26
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Kinoyama I, Taniguchi N, Toyoshima A, Nozawa E, Kamikubo T, Imamura M, Matsuhisa A, Samizu K, Kawanimani E, Niimi T, Hamada N, Koutoku H, Furutani T, Kudoh M, Okada M, Ohta M, Tsukamoto SI. (+)-(2R,5S)-4-[4-Cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2,5-dimethyl-N-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3- yl]piperazine-1-carboxamide (YM580) as an Orally Potent and Peripherally Selective Nonsteroidal Androgen Receptor Antagonist. J Med Chem 2005; 49:716-26. [PMID: 16420057 DOI: 10.1021/jm050293c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of trans-N-aryl-2,5-dimethylpiperazine-1-carboxamide derivatives was synthesized and their androgen receptor (AR) antagonist activities and in vivo antiandrogenic effects were evaluated. Pharmacological assays indicated that compound 33 was a potent AR antagonist, and subsequent optical resolution provided (+)-(2R,5S)-4-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2,5-dimethyl-N-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperazine-1-carboxamide (33a, YM580) which exhibited the most potent antiandrogenic activity. Unlike bicalutamide, compound 33a decreased the weight of rat ventral prostate in a dose-dependent manner (ED(50) = 2.2 mg/kg/day), and induced the maximum antiandrogenic effect, comparable to that of surgical castration, without significantly affecting serum testosterone levels. Compound 33a is a promising clinical candidate for prostate cancer monotherapy.
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27
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Goto T, Ohta K, Suzuki T, Ohta S, Endo Y. Design and synthesis of novel androgen receptor antagonists with sterically bulky icosahedral carboranes. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:6414-24. [PMID: 16099660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Carboranes (dicarba-closo-dodecaboranes) are a class of carbon-containing polyhedral boron-cluster compounds having remarkable chemical and thermal stability, and hydrophobic character. These features may allow application of carboranes as a new hydrophobic core structure in biologically active molecules that interact hydrophobically with receptors. Here, we report the design and synthesis of novel androgen antagonists bearing a carborane moiety. These compounds, particularly 8a, 8c, and 9d, exhibited anti-androgenic activity similar to that of the well-known anti-androgen flutamide in reporter gene assay using NIH3T3 cells transfected with a human AR expression plasmid. The carborane cage seems to be a privileged hydrophobic pharmacophore for the expression of AR-antagonistic activity.
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28
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Jacobson O, Bechor Y, Icar A, Novak N, Birman A, Marom H, Fadeeva L, Golan E, Leibovitch I, Gutman M, Even-Sapir E, Chisin R, Gozin M, Mishani E. Prostate cancer PET bioprobes: Synthesis of [18F]-radiolabeled hydroxyflutamide derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:6195-205. [PMID: 16054371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 80-90% of prostate cancers are androgen dependent at initial diagnosis. The androgen receptor (AR) is present in most advanced prostate cancer specimens and is believed to have a critical role in its development. Today, treatment of prostate cancer is done by inhibition of AR using antiandrogens such as flutamide (pro-drug of hydroxyflutamide), nilutamide, and bicalutamide. However, there is currently no noninvasive imaging modalities to detect, guide, and monitor specific treatment of AR-positive prostate cancer. (R)-3-Bromo-N-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanamide [18F]-1 and N-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide [18F]-2, derivatives of hydroxyflutamide, were synthesized as a fluorine-containing imaging agent candidates. A three-step fluorine-18 radiosynthesis route was developed, and the compounds were successfully labeled with a 10+/-3% decay corrected radiochemical yield, 95% radiochemical purity, and a specific activity of 1500+/-200 Ci/mmol end of bombardment (n = 10). These labeled biprobes not only may enable for the future quantitative molecular imaging of AR-positive prostate cancer using positron emission tomography but may also allow for image-guided treatment of prostate cancer.
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29
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Hosoda S, Tanatani A, Wakabayashi KI, Nakano Y, Miyachi H, Nagasawa K, Hashimoto Y. Ligands with dual vitamin D3-agonistic and androgen-antagonistic activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4327-31. [PMID: 16019211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ligands possessing dual vitamin D3-agonistic (estimated as HL-60 monocytic cell differentiation induction) and androgen-antagonistic (estimated as testosterone-induced SC-3 cell growth inhibition) activities with various activity spectra were prepared based on a substituted bis-phenylmethane skeleton. Some of them were revealed to be potent androgen antagonists with a nonsecosteroidal vitamin D3 skeleton.
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30
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Fujii S, Goto T, Ohta K, Hashimoto Y, Suzuki T, Ohta S, Endo Y. Potent Androgen Antagonists Based on Carborane as a Hydrophobic Core Structure. J Med Chem 2005; 48:4654-62. [PMID: 16000001 DOI: 10.1021/jm050115j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carboranes (dicarba-closo-dodecaboranes) are a class of carbon-containing polyhedral boron-cluster compounds having remarkable chemical and thermal stability and hydrophobic character. These features may allow application of carboranes as a new hydrophobic core structure in biologically active molecules that interact hydrophobically with receptors. We report here the design and synthesis of novel androgen antagonists bearing carborane. The most potent compounds, the arylcarborane derivatives 6e and 6i, exhibited antiandrogenic activity greater than that of the well-known antiandrogen hydroxyflutamide in reporter gene assay using NIH3T3 cells transfected with a human AR expression plasmid, as well as in cell growth inhibition assay using androgen-dependent SC-3 cells. Further development of the potent carborane-containing androgen antagonists described here, having a new skeletal structure and unique characteristics, may yield novel therapeutic agents, especially selective androgen receptor modulators.
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31
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Salvati ME, Balog A, Shan W, Wei DD, Pickering D, Attar RM, Geng J, Rizzo CA, Gottardis MM, Weinmann R, Krystek SR, Sack J, An Y, Kish K. Structure based approach to the design of bicyclic-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione based androgen receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:271-6. [PMID: 15603938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Revised: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 10/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of isoindoledione based compounds were identified as potent antagonists of the androgen receptor (AR). Co-crystallization of members of this family of inhibitors was successfully accomplished with the T877A AR LBD. A working model of how this class of compounds functions to antagonize the AR was created. Based on this model, it was proposed that expanding the bicyclic portion of the molecule should result in analogs which function as effective antagonists against a variety of AR isoforms. In contrast to what was predicted by the model, SAR around this new series was dictated by the aniline portion rather than the bicyclic portion of the molecule.
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32
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Handratta VD, Vasaitis TS, Njar VCO, Gediya LK, Kataria R, Chopra P, Newman D, Farquhar R, Guo Z, Qiu Y, Brodie AMH. Novel C-17-heteroaryl steroidal CYP17 inhibitors/antiandrogens: synthesis, in vitro biological activity, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity in the LAPC4 human prostate cancer xenograft model. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2972-84. [PMID: 15828836 DOI: 10.1021/jm040202w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
New chemical entities, steroidal C-17 benzoazoles (5, 6, 9 and 10) and pyrazines (14 and 15) were rationally designed and synthesized. The key reaction for synthesis of the benzoazoles involved the nucleophilic vinylic "addition-elimination" substitution reaction of 3beta-acetoxy-17-chloro-16-formylandrosta-5,16-diene (2) and benzoazole nucleophiles, while that for synthesis of pyrazines involved palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of 17-iodoandrosta-5,16-dien-3beta-ol (13) with tributylstannyl diazines. Some of the compounds were shown to be potent inhibitors of human CYP17 enzyme as well as potent antagonist of both wild type and mutant androgen receptors (AR). The most potent CYP17 inhibitors were 3beta-hydroxy-17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene (5, code named VN/124-1), 3beta-hydroxy-17-(5(1)-pyrimidyl)androsta-5,16-diene (15) and 17-(1H-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-4,16-dien-3-one (6), with IC(50) values of 300, 500 and 915 nM, respectively. Compounds 5, 6, 14 and 15 were effective at preventing binding of (3)H-R1881 (methyltrienolone, a stable synthetic androgen) to both the mutant LNCaP AR and the wild-type AR, but with a 2.2- to 5-fold higher binding efficiency to the latter. Compounds 5 and 6 were also shown to be potent pure AR antagonists. The cell growth studies showed that 5 and 6 inhibit the growth of DHT-stimulated LNCaP and LAPC4 prostate cancer cells with IC(50) values in the low micromolar range (i.e., <10 microM). Their inhibitory potencies were comparable to that of casodex but remarkably superior to that of flutamide. The pharmacokinetics of compounds 5 and 6 in mice were investigated. Following s.c. administration of 50 mg/kg of 5 and 6, peak plasma levels of 16.82 and 5.15 ng/mL, respectively, occurred after 30 to 60 min, both compounds were cleared rapidly from plasma (terminal half-lives of 44.17 and 39.93 min, respectively), and neither was detectable at 8 h. Remarkably, compound 5 was rapidly converted into a metabolite tentatively identified as 17-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)androsta-3-one. When tested in vivo, 5 proved to be very effective at inhibiting the growth of androgen-dependent LAPC4 human prostate tumor xenograft, while 6 was ineffective. Compound 5 (50 mg/kg/twice daily) resulted in a 93.8% reduction (P = 0.00065) in the mean final tumor volume compared with controls, and it was also significantly more effective than castration. To our knowledge, this is the first example of an antihormonal agent (an inhibitor of androgen synthesis (CYP17 inhibitor)/antiandrogen) that is significantly more effective than castration in suppression of androgen-dependent prostate tumor growth. In view of these impressive anticancer properties, compound 5 is a strong candidate for development for the treatment of human prostate cancer.
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33
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Wakabayashi KI, Miyachi H, Hashimoto Y, Tanatani A. Novel non-steroidal/non-anilide type androgen antagonists: discovery of 4-substituted pyrrole-2-carboxamides as a new scaffold for androgen receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2837-46. [PMID: 15781394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized novel pyrrole-2-carboxamide derivatives as androgen antagonists. Compounds 10 and 13 bearing benzylamine or aniline at the 4-position of the pyrrole ring showed moderate androgen antagonistic activity, and inhibited the androgen-dependent growth of Shionogi carcinoma cells (SC-3). Study of the structure-activity relationships of compound 13 led to a potent androgen antagonist 36, which has higher affinity than flutamide (4) for androgen nuclear receptor (AR). Thus, pyrrole-2-carboxamide is a new scaffold for developing AR antagonists.
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34
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Bratoeff E, Cabeza M, Ramirez E, Heuze Y, Flores E. Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Pharmacological Activity of New Steroidal Antiandrogens and 5α-Reductase Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2005; 12:927-43. [PMID: 15853706 DOI: 10.2174/0929867053507306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The object of this paper is to summarize for the past two years the most recent development in the field of prostate cancer and 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors. In addition we are also including some results on the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of new steroidal compounds developed in our laboratory. Most of the new steroidal derivatives are based on the progesterone skeleton and showed a high inhibitory activity for the enzyme 5 alpha-reductase. Presently, similar compounds are used for the treatment of androgen dependent diseases such as: hirsutism, androgenic alopecia, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Dihydrotestosterone 2 (Fig. 1) a 5 alpha-reduced metabolite of testosterone 1 has been implicated as a causative factor for the progression of these diseases, largely through the clinical evaluation of males who are genetically deficient of the enzyme steroid 5 alpha-reductase. As a result of this study, the inhibition of this enzyme has become a pharmacological strategy for the design and synthesis of new antiandrogenic drugs. The advent of finasteride 7 (Fig. 3) a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor has greatly alleviated the symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. In our laboratory, we recently synthesized several new 16 beta-methylpregnadiene-3,20-diones: 40, 41 (Fig. 8), 16 beta-phenylpregnadiene-3,17a-dione derivatives 46 and 47 (Fig. 9) and 49 (C-4 bromoderivative) (Fig. 11), 52-56 (Fig. 13). The analogue pregnatriene derivatives were also prepared: 44, 45 (Fig. 9) 50, 51 (Fig. 11) and 57-60 (Fig. 13) These compounds were evaluated as 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors in the following biological models: Penicillium crustosum broths, the flank organs of gonadectomized male hamsters, the incorporation of radiolabeled sodium acetate into lipids, the effect of the new steroids on the reduction of the weight of the seminal vesicles and on the in vitro metabolism of [3H]T to [3H]DHT in seminal vesicles of homogenates of gonadectomized male hamsters. All trienones 44, 45, 50, 51 and 57-60 in all biological models showed consistently a higher 5 alpha-reductase inhibitory activity than the corresponding dienones: 40, 41, 46, 47, 49 and 52-56. We believe that with these compounds the 5 alpha-reductase enzyme is inactivated by an irreversible Michael type addition of the nucleophilic portion of the enzyme to the conjugated double bond of the steroid. The trienones having a more coplanar structure react faster with the enzyme thus showing a higher inhibitory activity.
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35
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Kinoyama I, Taniguchi N, Kawaminami E, Nozawa E, Koutoku H, Furutani T, Kudoh M, Okada M. N-Arylpiperazine-1-carboxamide Derivatives: a Novel Series of Orally Active Nonsteroidal Androgen Receptor Antagonists. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2005; 53:402-9. [PMID: 15802840 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.53.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of N-arylpiperazine-1-carboxamide derivatives was synthesized and their androgen receptor (AR) antagonist activities and in vivo antiandrogenic properties were evaluated. Reporter assays indicated that trans-2,5-dimethylpiperazine derivatives are potent AR antagonists, and in this series trans-N-4-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-N-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2,5-dimethylpiperazine-1-carboxamide (18 g, YM-175735) exhibited the most potent antiandrogenic activity. Compared to bicalutamide, YM-175735 is an approximately 4-fold stronger AR antagonist and has slightly increased antiandrogenic activity, suggesting that YM-175735 may be useful in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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36
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Malamas MS, Manas ES, McDevitt RE, Gunawan I, Xu ZB, Collini MD, Miller CP, Dinh T, Henderson RA, Keith JC, Harris HA. Design and synthesis of aryl diphenolic azoles as potent and selective estrogen receptor-beta ligands. J Med Chem 2004; 47:5021-40. [PMID: 15456246 DOI: 10.1021/jm049719y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New diphenolic azoles as highly selective estrogen receptor-beta agonists are reported. The more potent and selective analogues of these series have comparable binding affinities for ERbeta as the natural ligand 17beta-estradiol but are >100-fold selective over ERalpha. Our design strategy not only followed a traditional SAR approach but also was supported by X-ray structures of ERbeta cocrystallized with various ligands as well as molecular modeling studies. These strategies enabled us to take advantage of a single conservative residue substitution in the ligand-binding pocket, ERalpha Met(421) --> ERbeta Ile(373), to optimize ERbeta selectivity. The 7-position-substituted benzoxazoles (Table 5) were the most selective ligands of both azole series, with ERB-041 (117) being >200-fold selective for ERbeta. The majority of ERbeta selective agonists tested that were at least approximately 50-fold selective displayed a consistent in vivo profile: they were inactive in several models of classic estrogen action (uterotrophic, osteopenia, and vasomotor instability models) and yet were active in the HLA-B27 transgenic rat model of inflammatory bowel disease. These data suggest that ERbeta-selective agonists are devoid of classic estrogenic effects and may offer a novel therapy to treat certain inflammatory conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Antagonists/chemical synthesis
- Androgen Antagonists/chemistry
- Androgen Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemical synthesis
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Binding Sites
- Body Temperature/drug effects
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/prevention & control
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Drug Design
- Estrogen Receptor beta
- Female
- HLA-B27 Antigen/genetics
- Humans
- Isoxazoles/chemical synthesis
- Isoxazoles/chemistry
- Isoxazoles/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Organ Size/drug effects
- Phenols/chemical synthesis
- Phenols/chemistry
- Phenols/pharmacology
- Prostate/anatomy & histology
- Prostate/drug effects
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Estrogen/agonists
- Receptors, Estrogen/chemistry
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Uterus/anatomy & histology
- Uterus/drug effects
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37
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Muddana SS, Price AM, MacBride MM, Peterson BR. 11β-Alkyl-Δ9-19-Nortestosterone Derivatives: High-Affinity Ligands and Potent Partial Agonists of the Androgen Receptor. J Med Chem 2004; 47:4985-8. [PMID: 15456242 DOI: 10.1021/jm0342515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of novel steroidal androgen receptor ligands comprising 11beta-alkyl-Delta(9)-derivatives of 19-nortestosterone. These compounds are structurally related to the antiprogestin, antiglucocorticoid, and antiandrogen drug mifepristone (RU486). Nortestosterone analogues bearing 11beta-octyl and 11beta-decyl side-chains bind tightly to recombinant AR protein (IC(50) = 6.6 nM and IC(50) = 0.8 nM), block AR dimerization, exhibit activity against LNCaP prostate cancer cells, and comprise partial AR agonists with low antiglucocorticoid activity.
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38
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Ohtsu H, Itokawa H, Xiao Z, Su CY, Shih CCY, Chiang T, Chang E, Lee Y, Chiu SY, Chang C, Lee KH. Antitumor agents 222. Synthesis and anti-androgen activity of new diarylheptanoids. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 11:5083-90. [PMID: 14604672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen new diarylheptanoids were synthesized and evaluated for antagonistic activity against androgen receptor (AR)-mediated reporter gene transcription using DU145, PC-3, and LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines. Most compounds showed activity in a 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced reporter gene expression assay in DU145 cells transfected with wild-type AR. Ten compounds (5, 8, 10, 14-15, and 18-22) were equipotent with hydroxyflutamide (HF), the anti-androgen currently available for the treatment of prostate cancer. However, except for compounds 5 and 10, none of the tested compounds was significantly effective in attenuating DHT-induced reporter gene expression in LNCaP cells, which contain endogenous mutant AR.
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39
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Cogan PS, Koch TH. Rational Design and Synthesis of Androgen Receptor-Targeted Nonsteroidal Anti-Androgen Ligands for the Tumor-Specific Delivery of a Doxorubicin−Formaldehyde Conjugate. J Med Chem 2003; 46:5258-70. [PMID: 14613328 DOI: 10.1021/jm0303305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and preliminary evaluation of a doxorubicin-formaldehyde conjugate tethered to the nonsteroidal antiandrogen, cyanonilutamide (RU 56279), for the treatment of prostate cancer are reported. The relative ability of the targeting group to bind to the human androgen receptor was studied as a function of tether. The tether served to attach the antiandrogen to the doxorubicin-formaldehyde conjugate via an N-Mannich base of a salicylamide derivative. The salicylamide was selected to serve as a trigger release mechanism to separate the doxorubicin-formaldehyde conjugate from the targeting group after it has bound to the androgen receptor. The remaining part of the tether consisted of a linear group that spanned from the 5-position of the salicylamide to the 3'-position of cyanonilutamide. The structures explored for the linear region of the tether were derivatives of di(ethylene glycol), tri(ethylene glycol), N,N'-disubstituted-piperazine, and 2-butyne-1,4-diol. Relative binding affinity of the tethers bound to the targeting group for human androgen receptor were measured using a (3)H-Mibolerone competition assay and varied from 18% of nilutamide binding for the butynediol-based linear region to less than 1% for one of the piperazine derivatives. The complete targeted drug with the butynediol-based linear region has a relative binding affinity of 10%. This relative binding affinity is encouraging in light of the cocrystal structure of human androgen receptor ligand binding domain bound to the steroid Metribolone which predicts very limited space for a tether connecting the antiandrogen on the inside to the cytotoxin on the outside.
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40
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Ishioka T, Tanatani A, Nagasawa K, Hashimoto Y. Anti-androgens with full antagonistic activity toward human prostate tumor LNCaP cells with mutated androgen receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2655-8. [PMID: 12873487 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00575-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anti-androgens were designed based on the principle of inhibiting the folding of helix 12 of the nuclear androgen receptor. The prepared anti-androgens exhibited full antagonistic activity toward human prostate tumor LNCaP cells with T877A point-mutated nuclear androgen receptor, as far as examined, towards which other known anti-androgens, including hydroxyflutamide, are inactive or act as androgen agonists.
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41
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Soriano-García M, Ramírez E, Bratoeff E, Cabeza M, Aguirre-Hernández G. Crystal structure and synthesis of 17alpha-(5-chlorovaleroyloxy)-16beta-methylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione. ANAL SCI 2003; 19:639-40. [PMID: 12725409 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
C27H37O4Cl is orthorhombic, P2(1)2(1)2(1). The unit-cell dimensions at 293 K are a = 7.1388(15), b = 12.9836(14), c = 26.665(10)A, V = 2471.5(10)A3, Dx = 1.239 g/cm3, and Z = 4. The R value is 0.070 for 1458 observed reflections. The A, B, C and D rings occur in distorted envelope, distorted half-chair, chair, and envelope and a half-chair conformations. The molecules in the crystal are packed at the normal van der Waals distances.
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42
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Ohtsu H, Xiao Z, Ishida J, Nagai M, Wang HK, Itokawa H, Su CY, Shih C, Chiang T, Chang E, Lee Y, Tsai MY, Chang C, Lee KH. Antitumor agents. 217. Curcumin analogues as novel androgen receptor antagonists with potential as anti-prostate cancer agents. J Med Chem 2002; 45:5037-42. [PMID: 12408714 DOI: 10.1021/jm020200g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A number of curcumin analogues were prepared and evaluated as potential androgen receptor antagonists against two human prostate cancer cell lines, PC-3 and DU-145, in the presence of androgen receptor (AR) and androgen receptor coactivator, ARA70. Compounds 4 [5-hydroxy-1,7-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one], 20 [5-hydroxy-1,7-bis[3-methoxy-4-(methoxycarbonylmethoxy)phenyl]-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one], 22 [7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acryloyl]-5-oxohepta-4,6-dienoic acid ethyl ester], 23 [7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acryloyl]5-oxohepta-4,6-dienoic acid], and 39 [bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1,3-propanedione] showed potent antiandrogenic activities and were superior to hydroxyflutamide, which is the currently available antiandrogen for the treatment of prostate cancer. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies indicated that the bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) moieties, the conjugated beta-diketone moiety, and the intramolecular symmetry of the molecules seem to be important factors related to antiandrogenic activity. The data further suggest that the coplanarity of the beta-diketone moiety and the presence of a strong hydrogen bond donor group were also crucial for the antiandrogenic activity, which is consistent with previous SAR results for hydroxyflutamide analogues. When the pharmacophoric elements of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and compound 4 are superposed, the resulting construct implies that the curcumin analogues may function as a 17alpha-substituted DHT. Compounds 4, 20, 22, 23, and 39 have been identified as a new class of antiandrogen agents, and these compounds or their new synthetic analogues could be developed into clinical trial candidates to control androgen receptor-mediated prostate cancer growth.
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43
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Poirier D, Ciobanu LC, Bérubé M. A multidetachable sulfamate linker successfully used in a solid-Phase strategy to generate libraries of sulfamate and phenol derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2833-8. [PMID: 12270157 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The sulfamates and phenols constitute two families of compounds with numerous interesting biological properties. Using the ability of a new multidetachable sulfamate linker to generate these two families of compounds from the same resin, we designed and synthesized libraries of estradiol derivatives, sulfamoylated or not. A C-16beta side chain was then judiciously diversified to target two key steroidogenic enzymes, the steroid sulfates and the type 1 17beta-HSD. Four libraries of sulfamate and phenol derivatives were easily obtained by solid-phase parallel synthesis in good crude overall yields (13-62%) and HPLC purities (85-96%). Such strategy using the new two-in-line sulfamate linker could be also extended to other therapeutic targets than steroidogenic enzymes, thus adding to its potential.
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Soriano-García M, Ramírez E, Bratoeff E, Cabeza M, Aguirre-Hernández G. Crystal structure and synthesis of 17 alpha-acetoxy-4-bromopregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. ANAL SCI 2002; 18:963-4. [PMID: 12200852 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ishioka T, Kubo A, Koiso Y, Nagasawa K, Itai A, Hashimoto Y. Novel non-steroidal/non-anilide type androgen antagonists with an isoxazolone moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:1555-66. [PMID: 11886817 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
3-Substituted (Z)-4-(4-N,N-dialkylaminophenylmethylene)-5(4H)-isoxazolones and related compounds were designed and prepared as candidates for structurally novel androgen antagonists. Several compounds showed potent anti-androgenic activity as assessed by nuclear androgen receptor binding assay and growth inhibition assay using androgen-dependent Shionogi carcinoma cells SC-3. They were approximately 10--220 times more potent than flutamide in these assay systems. They also showed anti-androgenic activity toward prostate tumor cell line LNCaP, which has an aberrant nuclear androgen receptor.
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Abstract
Thalidomide (N-alpha-phthalimidoglutarimide) is a teratogenic hypnotic/sedative agent which was used widely in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. In spite of its withdrawal from the market because of its severe teratogenicity, there has been a resurgence of interest in the drug in recent years due to its potential usefulness for the treatment of various diseases, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and various cancers. It has been revealed that thalidomide elicits pleiotropic effects and is a multi-target drug. Our structural development studies of thalidomide, focusing on tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha) production-regulating activity, anti-androgenic activity, puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase-inhibiting activity, alpha-glucosidase-inhibiting activity, and inhibitory activities toward some other enzymes, are reviewed in relation to the pharmacological effects of thalidomide.
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Ramirez E, Cabeza M, Heuze I, Gutiérrez E, Bratoeff E, Membrillo M, Lira A. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of new 16-methyl pregnane derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2002; 50:15-20. [PMID: 11824579 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.50.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological activity of several new pregnane derivatives 15-19 were determined on gonadectomized male hamster flank organs, seminal vesicles and in vitro conversion of testosterone (T) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) as 5alpha-reductase inhibitors. Steroids 15-19 decreased the diameter of the pigmented spot in the flank organs as compared to the T treated animals; in this model, steroids 16 and 19 showed a higher activity than the commercially available finasteride 3. Injection of T increased the weight of the seminal vesicles. Compounds 15-19 when injected together with T decreased the weight of the seminal vesicles thus showing an antiandrogenic effect. The trienone 19 exhibited a considerably higher activity than finasteride. Steroids 15-19 inhibited the in vitro metabolism of [3H]T to [3H]DHT in seminal vesicles homogenates of gonadectomized male hamsters. Compounds 18 and 19 showed a much higher antiandrogenic effect than finasteride. This enhancement of the biological activity could probably be attributed to the coplanarity of the steroidal skeleton as previously observed by our group. The high antiandrogenic activity of the epoxy compound 16 is probably the result of the ring opening of the oxiran ring with the nucleophilic part of the enzyme 5alpha-reductase thus leading to a stable adduct with concomitant deactivation of this enzyme.
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Soriano-García M, Ramírez E, Bratoeff E, Cabeza M, Aguirre-Hernández G. Crystal structure and synthesis of 17alpha-hexanoyloxy-16beta-methylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione. ANAL SCI 2001; 17:1245-6. [PMID: 11990608 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cabeza M, Heuze I, Bratoeff E, Murillo E, Ramirez E, Lira A. New progesterone esters as 5alpha-reductase inhibitors. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001; 49:1081-4. [PMID: 11558590 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.49.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological activity of four new progesterone derivatives: 4-bromo-17alpha-(p-fluorobenzoyloxy)-4-pregnene-3,20-dione (7), 4-bromo-17alpha-(p-bromobenzoyloxy)-4-pregnene-3,20-dione (8), 4-bromo-17alpha-(p-chlorobenzoyloxy)-pregnene-3,20-dione (9) and 4-bromo-17alpha-(p-toluoyloxy)-4-pregnene-3,20-dione (10) was determined. These compounds were evaluated as 5alpha-reductase inhibitors on gonadectomized hamster seminal vesicles and flank organs. The pharmacological data of this study indicate that compounds 7 and 9 having at C-17 p-fluorobenzoyloxy and p-chlorobenzoyloxy ester functions respectively showed the highest antiandrogenic effect as measured by the reduction of the weight of the seminal vesicles. In the flank organ model, the same compounds 7 and 9 exhibited a smaller diameter, 1.8 and 1.0 mm, respectively, than the commercially available finasteride 3 (2.3 mm), thus indicating a higher inhibitory effect on 5alpha-reductase enzyme. Steroid 7 showed a higher inhibitory activity on the conversion of T to DHT (Fig. 3) than the presently used finasteride, thus indicating a higher antiandrogenic effect. The nonsubstituted benzoyloxy ester (compound 15) showed a lower antiandrogenic activity as measured in the seminal vesicles model than the p-substituted benzoyloxy compounds.
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Soriano-García M, Ramírez E, Bratoeff E, Cabeza M, Aguirre-Hernández G. Crystal structure and synthesis of 17 alpha-(5-bromovaleroyloxy)-16 beta-methylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione. ANAL SCI 2001; 17:911-2. [PMID: 11708132 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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