in a marginal increase in starch content and decreased the sugar contents. The carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes alpha- and beta-amylase activities were reduced and invertase activity increased in S. rotundifolius under triadimefon and hexaconazole treatments.

Carbohydrate metabolism in Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burk. tubers and Curcuma longa L. rhizomes during two phases of dormancy

We have examined the changes in carbohydrate metabolism in food yam (Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burk.) tubers and in an economically important spice cum medicinal plant turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) rhizomes under storage. Both specimens showed varied levels of dormancy and sprouting appeared at the end of dormant period. Harvested, fully matured tubers of yam and rhizomes of turmeric were stored in wooden boxes under the conditions of 28+/-2 degrees C temperature and 65-75% relative humidity (RH) in dark. The starch, sugars, enzymes of starch degradation, respiration, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) were studied during 1-70 days after harvest (DAH). This investigation revealed that, the starch degradation and the enzymes involved, viz. alpha-amylases and starch phosphorylase showed a lower level of activity during early period of dormancy, while sugar content and enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism increased rapidly during sprouting. The isoenzymic profiles of alpha-amylases showed marked variations in these two phases. The key enzymes of glycolysis, TCA cycle and PPP, viz. aldolase, succinic dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were increased even before the visible appearance of sprouting and their activities were at their maximum during sprouting. Based of the observations the dormancy period may be distinctly divided into peak period of rest and presprouting period.

Changes in antioxidant metabolism of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. by propiconazole under water deficit stress

In the present study, a pot culture experiment was conducted to estimate the ameliorating effect of propiconazole (PCZ) on drought stress in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) plants. From 30 days after sowing (DAS), the plants were subjected to 3, 6 and 9 days interval drought (DID) stress and drought stress with PCZ at 15 and 15 mg l(-1) PCZ alone and 1 day interval irrigation was kept as control. The plant samples were collected on 34 DAS (3 DID), 37 DAS (6 DID) and 40 DAS (9 DID). The plants were separated into root, stem and leaf for estimating the antioxidant contents and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Individual and combined drought stress and PCZ treatments increased ascorbic acid (AA), alpha-tocopherol (alpha-toc) contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities when compared to control. The PCZ treatment mitigated the adverse effects of drought stress by increasing the antioxidant potentials and thereby paved the way for overcoming drought stress in V. unguiculata plants.

Prevalence and pattern of epilepsy in India

PURPOSE

To estimate the prevalence of epilepsy in India by meta-analysis of previously published and unpublished studies and to determine patterns of epilepsy by using community-based studies.

METHODS

We attempted to identify as many previously published and unpublished studies as possible on the prevalence of epilepsy in India. The studies were assessed with regard to methods and definitions. The prevalence rates for rural and urban populations and for men and women were calculated with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The studies that provided details on age structure, age-specific rates, and patterns of epilepsy were chosen for meta-analysis. Both crude values and age-standardized prevalence rates were calculated after accounting for heterogeneity.

RESULTS

Twenty studies were found involving a sample population of 598,910, among whom 3,207 had epilepsy. This resulted in a crude prevalence of 5.35/1,000. After a correction for heterogeneity due to interstudy variation, the overall prevalence per 1,000 (and its 95% CI) was 5.33 (4.25-6.41); with urban areas at 5.11 (3.49-6.73); rural areas, 5.47 (4.04-6.9); men, 5.88 (3.89-7.87); and women 5.51 (3.49-7.53). After correction for the variability in estimates of heterogeneity, age-standardized rates (from five studies) revealed that the prevalence rates per 1,000 (and the 95% CI), were as follows: overall, 5.59 (4.15-7.03); men, 6.05 (3.79-8.31); women, 5.18 (3.04-7.32); urban, 6.34 (3.43-9.25); rural, 4.94 (3.12-6.76). Urban men and women had a higher prevalence of epilepsy compared with rural ones, however the difference was not statistically significant. Age-specific prevalence rates were higher in the younger age group, with the onset of epilepsy reported mostly in the first three decades of the sample population's lives. The treatment gap (i.e., the percentage of those with epilepsy who were receiving no or inadequate treatment) was more than 70% in the rural areas.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the total projected population of India in the year 2001, the estimated number of people with epilepsy would be 5.5 million. Based on a single study on the incidence of epilepsy, the number of new cases of epilepsy each year would be close to half a million. Because rural population constitutes 74% of the Indian population, the number of people with epilepsy in rural areas will be approximately 4.1 million, three fourths of whom will not be getting any specific treatment as per the present standard.

Novel mask design for multiwavelength dayglow photometry

We present and discuss a novel mask design that provides multiwavelength measurement capability for the dayglow photometer.

Conformational analysis of A and B rings in 2-, 4-, and 6-bromosubstituted steroidal 4-en-3-ones by nuclear magnetic resonance

The conformational preference of A and B rings in four differently functionalized bromosubstituted 4-en-3-one steroids is studied by concerted application of high-resolution one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, such as homonuclear and heteronuclear correlated spectroscopy, transient and steady-state nOe spectroscopy, temperature-dependent chemical chemical shift variation, and application of a modified Karplus equation. The steroids studied include 6 beta-bromocholest-4-en-3-one (3), 4,6 beta-dibromocholest-1,4-dien-3-one (2), 2 alpha,4,6 beta-tribromocholest-4-en-3-one (1), and (25R)-2 alpha,6 beta-dibromospirost-4-en-3-one (4). Steroids 1-4 were prepared by either acid-catalyzed or free-radical bromination from appropriate 4-en-3-one steroid. The study has yielded an insight into the factors responsible for conformational preferences of the A and B rings of these bromosubstituted steroids. Bromosubstitution at the 2 alpha position is responsible for the inversion of the A ring to inverted 1 beta,2 alpha-halfchair conformation. The electronic interaction between 4-bromine and carbonyl oxygen distorts the A-ring conformation further. Inversion of the A ring has a concomitant effect of distortion in the chair form of the B ring. Conformational preferences of A and B rings are not found to be influenced by transmission effect of a side chain or oxygenated ring system. Temperature-dependent NMR studies indicate the reduced conformational flexibility of the A ring for 2 alpha-bromosubstituted steroids. Complete assignment of the 13C and 1H resonances of two of the steroids studied (3 and 4) is presented.

Risk factors for ischemic stroke: a case control analysis

Case control analysis of 204 patients with acute ischemic stroke revealed the matched pair odds ratio (and 95% confidence limits) for hypertension, ECG abnormality, heart disease of any type, diabetes, smoking and alcohol intake to be 3.95 (2.5, 6.2), 2.1 (1.4, 3.1), 2.1 (1.4, 3.2), 1.7 (1.1, 2.6), 1.8 (1.1, 2.8) and 1.5 (0.86, 2.6), respectively. Except alcohol intake, the other factors were statistically significant. Hemoglobin, packed cell volume (hematocrit), serum cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were not found to be significant. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and uric acid were significantly lower and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (TC/HDL) was higher among stroke patients. The risk was considerably higher when there was any combination of hypertension, heart disease and HDL cholesterol level lower than 45 mg/dl. Logistic regression revealed hypertension, heart disease of any type, lower HDL cholesterol and uric acid and higher ratio of TC/HDL to be significant factors.

Dayglow photometry: a new approach

A unique photometer capable of measuring line intensities of <0.1% of the bright background continuum (5 x 10(6)/A) has been developed and successfully commissioned for the measurement of daytime OI 630.0-nm emission from the thermosphere. The photometer employs a low resolution (10(4)) Fabry-Perot etalon, temperature tuned narrowband (3-A) interference filter, radial chopper, and up/down counting system. The optimum choice of the photometer parameters and a unique method of eliminating the background enabled us to overcome the limitations of the earlier attempts to make measurements on such phenomena as dayglow and has opened up a wide range of uses. However, at present, it is being discussed only in the context of dayglow measurements.

Clinical and epidemiological study of Bell's palsy in Benghazi, Libya

An intensive search for 2 years for patients with Bell's palsy, conducted through the polyclinics, university hospitals and physiotherapy centres in Benghazi, revealed a total of 242 cases. The average annual incidence per 100,000 population was 23.35 and the age-adjusted incidence 35.72. The incidence increased with age up to the sixth decade. Seasonal clustering was noted in the months of December and January. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were associated in 4.1% and 7% of patients, respectively. Only four patients presented during pregnancy. Recurrent facial paralysis was encountered in 5.4% of patients and was characterized by male preponderance and a tendency to recur more frequently on the same side as the initial paralysis. Familial incidence and bilateral involvement were rare features. Twelve per cent of patients who were followed up had moderate to severe residual weakness.