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Ngo GQ, George A, Schock RTK, Tuniz A, Najafidehaghani E, Gan Z, Geib NC, Bucher T, Knopf H, Saravi S, Neumann C, Lühder T, Schartner EP, Warren-Smith SC, Ebendorff-Heidepriem H, Pertsch T, Schmidt MA, Turchanin A, Eilenberger F. Scalable Functionalization of Optical Fibers Using Atomically Thin Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003826. [PMID: 33025663 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides are highly promising for integrated optoelectronic and photonic systems due to their exciton-driven linear and nonlinear interactions with light. Integrating them into optical fibers yields novel opportunities in optical communication, remote sensing, and all-fiber optoelectronics. However, the scalable and reproducible deposition of high-quality monolayers on optical fibers is a challenge. Here, the chemical vapor deposition of monolayer MoS2 and WS2 crystals on the core of microstructured exposed-core optical fibers and their interaction with the fibers' guided modes are reported. Two distinct application possibilities of 2D-functionalized waveguides to exemplify their potential are demonstrated. First, the excitonic 2D material photoluminescence is simultaneously excited and collected with the fiber modes, opening a novel route to remote sensing. Then it is shown that third-harmonic generation is modified by the highly localized nonlinear polarization of the monolayers, yielding a new avenue to tailor nonlinear optical processes in fibers. It is anticipated that the results may lead to significant advances in optical-fiber-based technologies.
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Wang TJ, Deng LM, Chung HP, Chang WK, Pham TD, Tseng QH, Geiss R, Pertsch T, Chen YH. Electro-optically spectrum switchable, multiwavelength optical parametric oscillators based on aperiodically poled lithium niobate. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5848-5851. [PMID: 33057300 DOI: 10.1364/ol.404742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the first fast switchable multiwavelength optical parametric oscillator based on aperiodic optical superlattice technology. The constructed aperiodically poled lithium niobate (APPLN) integrates the functionalities of two quasi-phase-matching devices on a chip to work simultaneously as an electro-optic (EO) switchable notch-like filter and a multiline optical parametric downconverter. When such an APPLN is built in a 1064-nm-pumped optical resonator system, we achieve the oscillation of dual signals at 1540 and 1550 nm, for a single signal at 1540 nm, and a single signal at 1550 nm in the system when the 3-cm-long APPLN is driven by 0 V, 354 V, and 805 V, respectively. The switching among the three signal spectra is operationally simple and electro-optically fast. The electro-optically switched signals also feature enhanced power spectral density due to the unique EO gain-spectrum filtering mechanism employed in this work.
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28
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Belsley A, Pertsch T, Setzpfandt F. Generating path entangled states in waveguide systems with second-order nonlinearity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:28792-28809. [PMID: 33114790 DOI: 10.1364/oe.401303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous parametric down-conversion in coupled nonlinear waveguides is a flexible approach for generating tunable path entangled states. We describe a formalism based on the Cayley-Hamilton theorem to compute the quantum states generated by waveguide arrays for arbitrary system parameters. We find that all four Bell states can be generated in directional couplers with non-degenerate photons. Our method enables one to efficiently explore the phase space of waveguide systems and readily assess the robustness of any given state to variations in the system's parameters. We believe it represents a valuable tool for quantum state engineering in coupled waveguide systems.
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29
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Geib NC, Hollinger R, Haddad E, Herrmann P, Légaré F, Pertsch T, Spielmann C, Zürch M, Eilenberger F. Discrete dispersion scan setup for measuring few-cycle laser pulses in the mid-infrared. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5295-5298. [PMID: 32932515 DOI: 10.1364/ol.403362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate a discrete dispersion scan scheme using a low number of flat windows to vary the dispersion of laser pulses in discrete steps. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that the pulse duration can be retrieved accurately with less than 10 dispersion steps, which we verify experimentally by measuring few-cycle pulses and material dispersion curves at 3 and 10 µm wavelength. This minimal measuring scheme using only five optical components without the need for linear positioners and interferometric alignment can be readily implemented in many wavelength ranges and situations.
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Werdehausen D, Santiago XG, Burger S, Staude I, Pertsch T, Rockstuhl C, Decker M. Modeling Optical Materials at the Single Scatterer Level: The Transition from Homogeneous to Heterogeneous Materials. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Eschen W, Tadesse G, Peng Y, Steinert M, Pertsch T, Limpert J, Rothhardt J. Single-shot characterization of strongly focused coherent XUV and soft X-ray beams. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4798-4801. [PMID: 32870860 DOI: 10.1364/ol.394445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we present a novel, to the best of our knowledge, single-shot method for characterizing focused coherent beams. We utilize a dedicated amplitude-only mask, in combination with an iterative phase retrieval algorithm, to reconstruct the amplitude and phase of a focused beam from a single measured far-field diffraction pattern alone. In a proof-of-principle experiment at a wavelength of 13.5 nm, we demonstrate our new method and obtain an RMS phase error of better than λ/70. This method will find applications in the alignment of complex optical systems, real-time feedback to adaptive optics, and single-shot beam characterization, e.g., at free-electron lasers or high-order harmonic beamlines.
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Pjotr Stoevelaar L, Berzinš J, Silvestri F, Fasold S, Zangeneh Kamali K, Knopf H, Eilenberger F, Setzpfandt F, Pertsch T, Bäumer SMB, Gerini G. Nanostructure-modulated planar high spectral resolution spectro-polarimeter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:19818-19836. [PMID: 32680054 DOI: 10.1364/oe.392536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a planar spectro-polarimeter based on Fabry-Pérot cavities with embedded polarization-sensitive high-index nanostructures. A 7 µm-thick spectro-polarimetric system for 3 spectral bands and 2 linear polarization states is experimentally demonstrated. Furthermore, an optimal design is theoretically proposed, estimating that a system with a bandwidth of 127 nm and a spectral resolution of 1 nm is able to reconstruct the first three Stokes parameters with a signal-to-noise ratio of -13.14 dB with respect to the the shot noise limited SNR. The pixelated spectro-polarimetric system can be directly integrated on a sensor, thus enabling applicability in a variety of miniaturized optical devices, including but not limited to satellites for Earth observation.
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33
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Pakhomov AV, Löchner FJF, Zschiedrich L, Saravi S, Hammerschmidt M, Burger S, Pertsch T, Setzpfandt F. Far-field polarization signatures of surface optical nonlinearity in noncentrosymmetric semiconductors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10545. [PMID: 32601374 PMCID: PMC7324370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyse possibilities to quantitatively evaluate the surface second-order optical nonlinearity in noncentrosymmetric materials based on polarization-resolved analysis of far-field radiation patterns of second-harmonic generation. We analytically demonstrate that for plane-wave illumination the contribution to the second-harmonic signal from the surface of a nonlinear medium exhibits different polarization properties and angular dependencies compared to the contribution from the bulk. In view of this, we optimize the illumination geometry in order to enable the most efficient separation and comparison of both nonlinearities. Furthermore, we consider the illumination of an AlGaAs slab by a tightly-focused linearly-polarized Gaussian beam as an alternative measurement geometry. It is found that the reliable separation of the surface nonlinearity contribution as well as a wide range of detectable values can be achieved with this geometry as well.
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Berzinš J, Indrišiūnas S, van Erve K, Nagarajan A, Fasold S, Steinert M, Gerini G, Gečys P, Pertsch T, Bäumer SMB, Setzpfandt F. Direct and High-Throughput Fabrication of Mie-Resonant Metasurfaces via Single-Pulse Laser Interference. ACS NANO 2020; 14:6138-6149. [PMID: 32310637 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High-index dielectric metasurfaces featuring Mie-type electric and magnetic resonances have been of great interest in a variety of applications such as imaging, sensing, photovoltaics, and others, which led to the necessity of an efficient large-scale fabrication technique. To address this, here we demonstrate the use of single-pulse laser interference for direct patterning of an amorphous silicon film into an array of Mie resonators a few hundred nanometers in diameter. The proposed technique is based on laser-interference-induced dewetting. A precise control of the laser pulse energy enables the fabrication of ordered dielectric metasurfaces in areas spanning tens of micrometers and consisting of thousands of hemispherical nanoparticles with a single laser shot. The fabricated nanoparticles exhibit a wavelength-dependent optical response with a strong electric dipole signature. Variation of the predeposited silicon film thickness allows tailoring of the resonances in the targeted visible and infrared spectral ranges. Such direct and high-throughput fabrication is a step toward a simple realization of spatially invariant metasurface-based devices.
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Werdehausen D, Burger S, Staude I, Pertsch T, Decker M. General design formalism for highly efficient flat optics for broadband applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:6452-6468. [PMID: 32225893 DOI: 10.1364/oe.386573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of flat diffractive optical elements (DOEs) for broadband applications, e.g. conventional optical systems, requires DOEs that maintain high efficiencies across the required range of wavelengths, angles of incidence, and grating periods. Here we introduce a general framework for how dispersion engineering can be used to design DOEs that fulfill these requirements and use our approach to determine design rules for broadband DOEs. Our analysis shows that the key to making échelette-type gratings (EGs) suitable for broadband optical systems is the development of new optical materials with specific uncommon dispersion properties. Subsequently, we use our framework to design a representative range of prototype EGs, which allows us to link the specifications of an optical system to the requirements on the EGs' materials. Finally, we show that our design rules apply to all DOEs based on propagation delays including GRIN DOEs and metagratings. Our design rules therefore guide the way towards unlocking the full potential of DOEs for different kinds of broadband applications.
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36
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Berzinš J, Indrišiūnas S, Fasold S, Steinert M, Žukovskaja O, Cialla-May D, Gečys P, Bäumer SMB, Pertsch T, Setzpfandt F. Laser-induced spatially-selective tailoring of high-index dielectric metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:1539-1553. [PMID: 32121862 DOI: 10.1364/oe.380383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Optically resonant high-index dielectric metasurfaces featuring Mie-type electric and magnetic resonances are usually fabricated by means of planar technologies, which limit the degrees of freedom in tunability and scalability of the fabricated systems. Therefore, we propose a complimentary post-processing technique based on ultrashort (≤ 10 ps) laser pulses. The process involves thermal effects: crystallization and reshaping, while the heat is localized by a high-precision positioning of the focused laser beam. Moreover, for the first time, the resonant behavior of dielectric metasurface elements is exploited to engineer a specific absorption profile, which leads to a spatially-selective heating and a customized modification. Such technique has the potential to reduce the complexity in the fabrication of non-uniform metasurface-based optical elements. Two distinct cases, a spatial pixelation of a large-scale metasurface and a height modification of metasurface elements, are explicitly demonstrated.
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37
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Löchner FJF, Mupparapu R, Steinert M, George A, Tang Z, Turchanin A, Pertsch T, Staude I, Setzpfandt F. Controlling second-harmonic diffraction by nano-patterning MoS 2 monolayers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:35475-35484. [PMID: 31878718 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.035475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides have a strong second-order nonlinear response enabling second-harmonic generation. Here, we control the spatial radiation properties of the generated second harmonic by patterning MoS2 monolayers using focused ion beam milling. We observe diffraction of the second harmonic into the zero and first diffraction orders via an inscribed one-dimensional grating. Additionally, we included a fork-like singularity into the grating to create a vortex beam in the first diffraction order.
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38
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Abbasirad N, Berzins J, Kollin K, Saravi S, Janunts N, Setzpfandt F, Pertsch T. A fully automated dual-tip scanning near-field optical microscope for localized optical excitation and detection in the visible and near-infrared. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:053705. [PMID: 31153284 DOI: 10.1063/1.5084946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Near-field optical microscopes with two independent tips for simultaneous excitation and detection can be essential tools for studying localized optical phenomena on the subwavelength scale. Here, we report on the implementation of a fully automated and robust dual-tip scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM), in which the excitation tip is stationary, while the detection tip automatically scans the surrounding area. To monitor and control the distance between the two probes, mechanical interactions due to shear forces are used. We experimentally investigate suitable scan parameters and find that the automated dual-tip SNOM can operate stably for a wide range of parameters. To demonstrate the potential of the automated dual-tip SNOM, we characterize the propagation of surface plasmon polaritons on a gold film for visible and near-infrared wavelengths. The good agreement of the measurements with numerical simulations verifies the capability of the dual-tip SNOM for the near-field characterization of localized optical phenomena.
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39
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Vaskin A, Mashhadi S, Steinert M, Chong KE, Keene D, Nanz S, Abass A, Rusak E, Choi DY, Fernandez-Corbaton I, Pertsch T, Rockstuhl C, Noginov MA, Kivshar YS, Neshev DN, Noginova N, Staude I. Manipulation of Magnetic Dipole Emission from Eu 3+ with Mie-Resonant Dielectric Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1015-1022. [PMID: 30605616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mie-resonant high-index dielectric nanoparticles and metasurfaces have been suggested as a viable platform for enhancing both electric and magnetic dipole transitions of fluorescent emitters. While the enhancement of the electric dipole transitions by such dielectric nanoparticles has been demonstrated experimentally, the case of magnetic-dipole transitions remains largely unexplored. Here, we study the enhancement of spontaneous emission of Eu3+ ions, featuring both electric and magnetic-dominated dipole transitions, by dielectric metasurfaces composed of Mie-resonant silicon nanocylinders. By coating the metasurfaces with a layer of an Eu3+ doped polymer, we observe an enhancement of the Eu3+ emission associated with the electric (at 610 nm) and magnetic-dominated (at 590 nm) dipole transitions. The enhancement factor depends systematically on the spectral proximity of the atomic transitions to the Mie resonances as well as their multipolar order, both controlled by the nanocylinder size. Importantly, the branching ratio of emission via the electric or magnetic transition channel can be modified by carefully designing the metasurface, where the magnetic dipole transition is enhanced more than the electric transition for cylinders with radii of about 130 nm. We confirm our observations by numerical simulations based on the reciprocity principle. Our results open new opportunities for bright nanoscale light sources based on magnetic transitions.
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Sperrhake J, Decker M, Falkner M, Fasold S, Kaiser T, Staude I, Pertsch T. Analyzing the polarization response of a chiral metasurface stack by semi-analytic modeling. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:1236-1248. [PMID: 30696193 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate a class of stacked metasurfaces where the interaction between layers is dominated by their respective far-field response. Using a semi-analytic scattering matrix approach, we exploit the Fabry-Perot-type response for different layer distances to show the spectral tunability of the resonant effect. This method presents a faster and more intuitive route to modeling Fabry-Perot-type effects than rigorous numerical simulations. The results are illustrated for a chiral metasurface stack that exhibits asymmetric transmission. Here, the effect of asymmetric transmission is highly sensitive to the layer distance, which is used as a free parameter in our model. To prove our theoretical findings we fabricate two variants of the stack with different layer distances and show that far-field interaction between layers is sufficient to generate the effect while being accessible by semi-analytic modeling. The analyticity of the approach is promising for designing sophisticated layered media containing stacks of arbitrary metasurfaces.
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Rahimzadegan A, Arslan D, Suryadharma RNS, Fasold S, Falkner M, Pertsch T, Staude I, Rockstuhl C. Disorder-Induced Phase Transitions in the Transmission of Dielectric Metasurfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:015702. [PMID: 31012668 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.015702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Light interaction with disordered materials is both complex and fascinating at the same time. Here, we reveal disorder-induced phase transitions in a dielectric Huygens' metasurface made from silicon nanocylinders that simultaneously support an electric and magnetic dipole resonance. Depending on the degree of positional disorder and the spectral detuning of the two resonances, the phase angle of the transmission coefficient exhibits a clear phase transition from normal to anomalous dispersion. Combined with the considerations of whether the resonances of spectrally detuned particles appear as separated or overlapping, we distinguish four different phase states. We study this phenomenon analytically by employing dipole particles and disclose the entire phase diagram, support our insights with full-wave simulations of actual structures, and corroborate the findings with experimental results. Unveiling this phenomenon is a milestone simultaneously in the growing fields of metamaterial-inspired silicon nanophotonics, photonics in disordered media, and the fundamental physics of phase transitions.
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Saravi S, Pertsch T, Setzpfandt F. Photonic crystal waveguides as sources of counterpropagating factorizable biphoton states. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:69-72. [PMID: 30645550 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate numerically that photonic crystal slab waveguides can generate spectrally unentangled biphoton states, highly desired for heralding of single photons. We achieve this by modally phase matching a counterpropagating spontaneous parametric down-conversion process, in a fully integrated scheme and without the need for periodic poling. Such a configuration is an ideal integrated source of heralded single photons, as it spatially separates the photons of a pair at the source without any extra components, while allowing for generation of spectrally narrow photons on a very short length scale.
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Trapp JM, Decker M, Petschulat J, Pertsch T, Jabbour TG. Design of a 2 diopter holographic progressive lens. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:32866-32877. [PMID: 30645447 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.032866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, we investigate the use of holographic optical elements (HOEs) as progressive addition lenses (PALs). We design HOEs with high diffraction efficiency (DE) using the Fourier Modal Method (FMM) and optimize an optical system comprising two of these HOEs to fulfill the optical function of a 2 diopter (dpt) PAL. The resulting design is a holographic PAL (hPAL) exhibiting high DE and limited angular color error (CE) with a distribution of spherical power and astigmatism equivalent to its refractive counterpart. To our knowledge, our contribution is the first complete design of an hPAL. While our HOE design method is shown for PALs here, it has the potential to improve other applications of HOEs as well.
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Liu S, Vaskin A, Addamane S, Leung B, Tsai MC, Yang Y, Vabishchevich PP, Keeler GA, Wang G, He X, Kim Y, Hartmann NF, Htoon H, Doorn SK, Zilk M, Pertsch T, Balakrishnan G, Sinclair MB, Staude I, Brener I. Light-Emitting Metasurfaces: Simultaneous Control of Spontaneous Emission and Far-Field Radiation. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:6906-6914. [PMID: 30339762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Light-emitting sources and devices permeate every aspect of our lives and are used in lighting, communications, transportation, computing, and medicine. Advances in multifunctional and "smart lighting" would require revolutionary concepts in the control of emission spectra and directionality. Such control might be possible with new schemes and regimes of light-matter interaction paired with developments in light-emitting materials. Here we show that all-dielectric metasurfaces made from III-V semiconductors with embedded emitters have the potential to provide revolutionary lighting concepts and devices, with new functionality that goes far beyond what is available in existing technologies. Specifically, we use Mie-resonant metasurfaces made from semiconductor heterostructures containing epitaxial quantum dots. By controlling the symmetry of the resonant modes, their overlap with the emission spectra, and other structural parameters, we can enhance the brightness by 2 orders of magnitude, as well as reduce its far-field divergence significantly.
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Bohn J, Bucher T, Chong KE, Komar A, Choi DY, Neshev DN, Kivshar YS, Pertsch T, Staude I. Active Tuning of Spontaneous Emission by Mie-Resonant Dielectric Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3461-3465. [PMID: 29709198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mie-resonant dielectric metasurfaces offer comprehensive opportunities for the manipulation of light fields with high efficiency. Additionally, various strategies for the dynamic tuning of the optical response of such metasurfaces were demonstrated, making them important candidates for reconfigurable optical devices. However, dynamic control of the light-emission properties of active Mie-resonant dielectric metasurfaces by an external control parameter has not been demonstrated so far. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the dynamic tuning of spontaneous emission from a Mie-resonant dielectric metasurface that is situated on a fluorescent substrate and embedded into a liquid crystal cell. By switching the liquid crystal from the nematic state to the isotropic state via control of the cell temperature, we induce a shift of the spectral position of the metasurface resonances. This results in a change of the local photonic density of states, which, in turn, governs the enhancement of spontaneous emission from the substrate. Specifically, we observe spectral tuning of both the electric and magnetic dipole resonances, resulting in a 2-fold increase of the emission intensity at λ ≈ 900 nm. Our results demonstrate a viable strategy to realize flat tunable light sources based on dielectric metasurfaces.
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Saravi S, Poddubny AN, Pertsch T, Setzpfandt F, Sukhorukov AA. Atom-mediated spontaneous parametric down-conversion in periodic waveguides. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:4724-4727. [PMID: 29140353 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.004724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose the concept of atom-mediated spontaneous parametric down-conversion, in which photon-pair generation can take place only in the presence of a single two-level emitter, relying on the bandgap evanescent modes of a nonlinear periodic waveguide. Using a guided signal mode, an evanescent idler mode, and an atom-like emitter with the idler's transition frequency embedded in the structure, we find a heralded excitation mechanism, in which the detection of a signal photon outside the structure heralds the excitation of the embedded emitter. We use a rigorous Green's function quantization method to model this heralding mechanism in a 1D periodic waveguide and determine its robustness against losses.
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Becker NC, Hädrich S, Eidam T, Just F, Osvay K, Várallyay Z, Limpert J, Tünnermann A, Pertsch T, Eilenberger F. Adaptive pre-amplification pulse shaping in a high-power, coherently combined fiber laser system. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:3916-3919. [PMID: 28957160 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.003916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the successful implementation of an adaptive pre-amplification pulse shaping technique in a high-power, coherently combined fiber laser system to achieve sub-300-fs pulse durations at 320 W average power and 3.2 mJ pulse energy. The pulse shaper is utilized to impose a gain flattening mask to increase the spectral width of the amplified pulse by 60%. Simultaneously, it pre-compensates the spectral phase acquired in the multi-stage amplification and subsequent compression including the eight-channel, coherently combined main amplification stage. This result does significantly enhance the performance of the fiber laser system and the subsequent nonlinear compression stages.
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48
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Diener R, Tepper J, Labadie L, Pertsch T, Nolte S, Minardi S. Towards 3D-photonic, multi-telescope beam combiners for mid-infrared astrointerferometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:19262-19274. [PMID: 29041119 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.019262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades high precision optical astronomical interferometry has benefited from the use of photonic technologies. Today, near-infrared interferometric instruments deliver high-resolution, hyperspectral images of astronomical objects and combine up to 4 independent telescopes at a time thanks to integrated optics (IO). Following the success of IO interferometry, several initiatives aim at developing components which could combine simultaneously more telescopes and extend their operation beyond the near-infrared bands. Here we report on the development of multi-telescope IO beam combiners for mid-infrared interferometry exploiting the three-dimensional (3D) structuring capabilities of ultrafast laser inscription. We characterise the capability of a 2-telescope and a 4-telescope beam combiner to retrieve the visibility amplitude and phase of monochromatic light fields at a wavelength of 3.39 µm. The combiner prototypes exploit different 3D architectures and are written with a femtosecond laser on substrates of Gallium Lanthanum Sulfide. Supporting numerical simulations of the performance of the beam combiners show that there is still room for improvement and indicate a roadmap for the development of future prototypes.
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Guo R, Decker M, Setzpfandt F, Gai X, Choi DY, Kiselev R, Chipouline A, Staude I, Pertsch T, Neshev DN, Kivshar YS. High-bit rate ultra-compact light routing with mode-selective on-chip nanoantennas. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700007. [PMID: 28776027 PMCID: PMC5517110 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical nanoantennas provide a promising pathway toward advanced manipulation of light waves, such as directional scattering, polarization conversion, and fluorescence enhancement. Although these functionalities were mainly studied for nanoantennas in free space or on homogeneous substrates, their integration with optical waveguides offers an important "wired" connection to other functional optical components. Taking advantage of the nanoantenna's versatility and unrivaled compactness, their imprinting onto optical waveguides would enable a marked enhancement of design freedom and integration density for optical on-chip devices. Several examples of this concept have been demonstrated recently. However, the important question of whether nanoantennas can fulfill functionalities for high-bit rate signal transmission without degradation, which is the core purpose of many integrated optical applications, has not yet been experimentally investigated. We introduce and investigate directional, polarization-selective, and mode-selective on-chip nanoantennas integrated with a silicon rib waveguide. We demonstrate that these nanoantennas can separate optical signals with different polarizations by coupling the different polarizations of light vertically to different waveguide modes propagating into opposite directions. As the central result of this work, we show the suitability of this concept for the control of optical signals with ASK (amplitude-shift keying) NRZ (nonreturn to zero) modulation [10 Gigabit/s (Gb/s)] without significant bit error rate impairments. Our results demonstrate that waveguide-integrated nanoantennas have the potential to be used as ultra-compact polarization-demultiplexing on-chip devices for high-bit rate telecommunication applications.
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Klein AE, Janunts N, Schmidt S, Bin Hasan S, Etrich C, Fasold S, Kaiser T, Rockstuhl C, Pertsch T. Dual-SNOM investigations of multimode interference in plasmonic strip waveguides. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:6695-6702. [PMID: 28485426 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of squeezing and guiding light in nanoscale plasmonic waveguides makes them especially interesting for photonic circuits. In spite of reported realizations of plasmonic waveguides, experimental studies on the content of plasmonic modes and mode-selective excitation methods are rare. We apply here a Dual-SNOM technique, incorporating two aperture scanning near-field optical microscopes, for simultaneous near-field excitation and detection of plasmonic modes in gold strip waveguides. Depending on the waveguide width, either a single waveguide mode or a beating pattern of several modes is observed. The relative excitation strengths of the individual modes in multi-mode waveguides are shown to be controllable by the lateral position of the excitation tip. The excitation coefficients are described by an analytical model and the results are fully corroborated by analytical calculations and full-wave numerical simulations. The Dual-SNOM technique provides a "non-invasive" method of local excitation and detection of photonic modes thus making it a valuable tool for in situ characterization of complex photonic micro- and nanostructures.
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