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Tailoring Apixaban in Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Enhancing Its Oral Bioavailability and Anticoagulant Activity. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010080. [PMID: 36678709 PMCID: PMC9867073 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apixaban (Apx), an oral anticoagulant drug, is a direct factor Xa inhibitor for the prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism. Apx has limited oral bioavailability and poor water solubility. The goal of this study was to improve the formulation of an Apx-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) to increase its bioavailability and effectiveness. As solid lipid, liquid lipid, hydrophilic, and lipophilic stabilizers, stearic acid, oleic acid, Tween 80, and lecithin were used, respectively. Utilizing Box-Behnken design, the effects of three factors on NLC particle size (Y1), zeta potential (Y2), and entrapment efficiency percent (Y3) were examined and optimized. The optimized formula was prepared, characterized, morphologically studied, and pharmacokinetically and pharmacodynamically assessed. The observed responses of the optimized Apx formula were 315.2 nm, -43.4 mV, and 89.84% for Y1, Y2, and Y3, respectively. Electron microscopy revealed the homogenous spherical shape of the NLC particles. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study conducted in male Wistar rats displayed an increase in AUC and Cmax by 8 and 2.67 folds, respectively, compared to oral Apx suspension. Moreover, the half-life was increased by 1.94 folds, and clearance was diminished by about 8 folds, which makes the NLC formula a promising sustained release system. Interestingly, the pharmacodynamic results displayed the superior effect of the optimized formula over the drug suspension with prolongation in the cuticle bleeding time. Moreover, both prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time are significantly increased. So, incorporating Apx in an NLC formula significantly enhanced its oral bioavailability and pharmacodynamic activity.
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Prabahar K, Udhumansha U, Elsherbiny N, Qushawy M. Microneedle mediated transdermal delivery of β-sitosterol loaded nanostructured lipid nanoparticles for androgenic alopecia. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:3022-3034. [PMID: 36110028 PMCID: PMC10003132 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2120927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived 5 α-reductase inhibitors, such as β-sitosterol and phytosterol glycosides, have been used to treat androgenic alopecia, but their oral absolute bioavailability is poor. This study aimed to develop a transdermal drug delivery system of β-sitosterol (BS) using a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) incorporated into polymeric microneedles (MN). Using a high-speed homogenization method, NLC was formulated variables were optimized by Box-Behnken statistical design. The optimized formulation of BS-loaded NLCs was incorporated into the chitosan-based MNs to prepare NLC-loaded polymeric MNs (NLC-MNs) and evaluated using testosterone induced alopecia rats. The cumulative amount of β-sitosterol associated with NLC- MN which penetrated the rat skin in-vitro was 3612.27 ± 120.81 μg/cm2, while from the NLC preparation was 2402.35 ± 162.5 μg/cm2. The steady state flux (Jss) of NLC-MN was significantly higher than that of the optimized NLC formulation (P < 0.05). Anagen/telogen ratio was significantly affected by NLC and NLC-MN, which was 2.22 ± 0.34, 1.24 ± 0.18 respectively compared to 0.26 ± 0.08 for animal group treated with testosterone. The reversal of androgen-induced hair loss in animals treated with β-sitosterol was a sign of hair follicle dominance in the anagenic growth phase. However, NLC-MN delivery system has shown significant enhancement of hair growth in rats. From these experimental data, it can be concluded that NLC incorporated MN transdermal system have potential in effective treatment of androgenic alopecia.
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Alrashedi MG, Ali AS, Ahmed OA, Ibrahim IM. Local Delivery of Azithromycin Nanoformulation Attenuated Acute Lung Injury in Mice. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238293. [PMID: 36500388 PMCID: PMC9739299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Humanity has suffered from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic over the past two years, which has left behind millions of deaths. Azithromycin (AZ), an antibiotic used for the treatment of several bacterial infections, has shown antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as well as against the dengue, Zika, Ebola, and influenza viruses. Additionally, AZ has shown beneficial effects in non-infective diseases such as cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis. However, the systemic use of AZ in several diseases showed low efficacy and potential cardiac toxicity. The application of nanotechnology to formulate a lung delivery system of AZ could prove to be one of the solutions to overcome these drawbacks. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the attenuation of acute lung injury in mice via the local delivery of an AZ nanoformulation. The hot emulsification-ultrasonication method was used to prepare nanostructured lipid carrier of AZ (AZ-NLC) pulmonary delivery systems. The developed formulation was evaluated and characterized in vitro and in vivo. The efficacy of the prepared formulation was tested in the bleomycin (BLM) -mice model for acute lung injury. AZ-NLC was given by the intratracheal (IT) route for 6 days at a dose of about one-eighth oral dose of AZ suspension. Samples of lung tissues were taken at the end of the experiment for immunological and histological assessments. AZ-NLC showed an average particle size of 453 nm, polydispersity index of 0.228 ± 0.07, zeta potential of -30 ± 0.21 mV, and a sustained release pattern after the initial 50% drug release within the first 2 h. BLM successfully induced a marked increase in pro-inflammatory markers and also induced histological changes in pulmonary tissues. All these alterations were significantly reversed by the concomitant administration of AZ-NLC (IT). Pulmonary delivery of AZ-NLC offered delivery of the drug locally to lung tissues. Its attenuation of lung tissue inflammation and histological injury induced by bleomycin was likely through the downregulation of the p53 gene and the modulation of Bcl-2 expression. This novel strategy could eventually improve the effectiveness and diminish the adverse drug reactions of AZ. Lung delivery could be a promising treatment for acute lung injury regardless of its cause. However, further work is needed to explore the stability of the formulation, its pharmacokinetics, and its safety.
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Raza H, Shah SU, Ali Z, Khan AU, Rajput IB, Farid A, Mohaini MA, Alsalman AJ, Al Hawaj MA, Mahmood S, Hussain A, Shah KU. In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation of Fluocinolone Acetonide-Acitretin-Coloaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Topical Treatment of Psoriasis. Gels 2022; 8:746. [PMID: 36421568 PMCID: PMC9689900 DOI: 10.3390/gels8110746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is chronic autoimmune disease that affects 2-5% of the global population. Fluocinolone acetonide (FLU) and acitretin (ACT) are widely used antipsoriatic drugs that belong to BCS classes II and IV, respectively. FLU exhibits side effects, such as skin irritation and a burning sensation. ACT also shows adverse effects, such as gingivitis, teratogenic effects and xerophthalmia. In the present study, topical nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were fabricated to reduce the side effects and enhance the therapeutic efficacy. FLU-ACT-coloaded NLCs were prepared by the modified microemulsion method and optimized by the Box-Behnken model of Design Expert® version 12. The optimization was based on the particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP) and percentage of encapsulation efficiency (%EE). The physicochemical analyses were performed by TEM, FTIR, XRD and DSC to assess the morphology, chemical interactions between excipients, crystallinity and thermal behavior of the optimized FLU-ACT-coloaded NLCs. The FLU-ACT-coloaded NLCs were successfully loaded into gel and characterized appropriately. The dialysis bag method and Franz diffusion cells were used for the in vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies, respectively. The optimized FLU-ACT-coloaded NLCs had the desired particle size of 288.2 ± 2.3 nm, ZP of -34.2 ± 1.0 mV and %EE values of 81.6 ± 1.1% for ACT and 75 ± 1.3% for FLU. The TEM results confirmed the spherical morphology, while the FTIR results showed the absence of chemical interactions of any type among the ingredients of the FLU-ACT-coloaded NLCs. The XRD and DSC analyses confirmed the amorphous nature and thermal behavior. The in vitro study showed the sustained release of the FLU and ACT from the optimized FLU-ACT-coloaded NLCs and FLU-ACT-coloaded NLC gel compared with the FLU-ACT suspension and conventional gel. The ex vivo study confirmed the minimal permeation of both drugs from the FLU-ACT-coloaded NLC gel.
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Hyaluronic Acid Modified Nanostructured Lipid Carrier for Targeting Delivery of Kaempferol to NSCLC: Preparation, Optimization, Characterization, and Performance Evaluation In Vitro. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144553. [PMID: 35889427 PMCID: PMC9318624 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer seriously threatens the health of human beings, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for 80%. Nowadays, the potential position of nano-delivery in treating cancer has been the subject of continuous research. The present research aimed to prepare two molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified kaempferol (KA)-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (HA-KA-NLCs) by the method of melting ultrasonic and electrostatic adsorption, and to assess the antitumor effect of the preparations on A549 cells. The characterization and safety evaluation of the preparations illustrated that they are acceptable for drug delivery for cancer. Subsequently, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images indicated that the drug was adequately incorporated in the carrier, and the particle appeared as a sphere. Moreover, HA-KA-NLC showed predominant in vitro antitumor effects, inhibiting proliferation, migration, and invasion, promoting apoptosis and increasing cellular uptake of A549 cells. Otherwise, the Western blot assay revealed that preparations could activate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related signaling pathways and modulate the expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin in A549 cells. Our present findings demonstrated that HA-KA-NLC could be considered as a secure and effective carrier for targeted tumor delivery and may have potential application prospects in future clinic therapy of NSCLC.
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Shajari M, Ahmadi N, Zamani M, Rostamizadeh K, Shapouri R. Hospital wastewater treatment using eco-friendly eugenol nanostructured lipid carriers: Formulation, optimization, and in vitro study for antibacterial and antioxidant properties. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10751. [PMID: 35765847 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, nano-formulation has been used to tackle one of the most important environmental problems which can be considered a major threat to human health. We prepared some eco-friendly nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as delivery agents to properly deliver an antibacterial agent (eugenol) into hospital wastewater in order to control bacterial growth. Eugenol-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers were prepared by hot high-speed homogenization. Then, the prepared nanocarriers were characterized using different techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and dynamic scanning calorimetry. The turbidity assay and colony counting method were used to determine the ability of the prepared eugenol-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers to inhibit bacterial growth rate in the culture media and hospital wastewater, respectively. The mean size and zeta potential of NLC-eugenol were 78.12 ± 6.1 nm and -29.43 ± 2.21 mV, respectively. The results showed that the highest inhibitory effect of NLC-eugenol in culture media was seen in standard and wild Staphylococcus aureus strains (43.42% and 26.41%, respectively) with a concentration of 0.125 μM. The antibacterial activity of NLC-eugenol in sterile wastewater on wild strains of bacteria showed that the most effective concentration to reduce bacterial amounts was 0.125 μM on wild S. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis strains (38% and 33.47%, respectively) at 37°C. The NLC-eugenol with a concentration of 0.125 μM showed the greatest effect of reducing total microbial agents by 28.66% in hospital wastewater at 25°C. The highest antibacterial effect achieved using the 0.125 μM concentration is due to the egel phenomenon. Also, the mechanism of action of NLC-eugenol is cell wall destruction and eventually cell death. The results showed that NLC-eugenol with a concentration of 0.125 μM can reduce wild bacterial strains in sterilized wastewater and hospital wastewater, which can prove the great potential of the prepared eugenol-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers to control bacterial growth. PRACTITIONER POINTS: NLC is one of the safest biodegradable and environmentally friendly carriers, which is nontoxic for humans and the environment. Eugenol is a natural compound, which makes it less toxic for the environment while being toxic for bacteria. Therefore, our method has the least side effect in comparison with existing methods for wastewater treatment. The gradual release of eugenol from NLC nanoparticles can effectively control the pathogenic factors of wastewater.
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Vartak R, Saraswat A, Yang Y, Chen ZS, Patel K. Susceptibility of Lung Carcinoma Cells to Nanostructured Lipid Carrier of ARV-825, a BRD4 Degrading Proteolysis Targeting Chimera. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2745-2759. [PMID: 35146591 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present work was aimed at developing an optimized and modified nanostructured lipid carrier of BRD4 protein degrading Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTAC) against non-small cell lung carcinoma. PROTACs are an emerging class of anticancer molecules with nanomolar activity but associated with significant solubility challenges. Lipid-based colloidal systems like nanostructured lipid carriers are widely explored for such highly lipophilic molecules. ARV-825, a cereblon-based PROTAC was investigated for its anticancer efficacy in vitro in 2D and 3D lung cancer models. ARV-825 loaded PEGylated nanostructured lipid carriers (AP-NLC) was prepared using melt emulsification technique. ARV-825 was stabilized using Precirol® ATO5 and Captex® 300 EP/NF as the solid and liquid lipid, respectively. However, hydrophobic ion-pairing with medium chain fatty acid was required to improve drug loading and stability. A hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index of 56.33 ± 0.42 nm and 0.16 respectively with zeta potential of -21 ± 1.24 mV was observed. In vitro migration and colony formation assay confirmed the anticancer activity of ARV-825 alone and AP-NLC. Nearly 38% and 50% apoptotic cell population were observed after ARV-825 and AP-NLC treatment. Immunoblotting assay showed complete suppression of BRD4 and c-Myc protein expression for AP-NLC. Most importantly, significant reduction in the growth of multicellular 3D spheroid of A549 cells confirmed the effectiveness of BRD4 PROTAC and its lipid nanoparticle in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). AP-NLC. Higher amount of red fluorescence throughout the spheroid surface further confirmed superior efficacy of AP-NLC in tumor penetration and cell killing.
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Hosny KM, Sindi AM, Ali S, Alharbi WS, Hajjaj MS, Bukhary HA, Badr MY, Mushtaq RY, Murshid SSA, Almehmady AM, Bakhaidar RB, Alfayez E, Kurakula M. Development, optimization, and evaluation of a nanostructured lipid carrier of sesame oil loaded with miconazole for the treatment of oral candidiasis. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:254-262. [PMID: 35014929 PMCID: PMC8757592 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.2023703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the fungus responsible for oral candidiasis, a prevalent disease. The development of antifungal-based delivery systems has always been a major challenge for researchers. This study was designed to develop a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) of sesame oil (SO) loaded with miconazole (MZ) that could overcome the solubility problems of MZ and enhance its antifungal activity against oral candidiasis. In the formulation of this study, SO was used as a component of a liquid lipid that showed an improved antifungal effect of MZ. An optimized MZ-loaded NLC of SO (MZ-SO NLC) was used, based on a central composite design-based experimental design; the particle size, dissolution efficiency, and inhibition zone against oral candidiasis were chosen as dependent variables. A software analysis provided an optimized MZ-SO NLC with a particle size of 92 nm, dissolution efficiency of 88%, and inhibition zone of 29 mm. Concurrently, the ex vivo permeation rate of the sheep buccal mucosa was shown to be significantly (p < .05) higher for MZ-SO NLC (1472 µg/cm2) as compared with a marketed MZ formulation (1215 µg/cm2) and an aqueous MZ suspension (470 µg/cm2). Additionally, an in vivo efficacy study in terms of the ulcer index against C. albicans found a superior result for the optimized MZ-SO NLC (0.5 ± 0.50) in a treated group of animals. Hence, it can be concluded that MZ, through an optimized NLC of SO, can treat candidiasis effectively by inhibiting the growth of C. albicans.
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Ahmad AM, Mohammed HA, Faris TM, Hassan AS, Mohamed HB, El Dosoky MI, Aboubakr EM. Nano-Structured Lipid Carrier-Based Oral Glutathione Formulation Mediates Renoprotection against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Nephrotoxicity, and Improves Oral Bioavailability of Glutathione Confirmed through RP-HPLC Micellar Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2021; 26:7491. [PMID: 34946570 PMCID: PMC8706828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to develop a new glutathione (GSH) oral formulation to enhance the delivery of GSH and counter the nephrotoxicity of the anticancer drug, cyclophosphamide (CP). A nanostructured lipid carrier glutathione formulation (GSH-NLCs) composed of glutathione (500 mg), stearic and oleic acid (300 mg, each), and Tween® 80 (2%, w/v) was prepared through the emulsification-solvent-evaporation technique, which exhibited a 452.4 ± 33.19 nm spheroidal-sized particulate material with narrow particle size distributions, -38.5 ± 1.4 mV zeta potential, and an entrapment efficiency of 79.8 ± 1.9%. The GSH formulation was orally delivered, and biologically tested to ameliorate the CP-induced renal toxicity in a rat model. Detailed renal morphology, before and after the GSH-NLCs administration, including the histopathological examinations, confirmed the ameliorating effects of the prepared glutathione formulation together with its safe oral delivery. CP-induced oxidative stress, superoxide dismutase depletion, elevation of malondialdehyde levels, depletion of Bcl-2 concentration levels, and upregulated NF-KB levels were observed and were controlled within the recommended and near normal/control levels. Additionally, the inflammatory mediator marker, IL-1β, serum levels were marginally normalized by delivery of the GHS-NLCs formulation. Oral administration of the pure glutathione did not exhibit any ameliorating effects on the renal tissues, which suggested that the pure glutathione is reactive and is chemically transformed during the oral delivery, which affected its pharmacological action at the renal site. The protective effects of the GSH-NLCs formulation through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects suggested its prominent role in containing CP-induced renal toxicity and renal tissue damage, together with the possibility of administrating higher doses of the anticancer drug, cyclophosphamide, to achieve higher and effective anticancer action in combination with the GSH-NLCs formulation.
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Zhang YW, Tu LL, Zhang Y, Pan JC, Zheng GL, Yin LN. Liver-targeted delivery of asiatic acid nanostructured lipid carrier for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:2534-2547. [PMID: 34854788 PMCID: PMC8648005 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.2008054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a major global health concern. Management of chronic liver disease is severely restricted in clinics due to ineffective treatment approaches. However, a lack of targeted therapy may aggravate this condition. Asiatic acid (AA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid acid, can effectively protect the liver from hepatic disorders. However, the pharmaceutical application of AA is limited by low oral bioavailability and poor targeting efficiency. This study synthesized a novel liver-targeting material from PEG-SA, chemically linked to ursodeoxycholic acid (UA), and utilized it to modify AA nanostructured lipid carriers (UP-AA-NLC) with enhanced targeting and improved efficacy. The formulation of UP-AA-NLC was optimized via the Box–Behnken Experimental Design (BBD) and characterized by size, zeta potential, TEM, DSC, and XRD. Furthermore, in vitro antifibrotic activity and proliferation of AA and NLCs were assessed in LX-2 cells. The addition of UP-AA-NLC significantly stimulated the TGF-beta1-induced expression of α-SMA, FN1, and Col I α1. In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging and distribution trials in rats demonstrated that UP-AA-NLC could significantly improve oral absorption and liver-targeting efficiency. Oral UP-AA-NLC greatly alleviated carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury and fibrosis in rats in a dosage-dependent manner, as reflected by serum biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, and ALB), histopathological features (H&E and Masson staining), and antioxidant activity parameters (SOD and MDA). Also, treatment with UP-AA-NLC lowered liver hydroxyproline levels, demonstrating a reduction of collagen accumulation in the fibrotic liver. Collectively, optimized UP-AA-NLC has potential application prospects in liver-targeted therapy and holds great promise as a drug delivery system for treating liver diseases.
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Tenchov R, Bird R, Curtze AE, Zhou Q. Lipid Nanoparticles─From Liposomes to mRNA Vaccine Delivery, a Landscape of Research Diversity and Advancement. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16982-17015. [PMID: 34181394 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 723] [Impact Index Per Article: 241.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged across the pharmaceutical industry as promising vehicles to deliver a variety of therapeutics. Currently in the spotlight as vital components of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, LNPs play a key role in effectively protecting and transporting mRNA to cells. Liposomes, an early version of LNPs, are a versatile nanomedicine delivery platform. A number of liposomal drugs have been approved and applied to medical practice. Subsequent generations of lipid nanocarriers, such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and cationic lipid-nucleic acid complexes, exhibit more complex architectures and enhanced physical stabilities. With their ability to encapsulate and deliver therapeutics to specific locations within the body and to release their contents at a desired time, LNPs provide a valuable platform for treatment of a variety of diseases. Here, we present a landscape of LNP-related scientific publications, including patents and journal articles, based on analysis of the CAS Content Collection, the largest human-curated collection of published scientific knowledge. Rising trends are identified, such as nanostructured lipid carriers and solid lipid nanoparticles becoming the preferred platforms for numerous formulations. Recent advancements in LNP formulations as drug delivery platforms, such as antitumor and nucleic acid therapeutics and vaccine delivery systems, are discussed. Challenges and growth opportunities are also evaluated in other areas, such as medical imaging, cosmetics, nutrition, and agrochemicals. This report is intended to serve as a useful resource for those interested in LNP nanotechnologies, their applications, and the global research effort for their development.
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Improved Bioavailability of Poorly Soluble Drugs through Gastrointestinal Muco-Adhesion of Lipid Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111817. [PMID: 34834232 PMCID: PMC8620210 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal absorption remains indispensable in the systemic delivery of most drugs, even though it presents several challenges that, paradoxically, may also provide opportunities that can be exploited to achieve maximal bioavailability. Drug delivery systems made from nanoparticle carriers and especially, lipid carriers, have the potential to traverse gastrointestinal barriers and deploy in the lymphatic pathway, which aptly, is free from first pass via the liver. Several poorly soluble drugs have presented improved systemic bioavailability when couriered in lipid nanoparticle carriers. In this review, we propose an additional frontier to enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs when encapsulated in lipid nano-carriers by imparting muco-adhesion to the particles through application of appropriate polymeric coating to the lipid carrier. The combined effect of gastrointestinal muco-adhesion followed by lymphatic absorption is a promising approach to improving systemic bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs following oral administration. Evidence to the potential of this approach is backed-up by recent studies within the review.
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Han J, Ye T, Liu YH, Chen X, Miao GP. Effects of food matrix and probiotics on the bioavailability of curcumin in different nanoformulations. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:5627-5635. [PMID: 33713049 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoparticles can improve the bioavailability of bioactive compounds. Concomitant intake of food can affect pharmacokinetic profiles by altering dissolution, absorption, metabolism, and elimination behavior. Studies on the effects of food and its supplements on the bioavailability of bioactives in nanoformulations are few. In this study, the effects of typical food (milk, sugar, high-fat diet, and regular kibble) and a widely consumed probiotic [Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12® (Bb-12)] on the bioavailability of curcumin in four formulations [simply suspended curcumin (Cur-SS) and curcumin in nanoemulsions (Cur-NEs), in single-walled carbon nanotubes (Cur-SWNTs), and in nanostructured lipid carriers (Cur-NLCs)] were investigated. RESULTS Fasting treatment and sugar co-ingestion can significantly enhance the bioavailability of curcumin in Cur-NEs and Cur-SWNTs, respectively. Compared with the fasting treatment, co-ingestion with regular kibble reduced the absorption of curcumin in Cur-NEs and Cur-SWNTs. Ingesting milk along with Cur-NE is also not recommended. The mechanisms behind these phenomena were briefly discussed. This study revealed for the first time that the intestinal colonization of Bb-12 reduces the bioavailability of curcumin and this reduction can be attenuated by nanoformulations SWNTs and NLCs, but not NEs. The reason for this difference was the protective effects of the former two nanoformulations against curcumin degradation by Bb-12 according to in vitro experiments. CONCLUSION Dietary status (including supplementary probiotics) can dramatically influence the bioavailability of curcumin in nanoformulations. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Tan JYB, Yoon BK, Cho NJ, Lovrić J, Jug M, Jackman JA. Lipid Nanoparticle Technology for Delivering Biologically Active Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9664. [PMID: 34575831 PMCID: PMC8465605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is enormous interest in utilizing biologically active fatty acids and monoglycerides to treat phospholipid membrane-related medical diseases, especially with the global health importance of membrane-enveloped viruses and bacteria. However, it is difficult to practically deliver lipophilic fatty acids and monoglycerides for therapeutic applications, which has led to the emergence of lipid nanoparticle platforms that support molecular encapsulation and functional presentation. Herein, we introduce various classes of lipid nanoparticle technology and critically examine the latest progress in utilizing lipid nanoparticles to deliver fatty acids and monoglycerides in order to treat medical diseases related to infectious pathogens, cancer, and inflammation. Particular emphasis is placed on understanding how nanoparticle structure is related to biological function in terms of mechanism, potency, selectivity, and targeting. We also discuss translational opportunities and regulatory needs for utilizing lipid nanoparticles to deliver fatty acids and monoglycerides, including unmet clinical opportunities.
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Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Gel Formulation of Recombinant Human Thrombomodulin Improve Diabetic Wound Healing by Topical Administration. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091386. [PMID: 34575462 PMCID: PMC8469737 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human thrombomodulin (rhTM), an angiogenesis factor, has been demonstrated to stimulate cell proliferation, keratinocyte migration and wound healing. The objective of this study was to develop nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulations encapsulating rhTM for promoting chronic wound healing. RhTM-loaded NLCs were prepared and characterized. Encapsulation efficiency was more than 92%. The rate of rhTM release from different NLC formulations was influenced by their lipid compositions and was sustained for more than 72 h. Studies on diabetic mouse wound model suggested that rhTM-NLC 1.2 µg accelerated wound healing and was similar to recombinant human epidermal growth factor-NLC (rhEGF-NLC) 20 µg. By incorporating 0.085% carbopol (a highly crosslinked polyacrylic acid polymer) into rhTM NLC, the NLC-gel presented similar particle characteristics, and demonstrated physical stability, sustained release property and stability within 12 weeks. Both rhTM NLC and rhTM NLC-gel improved wound healing of diabetic mice and cell migration of human epidermal keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) significantly. In comparison with rhTM solution, plasma concentrations of rhTM post applications of NLC and NLC-gel formulations were lower and more sustained in 24 h. The developed rhTM NLC and rhTM NLC-gel formulations are easy to prepare, stable and convenient to apply to the wound with reduced systemic exposure, which may warrant potential delivery systems for the care of chronic wound patients.
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Dey AK, Nougarède A, Clément F, Fournier C, Jouvin-Marche E, Escudé M, Jary D, Navarro FP, Marche PN. Tuning the Immunostimulation Properties of Cationic Lipid Nanocarriers for Nucleic Acid Delivery. Front Immunol 2021; 12:722411. [PMID: 34497612 PMCID: PMC8419413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.722411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonviral systems, such as lipid nanoparticles, have emerged as reliable methods to enable nucleic acid intracellular delivery. The use of cationic lipids in various formulations of lipid nanoparticles enables the formation of complexes with nucleic acid cargo and facilitates their uptake by target cells. However, due to their small size and highly charged nature, these nanocarrier systems can interact in vivo with antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. As this might prove to be a safety concern for developing therapies based on lipid nanocarriers, we sought to understand how they could affect the physiology of APCs. In the present study, we investigate the cellular and metabolic response of primary macrophages or DCs exposed to the neutral or cationic variant of the same lipid nanoparticle formulation. We demonstrate that macrophages are the cells affected most significantly and that the cationic nanocarrier has a substantial impact on their physiology, depending on the positive surface charge. Our study provides a first model explaining the impact of charged lipid materials on immune cells and demonstrates that the primary adverse effects observed can be prevented by fine-tuning the load of nucleic acid cargo. Finally, we bring rationale to calibrate the nucleic acid load of cationic lipid nanocarriers depending on whether immunostimulation is desirable with the intended therapeutic application, for instance, gene delivery or messenger RNA vaccines.
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Tian C, Zeng L, Tang L, Yu J, Ren M. Sustained Delivery of Timolol Using Nanostructured Lipid Carriers-Laden Soft Contact Lenses. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:212. [PMID: 34378099 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The contact lens prepared by the conventional soaking method using timolol-soaking solution showed poor drug uptake and high burst release with altered critical lens properties. In this study, timolol-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were prepared and evaluated for enhanced timolol uptake and sustained release for the effective management of glaucoma. The characterization studies indicated that timolol-loaded NLCs were spherical in shape with an average size of 130-138 nm and a zeta potential of -46.6 to 51.3 mV. Critical lens properties such as swelling, optical transmittance, and protein adherence were improved with NLC-laden lenses compared to the conventional soaked lenses (SM-TB). Moreover, SM-TB lens showed low timolol uptake, high burst release, and short release duration up to 24 h compared to timolol-NLC-laden lens that showed high timolol uptake, and the cumulative release was sustained up to 96 h. The ability to sustain timolol release improved proportionally with an increase in the amount of Capmul MCMC8 (liquid lipid) in NLCs. In addition, NLC-laden lens was found to be safe according to the results of ocular irritation and histopathological studies. In the rabbit tear fluid model, NLC-30%-Cap-CL batch showed high timolol concentration at all time points up to 60 h. Further, pharmacodynamic study showed sustained reduction in IOP by NLC-30%-Cap-CL batch for 96 h compared to 48 h and 6 h with SM-TB lens and eye drop solution, respectively. In conclusion, NLCs enhanced timolol uptake in the contact lens from the soaking solution using soaking method with improved in vitro and in vivo results for better clinical outcomes in the patients with glaucoma.
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Kang T, Suh S, Jo HE, Choi KO. Physical, chemical, and biological characterization of ginsenoside F1 incorporated in nanostructured lipid carrier. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13860. [PMID: 34263467 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to determine the physical property and thermodynamic stability of nanostructured lipid carrier suspension incorporating ginsenoside F1 (GF1_NLC), and to evaluate its transport and antioxidant properties. GF1_NLC suspension possessed spherical particles with an average size of 98.9 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency reached approximately 90%. There was a good compatibility between ginsenoside F1 (GF1) and the nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulation, giving no contribution to the changes in the structural organization and crystallization behavior of lipid particles. However, the incorporation of GF1 reduced the thermodynamic stability of the lipid particles. The permeability of GF1_NLC (39.2%) across Caco-2 cell monolayer was higher than that of free GF1 (26.0%); however, no significant differences were observed in the radical scavenging activity (84.1% and 85.5%, respectively). In conclusion, NLC could be a potential candidate for the delivery of GF1 into the living body due to its small particle size, high encapsulation efficiency, and improved permeability. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Poor water solubility in an aqueous solution and low absorption rate of ginsenoside F1 in the intestinal track limit its practical application in food systems. In this study, ginsenoside F1 was encapsulated in nanostructured lipid carrier to enhance its water solubility and absorption rate. The results of the encapsulated ginsenoside F1 showed high encapsulation efficiency of 90% with fine particle size of 98.9 nm that could correspond to the enhancement of water solubility in an aqueous solution and permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayer. The results may encourage the food industry to utilize this encapsulation technique for the enhancement of the functional properties of poorly water-soluble bioactive compounds.
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Kumari S, Dandamudi M, Rani S, Behaeghel E, Behl G, Kent D, O’Reilly NJ, O’Donovan O, McLoughlin P, Fitzhenry L. Dexamethasone-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:905. [PMID: 34207223 PMCID: PMC8234689 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) or keratoconjunctivitis sicca is a chronic multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface caused by tear film dysfunction. Symptoms include dryness, irritation, discomfort and visual disturbance, and standard treatment includes the use of lubricants and topical steroids. Secondary inflammation plays a prominent role in the development and propagation of this debilitating condition. To address this we have investigated the pilot scale development of an innovative drug delivery system using a dexamethasone-encapsulated cholesterol-Labrafac™ lipophile nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)-based ophthalmic formulation, which could be developed as an eye drop to treat DED and any associated acute exacerbations. After rapid screening of a range of laboratory scale pre-formulations, the chosen formulation was prepared at pilot scale with a particle size of 19.51 ± 0.5 nm, an encapsulation efficiency of 99.6 ± 0.5%, a PDI of 0.08, and an extended stability of 6 months at 4 °C. This potential ophthalmic formulation was observed to have high tolerability and internalization capacity for human corneal epithelial cells, with similar behavior demonstrated on ex vivo porcine cornea studies, suggesting suitable distribution on the ocular surface. Further, ELISA was used to study the impact of the pilot scale formulation on a range of inflammatory biomarkers. The most successful dexamethasone-loaded NLC showed a 5-fold reduction of TNF-α production over dexamethasone solution alone, with comparable results for MMP-9 and IL-6. The ease of formulation, scalability, performance and biomarker assays suggest that this NLC formulation could be a viable option for the topical treatment of DED.
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Mu Y, Li J, Kang JH, Eto H, Zai K, Kishimura A, Hyodo F, Mori T, Katayama Y. A Lipid-Based Nanocarrier Containing Active Vitamin D 3 Ameliorates NASH in Mice via Direct and Intestine-Mediated Effects on Liver Inflammation. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 43:1413-1420. [PMID: 32879216 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The gut-liver axis may be involved in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns leak through the intestinal barrier to the liver via the portal vein to contribute to NASH development. Active vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is a potential therapeutic agent to enhance the intestinal barrier. Active vitamin D3 also suppresses inflammation and fibrosis in the liver. However, the adverse effects of active vitamin D3 such as hypercalcemia limit its clinical use. We created a nano-structured lipid carrier (NLC) containing active vitamin D3 to deliver active vitamin D3 to the intestine and liver to elicit NASH treatment. We found a suppressive effect of the NLC on the lipopolysaccharide-induced increase in permeability of an epithelial layer in vitro. Using mice in which NASH was induced by a methionine and choline-deficient diet, we discovered that oral application of the NLC ameliorated the permeability increase in the intestinal barrier and attenuated steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis in liver at a safe dose of active vitamin D3 at which the free form of active vitamin D3 did not show a therapeutic effect. These data suggest that the NLC is a novel therapeutic agent for NASH.
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Lima FA, Vilela RV, Oréfice RL, Silva IR, Reis EC, Carvalho LA, Maria-Engler SS, Ferreira LA, Goulart GA. Nanostructured lipid carriers enhances the safety profile of tretinoin: in vitro and healthy human volunteers' studies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1391-1409. [PMID: 34085552 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To enhance the tretinoin (TRE) safety profile through the encapsulation in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). Materials & methods: NLC-TRE was developed using a 23 experimental factorial design, characterized (HPLC, dynamic light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, cryo-transmission electron microscopy) and evaluated by in vitro studies and in healthy volunteers. Results: The NLC-TRE presented spherical structures, average particle size of 130 nm, zeta potential of 24 mV and encapsulation efficiency of 98%. The NLC-TRE protected TRE against oxidation (p < 0.0001) and promoted epidermal targeting (p < 0.0001) compared with the marketed product, both 0.05% TRE. The in vitro assay on reconstructed human epidermis and the measurement of transepidermal water loss in healthy volunteers demonstrated an enhanced safety profile in comparison to the marketed product (p < 0.0002). Conclusion: The NLC-TRE enhances the epidermal targeting and safety profile of TRE, representing a potential safer alternative for the topical treatment of skin disorders using TRE.
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Voigt EA, Fuerte-Stone J, Granger B, Archer J, Van Hoeven N. Live-attenuated RNA hybrid vaccine technology provides single-dose protection against Chikungunya virus. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2782-2793. [PMID: 34058388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a live-attenuated RNA hybrid vaccine technology that uses an RNA vaccine delivery vehicle to deliver in vitro-transcribed, full-length, live-attenuated viral genomes to the site of vaccination. This technology allows ready manufacturing in a cell-free environment, regardless of viral attenuation level, and it promises to avoid many safety and manufacturing challenges of traditional live-attenuated vaccines. We demonstrate this technology through development and testing of a live-attenuated RNA hybrid vaccine against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), comprised of an in vitro-transcribed, highly attenuated CHIKV genome delivered by a highly stable nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulation as an intramuscular injection. We demonstrate that single-dose immunization of immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice results in induction of high CHIKV-neutralizing antibody titers and protection against mortality and footpad swelling after lethal CHIKV challenge.
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Subramaniam B, Arshad NM, Malagobadan S, Misran M, Nyamathulla S, Mun KS, Nagoor NH. Development and Evaluation of 1'-Acetoxychavicol Acetate (ACA)-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Prostate Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040439. [PMID: 33804975 PMCID: PMC8063947 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
1'-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) extracted from the rhizomes of Alpinia conchigera Griff (Zingiberaceae) has been shown to deregulate the NF-ĸB signaling pathway and induce apoptosis-mediated cell death in many cancer types. However, ACA is a hydrophobic ester, with poor solubility in an aqueous medium, limited bioavailability, and nonspecific targeting in vivo. To address these problems, ACA was encapsulated in a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) anchored with plerixafor octahydrochloride (AMD3100) to promote targeted delivery towards C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)-expressing prostate cancer cells. The NLC was prepared using the melt and high sheer homogenization method, and it exhibited ideal physico-chemical properties, successful encapsulation and modification, and sustained rate of drug release. Furthermore, it demonstrated time-based and improved cellular uptake, and improved cytotoxic and anti-metastatic properties on PC-3 cells in vitro. Additionally, the in vivo animal tumor model revealed significant anti-tumor efficacy and reduction in pro-tumorigenic markers in comparison to the placebo, without affecting the weight and physiological states of the nude mice. Overall, ACA-loaded NLC with AMD3100 surface modification was successfully prepared with evidence of substantial anti-cancer efficacy. These results suggest the potential use of AMD3100-modified NLCs as a targeting carrier for cytotoxic drugs towards CXCR4-expressing cancer cells.
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Chang L, Zhang Y, Li M, Zhao X, Wang D, Liu J, Zhou F, Zhang J. Nanostructured lipid carrier co-delivering paclitaxel and doxorubicin restrains the proliferation and promotes apoptosis of glioma stem cells via regulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:225101. [PMID: 33690190 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abd439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of safe and efficient nanocomposites remains a huge challenge in targeted therapy of glioma. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), which facilitate specific site drug delivery, have been widely used in glioma treatment. Herein, we aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic impact of paclitaxel (PTX) and doxorubicin (DOX) loaded NLC (PTX-DOX-NLC) on glioma stem cells (GSCs). To this end, we used a melt-emulsification technique to generate PTX loaded NLC (PTX-NLC), DOX loaded NLC (DOX-NLC), and NLC loaded with both drugs (PTX-DOX-NLC). We firstly confirmed the stability of PTX-DOX-NLC and their ability to gradually release PTX and DOX. Next, we evaluated the effects of PTX-DOX-NLC on apoptosis and proliferation of GSCs by flow cytometry and CellTiter-Glo assay. Besides, the expression of relevant mRNA and proteins was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Mechanism of action of PTX-DOX-NLC was determined though bioinformatic analysis based on RNA-seq data performed in GSCs derived from different NLC-treated groups. In addition, a mouse xenograft model of glioma was established to evaluate the anti-tumor effects of PTX-DOX-NLCin vivo. Results indicated thar PTX-DOX-NLC showed greater inhibitory effects on proliferation and promotive effects on apoptosis of GSCs compared with PTX-NLC, DOX-NLC, free PTX, and free DOX treatment. Mechanistic investigations evidenced that PTX-DOX-NLC inhibited tumor progression by suppressing the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalingin vitroandin vivo. Taken together, PTX-DOX-NLC played an inhibitory role in GSC growth, highlighting a potential therapeutic option against glioma.
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Wang R, Shi G, Chai L, Wang R, Zhang G, Ren G, Zhang S. Choline and PEG dually modified artemether nano delivery system targeting intra-erythrocytic Plasmodium and its pharmacodynamics in vivo. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:454-464. [PMID: 33646854 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1892737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The choline derivative (CD) and polyethylene-glycol (PEG) dually modified artemether (ARM) nanostructured lipid carriers (CD-PEG-ARM-NLC) have been designed to prolong the circulation of ARM in blood, as well as to develop targeting for new permeability pathways (NPPs) and erythrocyte choline carriers (ECCs) that are expressed on the Plasmodium-infected erythrocyte membrane. SIGNIFICANCE The CD-PEG-ARM-NLC constructed in this study was found to be able to target endoerythrocytic Plasmodium by increasing the drug concentration and residence time in the infected erythrocytic microenvironment and minimizing toxicity and side effects. METHODS CD-PEG-ARM-NLC was prepared using high-pressure homogenization followed by physicochemical characterization. The targeting ability of CD-PEG-NLC to infected erythrocytes probed by coumarin-6 was investigated by using fluorescence microscopy imaging. The SYBR Green I assay for parasite nucleic acid was adapted in order to assess the efficacy of inhibition against parasite growth in vitro. The antimalarial activity of ARM-loaded NLCs was evaluated by a Pearson four-day suppressive test in Pyy265BY-bearing mice. RESULTS In vitro imaging indicated that the intracellular delivery of CD-PEG-ARM-NLC was efficiently taken up by the infected erythrocytes via ECCs and NPPs, which could be inhibited by addition of furosemide (an inhibitor of NPPs) and excessive choline (native substrate of ECCs). Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies that evaluated antimalarial activity suggested that CD-PEG-ARM-NLC exhibited higher antimalarial activity in comparison to ARM-NLC and PEG-ARM-NLC. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that choline and PEG dually modified NLC could be promising preparations for the production of hydrophobic antimalarial drugs, particularly for ARM.
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