26
|
King RJ, Craig PRS, Boreham BG, Majeed MA, Moran CG. The magnification of digital radiographs in the trauma patient: implications for templating. Injury 2009; 40:173-6. [PMID: 19095234 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2008.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Digital radiographs are increasingly used for planning orthopaedic surgical procedures, despite the fact that they are frequently not calibrated to correct for magnification. The typical magnification of digital radiographs in the trauma patient has not yet been reported. The aims of this study were to assess the magnification of such radiographs, and to discuss if and when accurate calibration is required for trauma templating. MATERIALS AND METHODS The operative notes and postoperative radiographs of 227 trauma patients were obtained. Each patient had undergone one of the following procedures: hip hemiarthroplasty, femoral nailing, tibial nailing, ankle plating, humeral nailing, humeral plating, or forearm plating. The dimensions of the implants used were measured on the uncalibrated postoperative radiographs using the hospital's Picture Archiving and Communication System software. The actual dimensions of the orthopaedic implants were obtained from the operation notes, and these were compared with the radiographic measurements. The intraobserver and interobserver variability of the radiographic measurements was also assessed. RESULTS The radiographic magnification was greatest for the femoral head, and most variable for the femoral shaft. The magnification was least for the forearm. In general the magnitude and variability of magnification was least at the peripheries. There was good correlation between the measured and actual dimensions of the implants. The intraobserver and interobserver variability between the radiographic measurements was extremely small. CONCLUSION Despite the ease and convenience of performing measurements on digital radiographs, these measurements are unreliable if the radiograph has not been calibrated. We believe that careful calibration of digital radiographs is essential for accurate templating in the trauma patient, although is less critical when templating the humeral canal, the tibial canal, the ankle and the forearm.
Collapse
|
27
|
King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Triantaphyllidis C, Kouvatsi A, Lin AA, Chow CET, Zhivotovsky LA, Michalodimitrakis M, Underhill PA. Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72:205-14. [PMID: 18269686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The earliest Neolithic sites of Europe are located in Crete and mainland Greece. A debate persists concerning whether these farmers originated in neighboring Anatolia and the role of maritime colonization. To address these issues 171 samples were collected from areas near three known early Neolithic settlements in Greece together with 193 samples from Crete. An analysis of Y-chromosome haplogroups determined that the samples from the Greek Neolithic sites showed strong affinity to Balkan data, while Crete shows affinity with central/Mediterranean Anatolia. Haplogroup J2b-M12 was frequent in Thessaly and Greek Macedonia while haplogroup J2a-M410 was scarce. Alternatively, Crete, like Anatolia showed a high frequency of J2a-M410 and a low frequency of J2b-M12. This dichotomy parallels archaeobotanical evidence, specifically that while bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is known from Neolithic Anatolia, Crete and southern Italy; it is absent from earliest Neolithic Greece. The expansion time of YSTR variation for haplogroup E3b1a2-V13, in the Peloponnese was consistent with an indigenous Mesolithic presence. In turn, two distinctive haplogroups, J2a1h-M319 and J2a1b1-M92, have demographic properties consistent with Bronze Age expansions in Crete, arguably from NW/W Anatolia and Syro-Palestine, while a later mainland (Mycenaean) contribution to Crete is indicated by relative frequencies of V13.
Collapse
|
28
|
King RJ, Laugharne D, Kerslake RW, Holdsworth BJ. Primary obturator pyomyositis: a diagnostic challenge. THE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY. BRITISH VOLUME 2003; 85:895-8. [PMID: 12931815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Pyomyositis of the obturator muscles is a rare condition, characterised by pain in the hip and features of systemic infection. It may follow minor trauma to the hip, sometimes in the presence of an apparently innocuous infective source. All previously reported cases have been diagnosed conclusively on the initial CT or MR scan. We present a case of obturator pyomyositis in a 21-year-old football player in which the first MR scan was misleading. A radiolabelled, white blood cell scan was also negative and the resultant delay in diagnosis proved dangerous. The crucial importance of careful and repeated clinical examination is emphasised.
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
|
31
|
|
32
|
Vivekananda J, Smith D, King RJ. Sphingomyelin metabolites inhibit sphingomyelin synthase and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 281:L98-L107. [PMID: 11404252 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2001.281.1.l98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury in inflammation involves the release of several cytokines that activate sphingomyelinases and generate ceramide. In the lung, the impaired metabolism of surfactant phosphatidylcholine (PC) accompanies this acute and chronic injury. These effects are long-lived and extend beyond the time frame over which tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin-1beta are elevated. In this paper, we demonstrate that in H441 lung cells these two processes, cytokine-induced metabolism of sphingomyelin and the inhibition of PC metabolism, are directly interrelated. First, metabolites of sphingomyelin hydrolysis themselves inhibit key enzymes necessary for restoring homeostasis between sphingomyelin and its metabolites. Ceramide stimulates sphingomyelinases as effectively as TNF-alpha, thereby amplifying the sphingomyelinase activation, and TNF-alpha, ceramide, and sphingosine all inhibit PC:ceramide phosphocholine transferase (sphingomyelin synthase), the enzyme that restores homeostasis between sphingomyelin and ceramide pools. Second, ceramide inhibits PC synthesis, probably because of its effects on CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, the rate-limiting enzymatic step in de novo PC synthesis. The data presented here suggest that TNF-alpha may be an inhibitor of phospholipid metabolism in inflammatory tissue injury. These actions may be amplified because of the ability of metabolites of sphingomyelin to inhibit the pathways that should restore the normal ceramide-sphingomyelin homeostasis.
Collapse
|
33
|
Awasthi S, Vivekananda J, Awasthi V, Smith D, King RJ. CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase inhibition by ceramide via PKC-alpha, p38 MAPK, cPLA2, and 5-lipoxygenase. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 281:L108-18. [PMID: 11404253 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2001.281.1.l108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In a companion paper (Vivekananda J, Smith D, and King RJ. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 281: L98-L107, 2001), we demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibited the activity of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT), the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), and that its actions were likely exerted through a metabolite of sphingomyelin. In this paper, we explore the signaling pathway employed by TNF-alpha using C2 ceramide as a cell-penetrating sphingolipid representative of the metabolites induced by TNF-alpha. We found that in H441 cells, as reported in other cell types, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is activated by TNF-alpha. We also observed that the inhibiting action of C2 ceramide on CT requires protein kinase C-alpha, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and cPLA2. The actions of C2 ceramide on CT activity can be duplicated by adding 2 microM lysoPC to these cells. Furthermore, we found that the effects of C2 ceramide are dependent on 5-lipoxygenase but that cyclooxygenase II is unimportant. We hypothesize that CT activity is inhibited by the lysoPC generated as a consequence of the activation of cPLA2 by protein kinase C-alpha and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. The other product of the activation of cPLA2, arachidonic acid, is a substrate for the synthesis of leukotrienes, which raise intracellular Ca2+ levels and complete the activation of cPLA2.
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
King RJ, Downs MJ, Clapham PB, Raine KW, Talim SP. A comparison of methods for accurate film thickness measurement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/5/5/021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
36
|
Awasthi S, Coalson JJ, Yoder BA, Crouch E, King RJ. Deficiencies in lung surfactant proteins A and D are associated with lung infection in very premature neonatal baboons. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:389-97. [PMID: 11179112 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.2.2004168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) are important in the innate host defense against pathogenic microorganisms. A deficit in these proteins in premature infants, either because of immaturity or as a consequence of superimposed chronic lung disease (CLD), could increase their susceptibility to infection. The study reported here examined infection in CLD in the premature newborn baboon, and correlated it with the amounts of SP-A and SP-D in lung tissue and lavage fluid. Two groups of baboons were delivered prematurely, at 125 d gestational age (g.a.), and differed principally in whether they developed naturally acquired pulmonary infections and sepsis. Group I animals were ventilated with clinically appropriate oxygen for 6 d and 14 d without clinical incident. Group II animals were ventilated for 5 to 71 d, but differed from those in Group I in that most developed pulmonary infection and/or sepsis. In Group I animals, tissue pools of both SP-A and SP-D were equal to or exceeded those in adults, and lavage pools of SP-A increased progressively with the time of ventilation to about 35% of adult levels after 14 d. In contrast, most Group II animals had concentrations of lavage SP-A that were less than 20% of that in adult animals. A low concentration of lavage SP-A correlated with the release of interleukin-8, and with a high "infection index" based on histopathology, microbiologic cultures, and clinical indications of sepsis. Our data suggest that the amounts of SP-A and SP-D in lavage fluid are indicators of the risk of infection in the evolution of neonatal CLD. Deficits in the amount of lavage SP-A, even after 60 d of ventilation, may have inhibited the resolution of infection and thereby contributed to the developing injury among our Group II animals.
Collapse
|
37
|
Awasthi V, King RJ. PKC, p42/p44 MAPK, and p38 MAPK are required for HGF-induced proliferation of H441 cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 279:L942-9. [PMID: 11053031 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.5.l942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we studied the signaling pathway used by hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF) to stimulate mitosis. We show, using H441 cells, that 1) HGF activates membrane-associated protein kinase C (PKC); the activity is transient and peaks within 30 min; 2) HGF activates p42/p44 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs); maximum activity in both is within 10 min; and 3) the activation of neither p38 nor p42/p44 MAPK is dependent on PKC, indicating that HGF uses separate and nonintersecting pathways to activate these two classes of kinase. However, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate also activates both MAPKs as well as PKC, but this activation is abolished in cells pretreated with the PKC inhibitor GF-109203X. HGF was found to significantly increase [(3)H]thymidine incorporation within 5 h; peak thymidine incorporation was observed at 16 h. However, when cells were pretreated with inhibitors of p42/p44 (PD-98059), p38 (SB-203580), or PKC (GF-109203X, Gö-6983, or myristoylated inhibitor peptide(19-27)), HGF-induced thymidine uptake was diminished in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results demonstrate that HGF activates PKC and both MAPKs simultaneously through parallel pathways and that the activation of the MAPKs does not depend on PKC. However, p38 and p42/p44 MAPKs and PKC may all be essential for HGF-induced proliferation of H441 cells.
Collapse
|
38
|
Vivekananda J, Awasthi V, Awasthi S, Smith DB, King RJ. Hepatocyte growth factor is elevated in chronic lung injury and inhibits surfactant metabolism. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 278:L382-92. [PMID: 10666123 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.278.2.l382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult respiratory distress syndrome may incorporate in its pathogenesis the hyperplastic proliferation of alveolar epithelial type II cells and derangement in synthesis of pulmonary surfactant. Previous studies have demonstrated that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in the presence of serum is a potential mitogen for adult type II cells (R. J. Panos, J. S. Rubin, S. A. Aaronson, and R. J. Mason. J. Clin. Invest. 92: 969-977, 1993) and that it is produced by fetal mesenchymal lung cells (J. S. Rubin, A. M.-L. Chan, D. P. Botarro, W. H. Burgess, W. G. Taylor, A. C. Cech, D. W. Hirschfield, J. Wong, T. Miki, P. W. Finch, and S. A. Aaronson. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 415-419, 1991). In these studies, we expand on this possible involvement of HGF in chronic lung injury by showing the following. First, normal adult lung fibroblasts transcribe only small amounts of HGF mRNA, but the steady-state levels of this message rise substantially in lung fibroblasts obtained from animals exposed to oxidative stress. Second, inflammatory cytokines produced early in the injury stimulate the transcription of HGF in isolated fibroblasts, providing a plausible mechanism for the increased amounts of HGF seen in vivo. Third, HGF is capable of significantly inhibiting the synthesis and secretion of the phosphatidylcholines of pulmonary surfactant. Fourth, HGF inhibits the rate-limiting enzyme in de novo phosphatidylcholine synthesis, CTP:choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.15). Our data indicate that fibroblast-derived HGF could be partially responsible for the changes in surfactant dysfunction seen in adult respiratory distress syndrome, including the decreases seen in surfactant phosphatidylcholines.
Collapse
|
39
|
Awasthi S, Coalson JJ, Crouch E, Yang F, King RJ. Surfactant proteins A and D in premature baboons with chronic lung injury (Bronchopulmonary dysplasia). Evidence for an inhibition of secretion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:942-9. [PMID: 10471623 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.3.9806061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A and SP-D) are believed to participate in the pulmonary host defense and the response to lung injury. In order to understand the effects of prematurity and lung injury on these proteins, we measured the amounts of SP-A and SP-D and their mRNAs in three groups of animals: (1) nonventilated premature baboon fetuses; (2) neonatal baboons delivered prematurely at 140 d gestation age (ga) and ventilated with PRN O(2); (3) animals of the same age ventilated with 100% O(2) to induce chronic lung injury. In nonventilated fetuses, tissue and lavage SP-A were barely detectable in baboons of 125 and 140 d ga, but they equaled or exceeded adult SP-A concentrations (g/g lung dry wt) at 175 d (term gestation, 185 d). In contrast, SP-D was readily detectable in tissue and lavage at 125 and 140 d ga. When the baboons of 140 d ga were ventilated for 10 d with 100% oxygen to produce chronic lung injury, the tissue concentration of SP-A was five times greater than that of normal adults; SP-D 16-times greater. Despite the sizable tissue pools of SP-A and SP-D, however, lavage SP-A was only 7% of that of normal adults and lavage SP-D just equaled the amount in normal adults. Nevertheless, because SP-D is normally in much lower concentration than is SP-A, their total comprised less than 12% of the SP-A and SP-D found in the lavage of a healthy adult. The results indicate that in chronic lung injury, SP-A is significantly reduced in the alveolar space. SP-D concentration in lavage is about equal to that in normal adults, possibly because of the 16-fold excess in tissue, but the total collectin pool in lavage is still significantly reduced. Because these collectins may bind and opsonize bacteria and viruses, decrements in their amounts may present additional risk to those premature infants who require prolonged periods of ventilatory support.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Intraspecific studies of red algae have relied on nuclear or plastid markers rather than mitochondrial data to address questions of systematics, biogeography or population genetics. In this study, primers were developed that spanned the noncoding intergenic region between the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 2 and cytochrome oxidase subunit 3 genes. These primers were demonstrated to be successful on a variety of red algae in different orders: Gracilariales, Bonnemaisoniales and Ceramiales (families: Delesseriaceae, Ceramiaceae and Rhodomelaceae). Amplification products were between 450 and 320 bp in length, with variation in length shown among geographically distant isolates within a species. The region was variable within a single species, as shown for Bostrychia moritziana and B. radicans, and within populations of Caloglossa leprieurii. In the latter species, four mitochondrial haplotypes were observed in isolates from a single locality in Woolooware Bay, New South Wales, Australia. Analysis of hybrids between different mitochondrial haplotypes of B. moritziana revealed that the mitochondria are maternally inherited in this species. This is the first report of a mitochondrial marker that is variable within red algal populations and may lead to a better understanding of the population ecology of these important marine organisms.
Collapse
|
41
|
Shingleton BJ, Chaudhry IM, O'Donoghue MW, Baylus SL, King RJ, Chaudhry MB. Phacotrabeculectomy: limbus-based versus fornix-based conjunctival flaps in fellow eyes. Ophthalmology 1999; 106:1152-5. [PMID: 10366085 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(99)90252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of limbus-based and fornix-based conjunctival flaps in fellow eyes of the same patients undergoing combined trabeculectomy with phacoemulsification. DESIGN Prospective, nonrandomized comparative (fellow eye) study. PARTICIPANTS Forty-four patients and 88 fellow eyes. INTERVENTION Limbus-based conjunctival flap with phacotrabeculectomy was performed in one eye, and a fornix-based conjunctival flap with phacotrabeculectomy was performed in the fellow eyes of the same patients. The patients were followed up for a minimum of 1 year postoperatively for each eye. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, intraocular pressure, number of antiglaucoma medications, interventions, and complications were studied. RESULTS At last follow-up visit, visual acuity improved to 20/40 or better in 88.6% of the limbus-based group and 79.6% of the fornix-based group. Preoperatively, the mean intraocular pressure in the limbus-based group was 21.4 +/- 4.8 mmHg on a mean of 2.4 +/- 1.2 glaucoma medications; in the fornix-based group, it was 21.4 +/- 4.3 mmHg on a mean of 2.3 +/- 1.1 medications. Mean intraocular pressure decreased to 15.3 +/- 3.3 mmHg (P < 0.01) on a mean of 0.2 +/- 0.5 glaucoma medications in the limbus-based group (P < 0.01). In the fornix-based group, mean intraocular pressure at last follow-up visit decreased to 15.3 +/- 4.7 mmHg (P < 0.01) on a mean of 0.2 +/- 0.5 medications (P < 0.01). Postoperative interventions and complications were not statistically different between the two groups. CONCLUSION With phacotrabeculectomy, limbus-based and fornix-based conjunctival flaps are equally effective in improving visual acuity and lowering intraocular pressure. This variation in conjunctival flap orientation was equally effective in fellow eyes of the same patients, with no difference in postoperative complications or outcomes.
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE Studies in younger patients with panic disorder suggest greater somatization compared to similarly aged normal controls. Thus, we compared the degree of somatization in young versus older female patients with panic disorder to ascertain whether similarly high levels of somatization exist in older panic disorder patients. METHOD Community-dwelling subjects were recruited for clinical trials for panic disorder and met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R) criteria for panic disorder as a primary diagnosis. Our sample (N = 64) contained 42 younger females (< 55 years of age; age range 21-54, mean age 34.6) who were compared to 22 older females (> or = 55 years of age; age range 55-73, mean age 60.8). Subjects were evaluated at baseline using the Self-Report Inventory for Somatic Symptoms (SISS). Statistical analysis of total somatization disorder scores (TSDS) was accomplished by t-tests for independent groups. RESULTS Older patients showed statistically significantly higher total somatization disorder scores (TSDS) (X = 11.54, SD = 7.45) than did younger patients (X = 8.07, SD = 4.77; t(62) = 2.27, p = < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results are suggestive of a higher degree of somatization in older compared to younger female panic disorder patients.
Collapse
|
43
|
Abebe HM, Seidler RJ, Lindow SE, Short KA, Clark E, King RJ. Relative expression and stability of a chromosomally integrated and plasmid-borne marker gene fusion in environmentally competent bacteria. Curr Microbiol 1997; 34:71-8. [PMID: 9003582 DOI: 10.1007/s002849900147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A xylE-iceC transcriptional fusion was created by ligatinga DNA fragment harboring the cloned xylE structural gene from the TOL plasmid of Pseudomonas putida mt-2 into the cloned iceC gene of Pseudomonas syringae Cit7. This fusion construct was integrated into the chromosome of Pseudomonas syringae Cit7 by homologous recombination. Both cis-merodiploid strain Cit7m17 and marker exchange strain Cit7h69 produced the XylE gene product, catechol2,3-dioxygenase. Strain Cit7m17, in which XylE was influenced by transcription initiated by the amp promoter on pBR322, exhibited XylE activity in stationary phase at levels about 45 times higher than strain Cit7h69, permitting detection of 10(7) Cit7m17 cells in the spectrophotometric assay and 10(3) cells in HPLC measurements. The stability of xylE in both Cit7m17 and Cit7h69 was compared with maintenance of xylE in several plasmid-borne constructs in P.aeruginosa, Erwinia herbicola, and Escherichia coli. Only the xylE-iceC fusion in the chromosome of Cit7h69 and Cit7m17was stable in plate assays over the course of these studies. Even though strain Cit7h69 stably expressed xylE, the low level of expression precludes its use in direct spectrophotometric or HPLC assays as a means for detecting cells in environmental samples. However, expression of xylEin Cit7h69 is sufficient for identification of colonies harboring this marker gene which is useful in laboratory plate assays, and as a marker gene system for the detection of environmentally-competent strains chromosomally taggedwith xylE for use in autecological studies.
Collapse
|
44
|
Devaja O, King RJ, Papadopoulos A, Raju KS. Heat-shock protein 27 (HSP27) and its role in female reproductive organs. EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL 1997; 18:16-22. [PMID: 9061315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock, other environmental and pathophysiological stress stimulate synthesis of heat shock proteins (HSP) family. These proteins enable the cell to survive and recover from stressful conditions but as yet incompletely understood mechanisms. Beside its role in thermotolerance, it plays a role in cell proliferation and drug resistance which makes this protein of special clinical interest. Published data suggest that HSP27 is related to estrogen in breast and to estrogen and progesterone in the endometrium. It has been shown that some but not all estrogen positive breast cancers express HSP27, and overexpression has been associated with the degree of tumor differentiation, and response to hormonal therapy (Tamoxifen). In endometrial carcinomas, the presence of HSP27 is correlated with the degree of tumor differentiation as well as with the presence of oestrogen and progesterone receptors. Studies suggest that detection of HSP27 in endometrial carcinoma, should not be considered as a method for identifying hormone-responsive tumors or indicator or presence of estradiol receptors. In the cervix HSP27 is a marker of cell differentiation, and is highly expressed during the process of squamous metaplasia. Expression in the ovary is still controversial and requires further confirmation of recent observations.
Collapse
|
45
|
Peters C, Balthazor M, Shapiro EG, King RJ, Kollman C, Hegland JD, Henslee-Downey J, Trigg ME, Cowan MJ, Sanders J, Bunin N, Weinstein H, Lenarsky C, Falk P, Harris R, Bowen T, Williams TE, Grayson GH, Warkentin P, Sender L, Cool VA, Crittenden M, Packman S, Kaplan P, Lockman LA, Anderson J, Krivit W, Dusenbery K, Wagner J. Outcome of unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation in 40 children with Hurler syndrome. Blood 1996; 87:4894-902. [PMID: 8639864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term survival and improved neuropsychological function have occurred in selected children with Hurler syndrome (MPS I H) after successful engraftment with genotypically matched sibling bone marrow transplantation (BMT). However, because few children have HLA-identical siblings, the feasibility of unrelated donor (URD) BMT as a vehicle for adoptive enzyme therapy was evaluated in this retrospective study. Forty consecutive children (median, 1.7 years; range, 0.9 to 3.2 years) with MPS I H received high-dose chemotherapy with or without radiation followed by BMT between January 27, 1989 and May 13, 1994. Twenty-five of the 40 patients initially engrafted. An estimated 49% of patients are alive at 2 years, 63% alloengrafted and 37% autoengrafted. The probability of grade II to IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was 30%, and the probability of extensive chronic GVHD was 18%. Eleven patients received a second URD BMT because of graft rejection or failure. Of the 20 survivors, 13 children have complete donor engraftment, two children have mixed chimeric grafts, and five children have autologous marrow recovery. The BM cell dose was correlated with both donor engraftment and survival. Thirteen of 27 evaluable patients were engrafted at 1 year following URD BMT. Neither T-lymphocyte depletion (TLD) of the bone marrow nor irradiation appeared to influence the likelihood of engraftment. Ten of 16 patients alive at 1 year who received a BM cell dose greater than or equal to 3.5 x 10(8) cells/kg engrafted, and 62% are estimated to be alive at 3 years. In contrast, only 3 of 11 patients receiving less than 3.5 x 10(8) cells/kg engrafted, and 24% are estimated to be alive at 3 years (P = .05). The mental developmental index (MDI) was assessed before BMT. Both baseline and post-BMT neuropsychological data were available for 11 engrafted survivors. Eight children with a baseline MDI greater than 70 have undergone URD BMT (median age, 1.5 years; range, 1.0 to 2.4 years). Of these, two children have had BMT too recently for developmental follow-up. Of the remaining six, none has shown any decline in age equivalent scores. Four children are acquiring skills at a pace equal to or slightly below their same age peers; two children have shown a plateau in learning or extreme slowing in their learning process. For children with a baseline MDI less than 70 (median age, 2.5 years; range, 0.9 to 2.9 years), post-BMT follow-up indicated that two children have shown deterioration in their developmental skills. The remaining three children are maintaining their skills and are adding to them at a highly variable rate. We conclude that MPS I H patients with a baseline MDI greater than 70 who are engrafted survivors following URD BMT can achieve a favorable long-term outcome and improved cognitive function. Future protocols must address the high risk of graft rejection or failure and the impact of GVHD in this patient population.
Collapse
|
46
|
Boyfield I, Brown TH, Coldwell MC, Cooper DG, Hadley MS, Hagan JJ, Healy MA, Johns A, King RJ, Middlemiss DN, Nash DJ, Riley GJ, Scott EE, Smith SA, Stemp G. Design and synthesis of 2-naphthoate esters as selective dopamine D4 antagonists. J Med Chem 1996; 39:1946-8. [PMID: 8642552 DOI: 10.1021/jm960017l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
47
|
Mostaert AS, Orlovich DA, King RJ. Ion compartmentation in the red alga Caloglossa leprieurii in response to salinity changes: freeze-substitution and X-ray microanalysis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1996; 132:513-519. [PMID: 26763647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The elemental content of cell compartments in the euryhaline red macroalga Caloglossa leprieurii (Montague) J. Agardh subjected to different salinities, was determined by X-ray microanalysis of freeze-substituted thin sections. Duty are given for three compartments; cell wall, vacuole and cytoplasm. The most abundant elements detected were potassium, sodium and chlorine, with a Sulphur peak in the cell wall indicating the presence of sulphated polysaccharides. With salinity upshock the cytoplasm is maintained low in K, Na and Cl, whereas in the vacuoles they increased. High levels of K and Na located in the cell wall reflect cation binding to negatively charged polysaccharides. Hyposaline shock resulted in decreased K, Na and Cl levels in all compartments, though K was retained in the cytoplasm. Results are discussed with regard to the role of ion compartmentation in the salt tolerance of this alga, and the cation exchange properties of the cell wall are emphasized.
Collapse
|
48
|
Thomas SA, Brown IL, Hollins GW, Hocken A, Kirk D, King RJ, Leake RE. Detection and distribution of heat shock proteins 27 and 90 in human benign and malignant prostatic tissue. BRITISH JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 1996; 77:367-72. [PMID: 8814840 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1996.09058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether it is possible to predict the behaviour of prostate tumours by identifying cellular characteristics, specifically specific heat shock proteins (HSPs). MATERIALS AND METHODS An immunohistochemical study staining for HSP 27 and 90 was undertaken on 15 benign and 13 malignant samples of freshly frozen prostatic tissue obtained from patients with a similar age range in each group (benign, mean age 71.6 years, range 61-86; malignant, mean age 72.7 years, range 58-87). Gleason scores for the tumours ranged from 2 to 8. RESULTS Consistent patterns of cytoplasmic staining were seen in all sections of tissue from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The stroma stained strongly positive for HSP 27, but negatively for HSP 90 and glandular epithelium showed positive apical staining for both HSPs. Stromal patterns in prostatic carcinoma tissue were similar to that of BPH tissue for both HSP 27 and 90. Areas of prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia stained as strongly as did adjacent areas of BPH. For HSP 27, there was varied staining of individual epithelial cells, suggesting cellular heterogeneity, with an apparent reduction in staining with increasing Gleason score and invasiveness. For HSP 90, this pattern was less marked, with a predominance for positive staining throughout all grades of carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of HSPs, primarily HSP 27, may aid in identifying different cell populations within prostatic carcinomas and thus help forecast biological behaviour.
Collapse
|
49
|
King RJ, Flowers C. Neurochemical predictors and correlates of vulnerability to cocaine use. NIDA RESEARCH MONOGRAPH 1996; 159:228-63; discussion 264-8. [PMID: 8784861 DOI: 10.1037/e495692006-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
50
|
Jackson PA, Green MA, Marks CG, King RJ, Hubbard R, Cook MG. Lymphocyte subset infiltration patterns and HLA antigen status in colorectal carcinomas and adenomas. Gut 1996; 38:85-9. [PMID: 8566865 PMCID: PMC1382984 DOI: 10.1136/gut.38.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fifty eight large bowel adenocarcinomas and 20 adenomas were studied immunohistochemically, using fresh frozen tissue sections, with regard to lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, and CD20) in the inflammatory infiltrate and to expression of human leucocyte antigens (HLA-ABC, HLA-A2, and HLA-DR). The findings were related to differentiation and Duke's stage of carcinoma. The inflammatory infiltrate was found to have a phenotype that remained constant irrespective of the intensity of the inflammation. CD4 and CD3 positive cells predominated with fewer CD8 positive cells and a scanty diffuse CD19/20 positive cell population. CD19/20 follicular aggregates were common at the advancing margin of the carcinomas. There was no significant association with Duke's stage, differentiation or HLA status. HLA changes (ABC loss, A2 loss, and DR gain) were associated with differentiation, being more common and more extensive in poorly differentiated carcinomas. HLA-A2 loss was also associated with stage of progression of carcinoma. Inflammation associated with adenomas was found to have a similar phenotype to that associated with carcinomas. HLA changes in adenomas were uncommon, being seen in only one of our 20 cases.
Collapse
|