26
|
Raper J, Murphy L, Richardson R, Romm Z, Kovacs-Balint Z, Payne C, Galvan A. Chemogenetic Inhibition of the Amygdala Modulates Emotional Behavior Expression in Infant Rhesus Monkeys. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0360-19.2019. [PMID: 31541000 PMCID: PMC6791827 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0360-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of neuronal activity during the early postnatal period in monkeys has been largely limited to permanent lesion studies, which can be impacted by developmental plasticity leading to reorganization and compensation from other brain structures that can interfere with the interpretations of results. Chemogenetic tools, such as DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs), can transiently and reversibly activate or inactivate brain structures, avoiding the pitfalls of permanent lesions to better address important developmental neuroscience questions. We demonstrate that inhibitory DREADDs in the amygdala can be used to manipulate socioemotional behavior in infant monkeys. Two infant rhesus monkeys (1 male, 1 female) received AAV5-hSyn-HA-hM4Di-IRES-mCitrine injections bilaterally in the amygdala at 9 months of age. DREADD activation after systemic administration of either clozapine-N-oxide or low-dose clozapine resulted in decreased freezing and anxiety on the human intruder paradigm and changed the looking patterns on a socioemotional attention eye-tracking task, compared with vehicle administration. The DREADD-induced behaviors were reminiscent of, but not identical to, those seen after permanent amygdala lesions in infant monkeys, such that neonatal lesions produce a more extensive array of behavioral changes in response to the human intruder task that were not seen with DREADD-evoked inhibition of this region. Our results may help support the notion that the more extensive behavior changes seen after early lesions are manifested from brain reorganization that occur after permanent damage. The current study provides a proof of principle that DREADDs can be used in young infant monkeys to transiently and reversibly manipulate behavior.
Collapse
|
27
|
Mills R, Wilkinson S, Richardson R, Patel L, Horsley A. ePS6.09 Exophiala isolation in children with cystic fibrosis does not appear to cause clinical decline. J Cyst Fibros 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(19)30295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
28
|
Deller RC, Richardson T, Richardson R, Bevan L, Zampetakis I, Scarpa F, Perriman AW. Artificial cell membrane binding thrombin constructs drive in situ fibrin hydrogel formation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1887. [PMID: 31015421 PMCID: PMC6478844 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane re-engineering is emerging as a powerful tool for the development of next generation cell therapies, as it allows the user to augment therapeutic cells to provide additional functionalities, such as homing, adhesion or hypoxia resistance. To date, however, there are few examples where the plasma membrane is re-engineered to display active enzymes that promote extracellular matrix protein assembly. Here, we report on a self-contained matrix-forming system where the membrane of human mesenchymal stem cells is modified to display a novel thrombin construct, giving rise to spontaneous fibrin hydrogel nucleation and growth at near human plasma concentrations of fibrinogen. The cell membrane modification process is realised through the synthesis of a membrane-binding supercationic thrombin-polymer surfactant complex. Significantly, the resulting robust cellular fibrin hydrogel constructs can be differentiated down osteogenic and adipogenic lineages, giving rise to self-supporting monoliths that exhibit Young's moduli that reflect their respective extracellular matrix compositions.
Collapse
|
29
|
Billingham C, Richardson R, Lilien L. Breech delivery, rupture of Batson's plexus, T8 epidural hematoma, and paraplegia. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2019; 12:325-331. [PMID: 30932899 DOI: 10.3233/npm-180080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A male newborn born by an atraumatic vaginal frank breech delivery was noted to have normal limb movement at birth. However, at 24 hours the neonate developed paraplegia with no evidence of spinal cord injury on radiographic films. Ultrasound and MRI demonstrated an epidural hematoma at the level of T8 and distal cord edema which extended to the conus medullaris. Delayed onset paraplegia following an atraumatic vaginal breech delivery is unlikely to have been caused by acute traction or torsion at birth. Traction and torsion injuries would present acutely. This infant developed a T8 epidural hematoma which has not been reported in a newborn. The pathophysiology of a spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) in adults is frequently related to increased abdominal/thoracic pressure which results in increased pressure in the highly anastomotic network of thin walled and valve-less vertebral venous plexus (Batson's plexus). Such increase in abdominal/thoracic pressure could occur during a frank breech delivery and result in a slow onset epidural hematoma. This report highlights the importance of considering slow onset epidural hematoma in the differential diagnosis of neonates who develop slow onset paraplegia. If diagnosed quickly, an epidural hematoma represents a potentially treatable etiology by rapid surgical decompression.
Collapse
|
30
|
Weiss AR, White J, Richardson R, Bachevalier J. Impaired Cognitive Flexibility After Neonatal Perirhinal Lesions in Rhesus Macaques. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:6. [PMID: 30760985 PMCID: PMC6363703 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research indicated that monkeys with neonatal perirhinal lesions (Neo-PRh) were impaired on working memory (WM) tasks that generated proactive interference, but performed normally on WM tasks devoid of interference (Weiss et al., 2016). This finding suggested that the early lesions disrupted cognitive processes important for resolving proactive interference, such as behavioral inhibition and cognitive flexibility. To distinguish between these possibilities, the same Neo-PRh monkeys and their controls were tested using the Intradimensional/Extradimensional attentional set-shifting task (Roberts et al., 1988; Dias et al., 1997). Neo-PRh monkeys completed the Simple and Compound Discrimination stages, the Intradimensional Shift stage, and all Reversal stages comparably to controls, but made significantly more errors on the Extradimensional Shift stage of the task. These data indicate that impaired cognitive flexibility was the likely source of increased perseverative errors made by Neo-PRh monkeys when performing WM tasks, rather than impaired behavioral inhibition, and imply that the perirhinal cortex and its interactions with the PFC may play a unique and critical role in the development of attentional set shifting abilities.
Collapse
|
31
|
Bankson B, Silson E, Ward M, Richardson R, Baker C, Ghuman A. Intracranial EEG recordings from face-selective temporal cortex show enhanced response to contralateral face information. J Vis 2018. [DOI: 10.1167/18.10.1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
32
|
Henderson RI, Shea-Budgell M, Healy C, Letendre A, Bill L, Healy B, Bednarczyk RA, Mrklas K, Barnabe C, Guichon J, Bedingfield N, MacDonald S, Colquhoun A, Glaze S, Nash T, Bell C, Kellner J, Richardson R, Dixon T, Starlight J, Runner G, Nelson G. First nations people's perspectives on barriers and supports for enhancing HPV vaccination: Foundations for sustainable, community-driven strategies. Gynecol Oncol 2018; 149:93-100. [PMID: 29605057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Canada, Indigenous people have higher human papillomavirus (HPV) infection rates, lower screening rates for cervical cancer, and higher rates of invasive cancer, leading to worse cervical cancer-related outcomes than observed in non-Indigenous Canadian women. Lingering harms from European colonization drive these health inequities and create public health challenges. Policy guidance is needed to optimize HPV vaccination rates and, thereby, decrease the burden of HPV-related illness, including high-morbidity surgical procedures and chemo-radiotherapy. The Enhancing HPV Vaccination In First Nations Populations in Alberta (EHVINA) project focuses on First Nations, a diverse subset of recognized Indigenous people in Canada, and seeks to increase HPV vaccination among girls and boys living in First Nation communities. METHODS Developing an effective strategy requires partnership with affected communities to better understand knowledge and perceptions about cancer, healthcare, and the HPV vaccine. A 2017 community gathering was convened to engage First Nations community members, health directors, and health services researchers in dialogue around unique barriers and supports to HPV vaccination in Alberta. Voices of community Elders, parents, health directors, and cancer survivors (n=24) are presented as qualitative evidence to help inform intervention design. RESULTS Key findings from discussions indicate barriers to HPV vaccination include resource constraints and service infrastructure gaps, historical mistrust in healthcare systems, impacts of changing modes of communication, and community sensitivities regarding sexual health promotion. Supports were identified as strengthened inter-generational relationships in communities. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTION Ongoing dialogue and co-development of community-based strategies to increase HPV vaccine uptake are required. The identification of possible barriers to HPV vaccination in a Canadian Indigenous population contributes to limited global literature on this subject and may inform researchers and policy makers who work with Indigenous populations in other regions.
Collapse
|
33
|
Richardson R, Macchiusi A, Bhasin A, Takizawa C. Abstract P2-05-15: Oncotype DX Breast Recurrence Score®: Real-life utilization among node positive patients in Ontario. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p2-05-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aims: The 21-gene Oncotype DX (ODX) Recurrence Score (RS) has been extensively validated to predict the risk of distant recurrence and the magnitude of response to hormone and chemotherapy in patients with ER+ N0 and N+ (up to 3 positive nodes) HER2- early stage breast cancer. Outcomes data from multiple large studies further confirm the assays clinical validity and utility. The test is currently reimbursed in Ontario for N0 but not for N1 patients. In 2016, a market access program has been initiated to address lack of data in current clinical practice in Ontario among N1 patients. It collects data assessing the real-life use of the test in Ontario and its impact on treatment decision. This analysis presents the interim analysis until end of May 2017.
Methods : The program allows for prospective data collection in key breast cancer centers in Ontario. Through an online dedicated platform patient data are collected including classical pathological and clinical parameters (e.g. histology, tumor grade and size, ER, PR, and HER2 status), patients age, ODX Recurrence Score results and recommended treatment both before and after the test results have been reported.
Results: A total of 7 qualified breast cancer centers or network of centers participated in the program and collected 90 cases so far. Study results demonstrated that ODX is used among a wide variety of patients profiles: 28% G1, 58% G2 and 14% of G3, 18% pre-, 12% peri- & 69% are post-menopausal, 20% are aged 40-49, 24% are 50-59, 29% are 60-69 and 26% are 70 and older, 3% tumor are <1cm, 38% are 1-<2cm, 52% are 2-<5cm and 7% tumor size are >5cm.
RS distribution is the following: <18 (67%), 18-30 (30%) and >30 (3%).
In addition, pre-ODX 90% of patients had a treatment recommendation for chemo-hormonotherapy (CT-HT). Post-testing, the number of patients recommended CT-HT decreased to 36%, highlighting that the test reduces unnecessary use of CT. In fact, the ODX led to an overall 54% net reduction in chemotherapy.
Conclusions: This real-life survey confirms that ODX provides critical information beyond clinical and pathological criteria. The assay changes treatment decisions among N+ patients in Ontario, sparing CT which could result in potential savings to the healthcare system.
Citation Format: Richardson R, Macchiusi A, Bhasin A, Takizawa C. Oncotype DX Breast Recurrence Score®: Real-life utilization among node positive patients in Ontario [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-05-15.
Collapse
|
34
|
Weiss AR, Guo W, Richardson R, Bachevalier J. Intact perceptual ability, but impaired familiarity judgment, after neonatal perirhinal lesions in rhesus macaques. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 28:54-64. [PMID: 29175539 PMCID: PMC5737963 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The perirhinal cortex is known to support high-level perceptual abilities as well as familiarity judgments that may affect recognition memory. We tested whether poor perceptual abilities or a loss of familiarity judgment contributed to the recognition memory impairments reported earlier in monkeys with PRh lesions received in infancy (Neo-PRh) (Weiss and Bachevalier, 2016; Zeamer et al., 2015). Perceptual abilities were assessed using a version of the Visual Paired Comparison task with black&white (B&W) stimuli, and familiarity judgments were assessed using the Constant Negative task requiring repeated familiarization exposures. Adult monkeys with Neo-PRh lesions were able to recognize B&W stimuli after short delays, suggesting that their perceptual abilities were within the range of control animals. However, the same Neo-PRh monkeys were slower to acquire the Constant Negative task, requiring more exposures to objects before judging them as familiar compared to control animals. Taken together, the data help to account for the differential patterns of functional compensation on previously reported recognition tasks following neonatal versus adult-onset PRh lesions, and provide further support to the view that the PRh is involved in familiarity processes.
Collapse
|
35
|
Acsadi G, Shieh P, Crawford T, Richardson R, Natarajan N, Castro D, Gheuens S, Gambino G, Sun P, Reyna S, Farwell W, Mueller-Felber W. Safety and efficacy of nusinersen in infants/children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA): part 1 of the phase 2 EMBRACE study. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.06.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
36
|
Richardson R, Issitt R, Crook R. Beta-thalassemia in the paediatric cardiac surgery setting - a case report and literature review. Perfusion 2017; 33:232-234. [DOI: 10.1177/0267659117729889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beta (β)-thalassemia is a blood disorder with an incidence of 1 in 100,000.1 This case report outlines a patient with β-thalassemia requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and the measures taken to ensure an uneventful procedure.
Collapse
|
37
|
Saad A, Harty S, Richardson R, Myal S, Pardini J, Henry L. A-68Emotion and Cognition in Movement Disorders: Comparing Pre-operative Deep Brain Stimulation Patients with Parkinson's Disease and Essential Tremor. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx076.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
38
|
Li Y, Ward M, Lipski W, Richardson R, Ghuman A. Neurodynamics of expression coding in human fusiform. J Vis 2017. [DOI: 10.1167/17.10.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
39
|
Pulantara I, Germain A, Parmanto B, Richardson R, Khan H, Rode N. 0384 FEASIBILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF JUST-IN-TIME ADAPTIVE INTERVENTION (JITAI) IN BEHAVIORAL INSOMNIA TREATMENT. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
40
|
Johnson KE, Goyal M, Simonton AJ, Richardson R, Morris M, Rew L. Methods Matter: Tracking Health Disparities in Alternative High Schools. Public Health Nurs 2017; 34:303-311. [PMID: 28181295 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alternative high school (AHS) students are at-risk for school dropout and engage in high levels of health-risk behaviors that should be monitored over time. They are excluded from most public health surveillance efforts (e.g., Youth Risk Behavior Survey; YRBS), hindering our ability to monitor health disparities and allocate scarce resources to the areas of greatest need. Using active parental consent, we recruited 515 students from 14 AHSs in Texas to take a modified YRBS. We calculated three different participation rates, tracked participation by age of legal consent (≥18 and <18 years), and identified other considerations for obtaining quality data. Being required to use active consent resulted in a much lower cooperation rate among students <18 years (32%) versus those who were ≥18 years and could provide their own consent (57%). Because chronic truancy is prevalent in AHS students, cooperation rates may be more accurate than participation rates based off of enrollment or attendance. Requiring active consent and not having accurate participation rates may result in surveillance data that are of disparate quality. This threatens to mask the needs of AHS students and perpetuate disparities because we are likely missing the highest-risk students within a high-risk sample and cannot generalize findings.
Collapse
|
41
|
Richardson R, Hammerschmidt M. The role of Rho kinase (Rock) in re-epithelialization of adult zebrafish skin wounds. Small GTPases 2016; 9:230-236. [PMID: 27487414 PMCID: PMC5927524 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1219208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete re-epithelialization of full-thickness skin wounds in adult mammals takes days to complete and relies on numerous signaling cues and multiple overlapping cellular processes that take place both within the epidermis itself and in other participating tissues. We have previously shown that re-epithelialization of full-thickness skin wounds of adult zebrafish, however, is extremely rapid and largely independent of the other processes of wound healing allowing for the dissection of specific processes that occur in, or have a direct effect on, re-epithelializing keratinocytes. Recently, we have shown that, in addition to lamellipodial crawling at the leading edge, re-epithelialization of zebrafish partial- and full-thickness wounds requires long-range epithelial rearrangements including radial intercalations, flattening and directed elongation and that each of these processes involves Rho kinase (Rock) signaling. Our studies demonstrate how these coordinated signaling events allow for the rapid collective cell migration observed in adult zebrafish wound healing. Here we discuss the particular contribution of Rock to each of these processes.
Collapse
|
42
|
Richardson R, Tracey-White D, Webster A, Moosajee M. The zebrafish eye-a paradigm for investigating human ocular genetics. Eye (Lond) 2016; 31:68-86. [PMID: 27612182 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although human epidemiological and genetic studies are essential to elucidate the aetiology of normal and aberrant ocular development, animal models have provided us with an understanding of the pathogenesis of multiple developmental ocular malformations. Zebrafish eye development displays in depth molecular complexity and stringent spatiotemporal regulation that incorporates developmental contributions of the surface ectoderm, neuroectoderm and head mesenchyme, similar to that seen in humans. For this reason, and due to its genetic tractability, external fertilisation, and early optical clarity, the zebrafish has become an invaluable vertebrate system to investigate human ocular development and disease. Recently, zebrafish have been at the leading edge of preclinical therapy development, with their amenability to genetic manipulation facilitating the generation of robust ocular disease models required for large-scale genetic and drug screening programmes. This review presents an overview of human and zebrafish ocular development, genetic methodologies employed for zebrafish mutagenesis, relevant models of ocular disease, and finally therapeutic approaches, which may have translational leads in the future.
Collapse
|
43
|
Arnold C, Beezhold B, Bailey M, Isler H, Kong Y, Niedzinski V, Richardson R, Weber E. Predictors of Fish Intake in the College Population. J Acad Nutr Diet 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
44
|
Richardson R, Metzger M, Knyphausen P, Ramezani T, Slanchev K, Kraus C, Schmelzer E, Hammerschmidt M. Re-epithelialization of cutaneous wounds in adult zebrafish combines mechanisms of wound closure in embryonic and adult mammals. J Cell Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.193763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
45
|
Rautemaa V, Green H, Richardson R, Jones A. WS20.2 High level of β-(1,3)-D-glucan antigenemia in cystic fibrosis in the absence of systemic fungal infection. J Cyst Fibros 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(16)30170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
46
|
Richardson R, Metzger M, Knyphausen P, Ramezani T, Slanchev K, Kraus C, Schmelzer E, Hammerschmidt M. Re-epithelialization of cutaneous wounds in adult zebrafish combines mechanisms of wound closure in embryonic and adult mammals. Development 2016; 143:2077-88. [PMID: 27122176 DOI: 10.1242/dev.130492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Re-epithelialization of cutaneous wounds in adult mammals takes days to complete and relies on numerous signalling cues and multiple overlapping cellular processes that take place both within the epidermis and in other participating tissues. Re-epithelialization of partial- or full-thickness skin wounds of adult zebrafish, however, is extremely rapid and largely independent of the other processes of wound healing. Live imaging after treatment with transgene-encoded or chemical inhibitors reveals that re-epithelializing keratinocytes repopulate wounds by TGF-β- and integrin-dependent lamellipodial crawling at the leading edges of the epidermal tongue. In addition, re-epithelialization requires long-range epithelial rearrangements, involving radial intercalations, flattening and directed elongation of cells - processes that are dependent on Rho kinase, JNK and, to some extent, planar cell polarity within the epidermis. These rearrangements lead to a massive recruitment of keratinocytes from the adjacent epidermis and make re-epithelialization independent of keratinocyte proliferation and the mitogenic effect of FGF signalling, which are only required after wound closure, allowing the epidermis outside the wound to re-establish its normal thickness. Together, these results demonstrate that the adult zebrafish is a valuable in vivo model for studying and visualizing the processes involved in cutaneous wound closure, facilitating the dissection of direct from indirect and motogenic from mitogenic effects of genes and molecules affecting wound re-epithelialization.
Collapse
|
47
|
Scharf VF, Lewis ST, Wellehan JF, Wamsley HL, Richardson R, Sundstrom DA, Lewis DD. Retrospective evaluation of the efficacy of isolating bacteria from synovial fluid in dogs with suspected septic arthritis. Aust Vet J 2016; 93:200-3. [PMID: 26010925 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of synovial fluid culture in obtaining the causative organism from dogs with suspected septic arthritis. METHODS In this retrospective evaluation, synovial fluid cytology and microbiology submissions from dogs with suspected septic arthritis from March 2007 to August 2011 were reviewed. Synovial fluid cytology consistent with joint sepsis was identified. Cultures of synovial fluid from dogs with clinical histories and abnormalities consistent with septic arthritis were used to evaluate the efficacy of bacterial isolation. RESULTS In total, 36 dogs met the inclusion criteria. Initial aerobic cultures of joint fluid yielded bacterial growth in 44% of these dogs. All anaerobic cultures were negative. In 19% of the dogs with positive cultures, antibiotics had been administered prior to arthrocentesis compared with 10% of dogs with negative cultures. There was no association between culture efficacy and the administration of antimicrobial treatment prior to synovial fluid culture or recent surgery involving the affected joint (P=0.637 and P=0.106, respectively). CONCLUSION Culture of synovial fluid from dogs with suspected septic arthritis has a low yield, necessitating a more effective means of identifying bacteria from suspected septic joints in dogs.
Collapse
|
48
|
Scharf VF, Lewis DD, Wellehan JF, Wamsley HL, Richardson R. Comparison of synovial fluid culture and 16S rRNA PCR in dogs with suspected septic arthritis. Aust Vet J 2016; 93:204-7. [PMID: 26010926 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prospectively compare the sensitivity and specificity of 16S rRNA PCR with culture for identifying the causative organism in synovial fluid obtained from dogs with suspected septic arthritis. METHODS Synovial fluid cytology, PCR analysis and aerobic, anaerobic and Mycoplasma culture of samples from the affected joints of 18 dogs presenting with suspected septic arthritis were performed. Synovial fluid samples from the corresponding contralateral joints of 7 dogs were also analysed as negative controls. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the sensitivity of bacterial detection via culture (63.2%) versus PCR (73.7%) of synovial fluid (P=0.728) or between culture and combined PCR and culture (89.5%) of synovial fluid (P=0.124). The specificity of PCR (42.9%) was significantly lower than culture specificity (100%) (P=0.07). CONCLUSION Although 16S PCR may hold potential as an ancillary diagnostic test for identifying the causative organism in dogs with septic arthritis, our study failed to demonstrate improved accuracy compared with traditional synovial fluid culture.
Collapse
|
49
|
Lee FJ, Marriott D, Bloch M, Richardson R, Mackenzie N, Carr A. Post-prandial lipid effects of raltegravir versus darunavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected adults commencing combination ART. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 71:1127-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
50
|
Cowan CSM, Callaghan BL, Kan JM, Richardson R. The lasting impact of early-life adversity on individuals and their descendants: potential mechanisms and hope for intervention. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 15:155-68. [PMID: 26482536 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of early-life stress are pervasive, with well-established mental and physical health consequences for exposed individuals. The impact of early adverse experiences is also highly persistent, with documented increases in risk for mental illness across the life span that are accompanied by stable alterations in neural function and hormonal responses to stress. Here, we review some of these 'stress phenotypes', with a focus on intermediary factors that may signal risk for long-term mental health outcomes, such as altered development of the fear regulation system. Intriguingly, recent research suggests that such stress phenotypes may persist even beyond the life span of the individuals, with consequences for their offspring and grand-offspring. Phenotypic characteristics may be transmitted to future generations via either the matriline or the patriline, a phenomenon that has been demonstrated in both human and animal studies. In this review, we highlight behavioral and epigenetic factors that may contribute to this multigenerational transmission and discuss the potential of various treatment approaches that may halt the cycle of stress phenotypes.
Collapse
|