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Delhon I, Gutzwiller S, Morvan F, Rangwala S, Wyder L, Evans G, Studer A, Kneissel M, Fournier B. Absence of estrogen receptor-related-alpha increases osteoblastic differentiation and cancellous bone mineral density. Endocrinology 2009; 150:4463-72. [PMID: 19608650 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear orphan receptor human estrogen receptor-related receptor (ERR)-alpha is implicated in bone metabolism. We studied the effect of ERRalpha silencing in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) during osteoblastogenesis. We found that ERRalpha silencing led to an increase of bone sialoprotein and a decrease of osteopontin mRNA levels, suggesting enhanced osteoblastic differentiation. This was confirmed by an increased ability of hMSCs to deposit calcium. Concomitantly, knockdown of ERRalpha inhibited adipogenesis, resulting in a decrease in adipocyte number and adipocyte marker gene expression. In line with a negative role of ERRalpha in bone metabolism, we found that adult female and male ERRalpha-deficient mice displayed a moderate increase in femoral cancellous bone volume and density. Osteoblast surface was increased and marrow fat volume decreased in these animals. Furthermore, ERRalpha-deficient osteoblasts displayed increased differentiation properties in vitro in line with our observations in hMSCs. In summary, we identified a role for ERRalpha in bone mass regulation by affecting osteoblastic differentiation.
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TJIO JH, WHANG J. Chromosome Preparatons of Bone Marrow Cells without PriorIn VitroCulture orIn VivoColchicine Administration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 37:17-20. [PMID: 13921436 DOI: 10.3109/10520296209114563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Blake GM, Griffith JF, Yeung DKW, Leung PC, Fogelman I. Effect of increasing vertebral marrow fat content on BMD measurement, T-Score status and fracture risk prediction by DXA. Bone 2009; 44:495-501. [PMID: 19059505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative examination of iliac crest bone biopsies shows that as subjects become older bone and functional marrow are replaced by adipose tissue. Studies of vertebral marrow fat using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) show that subjects with lower spine T-scores have significantly higher marrow fat content. These findings suggest that the ability of DXA scans to determine fracture risk may be partly explained by the effect of increased marrow fat on BMD. However, a proper evaluation of the relationship between WHO spine T-score status and marrow fat content requires that the BMD data are first corrected for the bias caused by a selection effect in which subjects with higher marrow fat are more likely to be identified as having osteoporosis. In this study we have therefore reanalysed previously published data for 185 elderly Hong Kong Chinese subjects (103 women, mean age 73 y; 82 men, mean age 73 y) who had spine DXA scans and (1)H-MRS measurements of L3 marrow fat. The effect of varying marrow fat on BMD was modelled using vertebral body thicknesses measured in 50 men and women. Spine T-scores in each individual were adjusted for the measured marrow fat. Subjects were assigned to WHO categories based on their corrected T-scores, and the relationship between marrow fat and T-score status evaluated using regression analysis and analysis of variance. The average change in percent marrow fat per T-score unit was used to infer the fraction of the spine BMD fracture discrimination explained by marrow composition. The mean (SD) of the L1-L4 vertebral body thickness was 30.2 (2.1) mm for Hong Kong women and 33.4 (2.5) mm for men. A change in marrow fat content from 0 to 100% was estimated to produce a BMD decrease of 0.14 g/cm(2) (1.3 T-score units) in women and 0.16 g/cm(2) (1.3 T-score units) in men. Although adjusting spine BMD for marrow fat reduced the significance of the correlation, there was still a trend for marrow fat to increase with decreasing T-score with a slope of -1.2+/-0.7% per T-score unit (p=0.078) for women and -1.4+/-0.6% per T-score unit (p=0.023) for men. When the effect of marrow composition on fracture discrimination was evaluated the results showed that the higher vertebral marrow fat content found in osteoporotic subjects made a negligible contribution to the ability of spine BMD measurements to predict fracture risk.
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Di Iorgi N, Rosol M, Mittelman SD, Gilsanz V. Reciprocal relation between marrow adiposity and the amount of bone in the axial and appendicular skeleton of young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:2281-6. [PMID: 18381577 PMCID: PMC2435643 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in the elderly suggest a reciprocal relation between increased marrow adiposity and bone loss, supporting basic research data indicating that osteoblasts and adipocytes share a common progenitor cell. However, whether this relation represents a preferential differentiation of stromal cells from osteoblasts to adipocytes or whether a passive accumulation of fat as bone is lost and marrow space increases with aging is unknown. To address this question and avoid the confounding effect of bone loss, we examined teenagers and young adults. METHODS Using computed tomography, we obtained measurements of bone density and cross-sectional area of the lumbar vertebral bodies and cortical bone area, cross-sectional area, marrow canal area, and fat density in the marrow of the femurs in 255 sexually mature subjects (126 females, 129 males; 15-24.9 yr of age). Additionally, values for total body fat were obtained with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Regardless of gender, reciprocal relations were found between fat density and measures of vertebral bone density and femoral cortical bone area (r = 0.19-0.39; all P values < or = .03). In contrast, there was no relation between marrow canal area and cortical bone area in the femurs, neither between fat density and the cross-sectional dimensions of the bones. We also found no relation between anthropometric or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry fat values and measures for marrow fat density. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate an inverse relation between bone marrow adiposity and the amount of bone in the axial and appendicular skeleton and support the notion of a common progenitor cell capable of mutually exclusive differentiation into the cell lineages responsible for bone and fat formation.
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Ye F, Lu X, Lu B, Wang J, Shi Y, Zhang L, Chen J, Li Y, Bu H. A long-term evaluation of osteoinductive HA/beta-TCP ceramics in vivo: 4.5 years study in pigs. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2007; 18:2173-8. [PMID: 17874226 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
It has been proved that some material-dependent calcium phosphate ceramics have intrinsic potentials to induce osteogenesis. But there is little literature concerning about the tissue response in long-term. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety of the osteoinductive biocreamics and the stability of the newly formed bone after long-term tissue response. Porous calcium phosphate ceramics rods which contain hydroxyapatite (HA) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) were implanted in the dorsal muscles of Banna Minipig Inbreding Line. After 4.5 years, all the implanted rods with surrounding tissues were harvested and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological observation. The 7 months' rods were also harvested as short-term comparison. The histological results showed that compared with the short-term rods, amount of bone tissue formed after 4.5 years. And the newly formed bone in this bioceramics neither disappeared nor gave rise to uncontrolled growth. The bone growth in this bioceramics seemed to be self-confined. The surrounding soft tissues were normal and no tumor cell was found. We conclude that instead of disappearing or giving rise to out of control, the induced bone tissue trends to be further matured. And this bioceramics thus might have potentials in future clinical use.
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Fan C, Hernandez-Pampaloni M, Houseni M, Chamroonrat W, Basu S, Kumar R, Dadparvar S, Torigian DA, Alavi A. Age-Related Changes in the Metabolic Activity and Distribution of the Red Marrow as Demonstrated by 2-Deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-d-glucose-Positron Emission Tomography. Mol Imaging Biol 2007; 9:300-7. [PMID: 17574502 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-007-0100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to determine age-related changes occurring in red marrow with regard to its distribution and the degree of its metabolic activity by whole-body 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS This retrospective study included 112 patients (56 male, 56 female, mean age 40 years, range 2-85) who underwent whole-body FDG-PET scans for assessment of disorders that were determined not to affect red marrow activity. These patients were categorized into the following groups with equal gender distribution: 0-15 years (12 individuals), 16-25 years (20), 26-35 years (10), 36-45 years (20), 46-55 years (14), 56-65 years (16), 66-75 years (14), and 76-85 years (6). Whole-body FDG-PET images were performed at 60 min after the intravenous administration of 0.14 mCi/kg of FDG. By employing a dedicated whole-body PET scanner. Maximal standardized uptake value (SUV(max)) was calculated from three consecutive transverse sections of the upper thirds of the humeri and femora, manubrium of the sternum, 12th thoracic and 5th lumbar vertebra and anterior superior iliac crests of the pelvis. All available results from other imaging examinations [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and conventional radiolography], laboratory data, biopsies, and the clinical course of these subjects were reviewed to make certain that the bone marrow sites examined were free of any known pathologies. RESULTS SUV(max) in the extremities showed significant decline with aging (correlation coefficient of -0.60 to -0.67, p < 0.01). In contrast, a weak correlation was noted in the axial skeletal activity with advancing age (correlation coefficient of -0.28 to -0.48, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that FDG metabolic activity of the red marrow in the extremities decline significantly with normal aging, while that of the axial skeleton show minimal decrease related to this biologic phenomenon. These findings are of value in assessing the effects of hematological and other disorders in the distribution and the metabolic activity of this important tissue and testing therapeutic interventions that are employed for treating such maladies.
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Shen W, Chen J, Punyanitya M, Shapses S, Heshka S, Heymsfield SB. MRI-measured bone marrow adipose tissue is inversely related to DXA-measured bone mineral in Caucasian women. Osteoporos Int 2007; 18:641-7. [PMID: 17139464 PMCID: PMC2034514 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-006-0285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies suggest that bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) might play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Previous research using regional magnetic resonance spectroscopy methods to measure BMAT has reported inconsistent findings on the relationship between BMAT and dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA)-measured bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS In the present study, total body and pelvic BMAT were evaluated in 56 healthy women (age 18-88 yrs, mean +/- SD, 47.4 +/- 17.6 yrs; BMI, 24.3 +/- 4.2 kg/m(2)) with T1-weighted whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). BMD was measured using the whole-body DXA mode (GE Lunar DPX, software version 4.7). RESULTS A strong negative correlation was observed between pelvic BMAT and BMD (total-body BMD, R = -0.743, P < 0.001; pelvic BMD, R = -0.646, P < 0.001), and between total-body BMAT and BMD (total-body BMD, R = -0.443, P < 0.001; pelvic BMD, R = -0.308, P < 0.001). The inverse association between pelvic BMAT and BMD remained strong after adjusting for age, weight, total body fat, and menopausal status (partial correlation: total-body BMD, R = -0.553, P < 0.001; pelvic BMD, R = -0.513, P < 0.001). BMAT was also highly correlated with age (pelvic BMAT, R = 0.715, P < 0.001; total-body BMAT, R = 0.519, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION MRI-measured BMAT is thus strongly inversely correlated with DXA-measured BMD independent of other predictor variables. These observations, in the context of DXA technical concerns, support the growing evidence linking BMAT with low bone density.
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de la Torre B, Salvado M, Corchón MAG, Vázquez B, Collía F, De Pedro JA, San Román J. Biological response of new activated acrylic bone cements with antiseptic properties. Histomorphometric analysis. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2007; 18:933-41. [PMID: 17216581 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-006-0066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The biological response to an acrylic bone cement cured with 4,4'-bis-dimethylamino benzydrol (BZN) as activator of reduced cytotoxicity and antiseptic properties, has been carried out and compared with that obtained for CMW 3 cement. Histomorphometrical data (undecalcified trichromic Goldner staining) were obtained by measuring the most significant variables at the bone-cement interface. Quantitative results of tissue response revealed that newly formed bone and connective tissue were maximum at 4 weeks whereas bone marrow increased with time of implantation for both cements. Statistical analysis (p < 0.05) showed no significant differences in newly formed bone and bone marrow with time and between both groups, however, connective tissue significantly decreased between 4 weeks and 12 weeks for BZN cement, and between 12 weeks and 24 weeks for CMW3. By comparing both cements at each time, lower significant percentage of connective tissue at the bone-cement interface of the BZN cement, was obtained at 12 and 24 weeks, however, a very low amount of connective tissue was found for both cements. All the results indicate that the new activated system could be applied clinically in a relatively short time, after the corresponding preclinical study.
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Bittersohl B, Huang T, Schneider E, Blazar P, Winalski C, Lang P, Yoshioka H. High-resolution MRI of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) at 3T: Comparison of surface coil and volume coil. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 26:701-7. [PMID: 17729361 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate high-resolution MRI of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) at 3T using a surface coil (SC) or volume coil (VC). MATERIALS AND METHODS MRI was obtained from nine volunteers in the supine position with a 3-inch SC and in prone position with a transmit-receiver wrist VC at 3 T. Coronal two-dimensional-gradient echo (2D-GRE) images (TR/TE/FA = 500 msec/15 msec/40 degrees , 1 mm slice-thickness, 60 mm field of view [FOV], 192 x 256 matrix) and coronal 3D-GRE images (TR/TE/FA = 33 msec/15 msec/10 degrees , 0.8 mm slice-thickness, 80 mm FOV, 256 x 256 matrix) were used. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the TFCC and surrounding structures were measured. For qualitative measurement, visualization of TFCC and intercarpal ligaments was graded. RESULTS SNR of TFCC, cartilage, and bone marrow on 2D-GRE with SC/VC was as follows: 5.3/5.3 (TFCC), 16.5/14.4 (cartilage), and 3.61/3.96 (bone marrow). 3D-GRE showed similar SNR. Cartilage-TFCC/cartilage-bone marrow CNR were 11.1/12.8 (SC-2D-GRE), 8.8/10.5 (VC-2D-GRE), 14.1/15.5 (SC-3D-GRE), and 11.9/15.0 (VC-3D-GRE). Quantitative values were not significantly different between SC and VC. Visualization of TFCC and intercarpal ligament with SC was superior to that with VC. All structures show higher scores with 3D-GRE imaging compared to 2D-GRE imaging. CONCLUSION SC may provide superior qualitative and quantitative results and can be an alternative in case of difficulty in prone position at 3T.
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Whyte Orozco JR, Cisneros Gimeno AI, Pérez Sanz R, Yus Gotor C, Gañet Solé JF, Sarrat Torres MA. [Connections between bone marrow and mesenchyme of the middle ear]. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2007; 58:4-6. [PMID: 17371670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the presence of connections between the bone marrow of the ossicles and the mesenchyme that fills the future tympanic cavity. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ninety temporal bones from embryos and foetuses were examined, selecting 15 aged between 20th to 30th weeks of development, to show connections between ossicle marrow and mesenchyme. RESULTS The connections are transitory and appear in the malleus and the incus between 20th to 24th weeks of development, while in the stapes appear later, being between 24th to 28th weeks. CONCLUSIONS These connections may have an important role in the phagocytosis of the mesenchymal remains and join in the detritus elimination mechanisms produced during the regression.
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Abstract
While a complete blood count provides information regarding possible treatment-related effects reflected in the peripheral blood, morphological evaluation of bone marrow cytology and paraffin sections provides information about bone marrow tissue architecture that otherwise would be missed by examination of peripheral blood alone. In decalcified, paraffin-embedded, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections of bone marrow, the more mature stages of the erythroid and myeloid cells, adipocytes, mast cells, and megakaryocytes can be identified, but lymphoid cells as well as immature progenitor cells can not be reliably identified. The quality of the marrow sections is governed by numerous variables related to specimen collection and processing and must be considered. In addition to discussing normal structure, function, and histology of bone marrow, methods for preparation and evaluation of bone marrow are presented.
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Ollivier L, Gerber S, Vanel D, Brisse H, Leclère J. Improving the interpretation of bone marrow imaging in cancer patients. Cancer Imaging 2006; 6:194-8. [PMID: 17208675 PMCID: PMC1766564 DOI: 10.1102/1470-7330.2006.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the best technique for bone marrow imaging. The MRI signal of bone marrow depends on the quantity of fat it contains and on its cellularity. Evaluation of marrow of patients treated for cancer is complicated by age and osseous site related changes in the distribution of normal haematopoietic (red) and fatty (yellow) marrow and by the changes induced by treatments: decrease in pathological cellularity, increase in fat proportion, conversion of red marrow to fatty marrow or, conversely, reconversion of fatty marrow in normal haematopoietic red marrow. The treatments used in oncology modify pathological marrow but also normal marrow and may sometimes lead to complications. These modifications may be focal or diffuse, homogeneous or patchy and symmetrical or asymmetric. The knowledge of bone marrow physiological status and post-therapeutic patterns is important for the interpretation of marrow disorders and effects of therapy and to avoid false-positive diagnosis of marrow metastases and tumour progression. The aim of this paper is to recall the MRI patterns of normal bone marrow and normal variations and to show the effects of treatments on bone tissue and normal bone marrow and treatment-related modifications on pathological marrow.
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Shabshin N, Schweitzer ME, Morrison WB, Carrino JA, Keller MS, Grissom LE. High-signal T2 changes of the bone marrow of the foot and ankle in children: red marrow or traumatic changes? Pediatr Radiol 2006; 36:670-6. [PMID: 16770670 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-006-0129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2005] [Revised: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-signal T2-weighted bone marrow changes can be found in both bone marrow edema and hematopoietic marrow and are often seen on pediatric MR images of the feet and ankle. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether high-signal T2 changes of the bone marrow seen on pediatric MRI of feet and ankles represent residual hematopoietic marrow. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 402 bones in 41 pediatric MRI studies of feet and ankles (34 children, 1-18 years) were reviewed by two observers who were blinded to the patients' ages. The studies were reviewed for the presence of high-signal changes of the bone marrow on sagittal fluid-sensitive images. The frequency and location of these foci were correlated with the patients' ages. RESULTS High-signal T2 changes of the bone marrow were seen in 45/402 bones (11%) and in 24/41 patients younger than 16 years (59%). The changes were most commonly located in the calcaneus (54%), followed by the talus (35%) and navicular bone (35%), invariably at the endosteal surface. In 16 ankles, such foci were seen in the feet but not in the distal tibia/fibula. Symmetric presence (two ankles) or absence (four ankles) of high-signal marrow were seen in six of seven patients with bilateral ankles. CONCLUSION High-signal T2 changes of the bone marrow in pediatric feet and ankle MRIs have a symmetric, fairly consistent pattern and disappear after the age of 15 years. We believe that these high-signal areas are normal and represent residual hematopoietic marrow.
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Lyons TJ, McClure SF, Stoddart RW, McClure J. The normal human chondro-osseous junctional region: evidence for contact of uncalcified cartilage with subchondral bone and marrow spaces. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2006; 7:52. [PMID: 16787529 PMCID: PMC1550228 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-7-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chondro-osseous junctional region of diarthrodial joints is peculiarly complex and may be considered to consist of the deepest layer of non-calcified cartilage, the tidemark, the layer of calcified cartilage, a thin cement line (between the calcified cartilage and the subchondral bone) and the subchondral bone. A detailed knowledge of the structure, function and pathophysiology of the normal chondro-osseous junction is essential for an understanding of the pathogenesis of osteoarthrosis. METHODS Full thickness samples from human knee joints were processed and embedded in paraffin wax. One hundred serial sections (10 mum thick) were taken from the chondro-osseous junctional region of a block from the medial tibial plateau of a normal joint. They were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and photographed. For a simple physical reconstruction images of each 10th sequential tissue section were printed and the areas of the photomicrographs containing the chondro-osseous junctional region were cut out and then overlaid so as to create a three-dimensional (3D) model of this region. A 3D reconstruction was also made using computer modelling. RESULTS Histochemical staining revealed some instances where prolongations of uncalcified cartilage, delineated by the tidemark, dipped into the calcified cartilage and, in places, abutted onto subchondral bone and marrow spaces. Small areas of uncalcified cartilage containing chondrocytes (virtual islands) were seen, in two-dimensional (2D) sections, to be apparently entombed in calcified matrix. The simple physical 3D reconstruction confirmed that these prolongations of uncalcified cartilage were continuous with the cartilage of zone IV and demonstrated that the virtual islands of uncalcified cartilage were cross-sections of these prolongations. The computer-generated 3D reconstructions clearly demonstrated that the uncalcified prolongations ran through the calcified cartilage to touch bone and marrow spaces and confirmed that the apparent entombment of chondrocytes was a 2D artefact. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the chondro-osseous junctional region is more complex than previously described. The tidemark is a clearly defined boundary delineating uncalcified from calcified cartilage. It is not a straight line across a joint, but a complex three-dimensional structure that follows uncalcified cartilage prolongations dipping down through the calcified cartilage to abut onto subjacent bone or marrow spaces.
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Cosentini T, Le Donne R, Mancini D, Aleandri AR, Colavita N. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of bone marrow changes in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in adults. Radiol Med 2006; 111:572-84. [PMID: 16779543 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-006-0052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate bone marrow reconversion in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To our knowledge, no explicit correlation between OSAS and such parameter has been documented in the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS During a 35-month period, 33 patients with a clinical diagnosis of OSAS, obese but without restrictive or obstructive ventilatory defects, were evaluated with MRI during wakefulness in all patients with T1-, PD- and T2-weighted sequences in the sagittal and axial plane within 1 week after polysomnography. RESULTS MRI showed bone marrow reconversion in 33.3% of patients. Patients with bone marrow reconversion showed higher mean haematocrit (HT) values, lower mean nocturnal oxyhaemoglobin saturation, higher percentage of sleep time with oxygen saturation (SaO2) <90%, lower nadir, as well as greater neck adiposity and soft-palate lengthening compared with patients without bone marrow reconversion. Furthermore, in patients with bone marrow reconversion, haematocrit (HT) was negatively correlated with daytime arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) and positively with arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2). CONCLUSIONS In patients with OSAS, bone marrow reconversion is probably correlated with the severity of nocturnal desaturation. As bone marrow reconversion is, for unknown reasons, greater in adults younger than 40 years, MRI evidence of bone marrow reconversion could be useful in young individuals for the early diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing and prevention of associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Rusu L, Dănoiu M, Dănoiu S, Păun E. Morpho-physiological aspects of rapports between bone and marrow bone. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MORPHOLOGIE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 2006; 47:273-82. [PMID: 17308688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Border between bone and marrow bone has many problems regards differentiation, cells topography, dynamic process of osteoclasto-genesis. So, this study tries to present morphophysiological aspects of this border, using lots of bone fragments that include compact and spongious bone. We observed genesis process of trabecular bone near the chondroclast zone and the osteoblast between sinusoid capillars. Also, the development of lamellar bone and the rapports between this structures, new marrow cells and angiogenesis process that exist near the lamellar trabecular bone surface. We observed the relation between immune system and bone, because it exist some factors that involve the development of cells precursors of lymphocyte B. Using a special staining method we observed the process of angiogenesis, hematopoetic system and reticuline fibers.
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Nagasawa Y, Wood BL, Wang L, Lintmaer I, Guo W, Papayannopoulou T, Harkey MA, Nourigat C, Blau CA. Anatomical compartments modify the response of human hematopoietic cells to a mitogenic signal. Stem Cells 2005; 24:908-17. [PMID: 16373691 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Methods for specifically regulating transplanted cells have many applications in gene and cell therapy. We examined the response of human cord blood CD34+ cells to a specific mitotic signal in vivo. Using a conditional signaling molecule (F36VMpl) that is specifically activated by an artificial ligand called a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID), human hematopoietic cells transplanted into immune deficient mice were induced to proliferate. Only differentiating erythroid precursors and multipotential and erythroid progenitors (colony-forming unit [CFU]-mix and burst forming unitserythroid [BFUe]) responded; however, the nature of the response differed markedly between bone marrow and spleen. In the marrow, F36VMpl induced a 12- to 17-fold expansion of differentiated erythroid precursors and a loss of CFU-mix and BFUe. In the spleen, F36VMpl induced a marked rise in BFUe and CFU-mix and, relative to marrow, a much less prominent rise in more mature red cells. Clonal analysis was most consistent with the interpretation that the spleen and bone marrow differentially regulate the response of human progenitors to a mitotic signal, possibly influencing progenitor expansion versus differentiation. These findings establish CIDs as in vivo growth factors for human hematopoietic cells.
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Zajick DC, Morrison WB, Schweitzer ME, Parellada JA, Carrino JA. Benign and malignant processes: normal values and differentiation with chemical shift MR imaging in vertebral marrow. Radiology 2005; 237:590-6. [PMID: 16244268 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2372040990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish retrospectively a range of values for signal intensity change in normal vertebral marrow by using chemical shift magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and to assess the use of this technique in differentiating benign from malignant marrow abnormalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Institutional Review Board approval for this retrospective, HIPAA-compliant study was obtained; informed consent was waived. A total of 569 normal vertebrae in 75 patients (42 women, 33 men; mean age, 57.5 years; age range, 26-84 years) (control group) and 221 lesions in 92 patients (50 women, 42 men; mean age, 59.0 years; age range, 27-85 years) (study group) who had focal vertebral marrow abnormalities were studied by using 1.5-T chemical shift MR imaging. Imaging time was less than 1 minute. The proportional change in signal intensity on in-phase compared with out-of-phase images was calculated by using 1 x 1-cm regions of interest (ROIs) in the control group and ROIs as large as possible for focal lesions in the study group. This change in signal intensity (expressed as a percentage) was compared with that of normal levels and benign and malignant lesions. For statistical analysis, a random effect model was used that was adjusted for multiple comparisons. RESULTS A substantial decrease in signal intensity was noted for all normal vertebrae (mean, 58.5%) and for benign lesions, including endplate degeneration (mean, 52.2%), Schmorl nodes with edema (mean, 58.0%), hemangiomas (mean, 49.4%), and benign fractures (mean, 49.3%). Metastases exhibited either a minimal decrease or an increase in signal intensity (mean, 2.8%). Although there was some overlap in the range of signal intensity values among malignant lesions, benign lesions, and normal marrow, the differences in signal intensity loss for normal marrow and benign and malignant lesions were significant (P < .01 for all pairwise comparisons after adjusting for multiplicity). CONCLUSION Bone marrow in the vertebral bodies displays somewhat variable behavior at chemical shift MR imaging. Results suggest that a decrease in signal intensity greater than 20% on out-of-phase images compared with in-phase images should be used as a cutoff threshold for normalcy to allow distinction between benign and malignant causes of vertebral marrow abnormalities.
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Droter JR. An orthopaedic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the temporomandibular joint. DENTISTRY TODAY 2005; 24:82, 84-8; quiz 88. [PMID: 16358802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
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Campbell K. Blood cells. Part one--Bone marrow. NURSING TIMES 2005; 101:28-9. [PMID: 16250537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
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Simon GH, Raatschen HJ, Wendland MF, von Vopelius-Feldt J, Fu Y, Chen MH, Daldrup-Link HE. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron-oxide-enhanced MR imaging of normal bone marrow in rodents: original research original research. Acad Radiol 2005; 12:1190-7. [PMID: 16099684 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2005.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The objective is to compare three different ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides (USPIOs) for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of normal bone marrow in rodents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Femoral bone marrow in 18 Sprague-Dawley rats was examined by using MR imaging before and up to 2 and 24 hours postinjection (PI) of 200 mumol of Fe/kg of SHU555C (n = 6), ferumoxtran-10 (n = 6), or ferumoxytol (n = 6), using T1-weighted (50 ms/1.7 ms/60 degrees = repetition time [TR]/echo time [TE]/flip angle) and T2*-weighted (100 ms/15 ms/38 degrees = TR/TE/flip angle) three-dimensional spoiled gradient recalled echo sequences. USPIO-induced bone marrow was evaluated qualitatively and quantified as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and change in signal intensity (DeltaSI) values. A mixed-effect model was fitted to the SNR and DeltaSI values, and differences among USPIOs were tested for significance by using F tests. RESULTS At 2 hours PI, all three USPIOs showed marked positive signal enhancement on T1-weighted images and a corresponding marked signal loss on T2*-weighted images. At 24 hours PI, the T1 effect of all three USPIOs disappeared, whereas T2*-weighted images showed persistent signal loss on SHU555C and ferumoxytol-enhanced MR images, but not ferumoxtran-10-enhanced MR images. Corresponding SNR and DeltaSI values on T2*-weighted MR images at 24 hours PI were significantly different from baseline for SHU555C and ferumoxytol, but not ferumoxtran-10. CONCLUSION All three USPIO contrast agents, ferumoxtran-10, ferumoxytol, and SHU555C, can be applied for MR imaging of bone marrow. Ferumoxtran-10 apparently reveals a different kinetic behavior in bone marrow than ferumoxytol and SHU555C.
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Suhai B, Gasparik M, Csorba G, Gerics B, Horváth G. Wall thickness of gas- and marrow-filled avian long bones: measurements on humeri, femora and tibiotarsi in crows (Corvus corone cornix) and magpies (Pica pica). J Biomech 2005; 39:2140-4. [PMID: 16084519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We studied how the ratio K of the internal to external diameter of gas- and marrow-filled avian long bones follows the biomechanical optima derived for tubular bones with minimum mass designed to fulfil various mechanical requirements. We evaluated radiographs of numerous humeri, femora and tibiotarsi in Corvus corone cornix and Pica pica. The K-values of the gas-filled humerus (K=0.78+/-0.03) and the marrow-filled femur (K=0.79+/-0.02) in Corvus are practically the same, while K of the marrow-filled tibiotarsus (K=0.71+/-0.04) is significantly smaller. The same is true for the gas-filled humerus (K=0.78+/-0.02) and the marrow-filled femur (K=0.77+/-0.02) and tibiotarsus (K=0.67+/-0.05) in Pica. K in Corvus is slightly larger than K in Pica, but the differences are statistically not significant. The standard deviation DeltaK of the tibiotarsi (DeltaK=0.04-0.05) is approximately two times as large as that of the humeri (DeltaK=0.02-0.03) and femora (DeltaK=0.02) in both species. Accepting the assumption of earlier authors that the ratio Q of the marrow to bone density is 0.5, our data show that the marrow-filled tibiotarsi of Corvus and Pica are optimized for stiffness, while the marrow-filled femora are far from any optimum. The relative wall thickness W=1-K of the gas-filled avian humeri studied is much larger than the theoretical optimum W*=1-K*=0.07, and thus these bones are thicker-walled than the optimal gas-filled tubular bone with minimum mass.
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Abstract
Bone marrow examination is an important part of the evaluation of the hematopoietic system. In pharmaceutical and toxicological research, bone marrow evaluation can help determine the potential hematotoxicity or effects of new compounds on hematopoietic cells. The rat is a common research animal, and bone marrow evaluation often is performed in this species. The goal of this review is to provide clinical pathologists and researchers with an updated overview of bone marrow evaluation in rats as well as practical guidelines for methods and microscopic evaluation. Indications for bone marrow collection in a research setting, methods of collection and smear preparation, and unique morphologic features of rat bone marrow cells are discussed. A summary of published cell differential percentages for bone marrow from healthy rats and possible explanations for discrepancies in these values also are provided.
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