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Walubo A, Chan K, Wong CL. The pharmacokinetics of isoniazid and hydrazine metabolite in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits. METHODS AND FINDINGS IN EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 1991; 13:199-204. [PMID: 2051844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of isoniazid (INH) and hydrazine metabolite (HYD) in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of ten rabbits was studied after separate intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration in a crossover study. The concentrations of INH and HYD in the biological fluids were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). There was no difference in the area under plasma concentration-time curves, indicating that oral absorption was complete. The mean apparent volume of distribution after i.v. (3.02 +/- 0.55 L) was smaller (p less than 0.01) than that after p.o. (4.29 +/- 1.25 L) dosing. The elimination t1/2 of INH in CSF was longer (p less than 0.005) than that in plasma after either route of administration. There was no significant barrier to the penetration of INH into the CSF from the general circulation. The HYD plasma concentrations were similar after either route. HYD was eliminated at a slower rate (Ke = 0.17 h-1) than INH (Ke = 0.59 h-1). There was prolonged exposure of the body to HYD (greater than 6 h - above 0.1 micrograms/ml).
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Takahara K, Murray R, FitzGerald GA, Fitzgerald DJ. The response to thromboxane A2 analogues in human platelets. Discrimination of two binding sites linked to distinct effector systems. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:6836-44. [PMID: 2139029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) induces platelet shape change, secretion, and aggregation. Using a novel TXA2/prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor antagonist, [1r-[1 alpha(Z),2 beta,3 beta,5 alpha]]-(+)-7-[5-[[(1,1'- biphenyl)-4-yl]methoxy]-3-hydroxy-2-(1-piperidinyl) cyclopentyl]-4-heptenoic acid hydrochloride (GR32191), we demonstrate that these responses are mediated by at least two receptor-effector systems. GR32191 non-competitively inhibited platelet aggregation to the TXA2 mimetics, (15S)-hydroxy-11,9-(epoxymethano) prostadienoic acid (U46619) and [1S-(1 alpha,2 beta(5Z),3 alpha (1E,-3S), 4 alpha)]-7-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-(p-iodophenoxy)-1-butenyl)7- oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2yl]-5-heptenoic acid by binding irreversibly to a TXA2/prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor. Dissociation of [3H]GR32191 from human platelets demonstrated two specific binding sites, one which was rapidly dissociating and a site to which binding was essentially irreversible. Stimulation by U46619 of platelets incubated with GR32191 and subsequently washed to expose the reversible binding site failed to aggregate or to secrete [3H]5-hydroxy-tryptamine; formation of inositol phosphates and activation of protein kinase C were markedly suppressed. In contrast, platelet shape change and calcium stimulation remained at 90% of control. Furthermore, stimulation of the reversible binding site with U46619 induced aggregation in the presence of ADP, demonstrating its functional importance in amplifying the response to other agonists. These data suggest that TXA2 mediates platelet activation through at least two receptor-effector systems; one linked to phospholipase C activation, resulting in platelet aggregation and secretion and a second site mediating an increase in cytosolic calcium and platelet shape change.
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Mozayani A, Coutts RT, Danielson T. Gas chromatographic analysis of monoalkylhydrazines. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1987; 423:131-7. [PMID: 3443642 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative electron-capture gas chromatographic assay procedure was developed for the analysis of monoalkylhydrazines in biological samples. Application to the analysis of phenelzine was demonstrated. Four monoalkylhydrazines were analyzed in whole blood by reaction with pentafluorobenzaldehyde to form stable hydrazone derivatives which were extracted and subsequently reacted with pentafluoropropionic anhydride to give products which were very sensitive to electron-capture detection when analyzed by gas chromatography. Methylhydrazine, benzylhydrazine, phenelzine and pheniprazine each yielded single derivatives with this procedure suggesting that the analytical procedure has a broad application to the analysis of other monoalkylated hydrazines. The method was applied to monitor whole blood levels of phenelzine in rats treated intravenously with phenelzine sulphate.
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Smith P, Robertson JS. The reaction of oxyhemoglobin with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. J Inorg Biochem 1987; 31:247-53. [PMID: 2830366 DOI: 10.1016/0162-0134(87)80079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to elucidate the mechanism of the initiation reaction of the denaturation of oxyhemoglobin, I, to methemoglobin, II, by hydrazines, we have investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance, EPR, and visible spectrophotometry at 22 degrees C, pH 7.4, the reaction of I with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine, III, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, IV, in dimethylsulphoxide/buffer and methanol/buffer mixtures, these organic solvents included at a concentration of 10 v/v% to render III and IV soluble while not causing appreciable denaturation of I. In both buffer mixtures, the results obtained were the same. For the I/III reaction mixtures, although the spectrophotometric data obtained showed denaturation to occur, there was no EPR evidence for formation of IV, contrary to expectation based on the chemical structure of III. The EPR observations on each I/IV reaction mixture showed a rapid decrease in IV signal intensity to a value that, depending on the initial reactant concentrations, was either below the detection limit or, when measurable, constant with time. The results of similar EPR measurements on analogous II/IV reaction mixtures were the same. These EPR results are compatible with the idea that IV forms a complex with the protein moiety of I and II, and show that the I/III reaction could yield IV and thus involve a one-electron transfer process.
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Karlaganis G, Peretti E, Lauterburg BH. Analysis of isoniazid, acetylhydrazine and [15N2]acetylhydrazine in serum by capillary gas chromatography-ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1987; 420:171-7. [PMID: 3667818 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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31
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Tolvanen M, Gahmberg CG. In vitro attachment of mono- and oligosaccharides to surface glycoconjugates of intact cells. J Biol Chem 1986; 261:9546-51. [PMID: 3013895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have synthesized glycosylhydrazines of various mono- and oligosaccharides and coupled these to periodate- or galactose oxidase-treated human red cells and K562 erythroleukemia cells. The optimal conditions for this carbohydrate modification of cells have been established. This method makes it possible to specifically elongate oligosaccharide chains of cell surface glycoconjugates with desired carbohydrates. In this way, new antigenic and receptor properties can be conferred to cells, and the functional roles of carbohydrates in cell surface glycoconjugates can be studied. The method has been used to make red cells of blood group O reactive with anti-A and anti-B sera, and in rendering K562 cells or red cells of blood group O agglutinable with the alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine-specific Helix pomatia lectin.
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Ahnoff M, Ervik M, Lagerström PO, Persson BA, Vessman J. Drug level monitoring: cardiovascular drugs. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1985; 340:73-138. [PMID: 2862159 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(85)80195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Methods for the determination of cardiovascular drugs in blood and plasma are critically reviewed with emphasis on gas and liquid chromatographic techniques. The importance of the various procedures is discussed, in particular sample work-up where the conditions for isolation and derivatization of the compounds are decisive for the accuracy and precision of the methods. Compared with other assay techniques chromatographic methods are generally to be preferred owing to their better selectivity. In the review the following groups are discussed: digitalis glycosides, antiarrhythmic agents, beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, vasodilating agents, antihypertensive compounds, and diuretics.
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Bhalerao EB, Bhide SV. Levels of acetyl hydrazines and rate of acetylation of isoniazid in adult tuberculosis patients. INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1985; 29:83-8. [PMID: 4093196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis were investigated for the levels of isoniazid (INH) and its metabolites viz. acetyl-INH, mono and diacetyl hydrazines and ammonia. It was observed that 50% of the patients are slow inactivators of INH and almost all show an increase in circulating levels of NH3 at 6 hrs. Mono and diacetyl hydrazine levels in blood and urine were detectable in all the patients up+o 24 hrs though the maximum levels were observed at different intervals after the intake of INH.
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Blair IA, Mansilla Tinoco R, Brodie MJ, Clare RA, Dollery CT, Timbrell JA, Beever IA. Plasma hydrazine concentrations in man after isoniazid and hydralazine administration. HUMAN TOXICOLOGY 1985; 4:195-202. [PMID: 4007883 DOI: 10.1177/096032718500400210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
By using a specific sensitive stable-isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) assay, hydrazine was detected in the plasma of eight healthy male volunteer subjects taking isoniazid (300 mg daily) for 2 weeks. Accumulation of hydrazine occurred in slow-acetylator phenotypes. Hydrazine was also detected in the plasma of eight out of 14 hypertensive patients treated chronically with hydralazine (200 mg daily). However, the concentrations of hydrazine observed were much lower than in the isoniazid study and were close to the limit of detection. As hydrazine is hepatotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic in animals, its presence in human plasma has important toxicological implications.
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Thornalley PJ. The haemolytic reactions of 1-acetyl-2-phenylhydrazine and hydrazine: a spin trapping study. Chem Biol Interact 1984; 50:339-49. [PMID: 6086164 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(84)90041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Free radical production from the reaction of hydrazine and 1-acetyl-2-phenylhydrazine (AcPhHZ) with oxyhaemoglobin and with human red blood cells, has been observed by the electron spin resonance technique of spin trapping. Using the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO), the free radical intermediates detected depended on the hydrazine derivative, oxyhaemoglobin and the oxyhaem/hydrazine derivative concentration ratio. The reaction of hydrazine with oxyhaemoglobin in the presence of DMPO gave a nitroxide which was identified as a reduced dimer of DMPO. Whereas hydrazine-treated red blood cells, in the presence of DMPO, gave a nitroxide spin adduct which was identified as the hydroxyl radical spin adduct of DMPO, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrrolidino-1-oxyl (DMPO-OH). The reaction of AcPhHZ with oxyhaemoglobin, in the presence of DMPO, gave DMPO-OH, the phenyl radical spin adduct of DMPO, 5,5-dimethyl-2-phenylpyrrolidino-1-oxyl (DMPO-Ph) and an oxidised derivative of DMPO, 5,5-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone-1-oxyl (DMPOX). The amounts of DMPO-Ph, DMPO-OH and DMPOX observed depended on the 1-acetyl-2-phenyl-hydrazine/oxyhaemoglobin concentration ratio; DMPOX replaced DMPO-OH as the concentration of AcPhHZ was decreased. DMPOX production has been previously associated with the production of highly oxidised haem iron-oxygen intermediates. AcPhHZ treated red blood cells gave DMPO-Ph and DMPO-OH spin adducts in the presence of DMPO. DMPO had little to no effect on the rate of oxygen consumption by oxyhaemoglobin with hydrazine and AcPhHZ. Moreover, the rate of oxyhaemoglobin oxidation induced by hydrazine, was not decreased by DMPO whereas the rate of oxyhaemoglobin oxidation induced by AcPhHZ was decreased approx. 40% by DMPO. DMPO (10 mM) gave a small decrease in haemolysis and lipid peroxidation induced by 1 mM hydrazine and AcPhHZ in a 1% suspension of red blood cells.
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Noda A, Matsuyama K, Yen SH, Otsuji N, Iguchi S, Noda H. Identification of hydrazine derived from hydralazine in experimental animals. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1979; 27:1938-41. [PMID: 540361 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.27.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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37
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Ventura P, Zanol M, Visconti M, Pifferi G. Quantitative determination of propildazine in rat plasma by gas-liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1978; 161:237-42. [PMID: 730797 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)85232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the evaluation of the new anti-hypertensive drug propildazine (ISF 2123) in rat plasma is described. The procedure involves separation of the drug from plasma by cation-exchange chromatography, subsequent acylation of the dried eluate with heptafluorobutyric anhydride and quantitation with electron-capture detection. Propildazine can be determined in concentrations down to ca. 0.4 microgram/ml.
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38
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Ishii A, Deguchi T. Studies on ecarazine hydrochloride (apiracohl). II. Spectrofluorometric determination of ecarazine hydrochloride and its metabolite in plasma. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1978; 26:2241-6. [PMID: 688536 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.26.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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39
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Vickers S, Stuart EK, Hucker HB. Further studies on the metabolism of carbidopa, (minus)-L-alpha-hydrazino-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-methylbenzenepropanoic acid monohydrate, in the human, Rhesus monkey, dog, and rat. J Med Chem 1975; 18:134-8. [PMID: 804550 DOI: 10.1021/jm00236a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Major urinary metabolites of carbidopa have been identified. Estimates were made based on the recovery or radio activity or by glc analysis of pooled urine of the amounts of the urinary metabolites II (2-methyl-3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid), III (2-methyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid), IV (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetone), V [2-methyl-3-(3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxyphenyl)lactic acid], VI [2-methyl-3-(3',4-dihydroxyphenyl)lactic acid], and VII (3-hydroxy-alpha-methylphenylpropionic acid). Metabolite II represented similar to 10% of the urinary radioactivity in both man and monkey and 16% in the dog. Metabolite III represented 10, 17, and 19% of the urinary radioactivity in man, monkey, and dog. Metabolite IV represented smaller than 5% of the urinary radioactivity in human and dog. Metabolite VII represented similar to 10% of the urinary radioactivity in man and monkey. The corresponding figure for the rat was similar to 20%. In the dog, compounds V and VI represented smaller than 5% of the urinary radioactivity. It was concluded that the loss of the hydrazine functional group(probably as molecular nitrogen) represents the major metabolic pathway for carbidopa.
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Vickers S, Stuart EK. Simple, sensitive spectrophotofluorometric method for hydrazine in plasma. Anal Chem 1974; 46:138-9. [PMID: 4205986 DOI: 10.1021/ac60337a047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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41
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Mishra LC, Mead JA. Physiological disposition of 1-acetyl-2-picolinoylhydrazine (NSC68626) in rats bearing Walker carcinosarcoma 256. Cancer Res 1973; 33:2393-7. [PMID: 4741934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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42
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43
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Smith EB, Clark DA. Evaluation of tannic acid and water washes in prevention of absorption of monomethylhydrazine through skin. AEROSPACE MEDICINE 1971; 42:661-3. [PMID: 5155153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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44
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Stein ER, Clark DA, Fortney SR. Inhibition of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminases of rat liver by hydrazine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1971; 18:274-84. [PMID: 5569374 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(71)90119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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45
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Satoh T. Activation of liver tryptophan pyrrolase of rat by isocarboxazid in vivo. ENZYME 1971; 12:124-8. [PMID: 5560396 DOI: 10.1159/000459521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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46
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47
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Smith EB, Clark DA. Nomograms correlating dose of MMH with blood levels. SAM-TR-69-12. [TECHNICAL REPORT] SAM-TR. USAF SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE MEDICINE 1969:1-6. [PMID: 5317737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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48
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Smith EB, Clark DA. The absorption of monomethylhydrazine through canine skin. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 1969; 131:226-32. [PMID: 5770107 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-131-33846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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49
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Takahashi GH, Dasher CE. Effects of MMH upon the cornea and studies on the blood-aqueous barrier to MMH. AEROSPACE MEDICINE 1969; 40:279-83. [PMID: 5777674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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50
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Fillastre JP, Bieder A. [Blood hydrocarbazine concentration in normal subjects and patients having chronic renal insufficiency]. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHARMACODYNAMIE ET DE THERAPIE 1969; 177:472-85. [PMID: 5807179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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