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Felten M, Adamek M, Gebert M, Rakers S, Steinhagen D. The influence of viral infection on cell line characteristics: Lessons learned from working with new cell lines from common carp. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:1767-1780. [PMID: 35934930 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several factors influence the susceptibility of cell lines to infection by different viruses. These can be related to tissue specificity of the viruses, physiological status of the cells, their differentiation level and their capacity to mount immune responses to combat viral infection. To study the influence of cell characteristics and immune responses on their susceptibility on virus infection, newly developed cell lines from common carp brain (CCAbre), fins (CCApin), gills (CCAgill), and heart (CCAcar) and the established common carp brain (CCB) cells were exposed to the carp infecting viruses cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), carp oedema virus (CEV), and the yet not fully characterized common carp paramyxovirus (CCPV). The susceptibility of these cells to viral infection was measured by formation of a cytopathic effect (CPE), estimation of viral particles produced by the cells and presence of viral mRNA in the cells. Viral susceptibility of the cells was compared to cell characteristics, measured by mRNA expression of the epithelial cell markers cadherin 1, occludin, and cytokeratin 15 and the mesenchymal cell marker vimentin, as well as to the level of type I interferon (IFN) responses. All cell lines were susceptible to CyHV-3 and CCPV but not to CEV infection. The cell lines had different levels of type I IFN responses towards the viruses. Typically, CyHV-3 did not induce high type I IFN responses, while CCPV induced high responses in CCAbre, CCAcar, CCApin cells but no response in CCAgill cells. Consequently, the type I IFN response modulated cell susceptibility to CCPV but not to CyHV-3. Interestingly, when the three different passage levels of CCB cells were examined, the susceptibility of one passage was significantly lower for CyHV-3 and higher for CCPV infection. This coincided with a loss of epithelial markers and lower type I IFN responses. This study confirms an influence of cell characteristics and immune responses on the susceptibility of carp cell lines for virus infection. Depending on the vulnerability of the virus to type I IFN responses, cells with a lower IFN-response can be superior for replication of some viruses. Batches of CCB cells can differentiate and thus may have significantly different levels of susceptibility to certain viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Felten
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marina Gebert
- Working Group Aquatic Cell Technology and Aquaculture, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rakers
- Working Group Aquatic Cell Technology and Aquaculture, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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52
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Barsegian VA, Kosova IV. [Role of the lower urinary tract viral infections in the development of female micturition disorders]. Urologiia 2022:117-122. [PMID: 36382829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Currently, an increase in the incidence and reactivation of the lower urinary tract viral infections is seen in women that often manifest as various micturition disorders. The most common viral agents are herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, Varicella-Zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and human papillomavirus. Since micturition disorders in bacterial cystitis and viral infections of the lower urinary tract are identical, urologists often prescribe antimicrobial drugs. This, in turn, not only has no effect in the treatment of micturition disorders, but also leads to the imbalances in the microflora of vagina and lower urinary tract, and, as a result, to the development of a chronic infectious process. This review presents the main characteristics, as well as features of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of the most common lower urinary tract viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Barsegian
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Kosova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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Nemegeer J, Lemeire K, Vandenabeele P, Maelfait J. Tyramide Signal Amplification for the Immunofluorescent Staining of ZBP1-dependent Phosphorylation of RIPK3 and MLKL After HSV-1 Infection in Human Cells. J Vis Exp 2022. [PMID: 36342164 DOI: 10.3791/64332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinase Receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and its substrate mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) are critical regulators of necroptosis, an inflammatory form of cell death with important antiviral functions. Autophosphorylation of RIPK3 induces phosphorylation and activation of the pore-forming executioner protein of necroptosis MLKL. Trafficking and oligomerization of phosphorylated MLKL at the cell membrane results in cell lysis, characteristic of necroptotic cell death. The nucleic acid sensor ZBP1 is activated by binding to left-handed Z-form double-stranded RNA (Z-RNA) after infection with RNA and DNA viruses. ZBP1 activation restricts virus infection by inducing regulated cell death, including necroptosis, of infected host cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy permits the visualization of different signaling steps downstream of ZBP1-mediated necroptosis on a per-cell basis. However, the sensitivity of standard fluorescence microscopy, using current commercially available phospho-specific antibodies against human RIPK3 and MLKL, precludes reproducible imaging of these markers. Here, we describe an optimized staining procedure for serine (S) phosphorylated RIPK3 (S227) and MLKL (S358) in human HT-29 cells infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). The inclusion of a tyramide signal amplification (TSA) step in the immunofluorescent staining protocol allows the specific detection of S227 phosphorylated RIPK3. Moreover, TSA greatly increases the sensitivity of the detection of S358 phosphorylated MLKL. Together, this method enables the visualization of these two critical signaling events during the induction of ZBP1-induced necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Nemegeer
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University
| | - Kelly Lemeire
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University
| | - Jonathan Maelfait
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University;
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Machat R, Pojezdal L, Gebauer J, Matiasovic J, Tesarik R, Minarova H, Hodkovicova N, Faldyna M. Early immune response of two common carp breeds to koi herpesvirus infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 128:206-215. [PMID: 35940535 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Economic importance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) increases every year. Viral diseases are major threat for carp aquaculture and cause significant economic losses. Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is one of the most serious carp diseases. Current study is focused on confirmation of possible differences in early immune response to KHV depending on level of resistance. Class I interferon signalling, complement cascade and cell-mediated cytotoxicity are hypothesized as major mechanisms of early innate immune response against KHV. Different breeds of common carp show distinct level of resistance to KHV. Two breeds of common carp with completely different susceptibility to KHV were chosen for current research: amur wild carp (AS) as highly resistant and koi carp (KOI) as very susceptible breed. KHV infection caused no mortalities, but the viral load in selected tissues increased during infection. Levels of expressions of chosen genes was examined using qRT-PCR and overall change in protein expression profiles was analysed by mass spectrometry. Significant differences in immune response between AS and KOI were detected mostly at the level of protein expression. Although cell-mediated cytotoxicity showed minimal influence during KHV infection, many immune response parameters related to class I interferon signalling pathway and complement cascade were increased earlier during KHV infection in AS comparing to KOI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Machat
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomir Pojezdal
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Gebauer
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Matiasovic
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Tesarik
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Minarova
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic; Department of Ecology & Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, 612 42, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Hodkovicova
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic.
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Bruce K, Ma J, Lawler C, Xie W, Stevenson PG, Farrell HE. Recent Advancements in Understanding Primary Cytomegalovirus Infection in a Mouse Model. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091934. [PMID: 36146741 PMCID: PMC9505653 DOI: 10.3390/v14091934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models that mimic human infections provide insights in virus–host interplay; knowledge that in vitro approaches cannot readily predict, nor easily reproduce. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections are acquired asymptomatically, and primary infections are difficult to capture. The gap in our knowledge of the early events of HCMV colonization and spread limits rational design of HCMV antivirals and vaccines. Studies of natural infection with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) have demonstrated the olfactory epithelium as the site of natural colonization. Systemic spread from the olfactory epithelium is facilitated by infected dendritic cells (DC); tracking dissemination uncovered previously unappreciated DC trafficking pathways. The olfactory epithelium also provides a unique niche that supports efficient MCMV superinfection and virus recombination. In this review, we summarize recent advances to our understanding of MCMV infection and spread and the tissue-specific mechanisms utilized by MCMV to modulate DC trafficking. As these mechanisms are likely conserved with HCMV, they may inform new approaches for preventing HCMV infections in humans.
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Sylvester PA, Jondle CN, Schmalzriedt DL, Dittel BN, Tarakanova VL. T Cell-Specific STAT1 Expression Promotes Lytic Replication and Supports the Establishment of Gammaherpesvirus Latent Reservoir in Splenic B Cells. mBio 2022; 13:e0210722. [PMID: 35968944 PMCID: PMC9430880 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02107-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses establish lifelong infections in most vertebrate species, including humans and rodents, and are associated with cancers, including B cell lymphomas. While type I and II interferon (IFN) systems of the host are critical for the control of acute and chronic gammaherpesvirus infection, the cell type-specific role(s) of IFN signaling during infection is poorly understood and is often masked by the profoundly altered viral pathogenesis in the hosts with global IFN deficiencies. STAT1 is a critical effector of all classical IFN responses along with its involvement in other cytokine signaling pathways. In this study, we defined the effect of T cell-specific STAT1 deficiency on the viral and host parameters of infection with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68). MHV68 is a natural rodent pathogen that, similar to human gammaherpesviruses, manipulates and usurps B cell differentiation to establish a lifelong latent reservoir in B cells. Specifically, germinal center B cells host the majority of latent MHV68 reservoir in the lymphoid organs, particularly at the peak of viral latency. Unexpectedly, T cell-specific STAT1 expression, while limiting the overall expansion of the germinal center B cell population during chronic infection, rendered these B cells more effective at hosting the latent virus reservoir. Further, T cell-specific STAT1 expression in a wild type host limited circulating levels of IFNγ, with corresponding increases in lytic MHV68 replication and viral reactivation. Thus, our study unveils an unexpected proviral role of T cell-specific STAT1 expression during gammaherpesvirus infection of a natural intact host. IMPORTANCE Interferons (IFNs) represent a major antiviral host network vital to the control of multiple infections, including acute and chronic gammaherpesvirus infections. Ubiquitously expressed STAT1 plays a critical effector role in all classical IFN responses. This study utilized a mouse model of T cell-specific STAT1 deficiency to define cell type-intrinsic role of STAT1 during natural gammaherpesvirus infection. Unexpectedly, T cell-specific loss of STAT1 led to better control of acute and persistent gammaherpesvirus replication and decreased establishment of latent viral reservoir in B cells, revealing a surprisingly diverse proviral role of T cell-intrinsic STAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. A. Sylvester
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - C. N. Jondle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - D. L. Schmalzriedt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - B. N. Dittel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - V. L. Tarakanova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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57
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Ruan P, Feng X, Cheng A, Wang M, Zhang W, Wu Y, Yang Q, Tian B, Ou X, Sun D, Zhang S, Mao S, Zhu D, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao XX, Huang J, Gao Q, Yu Y, Zhang L, Pan L. Evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of duck-plague virus gC/gE double gene deletion. Front Immunol 2022; 13:963009. [PMID: 36059553 PMCID: PMC9433869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.963009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck plague caused by duck plague virus (DPV) is a highly contagious disease that can cause serious morbidity and death in waterfowl such as ducks and geese, and bring huge economic losses to the duck industry. In this study, on the basis of the duck plague virus gC gene deletion strain CHv-ΔgC, based on the duck plague virus bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) platform in our laboratory, the gE gene was knocked out using the traceless deletion technology to obtain gC/gE double gene deletion candidate vaccine strain CHv-ΔgC/gE. The double gene deletion strain (CHv-ΔgC/gE) constructed in this study has greatly weakened virulence, no pathogenicity to ducks, and stable genetic characteristics in vitro and in vivo. Ducks immunized with CHv-ΔgC/gE can produce neutralizing antibodies and ELISA antibody levels comparable to those of commercial duck plague attenuated vaccine immunization, and can resist 100 LD50 CHv challenge of ducks, with good immune protection effect. It has the potential to be further developed into duck plague gC/gE double gene deletion, marked attenuated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Ruan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Mingshu Wang,
| | - Wei Zhang
- R & D Department, Sinopharm Yangzhou VAC Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuming Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Jung KL, Choi UY, Park A, Foo SS, Kim S, Lee SA, Jung JU. Single-cell analysis of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection in three-dimensional air-liquid interface culture model. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010775. [PMID: 35976902 PMCID: PMC9385030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is the major site for transmission of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), but how KSHV establishes infection and replication in the oral epithelia remains unclear. Here, we report a KSHV spontaneous lytic replication model using fully differentiated, three-dimensional (3D) oral epithelial organoids at an air-liquid interface (ALI). This model revealed that KSHV infected the oral epithelia when the basal epithelial cells were exposed by damage. Unlike two-dimensional (2D) cell culture, 3D oral epithelial organoid ALI culture allowed high levels of spontaneous KSHV lytic replication, where lytically replicating cells were enriched at the superficial layer of epithelial organoid. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) showed that KSHV infection induced drastic changes of host gene expression in infected as well as uninfected cells at the different epithelial layers, resulting in altered keratinocyte differentiation and cell death. Moreover, we identified a unique population of infected cells containing lytic gene expression at the KSHV K2-K5 gene locus and distinct host gene expression compared to latent or lytic infected cells. This study demonstrates an in vitro 3D epithelial organoid ALI culture model that recapitulates KSHV infection in the oral cavity, where KSHV undergoes the epithelial differentiation-dependent spontaneous lytic replication with a unique cell population carrying distinct viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Un Yung Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Angela Park
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Suan-Sin Foo
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shin-Ae Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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59
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Rice SA. Special Issue “Replication and Spread of Alphaherpesviruses”. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081652. [PMID: 36016274 PMCID: PMC9415693 DOI: 10.3390/v14081652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Rice
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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60
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Deng L, Xu Z, Li F, Zhao J, Jian Z, Deng H, Lai S, Sun X, Geng Y, Zhu L. Insights on the cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway During Herpesvirus Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931885. [PMID: 35844623 PMCID: PMC9284214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses belong to large double-stranded DNA viruses. They are under a wide range of hosts and establish lifelong infection, which creates a burden on human health and animal health. Innate immunity is the host’s innate defense ability. Activating the innate immune signaling pathway and producing type I interferon is the host’s first line of defense against infectious pathogens. Emerging evidence indicates that the cGAS-STING signaling pathway plays an important role in the innate immunity in response to herpesvirus infections. In parallel, because of the constant selective pressure imposed by host immunity, herpesvirus also evolves to target the cGAS-STING signaling pathway to inhibit or escape the innate immune responses. In the current review, we insight on the classical cGAS-STING signaling pathway. We describe the activation of cGAS-STING signaling pathway during herpesvirus infections and strategies of herpesvirus targeting this pathway to evade host antiviral response. Furthermore, we outline the immunotherapy boosting cGAS-STING signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhijie Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Zhu,
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Wang SC, Liao JY. Epidemiologic Implication of the Association between Herpes Simplex Virus Infection and the Risk of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Case-Control Study in Taiwan. IJERPH 2022; 19:ijerph19137832. [PMID: 35805493 PMCID: PMC9265894 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus infection is a known risk factor for type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Whether infection with other viruses induces T1DM remains undetermined. This study investigated the association between human herpesvirus (HHV) infection and the development of T1DM, using the data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients with T1DM and age- and sex-matched controls were included. Subjects with HHV infection were subgrouped into those with histories of varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr virus, and human cytomegalovirus infections. The odds ratio of the risk of T1DM was calculated using a multivariable conditional logistic regression model. Atopic diseases, autoimmune thyroid diseases, and history of enterovirus infection served as adjusted comorbidities. Our findings suggested a significant association between HSV infection and the risk of T1DM (adjusted odds ratio: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.01–1.47, p = 0.048), while infection with other HHVs was not. The result of HSV infection remained significant when subjects were restricted to age ≤ 18 years (adjusted odds ratio: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.08–1.70, p = 0.010). We found a history of HSV infection might be an independent predictive risk factor for T1DM. This could be potentially helpful to the practice in public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Chang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan;
| | - Jung-Yu Liao
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121101 (ext. 2106)
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Wijesekera N, Hazell N, Jones C. Independent Cis-Regulatory Modules within the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infected Cell Protein 0 (ICP0) Promoter Are Transactivated by Krüppel-like Factor 15 and Glucocorticoid Receptor. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061284. [PMID: 35746756 PMCID: PMC9228413 DOI: 10.3390/v14061284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A corticosteroid antagonist impairs Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) productive infection and explant-induced reactivation from latency, suggesting corticosteroids and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediate certain aspects of these complex virus-host interactions. GR-hormone complexes regulate transcription positively and negatively, in part, by binding GR response elements (GREs). Recent studies revealed infected cell protein 0 (ICP0), ICP4, and ICP27 promoter/cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) are cooperatively transactivated by GR and Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15), which forms a feed-forward transcription loop. We hypothesized the ICP0 promoter contains independent CRMs that are transactivated by GR, KLF15, and the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone (DEX). This hypothesis is based on the finding that the ICP0 promoter contains multiple transcription factor binding sites, and GR and KLF15 cooperatively transactivate the full-length ICP0 promoter. ICP0 promoter sequences spanning -800 to -635 (fragment A) were efficiently transactivated by GR, KLF15, and DEX in monkey kidney cells (Vero), whereas GR and DEX significantly enhanced promoter activity in mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2A). Furthermore, ICP0 fragment B (-458 to -635) was efficiently transactivated by GR, KLF15, and DEX in Vero cells, but not Neuro-2A cells. Finally, fragment D (-232 to -24) was transactivated significantly in Vero cells by GR, KLF15, and DEX, whereas KLF15 and DEX were sufficient for transactivation in Neuro-2A cells. Collectively, these studies revealed efficient transactivation of three independent CRMs within the ICP0 promoter by GR, KLF15, and/or DEX. Finally, GC-rich sequences containing specificity protein 1 (Sp1) binding sites were essential for transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishani Wijesekera
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, 208 N McFarland Street, RM 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Nicholas Hazell
- Experimental Pathology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Clinton Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, 208 N McFarland Street, RM 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-405-744-1842
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63
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Wu M, Zhang Z, Su X, Lu H, Li X, Yuan C, Liu Q, Teng Q, Geri L, Li Z. Biological Characteristics of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Viruses Isolated in China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061200. [PMID: 35746670 PMCID: PMC9227991 DOI: 10.3390/v14061200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) causes severe respiratory disease in chickens and results in huge economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. To correlate the genomic difference with the replication and pathogenicity, phenotypes of three ILTVs isolated from chickens in China from 2016 to 2018 were sequenced by high-throughput sequencing. Based on the entire genome, the isolates GD2018 and SH2017 shared 99.9% nucleotide homology, while the isolate SH2016 shared 99.7% nucleotide homology with GD2018 and SH2017, respectively. Each virus genome contained 82 ORFs encoding 77 kinds of protein, 31 of which share the same amino acid sequence in the three viruses. GD2018 and SH2017 shared 57 proteins with the same amino acid sequence, while SH2016 shared 42 and 41 proteins with the amino acid sequences of GD2018 and SH2017, respectively. SH2016 propagated efficiently in allantoic fluid and on chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) of SPF chicken embryo eggs, while GD2018 and SH2017 proliferated well only on CAMs. GD2018 propagated most efficiently on CAMs and LMH cells among three isolates. SH2016 caused serious clinical symptoms, while GD2018 and SH2017 caused mild and moderate clinical symptoms in chickens, although the sero of the chickens infected with those three isolates were all positive for anti-ILTV antibody at 14 and 21 days after challenge. Three ILTVs with high genetic homology showed significant differences in the replication in different culture systems and the pathogenicity of chickens, providing basic materials for studying the key determinants of pathogenicity of ILTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China; (M.W.); (H.L.)
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.Z.); (X.S.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (Q.L.); (Q.T.)
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.Z.); (X.S.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (Q.L.); (Q.T.)
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.Z.); (X.S.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (Q.L.); (Q.T.)
| | - Haipeng Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China; (M.W.); (H.L.)
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.Z.); (X.S.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (Q.L.); (Q.T.)
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.Z.); (X.S.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (Q.L.); (Q.T.)
| | - Chunxiu Yuan
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.Z.); (X.S.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (Q.L.); (Q.T.)
| | - Qinfang Liu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.Z.); (X.S.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (Q.L.); (Q.T.)
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.Z.); (X.S.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (Q.L.); (Q.T.)
| | - Letu Geri
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China; (M.W.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zejun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China; (M.W.); (H.L.)
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.Z.); (X.S.); (X.L.); (C.Y.); (Q.L.); (Q.T.)
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (Z.L.)
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64
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Chen Q, Luo Y, Fu Y, Feng Z, Lu L, Jiang Y, Xu D. microRNA (miR-KT-635) encoded by Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 regulates the viral replication with targeting to the ORF23. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:631-639. [PMID: 35181893 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herpesviruses have been reported to be able to encode and express functional viral microRNAs that target both viral and cellular transcripts. In our previous studies, we found a new miRNA miR-KT-635 encoded by Cyprinid herpesvirus 2, which is predicted to target viral genes and cellular genes involved in innate immune signalling pathway and apoptosis. However, the function and target gene of miR-KT-635 are not proved. In this study, the regulating target gene of miR-KT-635 was proved as the viral gene ORF23 directly, the target point sequence on gene was verified and miR-KT-635 was identified to regulate the expression of ORF23 protein. According to the bioinformatics analysis, the tRNA domain and ribosome domain in the protein sequence of ORF23 were found to share high homology with R2i and P53R2i, which are related to the ribonucleotide reductase small subunit in the host (transform NTP to dNTP). Within expectations, silencing of viral ORF23 or transfecting miR-KT-635 mimics in Carassius auratus gibelio caudal fin cell line (GiCF) could suppress viral propagation significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qikang Chen
- College of Fisheries and life science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Luo
- College of Fisheries and life science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Fu
- College of Fisheries and life science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zizhao Feng
- College of Fisheries and life science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- College of Fisheries and life science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yousheng Jiang
- College of Fisheries and life science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Xu
- College of Fisheries and life science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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Patil CD, Shukla D. OPTN (optineurin)-mediated selective autophagy prevents neurodegeneration due to herpesvirus infection. Autophagy 2022; 18:944-945. [PMID: 35167411 PMCID: PMC9037458 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2037223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Very little is known about the mechanisms that restrict neurotropic herpesviruses such as herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) from infecting the central nervous system (CNS) and causing widespread death of neurons. Likewise, HSV-1 is thought to play a role in chronic neurodegeneration, yet a direct association has remained elusive. To address these issues, we recently showed that the selective macroautophagy/autophagy receptor OPTN (optineurin) specifically targets HSV-1 proteins VP16 and gB for degradation to prevent viral spread in the brain. OPTN deficiency alters host cytokine expression and tissue-specific immune signaling, and enhances necroptotic death of infected neurons. HSV-1-infected optn knockout mice show higher susceptibility to lethal CNS infection and the surviving animals demonstrate cognitive deficiency. Our research suggests that OPTN-mediated autophagy provides an intrinsic immune barrier against neurotropic viruses and protects the CNS from neurodegenerative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekhar D. Patil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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66
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Stasiak K, Dunowska M, Rola J. Kinetics of the Equid Herpesvirus 2 and 5 Infections among Mares and Foals from Three Polish National Studs. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040713. [PMID: 35458443 PMCID: PMC9031536 DOI: 10.3390/v14040713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) and 5 (EHV-5) are two γ-herpesviruses that are commonly detected from horses worldwide, based on several cross-sectional molecular surveys. Comparatively few studies examined the dynamics of γ-herpesvirus infection over time in a group of horses. The aim of the current study was to investigate the dynamics of EHV-2/5 infections among mares and their foals at three Polish national studs with different breeds of horses: Arabians, Thoroughbreds and Polish Konik horses. Nasal swabs were collected from each of 38 mare-foal pairs monthly for a period of 6 to 8 months. Virus-specific quantitative PCR assays were used to determine the viral load of EHV-2 and EHV-5 in each sample. All 76 horses sampled were positive for EHV-2 or EHV-5 on at least one sampling occasion. The majority (73/76, 96%) were infected with both EHV-2 and EHV-5. In general, the mean load of viral DNA was higher in samples from foals than from mares, but similar for EHV-2 and EHV-5 at most sampling occasions. There was, however, a considerable variability in the viral DNA load between samples collected at different times from the same foal, as well as between samples from different foals. The latter was more apparent for EHV-2 than for EHV-5. All foals became infected with both viruses early in life, before weaning, and remained positive on all, or most, subsequent samplings. The virus shedding by mares was more intermittent, indicating the existence of age-related differences. Overall, the data presented extend our knowledge of EHV-2/5 epidemiology among mares and foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Stasiak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-818-893-069
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Pursell T, Spencer Clinton JL, Tan J, Peng R, Ling PD. Modified vaccinia Ankara expressing EEHV1A glycoprotein B elicits humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265424. [PMID: 35312707 PMCID: PMC8936464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) can cause lethal hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) in Asian elephants and is the largest cause of death in captive juvenile Asian elephants in North America and Europe. EEHV-HD also has been documented in captive and wild elephants in their natural range countries. A safe and effective vaccine to prevent lethal EEHV infection would significantly improve conservation efforts for this endangered species. Recent studies from our laboratory suggest that EEHV morbidity and mortality are often associated with primary infection. Therefore, we aim to generate a vaccine, particularly for EEHV1 naïve animals, with the goal of preventing lethal EEHV-HD. To address this goal, we generated a Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) recombinant virus expressing a truncated form of glycoprotein B (gBΔfur731) from EEHV1A, the strain associated with the majority of lethal EEHV cases. Vaccination of CD-1 mice with this recombinant virus induced robust antibody and polyfunctional T cell responses significantly above mice inoculated with wild-type MVA. Although the vaccine-induced T cell response was mainly observed in CD8+ T cell populations, the CD4+ T cell response was also polyfunctional. No adverse responses to vaccination were observed. Overall, our data demonstrates that MVA-gBΔfur731 stimulates robust humoral and cell-mediated responses, supporting its potential translation for use in elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Pursell
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Spencer Clinton
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jie Tan
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rongsheng Peng
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Ling
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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68
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Rose EC, Tse TY, Oates AW, Jackson K, Pfeiffer S, Donahoe SL, Setyo L, Barrs VR, Beatty JA, Pesavento PA. Oropharyngeal Shedding of Gammaherpesvirus DNA by Cats, and Natural Infection of Salivary Epithelium. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030566. [PMID: 35336972 PMCID: PMC8950464 DOI: 10.3390/v14030566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Felis catus gammaherpesvirus-1 (FcaGHV1), a novel candidate oncogenic virus, infects cats worldwide. Whether the oropharynx is a site of virus shedding and persistence, and whether oronasal carcinomas harbor FcaGHV1 nucleic acid were investigated. In a prospective molecular epidemiological study, FcaGHV1 DNA was detected by cPCR in oropharyngeal swabs from 26/155 (16.8%) of cats. Oropharyngeal shedding was less frequently detected in kittens ≤3 months of age (5/94, 5.3%) than in older animals; >3 months to ≤1 year: 8/26, 30.8%, (p = 0.001, OR 7.91, 95% CI (2.320, 26.979)); >1 year to ≤6 years: 10/20, 50%, (p < 0.001, OR 17.8 95% CI (5.065, 62.557)); >6 years: 3/15, 33% (p = 0.078). Provenance (shelter-owned/privately owned) was not associated with shedding. In situ hybridization (ISH) identified FcaGHV1-infected cells in salivary glandular epithelium but not in other oronasal tissues from two of three cats shedding viral DNA in the oropharynx. In a retrospective dataset of 11 oronasopharyngeal carcinomas, a single tumor tested positive for FcaGHV1 DNA by ISH, a papillary carcinoma, where scattered neoplastic cells showed discrete nuclear hybridization. These data support the oronasopharynx as a site of FcaGHV1 shedding, particularly after maternal antibodies are expected to decline. The salivary epithelium is identified as a potential site of FcaGHV1 persistence. No evidence supporting a role for FcaGHV1 in feline oronasal carcinomas was found in the examined tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Rose
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.C.R.); (T.Y.T.); (A.W.O.); (K.J.); (P.A.P.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Tiffany Y. Tse
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.C.R.); (T.Y.T.); (A.W.O.); (K.J.); (P.A.P.)
| | - Andrew W. Oates
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.C.R.); (T.Y.T.); (A.W.O.); (K.J.); (P.A.P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ken Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.C.R.); (T.Y.T.); (A.W.O.); (K.J.); (P.A.P.)
| | - Susanne Pfeiffer
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Shannon L. Donahoe
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.L.D.); (L.S.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Laura Setyo
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.L.D.); (L.S.); (V.R.B.)
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.L.D.); (L.S.); (V.R.B.)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Julia A. Beatty
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.L.D.); (L.S.); (V.R.B.)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Patricia A. Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.C.R.); (T.Y.T.); (A.W.O.); (K.J.); (P.A.P.)
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Bustamante-Jaramillo LF, Fingal J, Blondot ML, Rydell GE, Kann M. Imaging of Hepatitis B Virus Nucleic Acids: Current Advances and Challenges. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030557. [PMID: 35336964 PMCID: PMC8950347 DOI: 10.3390/v14030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus infections are the main reason for hepatocellular carcinoma development. Current treatment reduces the viral load but rarely leads to virus elimination. Despite its medical importance, little is known about infection dynamics on the cellular level not at least due to technical obstacles. Regardless of infections leading to extreme viral loads, which may reach 1010 virions per mL serum, hepatitis B viruses are of low abundance and productivity in individual cells. Imaging of the infections in cells is thus a particular challenge especially for cccDNA that exists only in a few copies. The review describes the significance of microscopical approaches on genome and transcript detection for understanding hepatitis B virus infections, implications for understanding treatment outcomes, and recent microscopical approaches, which have not been applied in HBV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F. Bustamante-Jaramillo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (L.F.B.-J.); (J.F.); (G.E.R.)
| | - Joshua Fingal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (L.F.B.-J.); (J.F.); (G.E.R.)
| | - Marie-Lise Blondot
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), CNRS UMR 5234, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Gustaf E. Rydell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (L.F.B.-J.); (J.F.); (G.E.R.)
| | - Michael Kann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (L.F.B.-J.); (J.F.); (G.E.R.)
- Region Västra Götaland, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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70
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Abstract
The two γ-herpesviruses Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are each associated with more than 1% of all tumors in humans. While EBV establishes persistent infection in nearly all adult individuals, KSHV benefits from this widespread EBV prevalence for its own persistence. Interestingly, EBV infection expands early differentiated NKG2A+KIR- NK cells that protect against lytic EBV infection, while KSHV co-infection drives accumulation of poorly functional CD56-CD16+ NK cells. Thus persistent γ-herpesvirus infections are sculptors of human NK cell repertoires and the respectively stimulated NK cell subsets should be considered for immunotherapies of EBV and KSHV associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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71
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Saettini F, Radaelli S, Ocello L, Ferrari GM, Corti P, Dell'Acqua F, Ippolito D, Foresti S, Gervasini C, Badolato R, Biondi A. Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohystiocytosis in a Rubinstein Taybi syndrome patient. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 39:74-79. [PMID: 34018455 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2021.1928802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is an autosomal dominant disorder, caused by variants in CREBBP or EP300. Affected individuals present with distinctive craniofacial features, broad thumbs and/or halluces, intellectual disability and immunodeficiency. Here we report on one RSTS patient who experienced hemophagocytic lymphohystiocytosis (HLH) and disseminated herpes virus 1 ( HSV-1) disease. The clinical picture of RSTS is expanding to include autoinflammatory, autoimmune, and infectious complications. Prompt treatment of HLH and disseminated HSV-1 can lower the mortality rate of these life-threatening conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Saettini
- Pediatric Hematology Department, Fondazione MBBM, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Monza, Italy
| | - S Radaelli
- Pediatric Hematology Department, Fondazione MBBM, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Monza, Italy
| | - L Ocello
- Pediatric Hematology Department, Fondazione MBBM, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Monza, Italy
| | - G M Ferrari
- Pediatric Hematology Department, Fondazione MBBM, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Monza, Italy
| | - P Corti
- Pediatric Hematology Department, Fondazione MBBM, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Monza, Italy
| | - F Dell'Acqua
- Pediatric Hematology Department, Fondazione MBBM, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Monza, Italy
| | - D Ippolito
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - S Foresti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - C Gervasini
- Department of Medical Genetics, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - R Badolato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Biondi
- Pediatric Hematology Department, Fondazione MBBM, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Monza, Italy
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72
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Long WY, Zhao GH, Wu Y. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Shaping Atlastin Proteins Facilitate KSHV Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:790243. [PMID: 35096644 PMCID: PMC8792907 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.790243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has two life cycle modes: the latent and lytic phases. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site for KSHV production. Furthermore, ER stress can trigger reactivation of KSHV. Little is known about the nature of the ER factors that regulate KSHV replication. Atlastin proteins (ATLs which include ATL1, ATL2, and ATL3) are large dynamin-related GTPases that control the structure and the dynamics of the ER membrane. Here, we show that ATLs can regulate KSHV lytic activation and infection. Overexpression of ATLs enhances KSHV lytic activation, whereas ATLs silence inhibits it. Intriguingly, we find that silencing of ATLs impairs the response of cells to ER stress, and ER stress can promote the lytic activation of KSHV. Our study establishes that ATLs plays a critically regulatory role in KSHV infection, thus expanding the known scope of biological processes controlled by ATLs to include KSHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-ying Long
- Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
- *Correspondence: Wen-ying Long,
| | - Guo-hua Zhao
- Neurology Department, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
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73
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) control anti-viral responses both directly in infected cells and in responding cells of the immune systems. Therefore, they are crucial for responses against the oncogenic γ-herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and the related murine virus MHV68, which directly infect immune system cells. However, since these viruses also cause lifelong persistent infections, TLRs may also be involved in modulation of inflammation during latent infection and contribute to virus-driven tumorigenesis. This review summarizes work on both of these aspects of TLR/γ-herpesvirus interactions, as well as results showing that TLR activity can drive these viruses' re-entry into the replicative lytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Maria Gaglia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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74
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Graham K, Gilligan D, Brown P, van Klinken RD, McColl KA, Durr PA. Use of spatio-temporal habitat suitability modelling to prioritise areas for common carp biocontrol in Australia using the virus CyHV-3. J Environ Manage 2021; 295:113061. [PMID: 34348430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are an invasive species of the rivers and waterways of south-eastern Australia, implicated in the serious decline of many native fish species. Over the past 50 years a variety of control options have been explored, all of which to date have proved either ineffective or cost prohibitive. Most recently the use of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) has been proposed as a biocontrol agent, but to assess the risks and benefits of this, as well as to develop a strategy for the release of the virus, a knowledge of the fundamental processes driving carp distribution and abundance is required. To this end, we developed a novel process-based modelling framework that integrates expert opinion with spatio-temporal datasets via the construction of a Bayesian Network. The resulting weekly networks thus enabled an estimate of the habitat suitability for carp across a range of hydrological habitats in south-eastern Australia, covering five diverse catchment areas encompassing in total a drainage area of 132,129 km2 over a period of 17-27 years. This showed that while suitability for adult and subadult carp was medium-high across most habitats throughout the period, nevertheless the majority of habitats were poorly suited for the recruitment of larvae and young-of-year (YOY). Instead, high population abundance was confirmed to depend on a small number of recruitment hotspots which occur in years of favourable inundation. Quantification of the underlying ecological drivers of carp abundance thus makes possible detailed planning by focusing on critical weaknesses in the population biology of carp. More specifically, it permits the rational planning for population reduction using the biocontrol agent, CyHV-3, targeting areas where the total population density is above a "damage threshold" of approximately 100 kg/ha.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Graham
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - D Gilligan
- NSW Department of Primary Industries - Fisheries NSW, NSW, Australia
| | - P Brown
- Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Mildura, VIC, Australia; Fisheries and Wetlands Consulting, Portarlington, VIC, Australia
| | | | - K A McColl
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - P A Durr
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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75
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Young-Xu Y, Powell EI, Zwain GM, Yazdi MT, Gui J, Shiner B. Symptomatic Herpes Simplex Virus Infection and Risk of Dementia in US Veterans: a Cohort Study. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2458-2467. [PMID: 34244925 PMCID: PMC8804043 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A Taiwanese cohort study found that symptomatic herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection was associated with a threefold increased risk of developing dementia; however, antiherpetic medication reduced the risk by 90%. Our aim was to verify and further investigate this finding in the US Veteran population using comprehensive electronic medical records from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Eighty-seven thousand six hundred eighty-seven Veterans aged 50 or older with symptomatic HSV-1/HSV-2 infection and 217,895 matched controls were identified in VHA data between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2014, and followed until December 31, 2019. International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes, ninth and tenth revisions, were used to define dementia. To define HSV infection, we utilized VHA data on antiherpetic medications and laboratory tests in addition to ICD codes. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the effects of HSV infection and antiherpetic medication on the risk of developing dementia. The analysis revealed an adjusted HR of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.78-0.83) for the development of dementia among those with symptomatic HSV relative to those without. Among the 61,776 HSV-1/HSV-2 patients who were treated with antiherpetic medication, 4836 patients (7.8%) developed dementia (adjusted HR = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.72-0.78); this translated to a population average of one additional year of being dementia free in those who were taking antiherpetic medication. In contrast to Tzeng et al. we did not find that HSV infection was associated with an increased risk of dementia. Like their findings, we found that antiherpetic medication was associated with a protective effect against dementia. Future prospective studies are needed to further investigate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinong Young-Xu
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, White River Junction VA Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, USA.
- Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Ethan I Powell
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, White River Junction VA Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, USA
| | - Gabrielle M Zwain
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, White River Junction VA Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, USA
| | - Mona T Yazdi
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, White River Junction VA Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, USA
- Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jiang Gui
- Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Brian Shiner
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, White River Junction VA Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, USA
- Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
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76
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Hernández-Gallego A, Navarro JT, Tapia G. HHV8+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a patient with HIV infection. Med Clin (Barc) 2021; 157:306-307. [PMID: 32883511 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - José-Tomás Navarro
- Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Gustavo Tapia
- Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
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77
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Makiala-Mandanda S, Abbate JL, Pukuta-Simbu E, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Leroy EM, Becquart P. Herpes Infections in Suspected Cases of Yellow Fever in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Medicina (B Aires) 2021; 57:medicina57090871. [PMID: 34577794 PMCID: PMC8468251 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57090871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the battle to quickly identify potential yellow fever arbovirus outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, active syndromic surveillance of acute febrile jaundice patients across the country is a powerful tool. However, patients who test negative for yellow fever virus infection are too often left without a diagnosis. By retroactively screening samples for other potential viral infections, we can both try to find sources of patient disease and gain information on how commonly they may occur and co-occur. Several human arboviruses have previously been identified, but there remain many other viral families that could be responsible for acute febrile jaundice. Here, we assessed the prevalence of human herpes viruses (HHVs) in these acute febrile jaundice disease samples. Total viral DNA was extracted from serum of 451 patients with acute febrile jaundice. We used real-time quantitative PCR to test all specimens for cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). We found 21.3% had active HHV replication (13.1%, 2.4%, 6.2% and 2.4% were positive for CMV, HSV, HHV-6 and VZV, respectively), and that nearly half (45.8%) of these infections were characterized by co-infection either among HHVs or between HHVs and other viral infection, sometimes associated with acute febrile jaundice previously identified. Our results show that the role of HHV primary infection or reactivation in contributing to acute febrile jaundice disease identified through the yellow fever surveillance program should be routinely considered in diagnosing these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Makiala-Mandanda
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon
- Département de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa (CUK), Kinshasa BP 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (S.A.-M.); (J.-J.M.-T.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.-M.); (P.B.); Tel.: +243-9-98-21-64-00 (S.M.-M.); +33-4-67-41-63-32 (P.B.)
| | - Jessica L. Abbate
- Unité Mixte de Recherche MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR IRD/CNRS/Université de Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France; (J.L.A.); (E.M.L.)
- Unité Mixte Internationale UMMISCO, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMI IRD/Sorbonne Université, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - Elisabeth Pukuta-Simbu
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa BP 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- Département de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa (CUK), Kinshasa BP 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (S.A.-M.); (J.-J.M.-T.)
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa BP 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum
- Département de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa (CUK), Kinshasa BP 127, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (S.A.-M.); (J.-J.M.-T.)
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa BP 1197, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Eric M. Leroy
- Unité Mixte de Recherche MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR IRD/CNRS/Université de Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France; (J.L.A.); (E.M.L.)
| | - Pierre Becquart
- Unité Mixte de Recherche MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR IRD/CNRS/Université de Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France; (J.L.A.); (E.M.L.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.-M.); (P.B.); Tel.: +243-9-98-21-64-00 (S.M.-M.); +33-4-67-41-63-32 (P.B.)
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78
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system (CNS) infections may cause life-threatening meningitis, encephalitis, or brain abscesses. CNS infections are progressive and can cause permanent neurological damage. As such, prompt diagnosis and management are required. CNS infections are caused by bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens. Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and -2) are critical causative agents of CNS infections. The gold standard method to detect HSV-DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and diagnose a CNS infection is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This study retrospectively investigated the prevalence of HSV-1 and -2 in patients hospitalized with suspected meningitis/encephalitis in Konya province using the multiplex real-time PCR method. METHODS A total of 525 CSF samples from patients hospitalized with suspected encephalitis/meningitis were tested between January 2015 and December 2017 using multiplex real-time PCR. Of the 525 CSF samples, 75% were from pediatric patients and 25% were from adult patients. The multiplex real-time PCR method (FTD NEURO9; Fast-Track Diagnostics, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg) was used to analyze the CSF samples. The presence of HSV-1 and -2 was measured qualitatively from the CSF samples. RESULTS HSV-DNA was detected in 10 of 525 specimens (1.9%). While seven of these patients were infected with HSV-1, three were infected with HSV-2. Of the seven patients who were HSV-1-positive, two were children and five were adult patients. Two of the five HSV-1-positive adult patients were diagnosed with encephalitis. All three patients positive for HSV-2 were in the pediatric age group. While seven patients with positive HSV-1 results were identified in June, July, August, and September, three patients positive for HSV-2 were identified in December, January, and February. The prevalence of HSV-1 was 1.33% and the prevalence of HSV-2 was 0.57% in the region. CONCLUSIONS Specific antiviral therapy significantly reduces the mortality and morbidity of CNS infections. Therefore, it is crucial to diagnose and treat HSV infections early. Rapid and sensitive identification of HSV with molecular methods to identify the local prevalence of HSV infection enables prophylactic measures against the virus so that infections can be effectively treated.
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79
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Dayaram A, Seeber P, Courtiol A, Soilemetzidou S, Tsangaras K, Franz M, McEwen GK, Azab W, Kaczensky P, Melzheimer J, East ML, Ganbaatar O, Walzer C, Osterrieder N, Greenwood AD. Seasonal host and ecological drivers may promote restricted water as a viral vector. Sci Total Environ 2021; 773:145446. [PMID: 33588222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In climates with seasonally limited precipitation, terrestrial animals congregate at high densities at scarce water sources. We hypothesize that viruses can exploit the recurrence of these diverse animal congregations to spread. In this study, we test the central prediction of this hypothesis - that viruses employing this transmission strategy remain stable and infectious in water. Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) were chosen as a model as they have been shown to remain stable and infectious in water for weeks under laboratory conditions. Using fecal data from wild equids from a previous study, we establish that EHVs are shed more frequently by their hosts during the dry season, increasing the probability of water source contamination with EHV. We document the presence of several strains of EHVs present in high genome copy number from the surface water and sediments of waterholes sampled across a variety of mammalian assemblages, locations, temperatures and pH. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the different EHV strains found exhibit little divergence despite representing ancient lineages. We employed molecular approaches to show that EHVs shed remain stable in waterholes with detection decreasing with increasing temperature in sediments. Infectivity experiments using cell culture reveals that EHVs remain infectious in water derived from waterholes. The results are supportive of water as an abiotic viral vector for EHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Dayaram
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Institut für Neurophysiologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Seeber
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Mainaustrasse 252, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alexandre Courtiol
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sanatana Soilemetzidou
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kyriakos Tsangaras
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Avenue, CY-2417 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mathias Franz
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gayle K McEwen
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str, 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Kaczensky
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1, A-1160 Vienna, Austria; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jörg Melzheimer
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion L East
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oyunsaikhan Ganbaatar
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Mongolia; Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area, Takhiin Tal, Gobi-Altai Province, Mongolia
| | - Christian Walzer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1, A-1160 Vienna, Austria; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, 10460 Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str, 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Alex D Greenwood
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Germany.
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80
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Justice JL, Kennedy MA, Hutton JE, Liu D, Song B, Phelan B, Cristea IM. Systematic profiling of protein complex dynamics reveals DNA-PK phosphorylation of IFI16 en route to herpesvirus immunity. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabg6680. [PMID: 34144993 PMCID: PMC8213230 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg6680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dynamically shifting protein-protein interactions (PPIs) regulate cellular responses to viruses and the resulting immune signaling. Here, we use thermal proximity coaggregation (TPCA) mass spectrometry to characterize the on-off behavior of PPIs during infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a virus with an ancient history of coevolution with hosts. Advancing the TPCA analysis to infer associations de novo, we build a time-resolved portrait of thousands of host-host, virus-host, and virus-virus PPIs. We demonstrate that, early in infection, the DNA sensor IFI16 recruits the active DNA damage response kinase, DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), to incoming viral DNA at the nuclear periphery. We establish IFI16 T149 as a substrate of DNA-PK upon viral infection or DNA damage. This phosphorylation promotes IFI16-driven cytokine responses. Together, we characterize the global dynamics of PPIs during HSV-1 infection, uncovering the co-regulation of IFI16 and DNA-PK functions as a missing link in immunity to herpesvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Justice
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Michelle A Kennedy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Josiah E Hutton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Dawei Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Bokai Song
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Brett Phelan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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81
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Asha K, Sharma-Walia N. Targeting Host Cellular Factors as a Strategy of Therapeutic Intervention for Herpesvirus Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:603309. [PMID: 33816328 PMCID: PMC8017445 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.603309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses utilize various host factors to establish latent infection, survival, and spread disease in the host. These factors include host cellular machinery, host proteins, gene expression, multiple transcription factors, cellular signal pathways, immune cell activation, transcription factors, cytokines, angiogenesis, invasion, and factors promoting metastasis. The knowledge and understanding of host genes, protein products, and biochemical pathways lead to discovering safe and effective antivirals to prevent viral reactivation and spread infection. Here, we focus on the contribution of pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and resolution lipid metabolites of the arachidonic acid (AA) pathway in the lifecycle of herpesvirus infections. We discuss how various herpesviruses utilize these lipid pathways to their advantage and how we target them to combat herpesvirus infection. We also summarize recent development in anti-herpesvirus therapeutics and new strategies proposed or under clinical trials. These anti-herpesvirus therapeutics include inhibitors blocking viral life cycle events, engineered anticancer agents, epigenome influencing factors, immunomodulators, and therapeutic compounds from natural extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neelam Sharma-Walia
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
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Haddad CO, Kalt I, Shovman Y, Xia L, Schlesinger Y, Sarid R, Parnas O. Targeting the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genome with the CRISPR-Cas9 platform in latently infected cells. Virol J 2021; 18:56. [PMID: 33731154 PMCID: PMC7966637 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a transforming gammaherpesvirus. Like other herpesviruses, KSHV infection is for life long and there is no treatment that can cure patients from the virus. In addition, there is an urgent need to target viral genes to study their role during the infection cycle. The CRISPR-Cas9 technology offers a means to target viral genomes and thus may offer a novel strategy for viral cure as well as for better understanding of the infection process. We evaluated the suitability of this platform for the targeting of KSHV. METHODS We have used the recombinat KSHV BAC16 genome, which contains an expression cassette encoding hygromycin-resistance and a GFP marker gene. Three genes were targeted: gfp, which serves as a marker for infection; orf45 encoding a lytic viral protein; and orf73, encoding LANA which is crucial for latent infection. The fraction of cells expressing GFP, viral DNA levels and LANA expression were monitored and viral genomes were sequenced. RESULTS We found that KSHV episomes can be targeted by CRISPR-Cas9. Interestingly, the quantity of KSHV DNA declined, even when target sites were not functionally important for latency. In addition, we show that antibiotic selection, used to maintain infection, interferes with the outcome of targeting. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides insights into the use of this fundamental approach for the study and manipulation of KSHV. It provides guidelines for the targeting CRISPR-Cas9 to the viral genome and for outcomes interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral Orel Haddad
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Inna Kalt
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shovman
- The Concern Foundation at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lei Xia
- The Concern Foundation at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehuda Schlesinger
- The Concern Foundation at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronit Sarid
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| | - Oren Parnas
- The Concern Foundation at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Abstract
The constitutive expression of Speckled-100 (Sp100) is known to restrict the replication of many clinically important DNA viruses. This pre-existing (intrinsic) immune defense to virus infection can be further upregulated upon interferon (IFN) stimulation as a component of the innate immune response. In humans, Sp100 is encoded by a single gene locus, which can produce alternatively spliced isoforms. The widely studied Sp100A, Sp100B, Sp100C and Sp100HMG have functions associated with the transcriptional regulation of viral and cellular chromatin, either directly through their characteristic DNA-binding domains, or indirectly through post-translational modification (PTM) and associated protein interaction networks. Sp100 isoforms are resident component proteins of promyelocytic leukemia-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), dynamic nuclear sub-structures which regulate host immune defenses against many pathogens. In the case of human herpesviruses, multiple protein antagonists are expressed to relieve viral DNA genome transcriptional silencing imposed by PML-NB and Sp100-derived proteinaceous structures, thereby stimulating viral propagation, pathogenesis, and transmission to new hosts. This review details how different Sp100 isoforms are manipulated during herpesviruses HSV1, VZV, HCMV, EBV, and KSHV infection, identifying gaps in our current knowledge, and highlighting future areas of research.
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He L, Feng QQ, Zhang Q, Zhang B, Wu SS, Gong JH. Protective role of overexpressed MUC5AC against fibrosis in MHV-68-induced combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema mouse model. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3726-3735. [PMID: 32557739 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mucins have long been regarded to play a role as a barrier to prevent mucosal infections; however, some studies report that overexpression of mucins induces obstruction and inflammation of airways. We investigated whether the secretion of overexpressed mucin, mucin5ac (MUC5AC), could improve protection against pathogens. To examine the possible roles of mucin hypersecretion in augmenting host defense against disease-promoting muco-obstructive lung disease, a mouse model that overexpressed MUC5AC was generated. We had previously proved that murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) infection could induce emphysema in mice, which later developed into combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE). We further explored whether increased MUC5AC secretion could provide benefits against MHV-68 induced fibrosis. We initially developed a pcDNA3.1-MUC5AC mouse model. Next, the experimental mice were randomly divided into five groups: normal control, pcDNA3.1 control, pcDNA3.1-MUC5AC, CPFE, and pcDNA3.1- MUC5AC + CPFE. Morphometric analysis of each group was performed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson trichrome staining. MUC5AC levels in lung tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis. The airway inflammation was determined by differential cell counts of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and measurement of cytokines and chemokines in BALF by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MUC5AC hypersecretion alone was not sufficient to drive goblet cell metaplasia to induce obvious mucus plugging and airway inflammation. However, MUC5AC overexpression served as a protective barrier against MHV-68 virus infection in vivo. Infectivity of MHV-68 was decreased in the pcDNA3.1-MUC5AC + CPFE group compared with that in CPFE group. Meanwhile, a reduction of MHV-68 virus attenuated the expressions of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5 (CXCL5), interleukin-13 (IL-13), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and weakened airway inflammation and fibrosis in the pcDNA3.1-MUC5AC + CPFE group. Overexpression of MUC5AC appears to exhibit a protective role against MHV-68 infection in mice with emphysema that subsequently developed into CPFE and to further decrease airway inflammation and fibrosis induced by MHV-68 by decreasing the expressions of CCL2, CXCL5, IL-13, and TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian-Qian Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Si-Si Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of ICU, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian-Hua Gong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
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Abstract
Drug resistance in viruses represents one of the major challenges of healthcare. As part of an effort to provide a treatment that avoids the possibility of drug resistance, we discovered a novel mechanism of action (MOA) and specific compounds to treat all nine human herpesviruses and animal herpesviruses. The novel MOA targets the pressurized genome state in a viral capsid, "turns off" capsid pressure, and blocks viral genome ejection into a cell nucleus, preventing viral replication. This work serves as a proof-of-concept to demonstrate the feasibility of a new antiviral target-suppressing pressure-driven viral genome ejection-that is likely impervious to developing drug resistance. This pivotal finding presents a platform for discovery of a new class of broad-spectrum treatments for herpesviruses and other viral infections with genome-pressure-dependent replication. A biophysical approach to antiviral treatment such as this is also a vital strategy to prevent the spread of emerging viruses where vaccine development is challenged by high mutation rates or other evasion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Brandariz-Nuñez
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Scott J. Robinson
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alex Evilevitch
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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86
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Soto E, Tamez-Trevino E, Yazdi Z, Stevens BN, Yun S, Martínez-López B, Burges J. Non-lethal diagnostic methods for koi herpesvirus in koi Cyprinus carpio. Dis Aquat Organ 2020; 138:195-205. [PMID: 32213667 DOI: 10.3354/dao03456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3, also known as koi herpesvirus (KHV), is a viral pathogen responsible for mass mortalities of carp worldwide. In this study, we compared the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA and quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods for the diagnosis of KHV in experimentally infected koi Cyprinus carpio over an 11 mo period. Koi were exposed to KHV at 18 ± 1°C (permissive temperatures for KHV disease) in laboratory-controlled conditions. At 21 d post challenge, the temperature in the system was decreased to <15°C (non-permissive temperature for KHV disease), and fish were monitored for the following 11 mo. At different time points throughout the study, samples of blood and gills were collected from exposed and control koi and subjected to qPCR and ELISA. Survival proportions of 53.3 and 98.8% in exposed and control treatments, respectively, were recorded at the end of the challenge. Traditional receiver-operating characteristic analysis was used to compare the sensitivity of the ELISA and blood and gill qPCR during permissive and non-permissive temperatures. ELISA was superior to qPCR of gills and whole-blood samples in detecting previous exposure to KHV. Similar results were obtained in a second experiment exposing koi to KHV and inducing persistent infection at >30°C (non-permissive temperature for KHV disease). Finally, KHV ELISA specificity was confirmed using cyprinid herpesvirus 1-exposed koi through a period of 3 mo. This study demonstrates that the combination of ELISA and gill qPCR should be recommended in the diagnosis of KHV exposure of suspected carrier-state fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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87
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Volosovets TM, Kravchenko AV. Efficacy assessment of the scheme for prevention of herpesvirus infection manifestations in the oral cavity of patients with herpes-associated generalized moderate severity periodontitis. Wiad Lek 2020; 73:578-583. [PMID: 32285838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: Efficacy assessment of herpesvirus infection drug prophylaxis (HVI) manifestations in the mouth of patients with chronic herpes-associated generalized periodontitis (CHGP) of moderate severity during and shortly after closed curettage. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: The total of 87 patients with CHGP of moderate severity aged 35-60 years were examined and divided into groups according to the presence of HVI: Group I (main) included 48 patients who had herpesvirus infection; group II (comparison) - 39 patients who were not found herpesvirus infection. Group III was formed based on the data of out-patient medical reports retrospective analysis and was used to compare the number of complication cases. The control group included 20 patients with intact periodontium. Prior to treatment, patients in group I, was additionally assigned multicomponent phytocomplex. The treatment efficacy was assessed by the concentration dynamics of A, G, M immunoglobulins, circulating immune complexes (CIC) and sIgA, hygienic and periodontal indices, as well as by the dynamics of gum fluid and the recovery terms. RESULTS Results: The study on the dynamics of clinical indices and some humoral immunity indices confirmed the main group patients after closed curettage had positive shifts in sIgA, IgA, IgG, IgM and CIC levels. Their indices did not have a statistically significant difference with similar indicators of the comparison group. In group I, complications in the form of HVI manifestations in the buccal mucous membrane (BMM) were found in 8.33% of patients, which had a statistically significant difference (p <0.001) from the percentage of patients with HVI, with complications in group III (35.71% ). The recovery terms for patients in group I were by 16.7% shorter than the similar terms in group III. CONCLUSION Conclusions: The results obtained indicate that the phytocomplex used by us can be applied as an immunomodulatory agent for the prevention of herpes virus infection manifestations in the oral cavity of patients with interventions in BMM and periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna V Kravchenko
- Shupyk National Medical Academy Of Postgraduate Education, Kyiv, Ukraine
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88
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Cheng AZ, Moraes SN, Attarian C, Yockteng-Melgar J, Jarvis MC, Biolatti M, Galitska G, Dell'Oste V, Frappier L, Bierle CJ, Rice SA, Harris RS. A Conserved Mechanism of APOBEC3 Relocalization by Herpesviral Ribonucleotide Reductase Large Subunits. J Virol 2019; 93:e01539-19. [PMID: 31534038 PMCID: PMC6854502 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01539-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An integral part of the antiviral innate immune response is the APOBEC3 family of single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminases, which inhibits virus replication through deamination-dependent and -independent activities. Viruses have evolved mechanisms to counteract these enzymes, such as HIV-1 Vif-mediated formation of a ubiquitin ligase to degrade virus-restrictive APOBEC3 enzymes. A new example is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ribonucleotide reductase (RNR)-mediated inhibition of cellular APOBEC3B (A3B). The large subunit of the viral RNR, BORF2, causes A3B relocalization from the nucleus to cytoplasmic bodies and thereby protects viral DNA during lytic replication. Here, we use coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence microscopy approaches to ask whether this mechanism is shared with the closely related gammaherpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and the more distantly related alphaherpesvirus herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). The large RNR subunit of KSHV, open reading frame 61 (ORF61), coprecipitated multiple APOBEC3s, including A3B and APOBEC3A (A3A). KSHV ORF61 also caused relocalization of these two enzymes to perinuclear bodies (A3B) and to oblong cytoplasmic structures (A3A). The large RNR subunit of HSV-1, ICP6, also coprecipitated A3B and A3A and was sufficient to promote the relocalization of these enzymes from nuclear to cytoplasmic compartments. HSV-1 infection caused similar relocalization phenotypes that required ICP6. However, unlike the infectivity defects previously reported for BORF2-null EBV, ICP6 mutant HSV-1 showed normal growth rates and plaque phenotypes. Combined, these results indicate that both gamma- and alphaherpesviruses use a conserved RNR-dependent mechanism to relocalize A3B and A3A and furthermore suggest that HSV-1 possesses at least one additional mechanism to neutralize these antiviral enzymes.IMPORTANCE The APOBEC3 family of DNA cytosine deaminases constitutes a vital innate immune defense against a range of different viruses. A novel counterrestriction mechanism has recently been uncovered for the gammaherpesvirus EBV, in which a subunit of the viral protein known to produce DNA building blocks (ribonucleotide reductase) causes A3B to relocalize from the nucleus to the cytosol. Here, we extend these observations with A3B to include a closely related gammaherpesvirus, KSHV, and a more distantly related alphaherpesvirus, HSV-1. These different viral ribonucleotide reductases also caused relocalization of A3A, which is 92% identical to A3B. These studies are important because they suggest a conserved mechanism of APOBEC3 evasion by large double-stranded DNA herpesviruses. Strategies to block this host-pathogen interaction may be effective for treating infections caused by these herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Z Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sofia N Moraes
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Claire Attarian
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jaime Yockteng-Melgar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Matthew C Jarvis
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matteo Biolatti
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ganna Galitska
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Dell'Oste
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lori Frappier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig J Bierle
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen A Rice
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Kharchenko Y, Zaretska A, Broshkov M. [THE FEATURES OF THE COURSE OF INFECTIOUS MONONUKLEOSIS OF DIFFERENT ETIOLOGY IN CHILDREN]. Georgian Med News 2019:51-56. [PMID: 30958288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aim - to study the effect of different pathogens (EBV, CMV, HHV-6, and MIXT) on the severity of clinical-paraclinical manifestations of infectious mononucleosis in children. The clinical and laboratory study performed for 410 children aged from 10 months up to 12 years with infectious mononucleosis. The association of herpes viruses, mainly EBV, CMV and HHV type 6, takes part in the formation of the clinical picture of IM in (52,9%) of cases. The sole participation of EBV in the development of IM was observed only in (34,1%), CMV (9,02%) and HHV-6 in (3,17%) patients. The etiology of infectious mononucleosis in children affects the acuity, severity, and intensity of the clinical and paraclinical signs of the disease. Infectious mononucleosis VEB etiology is manifested by acute onset (79,5%), intoxication (70,5%), subfebrile and febrile fever up to 7 days (61,03%), lacunar tonsillitis (85,8%), hepatomegaly ( 88,2%), splenomegaly (63,8%), mostly moderate (81,7%) with lymphocytosis (62,9%) and monocytosis (20,5%). For CMV mononucleosis - acute onset (89,9%), severe course (29,8%), febrile and high fever for up to 7 (56,7%) or more days, neutrophilic leukocytosis (73,55) with atypical mononuclear cells (64,7%) and anemia (29,7%). Severe (33,3%), with prolonged high fever (50%), exanthema syndrome (33,3%), pharyngitis without tonsillitis (66,7%), leukocytosis (66,7%) with accelerated ESR (66,7%) and monocytosis (33,3%) are characteristic of HHV-6 infection. For MIXT - acute onset (78,3%), intoxication (79,7%), lacunar tonsillitis (92,9%), hepatomegaly (84,1%) and splenomegaly (67%), low-grade and febrile fever from 3- x (27,1%) up to 7 days (35,05%), lymphocytosis (55,3%) with neutropenia (57,4%), atypical mononuclear cells (48,2%) and hypochromic anemia (17,29 %).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Zaretska
- Odessa National Medical University, Ukraine
| | - M Broshkov
- Odessa National Medical University, Ukraine
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90
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Affiliation(s)
- Avindra Nath
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 7C-103; Bldg 10; 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Ramilo O, Rodriguez-Fernandez R, Mejias A. One Step Forward in the Road Toward a Universal Influenza Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2017; 217:1-2. [PMID: 29294019 PMCID: PMC5853781 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Ramilo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rosa Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Hospital Materno Infantil Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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92
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Nishiguchi N, Sato T, Haraguchi K, Inoue D, Takahashi Y, Moriuchi H. [Diagnostic value of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for patients with non-herpetic acute limbic encephalitis]. No To Hattatsu 2017; 49:46-50. [PMID: 30011155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the diagnostic value of SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) brain blood flow imaging for patients with non-herpetic acute limbic encephalitis (NHALE). A retrospective review of three patients who had clinical symptoms compatible to NHALE and were positive for anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate-type glutamate receptor (GluRε2) antibody. The patients consisted of a 6-year-old female, a 10-year-old female and a 13-year-old male, all of whom had limbic symptoms and were anti-GluRε2 antibody-positive. In all cases, brain MRI failed to detect any abnormality, but SPECT brain blood flow imaging was able to detect blood flow changes. All three cases showed some abnormality in their brain waves, and one of them also developed epilepsy. SPECT brain blood flow imaging may therefore be helpful for diagnosing NHALE which can lead to the development of either epilepsy or cognitive impairment.
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93
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Kumar B, Dutta D, Iqbal J, Ansari MA, Roy A, Chikoti L, Pisano G, Veettil MV, Chandran B. ESCRT-I Protein Tsg101 Plays a Role in the Post-macropinocytic Trafficking and Infection of Endothelial Cells by Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005960. [PMID: 27764233 PMCID: PMC5072609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) binding to the endothelial cell surface heparan sulfate is followed by sequential interactions with α3β1, αVβ3 and αVβ5 integrins and Ephrin A2 receptor tyrosine kinase (EphA2R). These interactions activate host cell pre-existing FAK, Src, PI3-K and RhoGTPase signaling cascades, c-Cbl mediated ubiquitination of receptors, recruitment of CIB1, p130Cas and Crk adaptor molecules, and membrane bleb formation leading to lipid raft dependent macropinocytosis of KSHV into human microvascular dermal endothelial (HMVEC-d) cells. The Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) proteins, ESCRT-0, -I, -II, and-III, play a central role in clathrin-mediated internalized ubiquitinated receptor endosomal trafficking and sorting. ESCRT proteins have also been shown to play roles in viral egress. We have recently shown that ESCRT-0 component Hrs protein associates with the plasma membrane during macropinocytosis and mediates KSHV entry via ROCK1 mediated phosphorylation of NHE1 and local membrane pH change. Here, we demonstrate that the ESCRT-I complex Tsg101 protein also participates in the macropinocytosis of KSHV and plays a role in KSHV trafficking. Knockdown of Tsg101 did not affect virus entry in HMVEC-d and human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells but significantly inhibited the KSHV genome entry into the nucleus and consequently viral gene expression in these cells. Double and triple immunofluorescence, proximity ligation immunofluorescence and co-immuoprecipitation studies revealed the association of Tsg101 with the KSHV containing macropinosomes, and increased levels of Tsg101 association/interactions with EphA2R, c-Cbl, p130Cas and Crk signal molecules, as well as with upstream and downstream ESCRT components such as Hrs (ESCRT-0), EAP45 (ESCRT-II), CHMP6 (ESCRT-III) and CHMP5 (ESCRT-III) in the KSHV infected cells. Tsg101 was also associated with early (Rab5) and late endosomal (Rab7) stages of KSHV intracellular trafficking, and CHMP5 (ESCRT-III) was also associated with Rab 5 and Rab 7. Knockdown of Tsg101 significantly inhibited the transition of virus from early to late endosomes. Collectively, our studies reveal that Tsg101 plays a role in the trafficking of macropinocytosed KSHV in the endothelial cells which is essential for the successful viral genome delivery into the nucleus, viral gene expression and infection. Thus, ESCRT molecules could serve as therapeutic targets to combat KSHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Kumar
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, United States Of America
| | - Dipanjan Dutta
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, United States Of America
| | - Jawed Iqbal
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, United States Of America
| | - Mairaj Ahmed Ansari
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, United States Of America
| | - Arunava Roy
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, United States Of America
| | - Leela Chikoti
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, United States Of America
| | - Gina Pisano
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, United States Of America
| | - Mohanan Valiya Veettil
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, United States Of America
| | - Bala Chandran
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, United States Of America
- * E-mail:
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94
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Abstract
When a patient who suffers from a serious underlying disease with an ever-present potential for recurrence or progression deteriorates, other alternative diagnoses (even treatable ones) are frequently not considered. However, these patients are often immunosuppressed, which makes them susceptible to reactivation of latent viral or tuberculosis infections. Three brief cases are presented to stress the importance of looking for unsuspected, treatable herpes virus infections in these settings and the relevant cognitive aspects of misdiagnosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Schattner
- Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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95
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Southam CM, Tanaka S, Arata T, Simkovic D, Miura M, Petropulos SF. Enhancement of responses to chemical carcinogens by nononcogenic viruses and antimetabolites. Prog Exp Tumor Res 2015; 11:194-212. [PMID: 4305961 DOI: 10.1159/000391394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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96
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Brush LA, Black DH, Mccormack KA, Maxwell LK, Wright G, Ritchey JW, Payton ME, Eberle R. Papiine herpesvirus 2 as a predictive model for drug sensitivity of Macacine herpesvirus 1 (monkey B virus). Comp Med 2014; 64:386-393. [PMID: 25402179 PMCID: PMC4236787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Monkey B virus (Macacine herpesvirus 1; BV) is endemic in macaques. BV (a BSL4 agent) is the primary zoonotic concern for persons working with macaques in research, and human BV infections frequently are fatal. We assessed the use of a BSL2 baboon herpesvirus (Papiine herpesvirus 1; HVP2) for predicting the drug sensitivity of BV by comparing the sensitivity of the 2 viruses to 12 antiherpetic drugs. Plaque reduction assays showed that 4 drugs (HBPG, BVdU, PFA, and BrdU) were ineffective against both viruses. Of the 8 effective drugs, both viruses were most sensitive to TFT, whereas sensitivity to the remaining 7 drugs varied between BV and HVP2 as well as between strains of HVP2. In addition, the efficacy of 5 drugs (ACV, PCV, GCV, CDV, and EDU) was tested by using a murine model. ACV and EDU were completely ineffective against both HVP2 and BV, and high doses of PCV only delayed death by a few days. GCV and CDV both protected mice against death, and CDV also prevented the development of neurologic symptoms. When the initiation of drug therapy was delayed until after virus gained access to the CNS, both GCV and CDV were ineffective. The similarity of the drug sensitivities of HVP2 and BV in both models validates the use of HVP2 as a BSL2 level model that can be used to predict drug sensitivity of BV. The greater efficacy of CDV relative to GCV suggests the potential for use of CDV in the treatment of zoonotic BV infections.
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Key Words
- acv, acyclovir
- araa, 9-β-d-arabinofuranosyl-adenine
- brdu, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine
- bv, monkey b virus
- bvdu, (e)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2′-deoxyuridine
- cdv, cidofovir
- edu, 5-ethyl-2′-deoxyuridine
- gcv, ganciclovir
- hbpg, 9-(4-hydroxybutyl)-n2-phenylguanine
- hsv, herpes simplex virus
- hvp2, herpesvirus papio 2
- iudr, 5-iodo-2’-deoxyuridine
- pcv, penciclovir
- pfa, phosphonoformic acid
- tft, trifluorothymidine
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Brush
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Darla H Black
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kimberly A Mccormack
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Lara K Maxwell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - George Wright
- Department of GLSynthesis, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jerry W Ritchey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mark E Payton
- Department of Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Richard Eberle
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
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97
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Nakatsuka SI, Kimura H, Nagano T, Fujita M, Kanda T, Iwata T, Hashimoto K. Self-limited effusion large B-cell lymphoma: two cases of effusion lymphoma maintaining remission after drainage alone. Acta Haematol 2013; 130:217-21. [PMID: 23816805 DOI: 10.1159/000350482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report two cases of human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8)-negative large B-cell lymphoma involving pericardial and/or pleural effusion that regressed after drainage alone. Case 1 is a 70-year-old man showing massive pericardial effusion. Cytology of the drained effusion showed monotonous infiltration of CD3-, CD20+, CD79a+, and CD138- large B-cells. Monoclonality was shown by Southern blot analysis. Case 2 is a 70-year-old man with massive pericardial and bilateral pleural effusion. Cytology of pericardial effusion showed infiltration of CD20+, CD45RO-, CD138-, immunoglobulin lambda chain+, and kappa chain- large B cells. In both cases, effusion resolved after drainage and no relapse has been observed. HHV-8 was not demonstrated in either case. Clinical presentation of our two cases resembled primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), but cytomorphology, immunophenotype, and prognosis were clearly distinct from those of PEL. HHV-8-negative effusion lymphomas might include prognostically favorable self-limited tumors that could regress without any cytotoxic therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Heart Neoplasms/blood
- Heart Neoplasms/pathology
- Heart Neoplasms/therapy
- Heart Neoplasms/virology
- Herpesviridae Infections
- Herpesvirus 8, Human
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/blood
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/virology
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/blood
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/pathology
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/therapy
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/virology
- Male
- Neoplasm Proteins/blood
- Pericardial Effusion/blood
- Pericardial Effusion/pathology
- Pericardial Effusion/therapy
- Pericardial Effusion/virology
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/blood
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/pathology
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/therapy
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/virology
- Remission Induction
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98
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Coomes SM, Farmen S, Wilke CA, Laouar Y, Moore BB. Severe gammaherpesvirus-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis in syngeneic bone marrow transplant mice is related to effects of transforming growth factor-β. Am J Pathol 2011; 179:2382-96. [PMID: 21924228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary infections and pneumonitis occur frequently after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Using a syngeneic mouse model of bone marrow transplantation (BMT), we have previously demonstrated that BMT mice are more susceptible to acute gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) replication at day 7 after infection. By day 21, the virus is latent in lungs of BMT and control mice, and there is no difference in viral load. Despite similar latent viral load, BMT mice develop severe pneumonitis associated with reduced oxygen saturation, fibrosis, peripheral inflammation, hyaline membranes, and foamy alveolar macrophages, a phenotype that persists for 7 weeks after infection. BMT mice demonstrate increased bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells, and this population is enriched in neutrophils and T cells. Alternatively, activated macrophages appear earlier than do classically activated macrophages. BAL fluid from BMT mice at day 21 after infection contains increased levels of hydrogen peroxide, nitrite, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Mice expressing the dominant-negative transgene dn-TGFβRII in multiple cell types were used as BMT donors. BMT mice with T-cell dnTGFβRII are largely protected from the pneumonitis phenotype, whereas mice with CD11c-dnTGFβRII BMT mice are only modestly protected from pneumonitis. Protection in BMT mice with T-cell dnTGFβRII is associated with decreased TGF-β derived from parenchymal cells in the BAL fluid, lower nitrite levels, and reduced apoptosis, whereas alternatively activated macrophage markers are unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Coomes
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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99
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Ganzel C, Rowe JM, Ruchlemer R. Primary effusion lymphoma in a HIV-negative patient associated with hypogammaglobulinemia. Am J Hematol 2011; 86:777-81. [PMID: 21630315 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.22068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
MESH Headings
- Agammaglobulinemia/etiology
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Cytodiagnosis
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Fatal Outcome
- Herpesviridae Infections
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/diagnosis
- Male
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Paracentesis
- Pleural Effusion/etiology
- Pleural Effusion/pathology
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/diagnosis
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/pathology
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/therapy
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/virology
- Pleurodesis
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/immunology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/physiopathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Sepsis/complications
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Affiliation(s)
- Chezi Ganzel
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Department of Hematology, Jerusalem, Israel.
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100
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Tsukasaki K. [Lymphoid malignancies: progress in diagnosis and treatment. Topics: I. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology--recent findings; 4. lymphoid malignancies and vires]. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2011; 100:1781-1786. [PMID: 21863753 DOI: 10.2169/naika.100.1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Tsukasaki
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
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