26
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Yan L, Huo P, Hale JJ, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Keohane CA, Rosenbach MJ, Milligan JA, Shei GJ, Chrebet G, Bergstrom J, Card D, Mandala SM. SAR studies of 3-arylpropionic acids as potent and selective agonists of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1P1) with enhanced pharmacokinetic properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 17:828-31. [PMID: 17092714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of 3-arylpropionic acids-a class of novel S1P(1) selective agonists-by introducing substitution to the propionic acid chain and replacing the adjacent phenyl ring with pyridine led to a series of modified 3-arylpropionic acids with enhanced half-life in rat. These analogs (e.g., cyclopropanecarboxylic acids) exhibited longer half-life in rat than did unmodified 3-arylpropionic acids. This result suggests that metabolic oxidation at the propionic acid chain, particularly at the C3 benzylic position of 3-arylpropionic acids, is probably responsible for their short half-life in rodent.
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27
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Finke PE, Meurer LC, Levorse DA, Mills SG, Maccoss M, Sadowski S, Cascieri MA, Tsao KL, Chicchi GG, Metzger JM, Macintyre DE. Cyclopentane-based human NK1 antagonists. Part 1: Discovery and initial SAR. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4497-503. [PMID: 16824752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An initial investigation of the novel cyclopentane scaffold 6 afforded low nanomolar human NK1 antagonists having enhanced water solubility properties compared to morpholine 1. A synthesis of this cyclopentane scaffold, having three contiguous chiral centers, and the unexpected determination that the 1,2-trans-2,3-trans-ring stereochemistry, as opposed to the cis-ether/phenyl configuration of the known structures 1-5, is optimal for this class of antagonist are described.
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28
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Pasternak A, Marino D, Vicario PP, Ayala JM, Cascierri MA, Parsons W, Mills SG, Maccoss M, Yang L. Novel, Orally Bioavailable γ-Aminoamide CC Chemokine Receptor 2 (CCR2) Antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4801-4. [PMID: 16884289 DOI: 10.1021/jm060439n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Through modification of a screening hit we have discovered a structurally distinct new lead, (2S)-N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)butanamide (11), which has subsequently served as the departure point for an ongoing program targeting CCR2 antagonists. Optimization of 11 leading to antagonists 26 and 37 is described. Antagonist 26 was shown to have good oral bioavailability in rats. Antagonist 37 had a CCR2 IC50 of 59 nM and excellent potency in a functional assay measuring inhibition of MCP-1 induced monocyte chemotaxis (IC50 of 41 nM).
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29
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Meurer LC, Finke PE, Owens KA, Tsou NN, Ball RG, Mills SG, Maccoss M, Sadowski S, Cascieri MA, Tsao KL, Chicchi GG, Egger LA, Luell S, Metzger JM, Macintyre DE, Rupniak NMJ, Williams AR, Hargreaves RJ. Cyclopentane-based human NK1 antagonists. Part 2: development of potent, orally active, water-soluble derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4504-11. [PMID: 16831551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 06/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and optimization of a cyclopentane-based hNK1 antagonist scaffold 3, having four chiral centers, will be discussed in the context of its enhanced water solubility properties relative to the marketed anti-emetic hNK1 antagonist EMEND (Aprepitant). Sub-nanomolar hNK1 binding was achieved and oral activity comparable to Aprepitant in two in vivo models will be described.
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30
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Yang L, Zhou C, Guo L, Morriello G, Butora G, Pasternak A, Parsons WH, Mills SG, MacCoss M, Vicario PP, Zweerink H, Ayala JM, Goyal S, Hanlon WA, Cascieri MA, Springer MS. Discovery of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl l-arylglycinamide based potent CCR2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3735-9. [PMID: 16698264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Systematic modification of a screening lead yielded a class of potent glycinamide based CCR2 antagonists. The best compound (55, (2S)-N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-2-{[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethyl]amino}-2-(3-thienyl)acetamide) displayed good binding affinity (IC50=30 and 39 nM) toward human monocytes and CHO cell expressing human CCR2b, respectively. Functionally, it blocked MCP-1 (CCL2)-induced calcium mobilization (IC50=50 nM) and chemotaxis mediated through the CCR2 receptor (9.6 nM). It is selective against other chemokine receptors tested.
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31
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Vachal P, Toth LM, Hale JJ, Yan L, Mills SG, Chrebet GL, Koehane CA, Hajdu R, Milligan JA, Rosenbach MJ, Mandala S. Highly selective and potent agonists of sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 (S1P1) receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3684-7. [PMID: 16682185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel series of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonists were developed through a systematic SAR aimed to achieve high selectivity for a single member of the S1P family of receptors, S1P1. The optimized structure represents a highly S1P1-selective and efficacious agonist: S1P1/S1P2, S1P1/S1P3, S1P1/S1P4>10,000-fold, S1P1/S1P5>600-fold, while EC50 (S1P1) <0.2 nM. In vivo experiments are consistent with S1P1 receptor agonism alone being sufficient for achieving desired lymphocyte-lowering effect.
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32
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Yan L, Budhu R, Huo P, Lynch CL, Hale JJ, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Keohane CA, Rosenbach MJ, Milligan JA, Shei GJ, Chrebet G, Bergstrom J, Card D, Mandala SM. 2-Aryl(pyrrolidin-4-yl)acetic acids are potent agonists of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3564-8. [PMID: 16621543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-aryl(pyrrolidin-4-yl)acetic acids were synthesized and their biological activities were evaluated as agonists of S1P receptors. These analogs were able to induce lowering of lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood of mice and were found to have good overall pharmacokinetic properties in rat.
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33
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Colandrea VJ, Legiec IE, Huo P, Yan L, Hale JJ, Mills SG, Bergstrom J, Card D, Chebret G, Hajdu R, Keohane CA, Milligan JA, Rosenbach MJ, Shei GJ, Mandala SM. 2,5-Disubstituted pyrrolidine carboxylates as potent, orally active sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2905-8. [PMID: 16580205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2,5-cis-disubstituted pyrrolidines were synthesized and evaluated as S1P receptor agonists. Compounds 15-21 were identified with good selectivity over S1P3 which lowered circulating lymphocytes after oral administration in mice.
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34
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Yan L, Huo P, Doherty G, Toth L, Hale JJ, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Keohane CA, Rosenbach MJ, Milligan JA, Shei GJ, Chrebet G, Bergstrom J, Card D, Quackenbush E, Wickham A, Mandala SM. Discovery of 3-arylpropionic acids as potent agonists of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1P1) with high selectivity against all other known S1P receptor subtypes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3679-83. [PMID: 16697189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of 3-arylpropionic acids were synthesized as S1P1 receptor agonists. Structure-activity relationship studies on the pendant phenyl ring revealed several structural features offering selectivity of S1P1 binding against S1P2-5. These highly selective S1P1 agonists induced peripheral blood lymphocyte lowering in mice and one of them was found to be efficacious in a rat skin transplantation model, supporting that S1P1 agonism is primarily responsible for the immunosuppressive efficacy observed in preclinical animal models.
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35
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Vachal P, Hale JJ, Lu Z, Streckfuss EC, Mills SG, MacCoss M, Yin DH, Algayer K, Manser K, Kesisoglou F, Ghosh S, Alani LL. Synthesis and Study of Alendronate Derivatives as Potential Prodrugs of Alendronate Sodium for the Treatment of Low Bone Density and Osteoporosis. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3060-3. [PMID: 16722624 DOI: 10.1021/jm060398v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alendronate derivatives were evaluated as potential prodrugs for the osteoporosis drug alendronate sodium in an attempt to enhance the systemic exposure after oral administration. An investigation of the chemical behavior of alendronate derivatives led to development of practical synthetic strategies and prediction of each structural class's prodrug potential. Pharmacokinetic studies of N-myristoylalendronic acid revealed that 25% have been converted in vivo after i.v. administration in rat, providing an important proof-of-concept for this strategy.
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36
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Li Z, Chen W, Hale JJ, Lynch CL, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Keohane CA, Rosenbach MJ, Milligan JA, Shei GJ, Chrebet G, Parent SA, Bergstrom J, Card D, Forrest M, Quackenbush EJ, Wickham LA, Vargas H, Evans RM, Rosen H, Mandala S. Discovery of Potent 3,5-Diphenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole Sphingosine-1-phosphate-1 (S1P1) Receptor Agonists with Exceptional Selectivity against S1P2 and S1P3. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6169-73. [PMID: 16190743 DOI: 10.1021/jm0503244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A class of 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole based compounds have been identified as potent sphingosine-1-phosphate-1 (S1P1) receptor agonists with minimal affinity for the S1P2 and S1P3 receptor subtypes. Analogue 26 (S1P1 IC50 = 0.6 nM) has an excellent pharmacokinetics profile in the rat and dog and is efficacious in a rat skin transplant model, indicating that S1P3 receptor agonism is not a component of immunosuppressive efficacy.
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37
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Shah SK, Chen N, Guthikonda RN, Mills SG, Malkowitz L, Springer MS, Gould SL, Demartino JA, Carella A, Carver G, Holmes K, Schleif WA, Danzeisen R, Hazuda D, Kessler J, Lineberger J, Miller M, Emini EA, MacCoss M. Synthesis and evaluation of CCR5 antagonists containing modified 4-piperidinyl-2-phenyl-1-(phenylsulfonylamino)-butane. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:977-82. [PMID: 15686896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Revised: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of analogs containing more rigid bicyclic piperidine replacements for the 4-benzyloxycarbonyl-(ethyl)amino-piperidine moiety of the CCR5 antagonist structure, 1, is described. Although similar binding affinity to the lead was achieved with some analogs they were overall less potent anti-HIV agents suggesting that other features besides CCR5 binding are required for good anti-viral activity.
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38
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Kim D, Wang L, Hale JJ, Lynch CL, Budhu RJ, MacCoss M, Mills SG, Malkowitz L, Gould SL, DeMartino JA, Springer MS, Hazuda D, Miller M, Kessler J, Hrin RC, Carver G, Carella A, Henry K, Lineberger J, Schleif WA, Emini EA. Potent 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 receptor antagonists: effects of fused heterocycles on antiviral activity and pharmacokinetic properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2129-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Yan L, Hale JJ, Lynch CL, Budhu R, Gentry A, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Keohane CA, Rosenbach MJ, Milligan JA, Shei GJ, Chrebet G, Bergstrom J, Card D, Rosen H, Mandala SM. Design and synthesis of conformationally constrained 3-(N-alkylamino)propylphosphonic acids as potent agonists of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:4861-6. [PMID: 15341940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of conformationally constrained 3-(N-alkylamino)propylphosphonic acids were systematically synthesized and their activities as S1P receptor agonists were evaluated. Several pyrrolidine and cyclohexane analogs had S1P receptor profiles comparable to the acyclic lead compound, 3-(N-tetradecylamino)propylphosphonic acid (3), lowered circulating lymphocytes in mice after iv administration and were thus identified as being suitable for further investigations.
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40
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Plummer CW, Finke PE, Mills SG, Wang J, Tong X, Doss GA, Fong TM, Lao JZ, Schaeffer MT, Chen J, Shen CP, Stribling DS, Shearman LP, Strack AM, Van der Ploeg LHT. Synthesis and activity of 4,5-diarylimidazoles as human CB1 receptor inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1441-6. [PMID: 15713403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Revised: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies directed toward the optimization of 4,5-diarylimidazole-2-carboxamide analogs as human CB1 receptor inverse agonists resulted in the discovery of the two amide derivatives 24a and b (hCB1 IC50 = 6.1 and 4.0 nM) which also demonstrated efficacy in overnight feeding studies in the rat for reduction in both food intake and overall body weight.
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41
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Hale JJ, Lynch CL, Neway W, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Keohane CA, Rosenbach MJ, Milligan JA, Shei GJ, Parent SA, Chrebet G, Bergstrom J, Card D, Ferrer M, Hodder P, Strulovici B, Rosen H, Mandala S. A rational utilization of high-throughput screening affords selective, orally bioavailable 1-benzyl-3-carboxyazetidine sphingosine-1-phosphate-1 receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2005; 47:6662-5. [PMID: 15615513 DOI: 10.1021/jm0492507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Moderately potent, selective S1P(1) receptor agonists identified from high-throughput screening have been adapted into lipophilic tails for a class of orally bioavailable amino acid-based S1P(1) agonists represented by 7. Many of the new compounds are potent S1P(1) agonists that select against the S1P(2), S1P(3), and S1P(4) (although not S1P(5)) receptor subtypes. Analogues 18 and 24 are highly orally bioavailable and possess excellent pharmacokinetic profiles in the rat, dog, and rhesus monkey.
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42
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Hale JJ, Doherty G, Toth L, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Keohane CA, Rosenbach M, Milligan J, Shei GJ, Chrebet G, Bergstrom J, Card D, Forrest M, Sun SY, West S, Xie H, Nomura N, Rosen H, Mandala S. Selecting against S1P3 enhances the acute cardiovascular tolerability of 3-(N-benzyl)aminopropylphosphonic acid S1P receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:3501-5. [PMID: 15177461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Structurally modified 3-(N-benzylamino)propylphosphonic acid S1P receptor agonists that maintain affinity for S1P1, and have decreased affinity for S1P3 are efficacious, but exhibit decreased acute cardiovascular toxicity in rodents than do nonselective agonists.
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43
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Meurer LC, Finke PE, Mills SG, Walsh TF, Toupence RB, Debenham JS, Goulet MT, Wang J, Tong X, Fong TM, Lao J, Schaeffer MT, Chen J, Shen CP, Sloan Stribling D, Shearman LP, Strack AM, Van der Ploeg LHT. Synthesis and SAR of 5,6-diarylpyridines as human CB1 inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:645-51. [PMID: 15664830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies for two series of 2-benzyloxy-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pyridines having either a 3-cyano or 3-carboxamide moiety resulted in the preparation of the 2-(3,4-difluorobenzyloxy)-3-nitrile analog 10d and the 2-(3,4-difluorobenzyloxy)-3-(N-propylcarboxamide) analog 16c, (hCB1 IC(50)=1.3 and 1.7 nM, respectively) as potent and selective hCB1 inverse agonists. Their synthesis and biological activities are described herein.
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44
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Hale JJ, Neway W, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Ann Keohane C, Rosenbach M, Milligan J, Shei GJ, Chrebet G, Bergstrom J, Card D, Koo GC, Koprak SL, Jackson JJ, Rosen H, Mandala S. Potent S1P receptor agonists replicate the pharmacologic actions of the novel immune modulator FTY720. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:3351-5. [PMID: 15149705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.02.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 02/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alteration in lymphocyte trafficking and prevention of graft rejection in rodents observed on exposure to FTY720 (1) or its corresponding phosphate ester 2 can be induced by the systemic administration of potent sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonists exemplified by 19. The similar S1P receptor profiles of 2 and 19 coupled with their comparable potency in vivo supports a connection between S1P receptor agonism and immunosuppressive efficacy.
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45
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Abstract
Historically, therapeutic benefit in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV-1) infection has been best achieved by targeting viral proteins like HIV protease involved in viral replication rather than host cell proteins, like CD4, which facilitate the process of viral infection. Two discoveries in 1996 presented a novel opportunity to redress this issue: 1) the understanding that heptahelical G-protein coupled chemokine receptors on the surface of T cells and macrophages functioned together with CD4 to mediate viral entry, and 2) the observation that CD4 positive T cells from individuals homozygous for the CCR5 delta 32 null allele were resistant to infection by macrophage-tropic strains of the virus in vitro and in vivo. Since that time, data demonstrating that selective blockade of two chemokine receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, by small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists or receptor-directed biologics could robustly inhibit the infection of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by macrophage-tropic and T-cell line tropic strains respectively in vitro has validated this potential approach to therapy. Early clinical trial data now also confirms that these types of agents will have anti-viral activity in some HIV-1 infected individuals; however to date, dose limiting off-target activities have prohibited a full test of their potential clinical value. It also remains to be seen how these types of agents will fare in synergy with existing HIV-1 targeted antivirals, or those currently in development.
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46
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Hale JJ, Doherty G, Toth L, Li Z, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Ann Keohane C, Rosenbach M, Milligan J, Shei GJ, Chrebet G, Bergstrom J, Card D, Rosen H, Mandala S. The discovery of 3-(N-alkyl)aminopropylphosphonic acids as potent S1P receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3495-9. [PMID: 15177460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
3-(N-Alkyl)aminopropylphosphonic acids are potent agonists of four of the five known sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor subtypes.
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47
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Shankaran K, Donnelly KL, Shah SK, Guthikonda RN, MacCoss M, Mills SG, Gould SL, Malkowitz L, Siciliano SJ, Springer MS, Carella A, Carver G, Hazuda D, Holmes K, Kessler J, Lineberger J, Miller MD, Emini EA, Schleif WA. Syntheses and SAR studies of 4-(heteroarylpiperdin-1-yl-methyl)-pyrrolidin-1-yl-acetic acid antagonists of the human CCR5 chemokine receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3419-24. [PMID: 15177445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Efforts toward the exploration of the title compounds as CCR5 antagonists are disclosed. The basis for such work stems from the fact that cellular proliferation of HIV-1 requires the cooperative assistance of both CCR5 and CD4 receptors. The synthesis and SAR of pyrrolidineacetic acid derivatives as CCR5 antagonists displaying potent binding and antiviral properties in a HeLa cell-based HIV-1 infectivity assay are discussed.
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48
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Shankaran K, Donnelly KL, Shah SK, Caldwell CG, Chen P, Finke PE, Oates B, MacCoss M, Mills SG, DeMartino JA, Gould SL, Malkowitz L, Siciliano SJ, Springer MS, Kwei G, Carella A, Carver G, Danzeisen R, Hazuda D, Holmes K, Kessler J, Lineberger J, Miller MD, Emini EA, Schleif WA. Syntheses and biological evaluation of 5-(piperidin-1-yl)-3-phenyl-pentylsulfones as CCR5 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3589-93. [PMID: 15177481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Accepted: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellular proliferation of HIV-1 requires the cooperative assistance of both the CCR5 and CD4 receptors. Our medicinal chemistry efforts in this area have resulted in the identification of N-alkyl piperidine sulfones as CCR5 antagonists. These compounds display potent binding and show antiviral properties in HIV-1 spread cell-based assays.
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49
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Shen DM, Shu M, Willoughby CA, Shah S, Lynch CL, Hale JJ, Mills SG, Chapman KT, Malkowitz L, Springer MS, Gould SL, DeMartino JA, Siciliano SJ, Lyons K, Pivnichny JV, Kwei GY, Carella A, Carver G, Holmes K, Schleif WA, Danzeisen R, Hazuda D, Kessler J, Lineberger J, Miller MD, Emini EA. Antagonists of human CCR5 receptor containing 4-(pyrazolyl)piperidine side chains. Part 2: Discovery of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable compounds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:941-5. [PMID: 15012998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2003] [Revised: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Modifications of the alkyl acetic acid portion and the phenyl on pyrrolidine in our lead pyrazole compound 1 afforded the isopropyl compound 9. This compound is a potent CCR5 antagonist showing good in vitro antiviral activity against HIV-1, an excellent selectivity profile, and good oral bioavailability in three animal species. During this investigation, a new method for the preparation of alpha-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-alpha,alpha-dialkyl acetic acid from a pyrrolidine and alpha-bromo-alpha,alpha-dialkyl acetic acid using silver triflate was discovered. This allowed us to prepare compounds such as 24 and 25 for the first time. A novel Pd-mediated N-dealkylation of alpha-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)acetic acid was also uncovered.
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Shen DM, Shu M, Mills SG, Chapman KT, Malkowitz L, Springer MS, Gould SL, DeMartino JA, Siciliano SJ, Kwei GY, Carella A, Carver G, Holmes K, Schleif WA, Danzeisen R, Hazuda D, Kessler J, Lineberger J, Miller MD, Emini EA. Antagonists of human CCR5 receptor containing 4-(pyrazolyl)piperidine side chains. Part 1: Discovery and SAR study of 4-pyrazolylpiperidine side chains. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:935-9. [PMID: 15012997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2003] [Revised: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the flexible connecting chains between the piperidine moiety and an aromatic group in previous CCR5 antagonists with heterocycles, such as pyrazole and isoxazole, provided potent CCR5 antagonists with excellent anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro. SAR studies revealed optimal placement of an unsubstituted nitrogen atom in the heterocycle to be meta to the bond connected to the 4-position of piperidine. Truncation of a benzyl group to a phenyl group afforded compounds with dramatically improved oral bioavailability, albeit with reduced activity.
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