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Ward C, Meehan J, Mullen P, Supuran C, Dixon JM, Thomas JS, Winum JY, Lambin P, Dubois L, Pavathaneni NK, Jarman EJ, Renshaw L, Um IH, Kay C, Harrison DJ, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP. Evaluation of carbonic anhydrase IX as a therapeutic target for inhibition of breast cancer invasion and metastasis using a series of in vitro breast cancer models. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24856-70. [PMID: 26259239 PMCID: PMC4694798 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative, resistant or metastatic disease are major factors in breast cancer mortality, warranting novel approaches. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is implicated in survival, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells and inhibition provides an innovative therapeutic strategy. The efficacy of 5 novel ureido-substituted sulfamate CAIX inhibitors were assessed in increasingly complex breast cancer models, including cell lines in normoxia and hypoxia, 3D spheroids and an ex-vivo explant model utilizing fresh biopsy tissue from different breast cancer subtypes. CAIX expression was evaluated in a tissue microarray (TMA) of 92 paired lymph node and primary breast cancers and 2 inhibitors were appraised in vivo using MDA-MB-231 xenografts. FC11409B, FC9398A, FC9403, FC9396A and S4 decreased cell proliferation and migration and inhibited 3D spheroid invasion. S4, FC9398A and FC9403A inhibited or prevented invasion into collagen. FC9403A significantly reversed established invasion whilst FC9398A and DTP348 reduced xenograft growth. TMA analysis showed increased CAIX expression in triple negative cancers. These data establish CAIX inhibition as a relevant therapeutic goal in breast cancer, targeting the migratory, invasive, and metastatic potential of this disease. The use of biopsy tissue suggests efficacy against breast cancer subtypes, and should provide a useful tool in drug testing against invasive cancers.
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Martínez-Pérez C, Ward C, Turnbull AK, Mullen P, Cook G, Meehan J, Jarman EJ, Thomson PIT, Campbell CJ, McPhail D, Harrison DJ, Langdon SP. Antitumour activity of the novel flavonoid Oncamex in preclinical breast cancer models. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:905-16. [PMID: 27031849 PMCID: PMC4984802 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The natural polyphenol myricetin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in preclinical cancer models. We hypothesised that myricetin-derived flavonoids with enhanced redox properties, improved cell uptake and mitochondrial targeting might have increased potential as antitumour agents. Methods: We studied the effect of a second-generation flavonoid analogue Oncamex in a panel of seven breast cancer cell lines, applying western blotting, gene expression analysis, fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry of xenograft tissue to investigate its mechanism of action. Results: Proliferation assays showed that Oncamex treatment for 8 h reduced cell viability and induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, concomitant with increased caspase activation. Microarray analysis showed that Oncamex was associated with changes in the expression of genes controlling cell cycle and apoptosis. Fluorescence microscopy showed the compound's mitochondrial targeting and reactive oxygen species-modulating properties, inducing superoxide production at concentrations associated with antiproliferative effects. A preliminary in vivo study in mice implanted with the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer xenograft showed that Oncamex inhibited tumour growth, reducing tissue viability and Ki-67 proliferation, with no signs of untoward effects on the animals. Conclusions: Oncamex is a novel flavonoid capable of specific mitochondrial delivery and redox modulation. It has shown antitumour activity in preclinical models of breast cancer, supporting the potential of this prototypic candidate for its continued development as an anticancer agent.
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Koussounadis A, Langdon SP, Um I, Kay C, Francis KE, Harrison DJ, Smith VA. Dynamic modulation of phosphoprotein expression in ovarian cancer xenograft models. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:205. [PMID: 26964739 PMCID: PMC4787009 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dynamic changes that occur in protein expression after treatment of a cancer in vivo are poorly described. In this study we measure the effect of chemotherapy over time on the expression of a panel of proteins in ovarian cancer xenograft models. The objective was to identify phosphoprotein and other protein changes indicative of pathway activation that might link with drug response. Methods Two xenograft models, platinum-responsive OV1002 and platinum-unresponsive HOX424, were used. Treatments were carboplatin and carboplatin-paclitaxel. Expression of 49 proteins over 14 days post treatment was measured by quantitative immunofluorescence and analysed by AQUA. Results Carboplatin treatment in the platinum-sensitive OV1002 model triggered up-regulation of cell cycle, mTOR and DDR pathways, while at late time points WNT, invasion, EMT and MAPK pathways were modulated. Estrogen receptor-alpha (ESR1) and ERBB pathways were down-regulated early, within 24 h from treatment administration. Combined carboplatin-paclitaxel treatment triggered a more extensive response in the OV1002 model modulating expression of 23 of 49 proteins. Therefore the cell cycle and DDR pathways showed similar or more pronounced changes than with carboplatin alone. In addition to expression of pS6 and pERK increasing, components of the AKT pathway were modulated with pAKT increasing while its regulator PTEN was down-regulated early. WNT signaling, EMT and invasion markers were modulated at later time points. Additional pathways were also observed with the NFκB and JAK/STAT pathways being up-regulated. ESR1 was down-regulated as was HER4, while further protein members of the ERBB pathway were upregulated late. By contrast, in the carboplatin-unresponsive HOX 424 xenograft, carboplatin only modulated expression of MLH1 while carboplatin-paclitaxel treatment modulated ESR1 and pMET. Conclusions Thirteen proteins were modulated by carboplatin and a more robust set of changes by carboplatin-paclitaxel. Early changes included DDR and cell cycle regulatory proteins associating with tumor volume changes, as expected. Changes in ESR1 and ERBB signaling were also observed. Late changes included components of MAPK signaling, EMT and invasion markers and coincided in time with reversal in tumor volume reduction. These results suggest potential therapeutic roles for inhibitors of such pathways that may prolong chemotherapeutic effects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2212-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Meehan J, Ward C, Jarman E, Xintaropoulou C, Martinez-Perez C, Turnbull A, Supuran C, Dixon M, Kunkler I, Langdon SP. Abstract P5-04-05: Targeting the pH regulatory mechanisms of breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs15-p5-04-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
The abnormal regulation of H+ ions, leading to a reversed pH gradient in tumor cells in comparison to normal cells, is considered to be one of the hallmarks of cancer. This feature, however, has yet to be exploited as a therapeutic target. The aim of this study was to assess whether targeting proteins (CAIX, NHE1 and V-ATPase) that permit hypoxic cancer cell adaptation to acidosis in the tumor microenvironment can produce an effective therapeutic response in breast cancer, using 2D and 3D models.
Method:
Western blotting and gene expression analysis were performed on MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and HBL-100 cancer cells to assess target protein expression in differing O2 conditions in 2D, while IHC was used to measure protein levels in 3D using multicellular tumor spheroids. Sulforhodamine B assays were executed to analyze the effects of inhibitors targeting CAIX, NHE1 and V-ATPase on breast cancer cell proliferation in 2D. 3D invasion assays were performed with MDA-MB-231 spheroids and explant tissue derived from human patients to see if CAIX inhibition had any effect on cancer cell invasion. An MDA-MB-231 xenograft model was used to investigate the effects of CAIX inhibition in vivo. Clonogenic assays were performed with MDA-MB-231 spheroids to evaluate whether any of the drugs combined effectively with irradiation.
Results:
2D and 3D expression analysis showed that CAIX levels were extremely responsive to changes in O2 conditions in each of the cell lines, with HBL100 cells exhibiting the largest changes in both mRNA (42-fold increase) and protein (78-fold increase) levels at low (0.5%) O2 concentrations. NHE1 and V-ATPase mRNA/protein levels were, however, much more consistently expressed across the cell lines in different O2 conditions. Drugs targeting CAIX, NHE1 and V-ATPase had anti-proliferative effects on the breast cancer cells in 2D. Normoxic cancer cells were the most sensitive to drug treatment, acute hypoxic cancer cells showed increased resistance to the anti-proliferative effects of these drugs, while chronic hypoxic cells had IC50 values more similar to the normoxic cells. The results for the CAIX inhibitor were unexpected, as we had predicted that the increased levels of CAIX in the acute hypoxic cells would make them more sensitive to treatment. CAIX inhibition did, however, significantly reduce the invasion of cancer cells from both MDA-MB-231 spheroids (p≤0.01) and explant tissue (p≤0.001). Targeting pH regulation was also shown to have an effect in vivo on MDA-MB-231 xenografts, with CAIX inhibition significantly reducing the growth (p≤0.05) and proliferation (p≤0.05) of tumors within mice. Finally, clonogenic assays showed that drugs targeting both CAIX and NHE1 led to a significant reduction in colony number when combined with radiation (p≤0.05), compared to either drug individually or radiation treatment alone.
Conclusions:
This study shows that drugs targeting pH regulation molecules have potential in the treatment of breast cancer. This is highlighted by their ability to affect the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells, along with their ability to be combined with radiation. Of the 3 pH regulatory molecules, CAIX represents the target with the most promise.
Citation Format: Meehan J, Ward C, Jarman E, Xintaropoulou C, Martinez-Perez C, Turnbull A, Supuran C, Dixon M, Kunkler I, Langdon SP. Targeting the pH regulatory mechanisms of breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-04-05.
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Jarman EJ, Turnbull AK, Martinez-Perez C, Meehan J, Xintralopoulou C, Ward C, Langdon SP. Abstract P4-08-06: Modulation of hypoxia-inducible factors and the HIF transcriptional response to hypoxia by ERBB2 overexpression in the MCF7 breast cancer cell line. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs15-p4-08-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: To explore the role of HIF2α in growth factor receptor-driven HIF modulation and investigate the relationship between growth factor- and hypoxia-driven HIF activation. HIF-mediated transcriptional activity is known to drive genes involved in various processes which are associated with cancer pathology such as glycolysis, angiogenesis and metastasis. Therefore, understanding the implications of hypoxia-independent HIF regulation for both HIF1α and HIF2α, may give new insight into the mechanisms by which HIF drives cancer pathology in vivo and a greater understanding of when HIF inhibitory agents may be effective therapies.
Methods: We used an ERBB2 overexpressing MCF7 cell line (MCF7-HER2) to investigate the effect of ERBB2 on the HIF-axis. Western blotting was used to assess protein level in these cell lines. HIF protein expression was compared with and without ERBB stimulation by ERBB3 ligand neuregulin 1β. Illumina BeadChip analysis was used to compare mRNA levels between these cell lines in normoxia (20% oxygen), acute hypoxia (0.5% oxygen for 24 hours) and chronic hypoxia (0.5% oxygen for 10 weeks). Differentially expressed genes were identified using rank products analysis with a cut-off P-value of 0.01. This allowed an in-depth comparison of hypoxia responses at the level of transcription between the cell lines to ascertain the effect of ERBB2 overexpression on hypoxia driven transcriptional changes.
Results: Immunoblotting shows that HIF1α protein level is comparable between MCF7 and MCF7-HER2 cell lines, and is inducible in normoxia by stimulation with neuregulin 1β. Conversely, HIF2α protein is unaffected, but is constitutively expressed in MCF7-HER2 only. This suggests that both HIF isoforms can be up-regulated in normoxia but by different mechanisms. Microarray data suggests that the constitutively higher HIF2α levels in the MCF7-HER2 cell line may be due, at least in part, to the increased transcription of the HIF2A gene which is higher in normoxia and in response to hypoxia when compared to wild-type MCF7. Overexpression of ERBB2 in MCF7-HER2 cells appears to prime cells for their response to hypoxia, as 14% (N= 591) of the genes which are induced in acute hypoxia are also expressed at significantly higher levels in normoxic MCF7-HER2 cells. However, only 1% are more highly expressed in wild-type MCF7 cells. For chronic hypoxic genes, 18% (N= 514) were more highly expressed in normoxic MCF7-HER2 cells and just 8% in wild-type MCF7 cells. These up-regulated genes include both HIF1 and HIF2 target genes which may have important consequences for glycolysis (ALDOC, PFKFB), tumour cell survival (E4BP4, STC2) and proliferation (FOS, KDM5B).
Conclusions: We have demonstrated that both HIF1α and HIF2α can be regulated independently of hypoxia, however these appear to be controlled through distinct mechanisms. Whilst the implications of HIF1 in breast cancer pathology have been appreciated for some time, relatively little is known about the impact of HIF2. Here we show that ERBB2 overexpression can not only increase HIF2α protein levels in normoxia, but may also prime cells for hypoxia by allowing the constitutively higher expression of HIF1 and HIF2 target genes.
Citation Format: Jarman EJ, Turnbull AK, Martinez-Perez C, Meehan J, Xintralopoulou C, Ward C, Langdon SP. Modulation of hypoxia-inducible factors and the HIF transcriptional response to hypoxia by ERBB2 overexpression in the MCF7 breast cancer cell line. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-08-06.
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Briffa R, Um I, Faratian D, Zhou Y, Turnbull AK, Langdon SP, Harrison DJ. Multi-Scale Genomic, Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines to Identify Novel Biomarkers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144708. [PMID: 26678268 PMCID: PMC4692059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Selecting colorectal cancer (CRC) patients likely to respond to therapy remains a clinical challenge. The objectives of this study were to establish which genes were differentially expressed with respect to treatment sensitivity and relate this to copy number in a panel of 15 CRC cell lines. Copy number variations of the identified genes were assessed in a cohort of CRCs. IC50's were measured for 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and BEZ-235, a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor. Cell lines were profiled using array comparative genomic hybridisation, Illumina gene expression analysis, reverse phase protein arrays, and targeted sequencing of KRAS hotspot mutations. Frequent gains were observed at 2p, 3q, 5p, 7p, 7q, 8q, 12p, 13q, 14q, and 17q and losses at 2q, 3p, 5q, 8p, 9p, 9q, 14q, 18q, and 20p. Frequently gained regions contained EGFR, PIK3CA, MYC, SMO, TRIB1, FZD1, and BRCA2, while frequently lost regions contained FHIT and MACROD2. TRIB1 was selected for further study. Gene enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed genes with respect to treatment response were involved in Wnt signalling, EGF receptor signalling, apoptosis, cell cycle, and angiogenesis. Stepwise integration of copy number and gene expression data yielded 47 candidate genes that were significantly correlated. PDCD6 was differentially expressed in all three treatment responses. Tissue microarrays were constructed for a cohort of 118 CRC patients and TRIB1 and MYC amplifications were measured using fluorescence in situ hybridisation. TRIB1 and MYC were amplified in 14.5% and 7.4% of the cohort, respectively, and these amplifications were significantly correlated (p≤0.0001). TRIB1 protein expression in the patient cohort was significantly correlated with pERK, Akt, and Caspase 3 expression. In conclusion, a set of candidate predictive biomarkers for 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and BEZ235 are described that warrant further study. Amplification of the putative oncogene TRIB1 has been described for the first time in a cohort of CRC patients.
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Xintaropoulou C, Ward C, Wise A, Marston H, Turnbull A, Langdon SP. A comparative analysis of inhibitors of the glycolysis pathway in breast and ovarian cancer cell line models. Oncotarget 2015; 6:25677-95. [PMID: 26259240 PMCID: PMC4694858 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cancer cells rely on aerobic glycolysis for energy production and targeting of this pathway is a potential strategy to inhibit cancer cell growth. In this study, inhibition of five glycolysis pathway molecules (GLUT1, HKII, PFKFB3, PDHK1 and LDH) using 9 inhibitors (Phloretin, Quercetin, STF31, WZB117, 3PO, 3-bromopyruvate, Dichloroacetate, Oxamic acid, NHI-1) was investigated in panels of breast and ovarian cancer cell line models. All compounds tested blocked glycolysis as indicated by increased extracellular glucose and decreased lactate production and also increased apoptosis. Sensitivity to several inhibitors correlated with the proliferation rate of the cell lines. Seven compounds had IC50 values that were associated with each other consistent with a shared mechanism of action. A synergistic interaction was revealed between STF31 and Oxamic acid when combined with the antidiabetic drug metformin. Sensitivity to glycolysis inhibition was also examined under a range of O2 levels (21% O2, 7% O2, 2% O2 and 0.5% O2) and greater resistance to the inhibitors was found at low oxygen conditions (7% O2, 2% O2 and 0.5% O2) relative to 21% O2 conditions. These results indicate growth of breast and ovarian cancer cell lines is dependent on all the targets examined in the glycolytic pathway with increased sensitivity to the inhibitors under normoxic conditions.
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Khalil HS, Goltsov A, Langdon SP, Harrison DJ, Bown J, Deeni Y. Quantitative analysis of NRF2 pathway reveals key elements of the regulatory circuits underlying antioxidant response and proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. J Biotechnol 2014; 202:12-30. [PMID: 25449014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cells are constantly exposed to Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) produced both endogenously to meet physiological requirements and from exogenous sources. While endogenous ROS are considered as important signalling molecules, high uncontrollable ROS are detrimental. It is unclear how cells can achieve a balance between maintaining physiological redox homeostasis and robustly activate the antioxidant system to remove exogenous ROS. We have utilised a Systems Biology approach to understand how this robust adaptive system fulfils homeostatic requirements of maintaining steady-state ROS and growth rate, while undergoing rapid readjustment under challenged conditions. Using a panel of human ovarian and normal cell lines, we experimentally quantified and established interrelationships between key elements of ROS homeostasis. The basal levels of NRF2 and KEAP1 were cell line specific and maintained in tight correlation with their growth rates and ROS. Furthermore, perturbation of this balance triggered cell specific kinetics of NRF2 nuclear-cytoplasmic relocalisation and sequestration of exogenous ROS. Our experimental data were employed to parameterise a mathematical model of the NRF2 pathway that elucidated key response mechanisms of redox regulation and showed that the dynamics of NRF2-H2O2 regulation defines a relationship between half-life, total and nuclear NRF2 level and endogenous H2O2 that is cell line specific.
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Pettersen EO, Ebbesen P, Gieling RG, Williams KJ, Dubois L, Lambin P, Ward C, Meehan J, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP, Ree AH, Flatmark K, Lyng H, Calzada MJ, Peso LD, Landazuri MO, Görlach A, Flamm H, Kieninger J, Urban G, Weltin A, Singleton DC, Haider S, Buffa FM, Harris AL, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT, Moser I, Jobst G, Busk M, Toustrup K, Overgaard J, Alsner J, Pouyssegur J, Chiche J, Mazure N, Marchiq I, Parks S, Ahmed A, Ashcroft M, Pastorekova S, Cao Y, Rouschop KM, Wouters BG, Koritzinsky M, Mujcic H, Cojocari D. Targeting tumour hypoxia to prevent cancer metastasis. From biology, biosensing and technology to drug development: the METOXIA consortium. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:689-721. [PMID: 25347767 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.966704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic areas of solid cancers represent a negative prognostic factor irrespective of which treatment modality is chosen for the patient. Still, after almost 80 years of focus on the problems created by hypoxia in solid tumours, we still largely lack methods to deal efficiently with these treatment-resistant cells. The consequences of this lack may be serious for many patients: Not only is there a negative correlation between the hypoxic fraction in tumours and the outcome of radiotherapy as well as many types of chemotherapy, a correlation has been shown between the hypoxic fraction in tumours and cancer metastasis. Thus, on a fundamental basis the great variety of problems related to hypoxia in cancer treatment has to do with the broad range of functions oxygen (and lack of oxygen) have in cells and tissues. Therefore, activation-deactivation of oxygen-regulated cascades related to metabolism or external signalling are important areas for the identification of mechanisms as potential targets for hypoxia-specific treatment. Also the chemistry related to reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) and the biological handling of ROS are part of the problem complex. The problem is further complicated by the great variety in oxygen concentrations found in tissues. For tumour hypoxia to be used as a marker for individualisation of treatment there is a need for non-invasive methods to measure oxygen routinely in patient tumours. A large-scale collaborative EU-financed project 2009-2014 denoted METOXIA has studied all the mentioned aspects of hypoxia with the aim of selecting potential targets for new hypoxia-specific therapy and develop the first stage of tests for this therapy. A new non-invasive PET-imaging method based on the 2-nitroimidazole [(18)F]-HX4 was found to be promising in a clinical trial on NSCLC patients. New preclinical models for testing of the metastatic potential of cells were developed, both in vitro (2D as well as 3D models) and in mice (orthotopic grafting). Low density quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based assays were developed measuring multiple hypoxia-responsive markers in parallel to identify tumour hypoxia-related patterns of gene expression. As possible targets for new therapy two main regulatory cascades were prioritised: The hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF)-regulated cascades operating at moderate to weak hypoxia (<1% O(2)), and the unfolded protein response (UPR) activated by endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress and operating at more severe hypoxia (<0.2%). The prioritised targets were the HIF-regulated proteins carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), the lactate transporter MCT4 and the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4-arm of the UPR. The METOXIA project has developed patented compounds targeting CAIX with a preclinical documented effect. Since hypoxia-specific treatments alone are not curative they will have to be combined with traditional anti-cancer therapy to eradicate the aerobic cancer cell population as well.
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Bown JL, Idowu MA, Khalil HS, Goltsov A, Deeni Y, Zhelev N, Langdon SP, Harrison DJ. Process-based vs. data-driven modelling of cancer cell behaviour. J Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Koussounadis A, Langdon SP, Harrison DJ, Smith VA. Chemotherapy-induced dynamic gene expression changes in vivo are prognostic in ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2975-84. [PMID: 24867692 PMCID: PMC4056064 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The response of ovarian cancer patients to carboplatin and paclitaxel is variable, necessitating identification of biomarkers that can reliably predict drug sensitivity and resistance. In this study, we sought to identify dynamically controlled genes and pathways associated with drug response and its time dependence. METHODS Gene expression was assessed for 14 days post-treatment with carboplatin or carboplatin-paclitaxel in xenografts from two ovarian cancer models: platinum-sensitive serous adenocarcinoma-derived OV1002 and a mixed clear cell/endometrioid carcinoma-derived HOX424 with reduced sensitivity to platinum. RESULTS Tumour volume reduction was observed in both xenografts, but more dominantly in OV1002. Upregulated genes in OV1002 were involved in DNA repair, cell cycle and apoptosis, whereas downregulated genes were involved in oxygen-consuming metabolic processes and apoptosis control. Carboplatin-paclitaxel triggered a more comprehensive response than carboplatin only in both xenografts. In HOX424, apoptosis and cell cycle were upregulated, whereas Wnt signalling was inhibited. Genes downregulated after day 7 from both xenografts were predictive of overall survival. Overrepresented pathways were also predictive of outcome. CONCLUSIONS Late expressed genes are prognostic in ovarian tumours in a dynamic manner. This longitudinal gene expression study further elucidates chemotherapy response in two models, stressing the importance of delayed biomarker detection and guiding optimal timing of biopsies.
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Goltsov A, Deeni Y, Khalil HS, Soininen T, Kyriakidis S, Hu H, Langdon SP, Harrison DJ, Bown J. Systems analysis of drug-induced receptor tyrosine kinase reprogramming following targeted mono- and combination anti-cancer therapy. Cells 2014; 3:563-91. [PMID: 24918976 PMCID: PMC4092865 DOI: 10.3390/cells3020563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are key drivers of cancer progression and targets for drug therapy. A major challenge in anti-RTK treatment is the dependence of drug effectiveness on co-expression of multiple RTKs which defines resistance to single drug therapy. Reprogramming of the RTK network leading to alteration in RTK co-expression in response to drug intervention is a dynamic mechanism of acquired resistance to single drug therapy in many cancers. One route to overcome this resistance is combination therapy. We describe the results of a joint in silico, in vitro, and in vivo investigations on the efficacy of trastuzumab, pertuzumab and their combination to target the HER2 receptors. Computational modelling revealed that these two drugs alone and in combination differentially suppressed RTK network activation depending on RTK co-expression. Analyses of mRNA expression in SKOV3 ovarian tumour xenograft showed up-regulation of HER3 following treatment. Considering this in a computational model revealed that HER3 up-regulation reprograms RTK kinetics from HER2 homodimerisation to HER3/HER2 heterodimerisation. The results showed synergy of the trastuzumab and pertuzumab combination treatment of the HER2 overexpressing tumour can be due to an independence of the combination effect on HER3/HER2 composition when it changes due to drug-induced RTK reprogramming.
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Huang R, Faratian D, Sims AH, Wilson D, Thomas JS, Harrison DJ, Langdon SP. Increased STAT1 signaling in endocrine-resistant breast cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94226. [PMID: 24728078 PMCID: PMC3984130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomic profiling of the estrogen/tamoxifen-sensitive MCF-7 cell line and its partially sensitive (MCF-7/LCC1) and fully resistant (MCF-7/LCC9) variants was performed to identify modifiers of endocrine sensitivity in breast cancer. Analysis of the expression of 120 paired phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated epitopes in key oncogenic and tumor suppressor pathways revealed that STAT1 and several phosphorylated epitopes (phospho-STAT1(Tyr701) and phospho-STAT3(Ser727)) were differentially expressed between endocrine resistant and parental controls, confirmed by qRT-PCR and western blotting. The STAT1 inhibitor EGCG was a more effective inhibitor of the endocrine resistant MCF-7/LCC1 and MCF-7/LCC9 lines than parental MCF-7 cells, while STAT3 inhibitors Stattic and WP1066 were equally effective in endocrine-resistant and parental lines. The effects of the STAT inhibitors were additive, rather than synergistic, when tested in combination with tamoxifen in vitro. Expression of STAT1 and STAT3 were measured by quantitative immunofluorescence in invasive breast cancers and matched lymph nodes. When lymph node expression was compared to its paired primary breast cancer expression, there was greater expression of cytoplasmic STAT1 (∼3.1 fold), phospho-STAT3(Ser727) (∼1.8 fold), and STAT5 (∼1.5 fold) and nuclear phospho-STAT3(Ser727) (∼1.5 fold) in the nodes. Expression levels of STAT1 and STAT3 transcript were analysed in 550 breast cancers from publicly available gene expression datasets (GSE2990, GSE12093, GSE6532). When treatment with tamoxifen was considered, STAT1 gene expression was nearly predictive of distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS, log-rank p = 0.067), while STAT3 gene expression was predictive of DMFS (log-rank p<0.0001). Analysis of STAT1 and STAT3 protein expression in a series of 546 breast cancers also indicated that high expression of STAT3 protein was associated with improved survival (DMFS, p = 0.006). These results suggest that STAT signaling is important in endocrine resistance, and that STAT inhibitors may represent potential therapies in breast cancer, even in the resistant setting.
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Goltsov A, Langdon SP, Goltsov G, Harrison DJ, Bown J. Customizing the therapeutic response of signaling networks to promote antitumor responses by drug combinations. Front Oncol 2014; 4:13. [PMID: 24551596 PMCID: PMC3914444 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance, de novo and acquired, pervades cellular signaling networks (SNs) from one signaling motif to another as a result of cancer progression and/or drug intervention. This resistance is one of the key determinants of efficacy in targeted anti-cancer drug therapy. Although poorly understood, drug resistance is already being addressed in combination therapy by selecting drug targets where SN sensitivity increases due to combination components or as a result of de novo or acquired mutations. Additionally, successive drug combinations have shown low resistance potential. To promote a rational, systematic development of combination therapies, it is necessary to establish the underlying mechanisms that drive the advantages of combination therapies, and design methods to determine drug targets for combination regimens. Based on a joint systems analysis of cellular SN response and its sensitivity to drug action and oncogenic mutations, we describe an in silico method to analyze the targets of drug combinations. Our method explores mechanisms of sensitizing the SN through a combination of two drugs targeting vertical signaling pathways. We propose a paradigm of SN response customization by one drug to both maximize the effect of another drug in combination and promote a robust therapeutic response against oncogenic mutations. The method was applied to customize the response of the ErbB/PI3K/PTEN/AKT pathway by combination of drugs targeting HER2 receptors and proteins in the down-stream pathway. The results of a computational experiment showed that the modification of the SN response from hyperbolic to smooth sigmoid response by manipulation of two drugs in combination leads to greater robustness in therapeutic response against oncogenic mutations determining cancer heterogeneity. The application of this method in drug combination co-development suggests a combined evaluation of inhibition effects together with the capability of drug combinations to suppress resistance mechanisms before they become clinically manifest.
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Eccles SA, Aboagye EO, Ali S, Anderson AS, Armes J, Berditchevski F, Blaydes JP, Brennan K, Brown NJ, Bryant HE, Bundred NJ, Burchell JM, Campbell AM, Carroll JS, Clarke RB, Coles CE, Cook GJR, Cox A, Curtin NJ, Dekker LV, dos Santos Silva I, Duffy SW, Easton DF, Eccles DM, Edwards DR, Edwards J, Evans DG, Fenlon DF, Flanagan JM, Foster C, Gallagher WM, Garcia-Closas M, Gee JMW, Gescher AJ, Goh V, Groves AM, Harvey AJ, Harvie M, Hennessy BT, Hiscox S, Holen I, Howell SJ, Howell A, Hubbard G, Hulbert-Williams N, Hunter MS, Jasani B, Jones LJ, Key TJ, Kirwan CC, Kong A, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP, Leach MO, Mann DJ, Marshall JF, Martin LA, Martin SG, Macdougall JE, Miles DW, Miller WR, Morris JR, Moss SM, Mullan P, Natrajan R, O’Connor JPB, O’Connor R, Palmieri C, Pharoah PDP, Rakha EA, Reed E, Robinson SP, Sahai E, Saxton JM, Schmid P, Smalley MJ, Speirs V, Stein R, Stingl J, Streuli CH, Tutt ANJ, Velikova G, Walker RA, Watson CJ, Williams KJ, Young LS, Thompson AM. Critical research gaps and translational priorities for the successful prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R92. [PMID: 24286369 PMCID: PMC3907091 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer remains a significant scientific, clinical and societal challenge. This gap analysis has reviewed and critically assessed enduring issues and new challenges emerging from recent research, and proposes strategies for translating solutions into practice. METHODS More than 100 internationally recognised specialist breast cancer scientists, clinicians and healthcare professionals collaborated to address nine thematic areas: genetics, epigenetics and epidemiology; molecular pathology and cell biology; hormonal influences and endocrine therapy; imaging, detection and screening; current/novel therapies and biomarkers; drug resistance; metastasis, angiogenesis, circulating tumour cells, cancer 'stem' cells; risk and prevention; living with and managing breast cancer and its treatment. The groups developed summary papers through an iterative process which, following further appraisal from experts and patients, were melded into this summary account. RESULTS The 10 major gaps identified were: (1) understanding the functions and contextual interactions of genetic and epigenetic changes in normal breast development and during malignant transformation; (2) how to implement sustainable lifestyle changes (diet, exercise and weight) and chemopreventive strategies; (3) the need for tailored screening approaches including clinically actionable tests; (4) enhancing knowledge of molecular drivers behind breast cancer subtypes, progression and metastasis; (5) understanding the molecular mechanisms of tumour heterogeneity, dormancy, de novo or acquired resistance and how to target key nodes in these dynamic processes; (6) developing validated markers for chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity; (7) understanding the optimal duration, sequencing and rational combinations of treatment for improved personalised therapy; (8) validating multimodality imaging biomarkers for minimally invasive diagnosis and monitoring of responses in primary and metastatic disease; (9) developing interventions and support to improve the survivorship experience; (10) a continuing need for clinical material for translational research derived from normal breast, blood, primary, relapsed, metastatic and drug-resistant cancers with expert bioinformatics support to maximise its utility. The proposed infrastructural enablers include enhanced resources to support clinically relevant in vitro and in vivo tumour models; improved access to appropriate, fully annotated clinical samples; extended biomarker discovery, validation and standardisation; and facilitated cross-discipline working. CONCLUSIONS With resources to conduct further high-quality targeted research focusing on the gaps identified, increased knowledge translating into improved clinical care should be achievable within five years.
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Langdon SP, Cameron DA. Pertuzumab for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 13:907-918. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2013.814419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Langdon SP. Animal modeling of cancer pathology and studying tumor response to therapy. Curr Drug Targets 2013; 13:1535-47. [PMID: 22974396 DOI: 10.2174/138945012803530152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of human cancer have evolved in attempts to capture the complexity of the human disease. They encompass two broad types of model, namely those in which the tumor arises in situ and those in which cancer cells or tissue are transplanted. Currently human tumor xenografts are the most widely used model to help predict antitumor efficacy in a preclinical setting and xenograft results for certain disease types such as ovarian cancer and non-small cell lung cancer correlate well with clinical activity if the models are used under appropriate conditions. The genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models allow study of the effects of targeted inhibitors against defined molecular targets. These are becoming increasingly sophisticated to recapitulate the progression of tissue-specific molecular changes found within individual cancers. Non-germline GEM models possess the ability to study the impact of specific cancer genes without some of the limitations inherent in traditional GEM models. While rodents, particularly mice, have been the animal host most frequently used, there is increasing recognition of the value of using larger species especially dogs in the veterinary oncology setting. These have successfully modelled aspects of selected human cancers such as osteosarcoma, GIST and prostate cancer. Individually, these models have relative strengths and weaknesses in mimicking the human disease and appropriately reflecting its cellular and molecular pathology. This review will seek to address where these models can be best used to help predict response to therapeutics.
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Ward C, Langdon SP, Mullen P, Harris AL, Harrison DJ, Supuran CT, Kunkler IH. New strategies for targeting the hypoxic tumour microenvironment in breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 39:171-9. [PMID: 23063837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiation and drug resistance remain major challenges and causes of mortality in the treatment of locally advanced, recurrent and metastatic breast cancer. Metabolic reprogramming is a recently recognised hallmark of cancer with the hypoxic acidic extracellular environment as a major driver of invasion and metastases. Nearly 40% of all breast cancers and 50% of locally advanced breast cancers are hypoxic and their altered metabolism is strongly linked to resistance to radiotherapy and systemic therapy. The dependence of metabolically adapted breast cancer cells on alterations in cell function presents a wide range of new therapeutic targets such as carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX). This review highlights preclinical approaches to evaluating an array of targets against tumour metabolism in breast cancer and early phase clinical studies on efficacy.
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Meyer C, Sims AH, Morgan K, Harrison B, Muir M, Bai J, Faratian D, Millar RP, Langdon SP. Transcript and protein profiling identifies signaling, growth arrest, apoptosis, and NF-κB survival signatures following GNRH receptor activation. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20. [PMID: 23202794 PMCID: PMC3573841 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
GNRH significantly inhibits proliferation of a proportion of cancer cell lines by activating GNRH receptor (GNRHR)-G protein signaling. Therefore, manipulation of GNRHR signaling may have an under-utilized role in treating certain breast and ovarian cancers. However, the precise signaling pathways necessary for the effect and the features of cellular responses remain poorly defined. We used transcriptomic and proteomic profiling approaches to characterize the effects of GNRHR activation in sensitive cells (HEK293-GNRHR, SCL60) in vitro and in vivo, compared to unresponsive HEK293. Analyses of gene expression demonstrated a dynamic response to the GNRH superagonist Triptorelin. Early and mid-phase changes (0.5-1.0 h) comprised mainly transcription factors. Later changes (8-24 h) included a GNRH target gene, CGA, and up- or downregulation of transcripts encoding signaling and cell division machinery. Pathway analysis identified altered MAPK and cell cycle pathways, consistent with occurrence of G(2)/M arrest and apoptosis. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway gene transcripts were differentially expressed between control and Triptorelin-treated SCL60 cultures. Reverse-phase protein and phospho-proteomic array analyses profiled responses in cultured cells and SCL60 xenografts in vivo during Triptorelin anti-proliferation. Increased phosphorylated NF-κB (p65) occurred in SCL60 in vitro, and p-NF-κB and IκBε were higher in treated xenografts than controls after 4 days Triptorelin. NF-κB inhibition enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of Triptorelin in SCL60 cultures. This study reveals details of pathways interacting with intense GNRHR signaling, identifies potential anti-proliferative target genes, and implicates the NF-κB survival pathway as a node for enhancing GNRH agonist-induced anti-proliferation.
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Hu H, Goltsov A, Bown JL, Sims AH, Langdon SP, Harrison DJ, Faratian D. Feedforward and feedback regulation of the MAPK and PI3K oscillatory circuit in breast cancer. Cell Signal 2013; 25:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lebedeva G, Yamaguchi A, Langdon SP, Macleod K, Harrison DJ. A model of estrogen-related gene expression reveals non-linear effects in transcriptional response to tamoxifen. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:138. [PMID: 23134774 PMCID: PMC3573949 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-6-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen receptors alpha (ER) are implicated in many types of female cancers, and are the common target for anti-cancer therapy using selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs, such as tamoxifen). However, cell-type specific and patient-to-patient variability in response to SERMs (from suppression to stimulation of cancer growth), as well as frequent emergence of drug resistance, represents a serious problem. The molecular processes behind mixed effects of SERMs remain poorly understood, and this strongly motivates application of systems approaches. In this work, we aimed to establish a mathematical model of ER-dependent gene expression to explore potential mechanisms underlying the variable actions of SERMs. RESULTS We developed an equilibrium model of ER binding with 17β-estradiol, tamoxifen and DNA, and linked it to a simple ODE model of ER-induced gene expression. The model was parameterised on the broad range of literature available experimental data, and provided a plausible mechanistic explanation for the dual agonism/antagonism action of tamoxifen in the reference cell line used for model calibration. To extend our conclusions to other cell types we ran global sensitivity analysis and explored model behaviour in the wide range of biologically plausible parameter values, including those found in cancer cells. Our findings suggest that transcriptional response to tamoxifen is controlled in a complex non-linear way by several key parameters, including ER expression level, hormone concentration, amount of ER-responsive genes and the capacity of ER-tamoxifen complexes to stimulate transcription (e.g. by recruiting co-regulators of transcription). The model revealed non-monotonic dependence of ER-induced transcriptional response on the expression level of ER, that was confirmed experimentally in four variants of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. CONCLUSIONS We established a minimal mechanistic model of ER-dependent gene expression, that predicts complex non-linear effects in transcriptional response to tamoxifen in the broad range of biologically plausible parameter values. Our findings suggest that the outcome of a SERM's action is defined by several key components of cellular micro-environment, that may contribute to cell-type-specific effects of SERMs and justify the need for the development of combinatorial biomarkers for more accurate prediction of the efficacy of SERMs in specific cell types.
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Langdon SP, Lawrie SS. Establishment of ovarian cancer cell lines. METHODS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2012; 39:155-9. [PMID: 21340766 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-071-3:155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Human tumor cell lines have provided valuable model systems to study a wide variety of tumor characteristics including the cell biology, genetics, and chemosensitivity profiles of disease. A large number of ovarian cancer cell lines have now been established and are in widespread use Table 1) (1-15). Many of these have been selected to reflect specific situations, e.g., pre- and postchemotherapy models or different histo- logical subtypes. Table 1 Properties of Established Ovarian Carcinoma Cell Lines Prior Cell Line Histology Source Treatment Ref. PE01 P.D. Serous adenoca Ascites P/FU/CHL 1 PE04 P.D. Serous adenoca Ascites P/FU/CHL 1 PE06 P.D. Serous adenoca Ascites P/FU/CHL 2 PEA1 P.D. Adenoca Pleural None 2 PEA2 P.D. Adenoca Ascites P/Pred 2 PE016 P.D. Serous adenoca Ascites Radioth 2 PE014 W.D.Serous adenoca Ascites None 2 T014 W.D.Serous adenoca Sol. Met None 2 PE023 W.D.Serous adenoca Ascites P/CHL 2 SKOV-3 Adenoca Ascites T 3 SW626 Adenoca - - 3 OVCAR-2 Adenoca Ascites P/Cy 4 OVCAR-3 P.D. papillary adenoca Ascites P/Cy/Adr 5 OVCAR-4 Adenoca Ascites P/Cy/Adr 6 OVCAR-5 Adenoca Ascites None 7 OAW 28 Adenoca Ascites P / Mel 8 OAW 42 Serous adenoca Ascites P 8 41M Adenoca Ascites None 9 59M Endometr adenoca Ascites None 8 CH1 Papillary adenoca Ascites P/ JM8 8 138D Serous adenoca Ascites Carb 9 180D Adenoca Ascites P 9 200D Serous adenoca Solid None 9 253D Serous adenoca Ascites Cy/MPA 9 HOC-1 W.D. Serous adenoca Ascites None 10 HOC-7 W.D. Serous adenoca Ascites None 10 CAOV-3 Adenoca Tumour Cy/Adr/FU 10 COLO 110 Serous adenoca Sol. Met None 11 COLO 316 Serous adenoca Pleural None 11 COLO 319 Serous adenoca Ascites None 11 COLO 330 Serous adenoca Ascites Mel/Radiother 11 IGROV1 Adenoca Primary None 12 HTOA W.D. serous adenoca Primary None 13 OV-1063 Papillary adenoca Ascites Cy/Adr/P/HMM 14 DO-s W.D. mucinous adenoca Ascites - 15 P.D. = Poorly differentiated; W.D. = Well differentiated; adenoca = adenocarcinoma; pleural = pleural effusion; Sol.met. = solid metastasis; P = cisplatin; FU = 5-fluorouracil; CHL = chlorambucil; Pred = prednimustine; Radioth = radiotherapy; T = thiotepa; Cy = cyclophosphamide; Adr = adriamycin; Mel = melphalan; Carb = carboplatin; MPA = medroxyprogesterone actetate; HMM = examethylmelamine.
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Winum JY, Carta F, Ward C, Mullen P, Harrison D, Langdon SP, Cecchi A, Scozzafava A, Kunkler I, Supuran CT. Ureido-substituted sulfamates show potent carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitory and antiproliferative activities against breast cancer cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4681-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sims AH, Zweemer AJM, Nagumo Y, Faratian D, Muir M, Dodds M, Um I, Kay C, Hasmann M, Harrison DJ, Langdon SP. Defining the molecular response to trastuzumab, pertuzumab and combination therapy in ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1779-89. [PMID: 22549178 PMCID: PMC3364568 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trastuzumab and pertuzumab target the Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2). Combination therapy has been shown to provide enhanced antitumour activity; however, the downstream signalling to explain how these drugs mediate their response is not clearly understood. METHODS Transcriptome profiling was performed after 4 days of trastuzumab, pertuzumab and combination treatment in human ovarian cancer in vivo. Signalling pathways identified were validated and investigated in primary ovarian xenografts at the protein level and across a timeseries. RESULTS A greater number and variety of genes were differentially expressed by the combination of antibody therapies compared with either treatment alone. Protein levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27 were increased in response to both agents and further by the combination; pERK signalling was inhibited by all treatments; but only pertuzumab inhibited pAkt signalling. The expression of proliferation, apoptosis, cell division and cell-cycle markers was distinct in a panel of primary ovarian cancer xenografts, suggesting the heterogeneity of response in ovarian cancer and a need to establish predictive biomarkers. CONCLUSION This first comprehensive study of the molecular response to trastuzumab, pertuzumab and combined therapy in vivo highlights both common and distinct downstream effects to agents used alone or in combination, suggesting that complementary pathways may be involved.
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Huang R, Langdon SP, Harrison DJ, Faratian D. Abstract 4085: The roles of HDACs in chromatin remodelling and response to chemotherapy in cancer. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-4085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Chromatin is dynamic in higher-order structure in response to extracellular and environmental signals. We observed nuclear morphological changes in clinical cancer tissues after chemotherapy. Since chromatin structure dictates gene expression, and therefore function, further investigation of this phenomenon may help us to better understand therapeutic responses. We hypothesise that nuclear morphological changes in cancer in response to DNA-damage by chemotherapy are mediated by histone deacetylases (HDACs). Methods: Ovarian cancer cell lines PEO1/PEO4 (platinum sensitive/resistant) were selected as in vitro models, and primary ovarian cancer xenografts OV1002 and HOX424 as in vivo models. Expression levels of HDACs and heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) were screened by reverse phase protein array (RPPA) and western blot after treatment with cisplatin. Immunofluorescence imaging was undertaken using confocal microscopy and nuclear texture was measured in Image J using GLCM texture analysis plugin. 38 ovarian cancer patient and 175 xenograft samples were assessed for HDAC and HP1 expression in response to chemotherapy by quantitative immunofluorescence. HDAC2 expression was modulated by interfering RNAs (siRNA). Results: We demonstrate nuclear morphological changes in clinical tumours, xenografts, and cell lines in response to platinum chemotherapy. HDACs and HP1 isoforms showed differential expression in a panel of 25 ovarian cancer cell lines associated with response to chemotherapy with increased expression in treated or resistant lines. Expression of HDACs increased in PEO1 cells treated with cisplatin in a time-dependent fashion. This was accompanied by quantifiable changes in nuclear texture (increased heterogeneity), and high expression of HP1s at early time point (4-24h). The proliferation of PEO1 cells was inhibited and HP1 protein expression decreased after HDAC2 knockdown. In clinical specimens, HDAC8 and HP1 gamma expression significantly increased after chemotherapy, and class I HDAC (1, 2, and 8) and HP1 expression were increased after carboplatin treatment in carboplatin-sensitive xenografts. Chromatin conformation, DNA damage response, and cell cycle progression showed sequential changes over time with carboplatin treatment. Conclusion: These results demonstrate alterations in chromatin structure after chemotherapy, and implicate the role of class I HDACs in higher order chromatin changes and the DNA damage response in ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4085. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4085
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