Interventions to improve access to care for abnormal uterine bleeding: A systematic scoping review

BACKGROUND

Women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) experience barriers to accessing healthcare services.

OBJECTIVES

To identify and describe the evidence on interventions to improve healthcare access of women with AUB.

SEARCH STRATEGY

A systematic search of databases including Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane register for clinical trials on February 26, 2021.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Studies including women with AUB and investigating an intervention to improve access at the levels of individual patient, community, organization, health system, or medical education.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Data extraction and descriptive analysis of the country, study design, settings, participant characteristics, intervention, outcome measures, and key findings.

MAIN RESULTS

We identified 20 studies and most interventions (13 studies) targeted organizational changes. Creating a multidisciplinary team, bringing services together and developing a care pathway improved the availability of services. Management of AUB in an outpatient setting improved the affordability. The use of decision aids improved patient engagement in consultations. There is a lack of interventions at an individual or community level targeting health literacy, health beliefs, social acceptability, and opportunity to reach and pay for services.

CONCLUSIONS

Community-based culturally-adapted interventions focusing on access to women with different socio-economic and cultural backgrounds should be investigated.

Association Between Race/Ethnicity and COVID-19 Outcomes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients From the United States: Data From the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance

OBJECTIVE

To determine the association between race/ethnicity and COVID-19 outcomes in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

METHODS

Individuals with SLE from the US with data entered into the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance registry between March 24, 2020 and August 27, 2021 were included. Variables included age, sex, race, and ethnicity (White, Black, Hispanic, other), comorbidities, disease activity, pandemic time period, glucocorticoid dose, antimalarials, and immunosuppressive drug use. The ordinal outcome categories were: not hospitalized, hospitalized with no oxygenation, hospitalized with any ventilation or oxygenation, and death. We constructed ordinal logistic regression models evaluating the relationship between race/ethnicity and COVID-19 severity, adjusting for possible confounders.

RESULTS

We included 523 patients; 473 (90.4%) were female and the mean ± SD age was 46.6 ± 14.0 years. A total of 358 patients (74.6%) were not hospitalized; 40 patients (8.3%) were hospitalized without oxygen, 64 patients (13.3%) were hospitalized with any oxygenation, and 18 (3.8%) died. In a multivariable model, Black (odds ratio [OR] 2.73 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.36-5.53]) and Hispanic (OR 2.76 [95% CI 1.34-5.69]) individuals had higher odds of more severe outcomes than White individuals.

CONCLUSION

Black and Hispanic individuals with SLE experienced more severe COVID-19 outcomes, which is consistent with findings in the US general population. These results likely reflect socioeconomic and health disparities and suggest that more aggressive efforts are needed to prevent and treat infection in this population.

COVID-19 Disrupts Rheumatology Care: An Opportunity for Innovation?

Pandemics are disruptive. Transport, commerce, education, recreation, and health are all affected. As a rheumatology community, we should be particularly considering the effects on rheumatology care and patient outcomes.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the management of patients with RA: a survey of rheumatologists in six European countries

Objective

We aimed to describe, from the perspective of rheumatologists in Europe, how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted their management of people with RA and the continuing medical education of physicians.

Methods

Rheumatologists participating in the Adelphi RA Disease Specific Programme^TM in six European countries were contacted in August and September 2020 for a telephone survey. Rheumatologists were asked seven attitudinal questions on changes to patient management, prescription behaviour and continuing education owing to COVID-19. Results were summarized with descriptive statistics.

Results

The telephone survey was completed by 284 rheumatologists. The most commonly reported changes to patient management were increased utilization of video/telephone consultations (66.5% of respondents), fewer visits (58.5%) and limiting physical contact (58.1%). Furthermore, 67.9% of rheumatologists who indicated that prescribing behaviour had changed switched their patients to self-administered medication, and 60.7% reported not starting patients on targeted synthetic DMARDs, biologic originator DMARDs or biosimilar DMARDs. In total, 57.6% of rheumatologists believed that changes in management would persist. Rheumatologists reported that 38.0% of patients expressed concerns about how COVID-19 would impact treatment, including access to treatment and the risk of infection. The biggest impact on rheumatologist education was a switch to online training and conferences.

Conclusion

All countries saw changes in patient management and prescribing behaviour, including the rapid uptake of telemedicine. It is important that the international rheumatology community learns from these experiences to prepare better for future pandemics and to address ongoing rheumatologist shortages.

Student video production within health professions education: A scoping review

BACKGROUND

Recent technological developments have influenced a shift in the use of videos in Health Professions Education (HPE). Rather than casting students in the role of observers of videos, educators have been asking students to produce videos as a learning activity. The assumption is that video production is often an active and collaborative exercise, therefore could engage students and enhance learning. However, applications of this emerging pedagogical approach vary, and there has not been a knowledge synthesis to guide future research and practice.

METHODS

With a view to mapping existing knowledge, identifying avenues for further research, and informing practice, we conducted a scoping review to establish current understanding of video production in HPE. We undertook a literature search of seven databases and identified thirty-six studies.

RESULTS

The findings showed considerable variation in purposes and implementation approaches, consequences and challenges associated with video production. In particular, the assumption that creating a video automatically promotes student engagement was not well supported, especially when the intended learning was not made apparent to students.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the review suggests that despite the increasing adoption of video production in HPE, the purposes are often unclear; pedagogical considerations underlying project design are limited, which risks undermining the intended learning. To optimise educational benefits, future video production projects should be explicit in their intention and approach, draw upon pedagogical theories, anticipate and address implementation issues, and be robust in their formative and summative assessment processes. Future research should more explicitly show the relationship between the intended learning and the underlying pedagogy and thoroughly evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of video production projects.

2022 American College of Rheumatology/EULAR Classification Criteria for Takayasu Arteritis

OBJECTIVE

To develop and validate new classification criteria for Takayasu arteritis (TAK).

METHODS

Patients with vasculitis or comparator diseases were recruited into an international cohort. The study proceeded in 6 phases: 1) identification of candidate criteria items, 2) collection of candidate items present at diagnosis, 3) expert panel review of cases, 4) data-driven reduction of candidate items, 5) derivation of a points-based classification score in a development data set, and 6) validation in an independent data set.

RESULTS

The development data set consisted of 316 cases of TAK and 323 comparators. The validation data set consisted of an additional 146 cases of TAK and 127 comparators. Age ≤60 years at diagnosis and imaging evidence of large-vessel vasculitis were absolute requirements to classify a patient as having TAK. The final criteria items and weights were as follows: female sex (+1), angina (+2), limb claudication (+2), arterial bruit (+2), reduced upper extremity pulse (+2), reduced pulse or tenderness of a carotid artery (+2), blood pressure difference between arms of ≥20 mm Hg (+1), number of affected arterial territories (+1 to +3), paired artery involvement (+1), and abdominal aorta plus renal or mesenteric involvement (+3). A patient could be classified as having TAK with a cumulative score of ≥5 points. When these criteria were tested in the validation data set, the model area under the curve was 0.97 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.94-0.99) with a sensitivity of 93.8% (95% CI 88.6-97.1%) and specificity of 99.2% (95% CI 96.7-100.0%).

CONCLUSION

The 2022 American College of Rheumatology/EULAR classification criteria for TAK are now validated for use in research.

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Gout Flare in Patients Hospitalized for PCR-Confirmed COVID-19: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to describe the prevalence and outcomes of gout flare in patients with comorbid gout hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Factors associated with gout flare and hospital length of stay were explored.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study included adults with comorbid gout who were hospitalized for PCR-confirmed COVID-19 between March 2020 and December 2021 in 3 hospitals in Thailand. Prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes of gout flare were described. Factors associated with gout flare were explored using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator selection and multivariate logistic regression. The association between gout flare and hospital length of stay was explored using multivariate linear regression.

RESULTS

Among 8697 patients hospitalized for COVID-19, 146 patients with comorbid gout were identified and gout flare occurred in 26 (18%). Compared to those without flare, patients with gout flare had higher baseline serum urate and lower prevalence of use of urate-lowering therapy (ULT) and gout flare prophylaxis medications. One-third of gout flare episodes were treated with ≥ 2 antiinflammatory medications. Logistic regression identified GOUT-36 rule ≥ 2, a predictive index for inpatient gout flare, as the only factor associated with gout flare (odds ratio 5.46, 95% CI 1.18-25.37). Gout flare was found to be independently associated with hospital length of stay and added 3 days to hospital course.

CONCLUSION

Gout flare occurred in 18% of patients with comorbid gout hospitalized for COVID-19 and added up to 3 days to hospital length of stay. Patients with suboptimal ULT appeared to be at high risk for gout flare during COVID-19 hospitalization.

Cultural historical activity and the complexity of health professions education

Commenting on Hu et al., Grainger and Gladman comment on how the purpose of student‐led community learning can change focus from the development of technical and professional skills to the aspirations and goals of the community in which students work.

Doctors' views on the impact of the absence of an in-person rheumatology service at a major New Zealand hospital

AIM

To describe the views of doctors in one hospital service about the impact of the lack of an in-person rheumatology consultation service and to identify service improvements informed by those views and services at comparable district health boards (DHB).

METHODS

Qualitative study using focus groups of resident and senior medical officers (RMOs and SMOs) from the general medical service at Wellington Regional Hospital. A national survey of DHB heads of rheumatology was also used.

RESULTS

Three major categories emerged from the focus groups with 16 RMOs and 15 SMOs: 1) a negative impact on quality of patient care, which is inequitable to other nearby DHBs; 2) workarounds are found; and 3) doctors' knowledge of rheumatology and education opportunities suffer. Best practice was considered to be an in-person rheumatology consultation service, as offered at the six DHBs surveyed.

CONCLUSIONS

Lack of an in-person rheumatology consultation service in this large hospital had perceived negative impacts on patient care and doctors' education and competence. Providing an in-person consultation service seems highly desirable but would need more rheumatology capacity regionally. The themes identified may also be relevant to other hospital or specialist services that are not equitably accessible in other parts of the New Zealand health system and thus inform the transformation of the health system required by the Pae Ora (Healthy Futures) Bill 2022.

Development of a Prediction Model for COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Patients With Rheumatic Diseases: Results From the Global Rheumatology Alliance Registry

OBJECTIVE

Some patients with rheumatic diseases might be at higher risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We aimed to develop a prediction model for COVID-19 ARDS in this population and to create a simple risk score calculator for use in clinical settings.

METHODS

Data were derived from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance Registry from March 24, 2020, to May 12, 2021. Seven machine learning classifiers were trained on ARDS outcomes using 83 variables obtained at COVID-19 diagnosis. Predictive performance was assessed in a US test set and was validated in patients from four countries with independent registries using area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. A simple risk score calculator was developed using a regression model incorporating the most influential predictors from the best performing classifier.

RESULTS

The study included 8633 patients from 74 countries, of whom 523 (6%) had ARDS. Gradient boosting had the highest mean AUC (0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67-0.88) and was considered the top performing classifier. Ten predictors were identified as key risk factors and were included in a regression model. The regression model that predicted ARDS with 71% (95% CI: 61%-83%) sensitivity in the test set, and with sensitivities ranging from 61% to 80% in countries with independent registries, was used to develop the risk score calculator.

CONCLUSION

We were able to predict ARDS with good sensitivity using information readily available at COVID-19 diagnosis. The proposed risk score calculator has the potential to guide risk stratification for treatments, such as monoclonal antibodies, that have potential to reduce COVID-19 disease progression.

Factors associated with severe COVID-19 in people with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: results from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry

Objectives

To investigate factors associated with severe COVID-19 in people with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM).

Methods

Demographic data, clinical characteristics and COVID-19 outcome severity of adults with IIM were obtained from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry. A 3-point ordinal COVID-19 severity scale was defined: (1) no hospitalisation, (2) hospitalisation (and no death) and (3) death. ORs were estimated using multivariable ordinal logistic regression. Sensitivity analyses were performed using a 4-point ordinal scale: (1) no hospitalisation, (2) hospitalisation with no oxygen (and no death), (3) hospitalisation with oxygen/ventilation (and no death) and 4) death.

Results

Of 348 patients, 48% were not hospitalised, 39% were hospitalised (and did not die) and 13% died. Older age (OR=1.59/decade, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.91), high disease activity (OR=3.50, 95% CI 1.25 to 9.83; vs remission), ≥2 comorbidities (OR=2.63, 95% CI 1.39 to 4.98; vs none), prednisolone-equivalent dose >7.5 mg/day (OR=2.40, 95% CI 1.09 to 5.28; vs no intake) and exposure to rituximab (OR=2.71, 95% CI 1.28 to 5.72; vs conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs only) were independently associated with severe COVID-19. In addition to these variables, in the sensitivity analyses, male sex (OR range: 1.65–1.83; vs female) was also significantly associated with severe outcomes, while COVID-19 diagnosis after 1 October 2020 (OR range: 0.51–0.59; vs on/before 15 June 2020) was significantly associated with less severe outcomes, but these associations were not significant in the main model (OR=1.57, 95% CI 0.95 to 2.59; and OR=0.61, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.00; respectively).

Conclusions

This is the first large registry data on outcomes of COVID-19 in people with IIM. Older age, male sex, higher comorbidity burden, high disease activity, prednisolone-equivalent dose >7.5 mg/day and rituximab exposure were associated with severe COVID-19. These findings will enable risk stratification and inform management decisions for patients with IIM.

Prolonged COVID-19 symptom duration in people with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: results from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance Vaccine Survey

OBJECTIVE

We investigated prolonged COVID-19 symptom duration, defined as lasting 28 days or longer, among people with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs).

METHODS

We analysed data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance Vaccine Survey (2 April 2021-15 October 2021) to identify people with SARDs reporting test-confirmed COVID-19. Participants reported COVID-19 severity and symptom duration, sociodemographics and clinical characteristics. We reported the proportion experiencing prolonged symptom duration and investigated associations with baseline characteristics using logistic regression.

RESULTS

We identified 441 respondents with SARDs and COVID-19 (mean age 48.2 years, 83.7% female, 39.5% rheumatoid arthritis). The median COVID-19 symptom duration was 15 days (IQR 7, 25). Overall, 107 (24.2%) respondents had prolonged symptom duration (≥28 days); 42/429 (9.8%) reported symptoms lasting ≥90 days. Factors associated with higher odds of prolonged symptom duration included: hospitalisation for COVID-19 vs not hospitalised and mild acute symptoms (age-adjusted OR (aOR) 6.49, 95% CI 3.03 to 14.1), comorbidity count (aOR 1.11 per comorbidity, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.21) and osteoarthritis (aOR 2.11, 95% CI 1.01 to 4.27). COVID-19 onset in 2021 vs June 2020 or earlier was associated with lower odds of prolonged symptom duration (aOR 0.42, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.81).

CONCLUSION

Most people with SARDs had complete symptom resolution by day 15 after COVID-19 onset. However, about 1 in 4 experienced COVID-19 symptom duration 28 days or longer; 1 in 10 experienced symptoms 90 days or longer. Future studies are needed to investigate the possible relationships between immunomodulating medications, SARD type/flare, vaccine doses and novel viral variants with prolonged COVID-19 symptoms and other postacute sequelae of COVID-19 among people with SARDs.

Environmental and societal factors associated with COVID-19-related death in people with rheumatic disease: an observational study

Background

Differences in the distribution of individual-level clinical risk factors across regions do not fully explain the observed global disparities in COVID-19 outcomes. We aimed to investigate the associations between environmental and societal factors and country-level variations in mortality attributed to COVID-19 among people with rheumatic disease globally.

Methods

In this observational study, we derived individual-level data on adults (aged 18-99 years) with rheumatic disease and a confirmed status of their highest COVID-19 severity level from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance (GRA) registry, collected between March 12, 2020, and Aug 27, 2021. Environmental and societal factors were obtained from publicly available sources. The primary endpoint was mortality attributed to COVID-19. We used a multivariable logistic regression to evaluate independent associations between environmental and societal factors and death, after controlling for individual-level risk factors. We used a series of nested mixed-effects models to establish whether environmental and societal factors sufficiently explained country-level variations in death.

Findings

14 044 patients from 23 countries were included in the analyses. 10 178 (72·5%) individuals were female and 3866 (27·5%) were male, with a mean age of 54·4 years (SD 15·6). Air pollution (odds ratio 1·10 per 10 μg/m3 [95% CI 1·01-1·17]; p=0·0105), proportion of the population aged 65 years or older (1·19 per 1% increase [1·10-1·30]; p<0·0001), and population mobility (1·03 per 1% increase in number of visits to grocery and pharmacy stores [1·02-1·05]; p<0·0001 and 1·02 per 1% increase in number of visits to workplaces [1·00-1·03]; p=0·032) were independently associated with higher odds of mortality. Number of hospital beds (0·94 per 1-unit increase per 1000 people [0·88-1·00]; p=0·046), human development index (0·65 per 0·1-unit increase [0·44-0·96]; p=0·032), government response stringency (0·83 per 10-unit increase in containment index [0·74-0·93]; p=0·0018), as well as follow-up time (0·78 per month [0·69-0·88]; p<0·0001) were independently associated with lower odds of mortality. These factors sufficiently explained country-level variations in death attributable to COVID-19 (intraclass correlation coefficient 1·2% [0·1-9·5]; p=0·14).

Interpretation

Our findings highlight the importance of environmental and societal factors as potential explanations of the observed regional disparities in COVID-19 outcomes among people with rheumatic disease and lay foundation for a new research agenda to address these disparities.

Funding

American College of Rheumatology and European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology.

Characteristics and Outcomes of People With Gout Hospitalized Due to COVID ‐19: Data From the COVID ‐19 Global Rheumatology Alliance Physician‐Reported Registry

Objective

To describe people with gout who were diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and hospitalized and to characterize their outcomes.

Methods

Data on patients with gout hospitalized for COVID‐19 between March 12, 2020, and October 25, 2021, were extracted from the COVID‐19 Global Rheumatology Alliance registry. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the demographics, comorbidities, medication exposures, and COVID‐19 outcomes including oxygenation or ventilation support and death.

Results

One hundred sixty‐three patients with gout who developed COVID‐19 and were hospitalized were included. The mean age was 63 years, and 85% were male. The majority of the group lived in the Western Pacific Region (35%) and North America (18%). Nearly half (46%) had two or more comorbidities, with hypertension (56%), cardiovascular disease (28%), diabetes mellitus (26%), chronic kidney disease (25%), and obesity (23%) being the most common. Glucocorticoids and colchicine were used pre‐COVID‐19 in 11% and 12% of the cohort, respectively. Over two thirds (68%) of the cohort required supplemental oxygen or ventilatory support during hospitalization. COVID‐19‐related death was reported in 16% of the overall cohort, with 73% of deaths documented in people with two or more comorbidities.

Conclusion

This cohort of people with gout and COVID‐19 who were hospitalized had high frequencies of ventilatory support and death. This suggests that patients with gout who were hospitalized for COVID‐19 may be at risk of poor outcomes, perhaps related to known risk factors for poor outcomes, such as age and presence of comorbidity.

Effect of omega-three supplementation on serum urate and gout flares in people with gout; a pilot randomized trial

Objectives

To determine the effect of omega-three supplementation with fish oil on serum urate, weight and body mass index (BMI) in people with gout.

Methods

A pilot 6-month, randomized, open-label clinical trial was undertaken in people with gout with serum urate ≥ 0.36 mmol/l. Forty participants were randomized to receive 6.2 g omega-3 fish oil daily or no fish oil for 24 weeks. Blood was obtained monthly for serum urate and red cell EPA (20:5n-3) DHA (22:6n-3) were measured using a blood spot collection system.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference in the mean (SEM) decrease in serum urate between baseline and week 24 between randomized groups: fish oil − 0.021 (0.02) mmol/l versus control − 0.006 (0.02) mmol/l. There was no significant difference in change in weight or BMI between baseline and week 24 between randomized groups. There was a statistically significant correlation between red cell omega-three concentrations and the total number of flares per participant between week 12 and week 24; total omega-three r =  − 0.75 (p ≤ 0.001), EPA r =  − 0.75 (p ≤ 0.001) and DHA r = -0.76 (p ≤ 0.001). In the omega-three fish oil group four participants reported gastrointestinal adverse effects definitely or probably related to the omega-three supplementation.

Conclusions

The lack of untoward effect of omega three fish oil supplementation on serum urate and BMI together with the relationship between higher omega-three concentrations and lower gout flares supports the development of further adequately powered clinical trials to determine the role of omega-three supplements as prophylaxis against gout flares in people starting urate lowering therapy.

Clinical trial registration ACTRN12617000539336p Registered 13/04/2017.

Reactive arthritis incidence in a community cohort following a large waterborne campylobacteriosis outbreak in Havelock North, New Zealand

OBJECTIVES

In August 2016, Campylobacter spp contaminated an untreated reticulated water supply resulting in a large-scale gastroenteritis outbreak affecting an estimated 8320 people. We aimed to determine the incidence of probable reactive arthritis (ReA) cases in individuals with culture-confirmed campylobacteriosis (CC), self-reported probable campylobacteriosis (PC) and those reporting no diarrhoea (ND).

DESIGN

We conducted a retrospective cohort study to identify incidence of probable ReA cases. We identified cases with new ReA symptoms using an adapted acute ReA (AReA) telephone questionnaire. Those reporting ≥1 symptom underwent a telephone interview with the study rheumatologist. Probable ReA was defined as spontaneous onset of pain suggestive of inflammatory arthritis in ≥1 previously asymptomatic joint for ≥3 days occurring ≤12 weeks after outbreak onset.

SETTING

Population-based epidemiological study in Havelock North, New Zealand.

PARTICIPANTS

We enrolled notified CC cases with gastroenteritis symptom onsets 5 August 2016-6 September 2016 and conducted a telephone survey of households supplied by the contaminated water source to enrol PC and ND cases.

RESULTS

One hundred and six (47.3%) CC, 47 (32.6%) PC and 113 (34.3%) ND cases completed the AReA telephone questionnaire. Of those reporting ≥1 new ReA symptom, 45 (75.0%) CC, 13 (68.4%) PC and 14 (82.4%) ND cases completed the rheumatologist telephone interview. Nineteen CC, 4 PC and 2 ND cases developed probable ReA, resulting in minimum incidences of 8.5%, 2.8% and 0.6% and maximum incidences of 23.9%, 12.4% and 2.15%.

DISCUSSION

We describe high probable ReA incidences among gastroenteritis case types during a very large Campylobacter gastroenteritis outbreak using a resource-efficient method that is feasible to employ in future outbreaks.

Feasibility of a randomised controlled trial of two types of written information for people with knee osteoarthritis

Objective

Test the feasibility of conducting an individually randomised controlled trial recruiting people with knee osteoarthritis (OA) in community pharmacies and evaluate the impacts of a novel information booklet.

Design

People with knee OA were identified by pharmacy staff using clinical criteria and randomised to receive a novel information booklet (intervention) or the currently available written OA resource (active control). Mixed-methods process evaluation assessed participant recruitment, retention, and experience. Participant-reported outcome measures, assessing OA illness perceptions, OA knowledge, fear of movement, and pain when walking at baseline and 4-weeks, were analysed using linear regression models (adjusted for baseline).

Results

Of 72 eligible people, 64 were randomised to intervention (n ​= ​33) or control (n ​= ​31). The randomisation sequence was followed correctly and no protocol deviations identified. Mean recruitment rate was 2.7 participants per pharmacy per week. One-in-five participants had no educational qualifications and one-in-four had not received a knee OA diagnosis prior to the trial. Three meta-themes emerged from pharmacist and participant qualitative analysis: 'pleased to be asked'; 'easy process'; and 'successful process'. Three participants were lost to follow-up. At 4 weeks, intervention arm Knee Osteoarthritis Knowledge Scale scores improved (mean difference ​= ​3.6, 95%CI 0.7 to 6.5). Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire scores were similar between groups (mean difference 0.4, 95%CI -3.7 to 4.5).

Conclusion

It is feasible to conduct an individually randomised trial in community pharmacy, a potentially effective setting to initiate accessible OA care. A novel information booklet improved OA knowledge, but is unlikely to affect illness perceptions on its own.

AB0583 REFERRAL PATTERN AND TREATMENT OF POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA IN GENERAL PRACTICE: AN INTERNATIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE BASED STUDY

Background

In most countries polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is diagnosed and managed by both general practitioners (GP) and rheumatologists. However, the referral pattern from GP’s to specialist around the world has not been described. The initial prednisolone dose recommended by EULAR/ACR is between 12.5 and 25 mg1, but little is known about whether these guidelines are followed everywhere by GP’s in clinical practice2.

Objectives

This study aims to describe the refererral pattern and treatment strategy for PMR in general practice in several countries worldwide.

Methods

An English language questionnaire was drafted by a working group of rheumatologists and GP’s from 6 different countries. The questionnaire contained questions on: 1: Respondent, 2: Referral pattern and 3: Prednisolone. Questionnaires were distributed to GP’s via members of the International PMR/GCA study group. Answers were collected via an online survey tool (Redcap), from 3rd of November 2021 to 27th of January 2022. Countries with more than 15 responders to the questionnaire were included in the analysis.

Results

Data from 11 countries were analysed. Referral patterns differed widely among countries (Table 1). Almost all patients initially seen by rheumatologists were returned to GP’s for treatment. In all countries a proportion of the GP’s prescribed higher initial prednisolone doses than recommended, with a large variation between countries (Table 1).

Table 1.

Characteristics of responders, referral pattern, and treatment strategy

AustriaCanadaColombiaDenmarkItalyNether-landsNew ZealandRomaniaRussiaSwitzer-landUnited KingdomRespondersResponders (n), Completed questionnaire (total)26 (29)15 (15)17 (23)53 (53)36 (41)22 (22)17 (17)37 (43)42 (49)26 (26)34 (35)Experience (years)20 (12-34)8 (4-10)6 (4-9)12 (10-17)15 (5-27)23 (17-30)14 (9-27)21 (16-30)6 (5-9)26 (15-32)16 (11-24)Available PMR/GCA guideline, n (%)26 (100)15(100)17 (100)53 (100)36 (100)22 (100)17 (100)37 (100)42 (100)26 (100)34 (100)Adherence to guideline, n (%)21 (82)15 (100)17 (100)51 (97)34 (94)21 (95)17 (100)37 (100)42 (100)26 (100)34 (100)ReferralsNew PMR patients referred for diagnose (%)58 (10-100)50 (2-100)100 (13-100)50-(20-100)60 (28-100)20 (10-50)10 (10-20)60 (10-88)1 (1-2)28 (10-50)10 (1-25)Patients returned to GP for treatment (%)100 (50-100)50 (2-100)8 (0-50)85 (40-100)50 (0-100)50 (10-90)100 (90-100)80 (50-98)1 (1-1)80 (10-100)100 (100-100)Patients referred during treatment (%)50 (25-90)50 (10-100)100 (50-100)20 (10-33)50 (15-80)15 (10-30)20 (10-25)30 (10-80)1(1-1)20 (10-30)10 (10-20)PrednisoloneInitial dose (mg)38 (25-50)20 (20-50)20 (10-30)25 (15-40)25 (25-25)15 (15-15)20 (15-40)15 (12-20)15 (15-15)50 (25-50)15 (15-20)Initial dose > 25 mg, n (%)12 (47)4 (25)7 (40)14 (26)9 (25)1 (5)6 (38)7 (20)3 (8)22 (83)3 (9)Duration of treatment (months)9 (6-12)6 (2-9)6 (4-24)12 (8-18)5 (3-12)11 (6-12)12 (10-18)2 (2-5)6 (6-6)12 (12-14)15 (12-24)

Data are presented as weighted median (interquartile range) unless otherwise stated. GP: general practitioner, PMR: polymyalgia rheumatica, GCA: great cell arteritis.

Conclusion

Although many patients were referred to the hospital for initial PMR diagnosis or during the disease course, a large proportion of patients received treatment in general practice worldwide. GPs frequently use a higher starting dose of prednisolone and shorter treatment duration than recommended by EULAR/ACR.

References

[1]Dejaco C, Singh YP, Perel P, et al. 2015 Recommendations for the management of polymyalgia rheumatica: a European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology collaborative initiative. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2015; 74(10): 1799-807.

[2]Helliwell T, Hider SL, Mallen CD. Polymyalgia rheumatica: diagnosis, prescribing, and monitoring in general practice. The British journal of general practice: the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 2013; 63(610): e361-6.

Acknowledgements

This study was endorsed by the international PMR/GCA study group.

Disclosure of Interests

Agnete Overgaard Donskov: None declared, Sarah Mackie: None declared, Ellen-Margrethe Hauge Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Sanofi, Sobi, MSD, UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Sanofi, Sobi, MSD, UCB, Grant/research support from: Novo Nordic Foundation, Danish Rheumatism Association, Danish Regions Medicine Grants, Roche, Novartis,Celgene, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, Sobi, CARLOS TORO GUTIÉRREZ: None declared, Andrea Hemmig: None declared, Aatke van der Maas: None declared, Berit Dalsgaard NIelsen Paid instructor for: Roche, Ib Hansen: None declared, Max Yates: None declared, Line Frølund: None declared, Karen Douglas: None declared, Kornelis van der Geest Speakers bureau: Roche, Elena Rezus: None declared, Sara Monti: None declared, Margarita Gromova: None declared, Vanessa Ocampo Speakers bureau: Abvie, Simone Appenzeller Speakers bureau: Janssen, UCB, Lilly and Pfizer, Mariama Erraoui: None declared, Adeola Ajibade: None declared, Andre Marun Lyrio: None declared, Rebecca Grainger: None declared, Maria Sandovici: None declared, Toby Helliwell: None declared, Elisabeth Brouwer Speakers bureau: Roche, Consultant of: Roche, Christian Dejaco Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Galapagos and Sanofi, Consultant of: Abbvie, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Roche, Galapagos and Sanofi, Kresten Keller: None declared

OP0252 FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE COVID-19 OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHY: RESULTS FROM THE COVID-19 GLOBAL RHEUMATOLOGY ALLIANCE PHYSICIAN-REPORTED REGISTRY

Background

There is a paucity of data in the literature about the outcome of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Objectives

To investigate factors associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes in patients with IIM.

Methods

Data on demographics, number of comorbidities, region, COVID-19 time period, physician-reported disease activity, anti-rheumatic medication exposure at the clinical onset of COVID-19, and COVID-19 outcomes of IIM patients were obtained from the voluntary COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry of adults with rheumatic disease (from 17 March 2020 to 27 August 2021). An ordinal COVID-19 severity scale was used as primary outcome of interest, with each outcome category being mutually exclusive from the other:a) no hospitalization, b) hospitalization (and no death), or c) death. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated using multivariable ordinal logistic regression. In ordinal logistic regression, the effect size of a categorical predictor can be interpreted as the odds of being one level higher on the ordinal COVID-19 severity scale than the reference category.

Results

Complete hospitalization and death outcome data was available in 348 IIM cases. Mean age was 53 years, and 223 (64.1%) were female. Overall, 167/348 (48.0%) people were not hospitalized, 136/348 (39.1%) were hospitalized (and did not die), and 45/348 (12.9%) died. Older age (OR=1.59 per decade of life, 95%CI 1.32-1.93), male sex (OR=1.63, 95%CI 1.004-2.64; versus female), high disease activity (OR=4.05, 95%CI 1.29-12.76; versus remission), presence of two or more comorbidities (OR=2.39, 95%CI 1.22-4.68; versus none), prednisolone-equivalent dose >7.5 mg/day (OR=2.37, 95%CI 1.27-4.44; versus no glucocorticoid intake), and exposure to rituximab (OR=2.60, 95%CI 1.23-5.47; versus csDMARDs only) were associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes (Table 1).

Table 1.

Multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with the ordinal COVID-19 severity outcomes. AZA, azathioprine; CI, confidence interval; combo, combination; CSA, ciclosporin; CYC, cyclophosphamide; DMARD, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug; b/tsDMARD, biologic/targeted synthetic DMARD, csDMARD, conventional synthetic DMARD; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; IVIg, intravenous immunoglobulin; LEF, leflunomide; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; mono, monotherapy; MTX, methotrexate; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference; RTX, rituximab; SSZ, sulfasalazine; TAC, tacrolimus.

VariableOR (95%CI)P-valueVariableOR (95%CI)P-valueAge (per decade)1.59 (1.32-1.93)<0.001ComorbiditiesMale sex1.63 (1.004-2.64)0.048NoneRefNAPrednisolone-equivalent doseOne1.46 (0.79-2.72)0.228NoneRefNATwo or more2.39 (1.22-4.68)0.011>0 to 7.5mg/day1.10 (0.57-2.11)0.779Physician-reported disease activity>7.5mg/day2.37 (1.27-4.44)0.007RemissionRefNAIVIg0.41 (0.15-1.16)0.093Low/moderate1.23 (0.67-2.28)0.504DMARDsHigh4.05 (1.29-12.76)0.018csDMARD only (mono or combi - HCQ, MTX, LEF, SSZ)RefNARegionNo DMARD1.84 (0.90-3.75)0.094EuropeRefNAb/tsDMARD mono or combi (except RTX)1.60 (0.49-5.26)0.435North America0.89 (0.49-1.61)0.694CSA/CYC/TAC mono or combi (except RTX or b/tsDMARDs)1.55 (0.52-4.58)0.429Other4.25 (2.21-8.16)<0.001AZA mono1.70 (0.69-4.19)0.249Time periodMMF mono1.22 (0.53-2.82)0.634Before 15 June 2020RefNAAZA/MMF combi (except RTX or b/tsDMARDs)0.71 (0.25-2.00)0.51716 June - 30 September 20200.58 (0.26-1.27)0.171RTX mono or combi2.60 (1.23-5.47)0.012After 1 October 20200.58 (0.35-0.95)0.032

Conclusion

These are the first global registry data on the impact of COVID-19 on IIM patients. Older age, male gender, higher comorbidity burden, higher disease activity, higher glucocorticoid intake and rituximab exposure were associated with worse outcomes. These findings will inform risk stratification and management decisions for IIM patients.

References

None

Disclosure of Interests

Su-Ann Yeoh: None declared, Milena Gianfrancesco: None declared, Saskia Lawson-Tovey: None declared, Kimme Hyrich Speakers bureau: AbbVie unrelated to this work, Grant/research support from: Pfizer, BMS, both unrelated to this work, Anja Strangfeld Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Celltrion, MSD, Janssen, Lilly, Roche, BMS, Pfizer, all unrelated to this work, Laure Gossec Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Galapagos, Gilead, GSK, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Samsung Bioepis, Sanofi-Aventis, UCB, all unrelated to this work, Grant/research support from: Amgen, Galapagos, Lilly, Pfizer, Sandoz, all unrelated to this work, Loreto Carmona: None declared, Elsa Mateus Consultant of: Boehringer Ingelheim Portugal, not related to this work, Martin Schaefer: None declared, Christophe Richez Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Biogen, BMS, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, GSK, MSD, Novartis, and Pfizer, all unrelated to this abstract, Consultant of: Abbvie, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Biogen, BMS, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, GSK, MSD, Novartis, and Pfizer, all unrelated to this abstract, Eric Hachulla Speakers bureau: Johnson & Johnson, GlaxoSmithKline, Roche-Chugai, all unrelated to this work, Consultant of: Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Roche-Chugai, Sanofi-Genzyme, all unrelated to this work, Grant/research support from: CSL Behring, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Roche-Chugai, Sanofi-Genzyme, all unrelated to this work, Marie Holmqvist: None declared, Carlo Alberto Scirè Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Lilly, both unrelated to this work, Rebecca Hasseli: None declared, Arundathi Jayatilleke: None declared, Tiffany Hsu: None declared, Kristin D’Silva: None declared, Victor Pimentel-Quiroz: None declared, Monica Vasquez del Mercado: None declared, Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo: None declared, Edgard Reis Neto: None declared, Laurindo Rocha Jr: None declared, Ana Carolina de Oliveira e Silva Montandon Speakers bureau: GSK, not related to this work, Paula Jordan: None declared, Emily Sirotich: None declared, Jonathan Hausmann Speakers bureau: Novartis, Biogen, Pfizer, not related to this work, Consultant of: Novartis, Biogen, Pfizer, not related to this work, Jean Liew Grant/research support from: Pfizer research grant, completed in 2021, not related to this work, Lindsay Jacobsohn: None declared, Monique Gore-Massy Speakers bureau: Aurinia Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, not related to this work, Consultant of: Aurinia Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, not related to this work, Paul Sufka: None declared, Rebecca Grainger Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer and Cornerstones, all unrelated to this work, Consultant of: AbbVie, Novartis, both unrelated to this work, Suleman Bhana Shareholder of: Pfizer, Inc, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Horizon, Novartis, and Pfizer, all unrelated to this work, Consultant of: AbbVie, Horizon, Novartis, and Pfizer, all unrelated to this work, Employee of: Pfizer, Inc, Zachary Wallace: None declared, Philip Robinson Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Janssen, Roche, GSK, Novartis, Lilly, UCB, all unrelated to this work, Paid instructor for: Lilly, unrelated to this work, Consultant of: GSK, Kukdong, Atom Biosciences, UCB, all unrelated to this work, Grant/research support from: Janssen, Pfizer, UCB and Novartis, all unrelated to this work, Jinoos Yazdany Consultant of: Aurinia, Astra Zeneca, Pfizer, all unrelated to this work, Grant/research support from: Astra Zeneca, Gilead, BMS Foundation, all unrelated to this work, Pedro Machado Speakers bureau: Abbvie, BMS, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Orphazyme, Pfizer, Roche and UCB, all unrelated to this work., Consultant of: Abbvie, BMS, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Orphazyme, Pfizer, Roche and UCB, all unrelated to this work.

OP0249 CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR COVID-19 OUTCOMES IN PEOPLE WITH PSORIASIS AND SPONDYLOARTHRITIS: DATA FROM THE COVID-19 PsoProtect AND GLOBAL RHEUMATOLOGY ALLIANCE PHYSICIAN-REPORTED REGISTRIES

Background

Some factors associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes have been identified in patients with psoriasis (PsO) and inflammatory/autoimmune rheumatic diseases, namely older age, male sex, comorbidity burden, higher disease activity, and certain medications such as rituximab. However, information about specificities of patients with PsO, psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), including disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) specifically licensed for these conditions, such as IL-17 inhibitors (IL-17i), IL-23/IL-12 + 23 inhibitors (IL-23/IL-12 + 23i), and apremilast, is lacking.

Objectives

To determine characteristics associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes in people with PsO, PsA and axSpA.

Methods

This study was a pooled analysis of data from two physician-reported registries: the Psoriasis Patient Registry for Outcomes, Therapy and Epidemiology of COVID-19 Infection (PsoProtect), comprising patients with PsO/PsA, and the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance (GRA) registry, comprising patients with PsA/axSpA. Data from the beginning of the pandemic up to 25 October, 2021 were included. An ordinal severity outcome was defined as: 1) not hospitalised, 2) hospitalised without death, and 3) death. A multivariable ordinal logistic regression model was constructed to assess the relationship between COVID-19 severity and demographic characteristics (age, sex, time period of infection), comorbidities (hypertension, other cardiovascular disease [CVD], chronic obstructive lung disease [COPD], asthma, other chronic lung disease, chronic kidney disease, cancer, smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus [DM]), rheumatic/skin disease (PsO, PsA, axSpA), physician-reported disease activity, and medication exposure (methotrexate, leflunomide, sulfasalazine, TNFi, IL17i, IL-23/IL-12 + 23i, Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi), apremilast, glucocorticoids [GC] and NSAIDs). Age-adjustment was performed employing four-knot restricted cubic splines. Country-adjustment was performed using random effects.

Results

A total of 5008 individuals with PsO (n=921), PsA (n=2263) and axSpA (n=1824) were included. Mean age was 50 years (SD 13.5) and 51.8% were male. Hospitalisation (without death) was observed in 14.6% of cases and 1.8% died. In the multivariable model, the following variables were associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes: older age (Figure 1), male sex (OR 1.53, 95%CI 1.29-1.82), CVD (hypertension alone: 1.26, 1.02-1.56; other CVD alone: 1.89, 1.22-2.94; vs no hypertension and no other CVD), COPD or asthma (1.75, 1.32-2.32), other lung disease (2.56, 1.66-3.97), chronic kidney disease (2.32, 1.50-3.59), obesity and DM (obesity alone: 1.36, 1.07-1.71; DM alone: 1.85, 1.39-2.47; obesity and DM: 1.89, 1.34-2.67; vs no obesity and no DM), higher disease activity and GC intake (remission/low disease activity and GC intake: 1.96, 1.36-2.82; moderate/severe disease activity and no GC intake: 1.35, 1.05-1.72; moderate/severe disease activity and GC intake 2.30, 1.41-3.74; vs remission/low disease activity and no GC intake). Conversely, the following variables were associated with less severe COVID-19 outcomes: time period after 15 June 2020 (16 June 2020-31 December 2020: 0.42, 0.34-0.51; 1 January 2021 onwards: 0.52, 0.41-0.67; vs time period until 15 June 2020), a diagnosis of PsO (without arthritis) (0.49, 0.37-0.65; vs PsA), and exposure to TNFi (0.58, 0.45-0.75; vs no DMARDs), IL17i (0.63, 0.45-0.88; vs no DMARDs), IL-23/IL-12 + 23i (0.68, 0.46-0.997; vs no DMARDs) and NSAIDs (0.77, 0.60-0.98; vs no NSAIDs).

Conclusion

More severe COVID-19 outcomes in PsO, PsA and axSpA are largely driven by demographic factors (age, sex), comorbidities, and active disease. None of the DMARDs typically used in PsO, PsA and axSpA, were associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes, including IL-17i, IL-23/IL-12 + 23i, JAKi and apremilast.

Acknowledgements

We thank all the contributors to the COVID-19 PsoProtect, GRA and EULAR Registries.

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

Experience with telemedicine amongst rheumatology clinicians during the COVID-19 pandemic: an international survey

Objective

The aim was to assess rheumatology clinicians’ perceptions of telemedicine and their experiences before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional online survey and collected responses from rheumatology clinicians worldwide, between November 2020 and February 2021, regarding use and perceptions of telemedicine in rheumatology. We summarized data with descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis for free-text responses.

Results

The survey was completed by 349 rheumatology clinicians from 49 countries; 59% were female and about two-thirds were in the 30–50 years age group. Academic affiliations were held by 55% of participants, and 44% were from North America. Before the pandemic, 24% of participants had experience with telemedicine, whereas about three-quarters used telemedicine for the first time during the pandemic. Overall, 56% thought they provided less adequate care with telemedicine. More than half of clinicians felt that telemedicine was adequate for evaluating crystalline arthritis, inflammatory arthritis and lupus flares. Telemedicine was felt to be inadequate for flares of myositis, vasculitis and scleroderma. Technical problems were reported in 29% of telemedicine encounters and were most commonly related to patient-encountered difficulties.

Conclusion

Most rheumatology clinicians used telemedicine for the first time during the pandemic. The quality of care provided was thought to be inferior to that provided in person for specific clinical situations. Additional efforts are needed to address barriers to effective telemedicine, such as patient-related technology issues, challenges with building rapport and performing a physical examination, and to define the appropriate scope of clinical scenarios conducive to telemedicine.

SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Outcomes in Rheumatic Diseases: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

The relative risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease severity among people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) compared to those without RMDs is unclear. This study was undertaken to quantify the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in those with RMDs and describe clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in these patients.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic literature review using 14 databases from January 1, 2019 to February 13, 2021. We included observational studies and experimental trials in RMD patients that described comparative rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization, oxygen supplementation/intensive care unit (ICU) admission/mechanical ventilation, or death attributed to COVID-19. Methodologic quality was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools or the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Risk ratios (RRs) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated, as applicable for each outcome, using the Mantel-Haenszel formula with random effects models.

RESULTS

Of the 5,799 abstracts screened, 100 studies met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review, and 54 of 100 had a low risk of bias. Among the studies included in the meta-analyses, we identified an increased prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with an RMD (RR 1.53 [95% CI 1.16-2.01]) compared to the general population. The odds of hospitalization, ICU admission, and mechanical ventilation were similar in patients with and those without an RMD, whereas the mortality rate was increased in patients with RMDs (OR 1.74 [95% CI 1.08-2.80]). In a smaller number of studies, the adjusted risk of outcomes related to COVID-19 was assessed, and the results varied; some studies demonstrated an increased risk while other studies showed no difference in risk in patients with an RMD compared to those without an RMD.

CONCLUSION

Patients with RMDs have higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and an increased mortality rate.

COVID-19 in people with rheumatic diseases: risks, outcomes, treatment considerations

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought challenges for people with rheumatic disease in addition to those faced by the general population, including concerns about higher risks of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and poor outcomes of COVID-19. The data that are now available suggest that rheumatic disease is associated with a small additional risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that outcomes of COVID-19 are primarily influenced by comorbidities and particular disease states or treatments. Despite considerable advances in our knowledge of which therapeutic agents provide benefits in COVID-19, and of what constitutes effective vaccination strategies, the specific considerations that apply to people with rheumatic disease are yet to be definitively addressed. An overview of the most important COVID-19 studies to date that relate to people with rheumatic disease can contribute to our understanding of the clinical-care requirements of this population.

SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections among vaccinated individuals with rheumatic disease: results from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance provider registry

OBJECTIVE

While COVID-19 vaccination prevents severe infections, poor immunogenicity in immunocompromised people threatens vaccine effectiveness. We analysed the clinical characteristics of patients with rheumatic disease who developed breakthrough COVID-19 after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.

METHODS

We included people partially or fully vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 who developed COVID-19 between 5 January and 30 September 2021 and were reported to the Global Rheumatology Alliance registry. Breakthrough infections were defined as occurring ≥14 days after completion of the vaccination series, specifically 14 days after the second dose in a two-dose series or 14 days after a single-dose vaccine. We analysed patients' demographic and clinical characteristics and COVID-19 symptoms and outcomes.

RESULTS

SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported in 197 partially or fully vaccinated people with rheumatic disease (mean age 54 years, 77% female, 56% white). The majority (n=140/197, 71%) received messenger RNA vaccines. Among the fully vaccinated (n=87), infection occurred a mean of 112 (±60) days after the second vaccine dose. Among those fully vaccinated and hospitalised (n=22, age range 36-83 years), nine had used B cell-depleting therapy (BCDT), with six as monotherapy, at the time of vaccination. Three were on mycophenolate. The majority (n=14/22, 64%) were not taking systemic glucocorticoids. Eight patients had pre-existing lung disease and five patients died.

CONCLUSION

More than half of fully vaccinated individuals with breakthrough infections requiring hospitalisation were on BCDT or mycophenolate. Further risk mitigation strategies are likely needed to protect this selected high-risk population.