[Risk factors for prevalence of folic acid deficiency in Chinese lactating women in 2013]

Objective: The study aimed to assess the folic acid status of lactating women in China and to analyze factors related to folic acid deficiency in these subjects. Methods: The data on lactating women were extracted from the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2013. By a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method, 10 331 lactating women were selected for the study. The lactating women, 0-24 months postpartum, were from 55 sites in 30 provinces of China, excluding the Tibet Autonomous Region. A standard questionnaire was used to obtain general information and dietary intake during the previous one month period was collected using a food frequency questionnaire. A total of 20% of the total number of lactating women were randomly selected to analyze serum folic acid. Finally, 1 894 lactating women, with questionnaire results and serum folic acid data, were included in the study. Serum folic acid concentrations were analyzed using an electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay method. Folic acid deficiency was defined as a serum folic acid level <2 ng/ml. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors associated with folic acid deficiency in these women. Results: After excluding abnormal values, 1 894 lactating women were included in the study. Based on our findings, the prevalence of folate deficiency was 3.0% (56/1 894) in lactating women in China. The prevalence of folic acid deficiency was 0.3% (1/388), 1.3% (7/550), 6.0% (38/639) and 3.2% (10/317) in larger, medium or small cities, general rural counties and poor rural counties, respectively. The prevalence of folic acid deficiency was 6.3% (17/269) and 2.4% (39/1 623) for minority and Han ethnic groups, respectively, and was 6.3% (52/823) and 0.4% (4/1 071) for subjects in northern and southern areas of China, respectively. Binary unconditionally logistic regression was used to analyze the factors associated with folic acid deficiency in the lactating women. The results showed that, compared with those living in the south and those in the Han ethnic group, those living in the north and belonging to the minority ethnic group had a greater risk of folic acid deficiency, with (OR=3.63, 95% CI: 1.64-8.05) and (OR=5.42, 95% CI: 1.75-16.74), respectively. With each month of age during childhood, the prevalence of folic acid deficiency decreased by 10% (OR=0.90, 95%CI: 0.85-0.96). Compared with low income subjects, those with middle incomes had OR (95%CI) of 0.25 (0.10-0.60) for folic acid deficiency. A lesser intake of cereal was associated with a greater risk of folic acid deficiency in lactating women (OR=3.04, 95%CI: 1.18-7.79). A lesser intake of tubers was a protective factor for folic acid deficiency in lactating women (OR=0.29, 95% CI:0.12-0.70). Conclusion: The folic acid status of Chinese lactating women has, in general, recently improved. However, living in northern areas, during early lactating periods, belonging to an ethnic minority, living in rural areas, having a low income, lower intake of cereal and excessive intake of tubers were risk factors for folic acid deficiency in lactating women. In these women, folic acid intervention should be considered a priority.

Transporter-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Plays an Important Role in the Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Montelukast

Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist commonly prescribed for treatment of asthma, is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C8, and has been suggested as a probe substrate for investigating CYP2C8 activity in vivo. We evaluated the quantitative role of hepatic uptake transport in its pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Montelukast was characterized with significant active uptake in human hepatocytes, and showed affinity towards organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) in transfected cell systems. Single-dose rifampicin, an OATP inhibitor, decreased montelukast clearance in rats and monkeys. Clinical DDIs of montelukast were evaluated using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling; and simulation of the interactions with gemfibrozil-CYP2C8 and OATP1B1/1B3 inhibitor, clarithromycin-CYP3A and OATP1B1/1B3 inhibitor, and itraconazole-CYP3A inhibitor, implicated OATPs-CYP2C8-CYP2C8 interplay as the primary determinant of montelukast pharmacokinetics. In conclusion, hepatic uptake plays a key role in the pharmacokinetics of montelukast, which should be taken into account when interpreting clinical interactions.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with low-grade albuminuria in Chinese adults (change not displayed)

BACKGROUND

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Low-grade albuminuria was recognized as an early indicator of CVD. Epidemiological studies investigating the association between NAFLD and low-grade albuminuria were limited.

AIM

To determine whether NAFLD is independently associated with the presence of low-grade albuminuria in Chinese adults.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional community-based population study was performed in 8270 Chinese adults aged 40 years or older.

METHODS

A first-voided early morning spot urine sample was obtained for urinary albumin and creatinine measurements. The highest quartile of urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio was defined as low-grade albuminuria, after excluding the participants with micro- or macroalbuminuria. NAFLD was diagnosed by using ultrasonography findings after the exclusion of alcohol abuse and other liver diseases.

RESULTS

The prevalence of low-grade albuminuria was significantly higher in participants with NAFLD than in those without NAFLD (33.6% vs. 21.3% in men and 30.4% vs. 22.8% in women, respectively). Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis revealed that NAFLD was significantly associated with increased odds ratio of low-grade albuminuria in men (odds ratio, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.16-1.87) after adjusting for multiple confounders. The significant association was not detected in women.

CONCLUSIONS

NAFLD was significantly associated with an increased risk of present low-grade albuminuria in middle-aged and elderly Chinese men.

Hemispheric asymmetries in subcortical visual and auditory relay structures in congenital deafness

Neuroplasticity - the capacity of the brain to change as a response to internal and external pressures - has been studied from a number of different perspectives. Perhaps one of the most powerful models is the study of populations that have been congenitally deprived of a sense. It has been shown that the right Auditory Cortex (AC) of congenitally deaf humans is neuroplastically modified in order to represent visual properties of a stimulus. One unresolved question is how this visual information is routed to the AC of congenitally deaf individuals. Here, we performed volumetric analysis of subcortical auditory and visual brains regions - namely the thalamus (along with three thalamic nuclei: the pulvinar, the lateral geniculate nucleus and the medial geniculate nucleus), and the inferior and superior colliculi - in deaf and hearing participants in order to identify which structures may be responsible for relaying visual information toward the altered AC. Because there is a hemispheric asymmetry in the neuroplastic changes observed in the AC of the congenitally deaf, we reasoned that subcortical structures that also showed a similar asymmetry in their total volume could have been enlisted in the effort of relaying visual information to the neuroplastically altered right AC. We show that for deaf, but not for hearing individuals, the right thalamus, right lateral geniculate nucleus and right inferior colliculus are larger than their left counterparts. These results suggest that these subcortical structures may be responsible for rerouting visual information to the AC in congenital deafness.

Extracellular DNA traps released by acute promyelocytic leukemia cells through autophagy

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells exhibit disrupted regulation of cell death and differentiation, and therefore the fate of these leukemic cells is unclear. Here, we provide the first evidence that a small percentage of APL cells undergo a novel cell death pathway by releasing extracellular DNA traps (ETs) in untreated patients. Both APL and NB4 cells stimulated with APL serum had nuclear budding of vesicles filled with chromatin that leaked to the extracellular space when nuclear and cell membranes ruptured. Using immunofluorescence, we found that NB4 cells undergoing ETosis extruded lattice-like structures with a DNA-histone backbone. During all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced cell differentiation, a subset of NB4 cells underwent ETosis at days 1 and 3 of treatment. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were significantly elevated at 3 days, and combined treatment with TNF-α and IL-6 stimulated NB4 cells to release ETs. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy by pharmacological inhibitors or by small interfering RNA against Atg7 attenuated LC3 autophagy formation and significantly decreased ET generation. Our results identify a previously unrecognized mechanism for death in promyelocytes and suggest that ATRA may accelerate ET release through increased cytokines and autophagosome formation. Targeting this cellular death pathway in addition to conventional chemotherapy may provide new therapeutic modalities for APL.

Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Tembusu Virus Circulating in Muscovy Ducks in South China

Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an infectious pathogen that can cause epidemics in egg-laying ducks. Here, we isolated and characterized a DTMUV, designated GDLH01, thought to be responsible for the noticeable egg drop in Muscovy duck flocks in South China since 2011. The genome sequence of GDLH01 shared 97-99% homology with other avian-origin Tembusu viruses, and 99.5% homology with the mosquito-borne strain SDMS recently reported in China. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequence of the entire open reading frame confirmed that the isolate was of avian origin and closely related to a mosquito-borne strain. Our findings characterize a novel Tembusu virus circulating in Muscovy ducks in South China and emphasize the importance of reinforcing biosecurity measures and developing vaccines to prevent the spread of this viral pathogen.

Suppression of collagen-induced arthritis by lipopolysaccharide in DBA/1 mice

OBJECTIVE

Injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has both promotion and inhibition effects on the autoimmune disease. Given the variable roles of LPS in autoimmune diseases, the role of LPS played in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA, autoimmune disease) model remains to be further determined.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

CIA was induced by intradermal injection of collagen type II (CII) in DBA/1 mice (day 0) followed by a booster injection on day 21. Mice of CIA with LPS injection group (CIA+ LPS group) were intraperitoneally injected with 50 µg LPS on day 42. Tissues such as carpal joints and fingers were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for histopathology analysis. Inflammation, pannus formation and bone resorption were monitored by a macroscopic scoring system. Serum level of IgG2a antibody was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

The incidence of arthritis in CIA group was much higher than that in CIA+ LPS group (100%: 46.5%, p < 0.05), as same as the arthritis score (5.38:1.37, p = 8.16 × 10-6). Besides, the histopathologic score was also higher in CIA group than that in CIA+ LPS group (15.0:5.36). Compared with CIA group, mild synovial hyperplasia and no articular cartilage damage were observed in CIA+ LPS group. Besides, mice of CIA group produced a significantly higher level of IgG2a than CIA+ LPS group (3922 ng/ml: 2084 ng/ml, p = 0.0333) when arthritis developed.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings showed that LPS might suppress CIA progression under special conditions, opening up a new understanding of the roles of LPS in arthritis and new possibilities for a clinical therapy of CIA.

Isolation and characterization of L-valine-degrading Candida maltosa DLPU-zpb for D-valine preparation from DL-valine

To develop a practical process for D-valine preparation from DL-valine, L-valine was used as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen in basal minimal medium to isolate L-valine-degrading micro-organisms. A yeast strain DLPU-zpb was obtained, which showed asymmetric degrading activity against DL-valine. Based on the morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and 26S rDNA D1/D2 domain sequence, strain DLPU-zpb was identified as Candida maltosa. The cells of this strain were used as a biocatalyst for eliminating the L-isomer from DL-valine. The L-isomer was completely degraded within 72 h under the conditions of 30°C, pH control at 6·0, 200 rev min(-1) and 50 g l(-1) DL-valine. The strain DLPU-zpb degraded L-valine effectively but not D-valine, and thus D-valine could be easily isolated from the resultant reaction mixture, which provides a new method for D-valine preparation from DL-valine.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

D-valine is an important raw material for medicines and its demand is increasing year by year. Several approaches for D-valine preparation have been reported, but none of them are likely to provide product at low cost. A newly isolated L-valine-degrading yeast strain Candida maltosa DLPU-zpb was described, which showed asymmetric degrading activity against DL-valine. Thus, a new and practical process for D-valine preparation from DL-valine could be developed. This is the first report of the asymmetric degrading ability of C. maltosa against DL-valine and D-valine preparation from DL-valine.

Sleep duration and snoring associate with hypertension and glycaemic control in patients with diabetes

AIMS

Few studies have analysed the effect of sleep duration and snoring on hypertension and glycaemic control in patients with diabetes. This study aims to investigate the relationship of sleep duration and snoring on prevalent hypertension and glycaemic control in people with diabetes.

METHODS

In the baseline survey of the REACTION study, 56 032 patients with diabetes were categorized into four groups according to self-reported sleep duration: < 6, 6-7.9, 8-8.9 and ≥ 9 h. Snoring frequency was evaluated as 'usually', 'occasionally' or 'never'. Hypertension was assessed by systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, self-reported previous diagnosis and antihypertensive medications. 'Good' glycaemic control was defined as HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (7.0%) and 'poor' glycaemic control as HbA1c ≥ 53 mmol/mol (7.0%).

RESULTS

Controlling for potential confounders and intermediates, sleep ≥ 9 h relative to intermediate sleep (6-7.9 h) was significantly associated with prevalent hypertension (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.18-1.32) and poor glycaemic control (OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05-1.18), and a U-shaped association was found between sleep duration and prevalent hypertension (P for quadratic trend = 0.019). Usually snoring was positively associated with prevalent hypertension (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.23-1.37), whereas the association between snoring and poor glycaemic control was only on the borderline of statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with a sleep duration of 6-7.9 h, longer sleep duration was associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension and poor glycaemic control in people with diabetes. Moreover, the relationship between sleep duration and prevalent hypertension was U-shaped. These findings may propose important public health implications for diabetes management.

Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and autonomic dysfunction in a Chinese population

BACKGROUND

Autonomic dysfunction (AD) accompanying with chronic liver disorders led to an increased risk of mortality. However, researches that investigated the association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and AD were insufficient.

AIMS

To study the association of NAFLD with AD in middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults.

DESIGN

Four thousand nine hundred seventy-four adults aged 40 years or older were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. NAFLD was diagnosed by hepatic B-mode ultrasonography. Autonomic function was assessed using a simple EZSCAN test by measuring sudomotor function, with an AD index > 50% defined as a manifestation of AD.

METHODS

Pearson correlation, multiple stepwise linear regression, univariate and multivariate logistic regression was employed to examine the relationship between NAFLD and AD, controlling for potential confounders.

RESULTS

The prevalence of AD was significantly higher in participants with NAFLD than those without (40.75 vs. 26.86%, P < 0.0001). Age, body mass index, status of diabetes, sex, diastolic blood pressure and prevalent NAFLD, were positively correlated with AD index in multiple stepwise linear regression analysis (all P < 0.05), whereas total cholesterol was negatively related to it (P = 0.0043). Compared with the participants without NAFLD, those with NAFLD had an increased odds of the prevalent AD (odds ratio 1.38; 95% confidence interval 1.15-1.64; P = 0.0004) after controlling for multiple confounders.

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of NAFLD was significantly associated with AD, as indicated by abnormal sudomotor function. The association was independent from various conventional risk factors.

Comparison of the effects on glycaemic control and β-cell function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients of treatment with exenatide, insulin or pioglitazone: a multicentre randomized parallel-group trial (the CONFIDENCE study)

OBJECTIVE

Progressive β-cell dysfunction hinders the maintenance of glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes, but comparative data on β-cell-protective therapies are lacking in the early stage of type 2 diabetes. Here we evaluated the comparative glycaemic efficacy and impact on β-cell function of three antihyperglycaemic agents that have a β-cell-protective effect, exenatide, insulin and pioglitazone, in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes.

DESIGN AND METHODS

In this 48-week, multicentre, parallel-group study, 416 patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned 1 : 1 : 1 to receive exenatide, insulin or pioglitazone. The primary end-point was the change in glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) from baseline. Secondary end-points included effects on weight, blood pressure, lipid profiles and β-cell function assessed by homeostasis model assessment, fasting proinsulin:insulin (PI/I), disposition index (DI) and acute insulin response (AIR).

RESULTS

At week 48, mean [95% confidence interval (CI)] HbA1c changes from baseline were -1.8% (-1.55% to -2.05%) with exenatide, -1.7% (-1.52% to -1.96%) with insulin and -1.5% (-1.23% to -1.71%) with pioglitazone. Treatment differences were -0.20% (95% CI -0.46% to 0.06%) for exenatide versus insulin (P = 0.185), and -0.37% (95% CI -0.63% to -0.12%) for exenatide versus pioglitazone (P = 0.002). Significant improvements from baseline in AIR, PI/I and DI were observed with all treatments, with the greatest improvements in DI, as well as weight, blood pressure and lipid profile, observed with exenatide.

CONCLUSIONS

All three agents showed efficacy regarding glycaemic control and metabolic benefits; however, exenatide showed the greatest efficacy. β-cell function improved in all treatment groups; hence, early initiation of β-cell-protective therapy may halt the decline in β-cell function in type 2 diabetes.

The beneficial effect of metformin on β-cell function in non-obese Chinese subjects with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes

AIM

Studies with metformin suggest a favourable change in β-cell function over sulphonylureas in the early course of obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but it remains unclear whether a similar effect is observed in non-obese individuals. Here we investigated the effects of metformin or glipizide gastrointestinal therapeutics system extended-release formulation (GITS) on β-cell function in non-obese patients with newly diagnosed T2DM.

METHODS

A total of 160 newly diagnosed patients with fasting glucose 7.0-13.0 mmol/L and body mass index <30 kg/m(2) from five centres in China were randomized to metformin or glipizide GITS for 24 weeks. Early insulin secretion [the ratio of area under the curve (AUC) of insulin to glucose during 0-30 min (InsAUC30 /GluAUC30 )] and insulin sensitivity [Matsuda index (ISIM )] were assessed during the standard meal tolerance test before and after therapy. Plasma glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) and glucagon levels were also measured.

RESULTS

Metformin improved InsAUC30 /GluAUC30 significantly (from 8.1 ± 0.6 pmol/mmol to 10.7 ± 0.7 pmol/mmol, p < 0.05), comparable to results with glipizide GITS. In the metformin-treated lean (body mass index < 25 kg/m(2) ) subgroup, the increase in ISIM was not significant, but the improvement in InsAUC30 /GluAUC30 was of great magnitude. Increased GLP-1 responses during meal tolerance test and decreased fasting glucagon level were observed after metformin treatment. Correlation analysis showed that the improvement of InsAUC30 /GluAUC30 was associated with the changes in HbA1c (r = -0.374, p = 0.000), ISIM (r = 0.356, p = 0.001), and ΔGLP-10-30 (r = 0.225, p = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

Metformin improved β-cell function in non-obese subjects with newly diagnosed T2DM, which was partly independent of the change in insulin sensitivity in these subjects. This study provides evidence-based data to support metformin use in non-obese patients with T2DM as the first-line agent, which can improve both insulin sensitivity and β-cell function.

Two-step retrograde closed stenting: a novel method for treating canalicular lacerations in Chinese patients

PURPOSE

To evaluate the efficacy of two-step retrograde closed stenting for treating canalicular laceration. methods: Forty-eight consecutive canalicular laceration cases (48 eyes) were randomised and divided into two groups: a one-step group and a two-step group. In the two-step group (23 cases), the first step was performed in the outpatient department and included identifying the medial cut end of the canaliculus and probing under a slit-lamp microscope, followed by a retrograde canalicular stenting assisted by a memory titanium stylet. The second step was canalicular anastomosis, which was performed in the operating room. In the one-step group (25 cases), all of the surgical procedures were performed when preoperative preparations were simultaneously available.

RESULTS

The time elapsed from the doctor visit to the treatment was 4.3 ± 2.4 h in the two-step group and 18.8 ± 6.3 h in the one-step group (P<0.01). The canalicular medial cut ends were found in all cases, but 8.6 ± 3.5 min was needed in the two-step group, and 51.4 ± 24.2 min was needed in the one-step group (P<0.01). The numerical rating scale for pain during surgery was 1.8 ± 1.2 in the two-step group and 5.4 ± 2.2 in the one-step group (P<0.01). One case (2.63%) in the two-step group and nine cases (36%) in the one-step group required other assisted methods to locate the medial cut end (P=0.007). Twenty-one cases (91.3%) in the two-step group and 20 cases (80%) in the one-step group achieved patent lacrimal drainage systems during a 12-month follow-up (P=0.528).

CONCLUSIONS

The two-step canalicular anastomosis method allows an early search for the medial cut end of the canaliculus and improves the chances of finding it; it is also a quicker, less invasive method for treating canalicular lacerations.

Induced maturation of hepatic progenitor cells in vitro

Hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) are a potential cell source for liver cell transplantation but do not function like mature liver cells. We sought an effective and reliable method to induce HPC maturation. An immortalized HP14.5 albumin promoter-driven Gaussian luciferase (ALB-GLuc) cell line was established from HPCs isolated from fetal mouse liver of post coitus day 14.5 mice to investigate the effect of induction factors on ALB promoter. HP14.5 parental cells were cultured in DMEM with different combinations of 2% horse serum (HS), 0.1 µM dexamethasone (DEX), 10 ng/mL hepatic growth factor (HGF), and/or 20 ng/mL fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4). Trypan blue and crystal violet staining were used to assess cell proliferation with different induction conditions. Expression of hepatic markers was measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. Glycogen storage and metabolism were detected by periodic acid-Schiff and indocyanine green (ICG) staining. GLuc activity indicated ALB expression. The combination of 2% HS+0.1 µM Dex+10 ng/mL HGF+20 ng/mL FGF4 induced the highest ALB-GLuc activity. Cell proliferation decreased in 2% HS but increased by adding FGF4. Upon induction, and consistent with hepatocyte development, DLK, AFP, and CK19 expression decreased, while ALB, CK18, and UGT1A expression increased. The maturity markers tyrosine aminotransferase and apolipoprotein B were detected at days 3 and 6 post-induction, respectively. ICG uptake and glycogen synthesis were detectable at day 6 and increased over time. Therefore, we demonstrated that HPCs were induced to differentiate into functional mature hepatocytes in vitro, suggesting that factor-treated HPCs may be further explored as a means of liver cell transplantation.

HES1 inhibits adipogenesis of porcine mesenchymal stem cells via transcriptional repression of FAD24

Adipogenesis, the development from preadipocytes or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to mature adipocytes, is regulated by a network of signaling pathways and transcription factors. The involvement of Notch signaling and its effector HES1 in adipogenesis has been investigated in several studies with conflicting results. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear because of the lack of information about HES1 target genes during adipocyte differentiation. As a novel gene transiently up-regulated in early adipogenesis, FAD24 functions as a positive regulator of adipocyte differentiation in both preadipocytes and MSCs. In the present study, we report that the expression level of FAD24 is inversely associated with that of HES1 in porcine MSCs after adipogenic induction. Enforced overexpression of HES1 in MSCs during the early stage of adipogenesis significantly repressed the transcription of FAD24 (P < 0.01) and the other pro-adipogenic genes (P < 0.05), resulting in reduced intracellular lipid accumulation. Sequence analysis showed that porcine FAD24 harbors an evolutionarily conserved HES1 binding site in its proximal promoter region. Functional HES1, but not its dominant-negative mutant, markedly reduced the promoter activity of FAD24 (P < 0.01). Site-directed mutation and chromatin immunoprecipitation further confirmed that HES1 inhibits FAD24 transcription by direct binding to the promoter. Taken together, we identified FAD24 as a novel downstream target of HES1 during adipogenesis. Our data suggest that HES1-mediated repression of FAD24 transcription at the early stage of adipocyte differentiation may contribute to the impaired adipogenesis induced by the Notch-HES1 signaling pathway.

Yersinia pestis versus Yersinia pseudotuberculosis: effects on host macrophages

Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is proved to be a recently emerged clone from Y. pseudotuberculosis. However, the diseases they cause and their patterns of transmission are very different. People always focus on the genetic changes between Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis to reveal their pathogenic differences, and little is known about host defence differences to these two Yersinia. In this study, the effects of Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis on macrophages were analysed. Cell apoptosis showed significant difference after the macrophages were infected by these two strains, and caspase-3 activity also demonstrated a similar tendency. Further, macrophage function activities were evaluated. We found during the early infection of Y. pestis, several basic functions of macrophages, including phagocytosis, secretion of cytokine tumour necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide, macrophage polarity and antigen presenting, were significantly interrupted. In comparison, Y. pseudotuberculosis infection showed lower inhibition on macrophages. Especially, Y. pestis infection might cause macrophage to polarize to M2 macrophages in the early phase, compared with Y. pseudotuberculosis infection, which was different from the common acute infection. These results clearly indicated even in the early stage of infection, different host macrophage defence patterns could help us to understand the obvious virulence differences between Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis.

Correlated increase of omentin-1 and adiponectin by exenatide, avandamet and dietary change in diet-induced obese rats

Adipokines omentin-1 and adiponectin have been reported to improve insulin resistance. It is known that insulin sensitizers exenatide, avandamet, or diet change from high-fat to normal chow ameliorate metabolic disorders. However, whether these treatments increase omentin-1 levels in high fat-diet animals and the relationship between omentin- 1 and adiponectin remain largely unknown. We investigated the effect of insulin sensitizers exenatide and avandamet, and of dietary change on these adipokine levels, body weight, and insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese rats. Obesity was induced in rats by high-fat diet feeding for 8 weeks, and then the rats were given exenatide, avandamet and diet change to normal chow, respectively, for additional 8 weeks. Compared to the high-fat control group, exenatide and avandamet treatment significantly induced adipose gene expression and elevated the circulation levels of omentin-1 and adiponectin, whereas they decreased the leptin gene expression and circulation level, which is associated with improvement of systemic insulin sensitivity and the glucose and lipid profile. Notably, there was a significant positive correlation between omentin-1 and adiponectin in the above regimens, suggesting that omentin-1 and adiponectin may contribute to the insulin-sensitizing effect of exenatide and avandamet.

Performance of a modified rabbit model of abdominal aortic aneurysm induced by topical application of porcine elastase: 5-month follow-up study

OBJECTIVES

To modify the method for creating an abdominal aortic aneurysm in rabbits, and to study its performance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 24 New Zealand white rabbits were induced topically with 10 μl of porcine elastase (0, 0.1, 5 and 10 units μl(-1)) to define the optimal concentration (groups A-D). Twelve aneurysms were induced with 10 units μl(-1) of 10 μl elastase to serve as a follow-up group (group E) to serve as a follow-up. A 1.5-cm aortic segment was isolated and induced with elastase solution for 30 min.

RESULTS

All animals in groups D and E developed AAA by day 5. Aneurysms in Group E were stable over 100 days. Partial destruction to disappearance of elastic lamellae and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) was seen in elastase-treated animals by day 5. Regenerated elastin and proliferated SMCs were present in group E. Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and RAM11 showed strong expression in group D, but expression decreased in group E after day 15.

CONCLUSIONS

The rabbit AAA model induced via topical application of porcine elastase at 10 units μl(-1) for 30 min appears easy and simple, with shorter induction and more rapid aortic dilation. The model is stable over 100 days and is useful to study the formation and progress of AAAs.

First Report of Raspberry leaf blotch virus in Raspberries in Finland

Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is a valuable and widely grown softfruit that is a host for 40 viruses and virus-like agents, of which many are not characterized at the molecular level. Recently, Raspberry leaf blotch virus (RLBV, putative emaravirus species) was described from raspberries (cv. Glen Ample) in the United Kingdom and Serbia. Plants displayed conspicuous yellow blotches on leaves and abnormal development of leaf hairs in the corresponding areas of the abaxial side (3). Similar symptoms were observed in 'Glen Ample' grown in protective plastic tunnels and open fields in the main berry growing area in eastern Finland in June 2011. In three farms, leaves were sampled from symptomatic and symptomless plants of 'Glen Ample' and also cv. Polka displaying no symptoms. Total RNA was extracted using CTAB reagent. Equal amounts of RNA were pooled from 13 samples and subjected to small-RNA (sRNA) deep sequencing (Fasteris SA, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland) to detect viruses without advance information (2). Contigs were built on 21- to 24-nt sRNA reads using Velvet. Contigs larger than 50 nt were used to search homologous sequences in GenBank by BLAST and significant similarity (up to 99%) was observed with RLBV RNA3 and RNA4. Mapping sRNA reads to the genome of RLBV (1) by MAQ resulted in significant coverage of RNA1 (16%), RNA2 (37%), RNA3 (46%), RNA4 (65%), and RNA5 (27%). cDNA was synthesized on RNA of one symptom-expressing plant using random hexamer primers and the cDNA tested by PCR with a forward primer (RLBV-F 5'-TCAAATCCACTTGCATAGAACC-3', nt 723 to 744) and reverse primer (RLBV-R1 5'-CCTCAAACCTTGCAAACACA-3', nt 1,318 to 1,337) designed according to the nucleocapsid (NP) gene of the Scottish RLBV isolate (3). The sequence of the amplified partial NP gene (576 nt; GenBank Accession No. JQ684678) was 92.8% and 94.8% identical to the Scottish isolate at nt and amino acid levels, respectively. The forward primer RLBV-F and a new reverse primer (RLBV-R2 5'-GCCGAAAGTCAAACCTGGTG-3', nt 943 to 962) were used to test additional plants for RBLV and to make a probe (198 nt) to detect RLBV using digoxigen-labeled sense and antisense RNA probes, as described for European mountain ash ringspot associated virus (1). RLBV was detected in all tested plants of 'Glen Ample' with yellow leaf blotch symptoms in the three farms, but not in any symptomless plants of 'Glen Ample' and 'Polka.' The sense probes gave strong signals, in contrast to the antisense probes, which gave only weak or no detectable signals in the virus-positive plants, consistent with the negative RNA strand of RLBV being encapsidated in virus particles. The results show RLBV is associated with severe, distinct, and characteristic symptoms in raspberries of cv. Glen Ample grown in plastic tunnels and open fields in Finland and has an apparent negative impact on plant growth and yield. Our observations in 2011 also suggest that the incidence of diseased plants is much higher in plastic tunnels than in open fields, perhaps because the conditions for the vector of RLBV (raspberry leaf and bud mite, Phyllocoptes gracilis Nalepa) (1) are more favorable in plastic tunnels. These results clarify the etiology of raspberry leaf blotch disease in Finland and emphasize the need to inspect raspberry planting materials for RLBV for better control of the disease. References: (1) A. K. Kallinen et al. Phytopathology 99:344, 2009. (2) J. F. Kreuze et al. Virology 388:1, 2009. (3) W. J. McGavin et al. J. Gen. Virol. 93:430, 2012.

Direct and indirect regulatory mechanisms in TH17 cell differentiation and functions

T helper 17 (TH17) cells have well-described roles in autoimmune diseases. The immune modulations of development and function of TH17 have become a key issue. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the direct and indirect signalling regulatory mechanisms of TH17 cells in the general mouse model of autoimmune diseases and other human diseases.

The Yangtze-Hydro Project: a Chinese-German environmental program

Water of good quality is one of the basic needs of human life. Worldwide, great efforts are being undertaken for an assured water supply. In this respect, one of the largest water technology projects worldwide is the Yangtze Three Gorges Dam in China. There is a need for extensive scientific and technical understanding of the challenges arising from this large hydrological engineering project. German and Chinese groups from various scientific fields are collaborating to provide knowledge for the sustainable management of the reservoir. In this project description, the Yangtze Three Gorges Dam Project, its goals and challenges, are described in brief, and the contributions of the German research projects are presented.

Association of β-cell function and insulin sensitivity with fasting and 2-h plasma glucose in a large Chinese population

AIM

Our aim was to provide a quantitative analysis of the changes in the principal determinants of insulin sensitivity and secretion in relation to fasting plasma glucose (FPG) or 2-h plasma glucose (2h PG) in a Chinese population with a wide range of glucose tolerance.

METHODS

A total of 5728 adults spanning the entire range of glucose tolerance were included. Insulin sensitivity was measured by Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISI(M)) and homeostasis model assessment of 1/homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). β-Cell function adjusted by insulin sensitivity was assessed from disposition index (DI) at early-phase DI(30) and total DI(120). The exponential curve was established as the best fit for the relationship between insulin sensitivity or β-cell function and FPG or 2h PG.

RESULTS

Relative to the trend classified as increasing 2h PG, hepatic insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion showed a decreasing trend to a substantial degree as FPG increased. A 1 mmol/l increase in FPG and 2h PG concentration was associated with a -22 and -21% decline in ISI(M), -16 and -4% in 1/HOMA-IR, -38 and -35% in DI(30) and -36 and -26% in DI(120). The decay constant of ISI(M) and DI(30) in IFG or ISI(M), 1/HOMA-IR, DI(30) and DI(120) in IGT was lower than that in normal glucose tolerance. Significant interactions between sex and glucose levels determining DI were found.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that impairment of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion contributes to both FPG or 2h PG hyperglycaemia in a Chinese population, but that the decline in insulin secretion is more pronounced with increasing fasting than 2h PG.

P1-03-09: Significance of FAP, SMA and CD31 Expression in the Stroma of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer stroma heterogeneity has been demonstrated in various gene expression profile analyses. Whether there is any association between stroma heterogeneity and the molecular phenotype of breast cancer has yet to be established. Therefore, we performed immunohistochemical analyses (IHC) to evaluate the expression of the following stromal cell markers (fibroblast activation protein (FAP), smooth muscle actin (SMA), and CD31, an endothelial cell marker) in tumor tissues from a contemporary cohort of 52 patients comprising of all four molecular subtypes (luminal A (n=25); luminal B (n=2); Her2-neu (+) (n=5); and basal (n=20)). We hypothesize that stroma heterogeneity as reflected by the proportion of stromal cells staining (+) for FAP and SMA may correlate with their molecular epithelial phenotype. Furthermore, studying the distribution of these stromal cell markers in IHC sections may evaluate their spatial relationship with tumor cells, immune cells, and tumor microvasculature which may have strategic significance within the tumor/microenvironment.

Survival time of cardiac allografts prolonged by isogeneic BMT in mice

To find an approach to prolong the survival time of cardiac allografts in a BALB/c-to-C57/BL6 heterotopic heart transplant model and to try to figure out related chemokines and cytokines, isogeneic and allogeneic BM cells were obtained from pregnant C57/BL6 (♀C57/BL6 × ♂BALB/c) and regular BALB/c mice and injected to the half lethally irradiated C57/BL6 mice 1 day before heart transplantation. Recipients were treated with CsA or phosphate-buffered saline for 7 days. Isogeneic BMT (iBMT) from pregnant C57/BL6 mice was observed to significantly prolong the survival of BALB/c allografts and reduce the lymphocyte infiltration. Allogeneic BMT (aBMT) and iBMT both exhibited signicantly less T-cell proliferation reactivity and the similar degree of chimerism. There was no significant difference in these groups of IFN-γ and IL-4 production. The level of chemokine MIG (CXCL9) dramatically decreased in aBMT and iBMT groups compared with the control group. But there were no significant differences between aBMT and iBMT group. IL-17 and RORγ(t) (receptor-related orphan receptor) production were downregulated in iBMT recipients. These results indicate that iBMT can prolong the survival of cardiac allografts. IL-17 production downregulated in iBMT recipients. This means that iBMT may have important therapeutic implications.

Role of subchondral bone during early-stage experimental TMJ osteoarthritis

Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) is a degenerative disease that affects both cartilage and subchondral bone. We used microarray to identify changes in gene expression levels in the TMJ during early stages of the disease, using an established TMJ OA genetic mouse model deficient in 2 extracellular matrix proteins, biglycan and fibromodulin (bgn(-/0)fmod(-/-)). Differential gene expression analysis was performed with RNA extracted from 3-week-old WT and bgn(-/0)fmod(-/-) TMJs with an intact cartilage/subchondral bone interface. In total, 22 genes were differentially expressed in bgn(-/0)fmod(-/-) TMJs, including 5 genes involved in osteoclast activity/differentiation. The number of TRAP-positive cells were three-fold higher in bgn(-/0)fmod(-/-) TMJs than in WT. Quantitative RT-PCR showed up-regulation of RANKL and OPG, with a 128% increase in RANKL/OPG ratio in bgn(-/0)fmod(-/-) TMJs. Histology and immunohistochemistry revealed tissue disorganization and reduced type I collagen in bgn(-/0)fmod(-/-) TMJ subchondral bone. Early changes in gene expression and tissue defects in young bgn(-/0)fmod(-/-) TMJ subchondral bone are likely attributed to increased osteoclast activity. Analysis of these data shows that biglycan and fibromodulin are critical for TMJ subchondral bone integrity and reveal a potential role for TMJ subchondral bone turnover during the initial early stages of TMJ OA disease in this model.

SLC30A8 polymorphism and type 2 diabetes risk: evidence from 27 study groups

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Intense research has been performed to identify the genetic risk factors in type 2 diabetes, and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in SLC30A8 (rs13266634) was reported to be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, published data on the association between SLC30A8 polymorphism and the risk of type 2 diabetes were inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to derive a more precise estimation of the relationship.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We searched PubMed through October 2009 to identify all relevant papers. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted under an additive genetic model. In the current meta-analysis, we identified a total of 27 groups including 42,609 cases and 69,564 controls. In analyses of the case-control studies by ethnicity, the results indicated that SLC30A8 polymorphism was related to elevate risks of type 2 diabetes both in Europeans (OR=1.15, 95% CI 1.11-1.18, P<0.001) and Asians (OR=1.15, 95% CI 1.11-1.19, P<0.001). Next, we separated hospital-based case-control studies from population-based case-control studies, however, there was no apparent difference between population-based case-control study groups (OR=1.15, 95% CI 1.12-1.17, P<0.001) and hospital-based case-control study groups (OR=1.16, 95% CI 1.07-1.25, P<0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our present meta-analysis provided evidence that SLC30A8 (rs13266634) C allele carriers could elevate the risk of type 2 diabetes, especially in Europeans and Asians.

The inhibitory effects of PKCθ on adiponectin expression is mediated by ERK in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

The research suggests that adiponectin plays an important role in sensitizing insulin action. It is interesting to find that the lower levels of adiponectin exist in the plasma of obese and Type 2 diabetes subjects and in the adipose tissue of obese, db/db mice, and insulin-resistant individuals. However, the underlying mechanism by which adiponectin expression is inhibited remains largely unknown. In this study, we reported that adipogenesis was inhibited by the stable over-expression of protein kinase C θ (PKCθ) in 3T3-L1 pre - adipocytes. The prolonged treatment of mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes with palmitate, a kind of saturated free fatty acid, reduced adiponectin expression at both mRNA level and protein level, accompanied with the enhanced phosphorylation of PKCθ and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and the impaired expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2) mRNA. Either PD98059, an ERK inhibitor or PKCθ pseudosubstrate, a specific PKCθ inhibitor, restored palmiate-inhibited PPARγ2 mRNA expression and subsequent adiponectin expression. In addition, the over-expression or activation of PKCθ resulted in the enhanced phosphorylation of ERK in the mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. PKCθ pseudosubstrate significantly reduced the phorbol 3-myristate 12-acetate (PMA)-induced phosphorylation of ERK. The data suggested that PKCθ-dependent activity of ERK resulted in the impaired expression of PPARγ2 mRNA leading to the reduction of adiponectin expression in the mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes.