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Kondratenko RM, Baltina LA, Baltina LA, Baschenko NZ, Tolstikov GA. [Synthesis and immunomodulating activity of new glycopeptides of glycyrrhizic acid containing residues of L-glutamic acid]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007; 32:660-6. [PMID: 17180917 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162006060136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
New glycopeptides of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) containing Glu residues and their alpha-methyl esters, gamma-methyl esters, and alpha,gamma-dimethyl esters were synthesized using N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in the presence of N-hydroxybenzotriazole or N-hydroxysuccinimide. Formation of amide bonds was observed on all the three COOH groups of GA, or selectively on the COOH groups of the GA carbohydrate part in dependence on the ratio of reagents and the reaction conditions. The GA glycopeptide with three residues of Glu(OH)-OMe at a dose of 2 mg/kg stimulated the production of antibody-forming cells in mouse spleen in comparison with the control. The GA glycopeptide containing Glu residues only in the GA carbohydrate part turned out to be an immunosuppressor. The glycopeptide of the 30-methyl ester of GA with residues of free Glu in its carbohydrate part increased the hemagglutinine titer at oral doses of 2 and 10 mg/kg. All the studied compounds had practically no effect on the delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice.
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27
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Zhang YN, Zhong XG, Zheng ZP, Hu XD, Zuo JP, Hu LH. Discovery and synthesis of new immunosuppressive alkaloids from the stem of Fissistigma oldhamii (Hemsl.) Merr. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:988-96. [PMID: 17081761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Three new alkaloids (1-3) and twenty-one known compounds were isolated from the stem of Fissistigma oldhamii (Hemsl.) Merr. which was the ruler herb in an approved Traditional Chinese herbal formula used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in China and synthesis of one new immunosuppressive alkaloid was achieved. These compounds, including the crude extracts of this herb, exhibited strong activities in the inhibition of T and B cell proliferation.
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Müller M, Kusebauch B, Liang G, Beaudry CM, Trauner D, Hertweck C. Photochemical Origin of the Immunosuppressive SNF4435C/D and Formation of Orinocin through “Polyene Splicing”. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:7835-8. [PMID: 17066387 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Vachal P, Toth LM, Hale JJ, Yan L, Mills SG, Chrebet GL, Koehane CA, Hajdu R, Milligan JA, Rosenbach MJ, Mandala S. Highly selective and potent agonists of sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 (S1P1) receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3684-7. [PMID: 16682185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel series of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonists were developed through a systematic SAR aimed to achieve high selectivity for a single member of the S1P family of receptors, S1P1. The optimized structure represents a highly S1P1-selective and efficacious agonist: S1P1/S1P2, S1P1/S1P3, S1P1/S1P4>10,000-fold, S1P1/S1P5>600-fold, while EC50 (S1P1) <0.2 nM. In vivo experiments are consistent with S1P1 receptor agonism alone being sufficient for achieving desired lymphocyte-lowering effect.
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Shen X, Wasmuth AS, Zhao J, Zhu C, Nelson SG. Catalytic Asymmetric Assembly of Stereodefined Propionate Units: An Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)-Pironetin. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:7438-9. [PMID: 16756287 DOI: 10.1021/ja061938g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Double diastereoselection in alkaloid-catalyzed acyl halide-aldehyde cyclocondensation (AAC) reactions provides a strategy for realizing syn- or anti-selective propionate aldol additions from a common reaction manifold. Matched AAC homologation of enantioenriched aldehydes afford cis-disubstituted beta-lactones as surrogates for syn aldols; the mismatched AAC reactions provide anti-selective aldols in the form of trans-disubstituted 2-oxetanones. The utility of this reaction technology in synthesis activities is exemplified in a catalytic asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-pironetin.
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Shimamura M, Okamoto N, Huang YY, Yasuoka J, Morita K, Nishiyama A, Amano Y, Mishina T. Induction of promotive rather than suppressive immune responses from a novel NKT cell repertoire Vα19 NKT cell with α-mannosyl ceramide analogues consisting of the immunosuppressant ISP-I as the sphingosine unit. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:569-76. [PMID: 16545892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2005.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A 2-substituted 2-aminopropane-1,3-diol or 2-aminoethanol is the minimum structure required for the immunosuppressive activity of ISP-I, an antibiotic isolated from the culture broth of Isaria sinclairil. A series of alpha-mannosyl ceramide (alpha-ManCer) analogues was derived from 2-substituted 2-aminopropane-1,3-diols or 2-aminoethanols in place of sphingosine. The newly synthesized glycosides were evaluated for their effects on immune responses. In contrast to the immunosuppressive activity of the precursors, the alpha-ManCer analogues induced immunopromotive responses from invariant Valpha19-Jalpha26 transgenic mouse lymphocytes more effectively than the original alpha-ManCer. Collectively, it is strongly suggested that the 2-substituted 2-aminopropane-1,3-diols and 2-aminoethanols mimic sphingosine in the alpha-ManCer analogues so that they potentially acquire specific antigenicity toward Valpha19 NKT cell, a novel NKT cell subset.
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32
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Xie W, Zou B, Pei D, Ma D. Total synthesis of cyclic tetrapeptide FR235222, a potent immunosuppressant that inhibits mammalian histone deacetylases. Org Lett 2006; 7:2775-7. [PMID: 15957944 DOI: 10.1021/ol050991r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] The total synthesis of FR235222, a potent immunosuppressant with in vivo activities, has been achieved. The key steps include assembling its (2S,9R)-2-amino-9-hydroxy-8-oxodecanoic acid residue via an olefin cross-metathesis of a methyl (R)-lactate-derived homoallyl ketone with protected allyl amino acid and constructing its trans-(2R,4S)-4-methylproline unit from protected (R)-pyroglutamic acid in seven steps.
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Harvey AJ, Baell JB, Toovey N, Homerick D, Wulff H. A new class of blockers of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 via modification of the 4- or 7-position of khellinone. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1433-41. [PMID: 16480279 DOI: 10.1021/jm050839v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 constitutes an attractive target for the selective suppression of effector memory T cells in autoimmune diseases. We have previously reported the natural product khellinone, 1a, as a versatile lead molecule and identified two new classes of Kv1.3 blockers: (i) chalcone derivatives of khellinone, and (ii) khellinone dimers linked through the 6-position. Here we describe the multiple parallel synthesis of a new class of khellinone derivatives selectively alkylated at either the 4- or 7-position via the phenolic OH and show that several chloro, bromo, methoxy, and nitro substituted benzyl derivatives inhibit Kv1.3 with submicromolar potencies. Representative examples of the most potent compounds from each subclass, 11m (5-acetyl-4-(4'-chloro)benzyloxy-6-hydroxy-7-methoxybenzofuran) and 14m (5-acetyl-7-(4'-bromo)benzyloxy-6-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzofuran), block Kv1.3 with EC50 values of 480 and 400 nM, respectively. Both compounds exhibit moderate selectivity over other Kv1-family channels and HERG, are not cytotoxic, and suppress human T cell proliferation at low micromolar concentrations.
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Abstract
An azido group was incorporated into the immunomodulatory agent FTY720, accomplishing the first synthesis of a photoactivatable analogue of this ligand (2) in 9 steps from 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol and in 34% overall yield. The key steps are formation of a primary amine at a quaternary center of aniline derivative 13 followed by selective diazotization of the arylamine.
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35
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Zhang JX, Wang JX, Zhang Y, Zuo JP, Wu JM, Sui Y, Li Y. [Synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of new artemisinin derivatives containing polyethylene glycol group]. YAO XUE XUE BAO = ACTA PHARMACEUTICA SINICA 2006; 41:65-70. [PMID: 16683530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM To search for new artemisinin derivatives with higher immunosuppressive activity. METHODS Two kinds of new artemisinin derivatives containing polyethylene glycol group were synthesized from dihydroartemisinin via condensation and esterification. These compounds were assayed for their inhibitory activity on ConA-induced T cell proliferation and LPS-induced B cell proliferation. RESULTS Twenty three new compounds (2a - 2f, 3a - 3d, 4a - 4f, 6a, 6b and 7a - 7g) were synthesized and identified by 1H NMR and elemental analysis. CONCLUSION These compounds had immunosuppressive activity in vitro. Among them, the symmetrical substituted compound 2 and 6 had higher activity than mono-substituted compound 3, 4 and 7. Especially, compounds 2a - 2f remarkably exhibited higher inhibition in comparison with artemisinin and artesunate.
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36
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Yang X, Sun Y, Xu Q, Guo Z. Synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of l-rhamnopyranosyl flavonoids. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:2483-91. [PMID: 16763696 DOI: 10.1039/b604521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Astilbin, a flavonoid isolated from different plants, shows diverse biological activities. This paper reports the synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of seven analogues of astilbin, which may shed light on the structure-activity relationship of the compounds. The following glycosyl flavonoids, 6-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyloxyflavanone (20), 3-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyloxyflavone (22), 3-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyloxyflavanone (24), 3-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyloxychromanone (26), 4-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyloxychromanol (27), 7-hydroxy-3-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyloxyflavanone (30) and 4'-hydroxy-3-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyloxyflavanone (32) were prepared respectively by glycosylation of 6-hydroxyflavanone (1), 3-hydroxyflavone (2), 3-hydroxyflavanone (5), 3-hydroxychromanone (8), 4-chromanol (9), 7-benzyloxy-3-hydroxyflavanone (12), 4'-benzyloxy-3-hydroxyflavanone (15). Among them, compounds 5, 8, 12 and 15 were synthesized from flavanone (3), 4-chromanone (6), 7-hydroxyflavanone (10) and 4'-hydroxyflavanone (13) respectively. Similar to astilbin (4), compounds 22, 24, 26, 30 and 32 significantly inhibited the single mixed lymphocytes reaction (sMLR) and enhanced the apoptosis of spleen cells isolated from mice with sheep red blood cell-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity respectively. However, compound 20 only showed a slight tendency to inhibit sMLR at higher concentration. Both compounds 20 and 27 did not influence the cell apoptosis. These data suggest that the following factors play essential roles in determining the biological activity of the flavonoids: the position at which the sugar is linked to the flavone, the presence of carbonyl on C-4 and phenol hydroxyl group in A or B ring. However, the presence of a B ring is unfavorable for the biological activity and the double bond at C2-C3 in C-ring shows little effect on the activity.
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37
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Judge AD, Bola G, Lee ACH, MacLachlan I. Design of noninflammatory synthetic siRNA mediating potent gene silencing in vivo. Mol Ther 2005; 13:494-505. [PMID: 16343994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted silencing of disease-associated genes by synthetic short interfering RNA (siRNA) holds considerable promise as a novel therapeutic strategy. However, unmodified siRNA can be potent triggers of the innate immune response, particularly when associated with delivery vehicles that facilitate intracellular uptake. This represents a significant barrier to the therapeutic development of siRNA due to toxicity and off-target gene effects associated with this inflammatory response. Here we show that immune stimulation by synthetic siRNA can be completely abrogated by selective incorporation of 2'-O-methyl (2'OMe) uridine or guanosine nucleosides into one strand of the siRNA duplex. These noninflammatory siRNA, containing less than 20% modified nucleotides, can be readily generated without disrupting their gene-silencing activity. We show that, coupled with an effective systemic delivery vehicle, 2'OMe-modified siRNA targeting apolipoprotein B (apoB) can mediate potent silencing of its target mRNA, causing significant decreases in serum apoB and cholesterol. This is achieved at therapeutically viable siRNA doses without cytokine induction, toxicity, or off-target effects associated with the use of unmodified siRNA. This approach to siRNA design and delivery should prove widely applicable and represents an important step in advancing synthetic siRNA into a broad range of therapeutic areas.
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Leban J, Kralik M, Mies J, Gassen M, Tentschert K, Baumgartner R. SAR, species specificity, and cellular activity of cyclopentene dicarboxylic acid amides as DHODH inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4854-7. [PMID: 16143532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2005] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel DHODH inhibitors were developed based on a previously described series by introduction of heteroatoms into the cyclopentene ring and hydroxyl groups attached to it. Also, the hydrophobic biphenyl side chain was replaced with benzyloxy phenyl groups. Activities on human, rat, and mouse enzymes indicate a species specificity of these inhibitors.
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Clemens JJ, Davis MD, Lynch KR, Macdonald TL. Synthesis of 4(5)-phenylimidazole-based analogues of sphingosine-1-phosphate and FTY720: discovery of potent S1P1 receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3568-72. [PMID: 15982878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The novel immunosuppressant FTY720 has been demonstrated to elicit immunomodulating effects via interaction with the G-protein coupled receptor S1P(1). FTY720 induced agonism at the S1P(3) receptor, however, has been shown to result in mild bradycardia, a minor side-effect of initial FTY720 therapy. This report describes the synthesis of several potent 4(5)-phenylimidazole-based S1P(1) receptor agonists that are accompanied by poor agonist activity at S1P(3). For instance, compound 20 displayed an EC(50)=4.7+/-1.3 nM at the S1P(1) receptor and EC(50)=780+/-1.3 nM at the S1P(3) receptor using a [gamma-(35)S]GTP-binding assay as compared to phospho-FTY720 (S1P(1): EC(50)=1.3+/-1.3nM, S1P(3): EC(50)=2.0+/-2.4 nM).
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Li Z, Chen W, Hale JJ, Lynch CL, Mills SG, Hajdu R, Keohane CA, Rosenbach MJ, Milligan JA, Shei GJ, Chrebet G, Parent SA, Bergstrom J, Card D, Forrest M, Quackenbush EJ, Wickham LA, Vargas H, Evans RM, Rosen H, Mandala S. Discovery of Potent 3,5-Diphenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole Sphingosine-1-phosphate-1 (S1P1) Receptor Agonists with Exceptional Selectivity against S1P2 and S1P3. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6169-73. [PMID: 16190743 DOI: 10.1021/jm0503244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A class of 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole based compounds have been identified as potent sphingosine-1-phosphate-1 (S1P1) receptor agonists with minimal affinity for the S1P2 and S1P3 receptor subtypes. Analogue 26 (S1P1 IC50 = 0.6 nM) has an excellent pharmacokinetics profile in the rat and dog and is efficacious in a rat skin transplant model, indicating that S1P3 receptor agonism is not a component of immunosuppressive efficacy.
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41
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Schmitz A, Sankaranarayanan A, Azam P, Schmidt-Lassen K, Homerick D, Hänsel W, Wulff H. Design of PAP-1, a selective small molecule Kv1.3 blocker, for the suppression of effector memory T cells in autoimmune diseases. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:1254-70. [PMID: 16099841 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.015669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphocyte K+ channel Kv1.3 constitutes an attractive pharmacological target for the selective suppression of terminally differentiated effector memory T (TEM) cells in T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. Unfortunately, none of the existing small-molecule Kv1.3 blockers is selective, and many of them, such as correolide, 4-phenyl-4-[3-(methoxyphenyl)-3-oxo-2-azapropyl]cyclohexanone, and our own compound Psora-4 inhibit the cardiac K+ channel Kv1.5. By further exploring the structure-activity relationship around Psora-4 through a combination of traditional medicinal chemistry and whole-cell patch-clamp, we identified a series of new phenoxyalkoxypsoralens that exhibit 2- to 50-fold selectivity for Kv1.3 over Kv1.5, depending on their exact substitution pattern. The most potent and "drug-like" compound of this series, 5-(4-phenoxybutoxy)psoralen (PAP-1), blocks Kv1.3 in a use-dependent manner, with a Hill coefficient of 2 and an EC50 of 2 nM, by preferentially binding to the C-type inactivated state of the channel. PAP-1 is 23-fold selective over Kv1.5, 33- to 125-fold selective over other Kv1-family channels, and 500- to 7500-fold selective over Kv2.1, Kv3.1, Kv3.2, Kv4.2, HERG, calcium-activated K+ channels, Na+,Ca2+, and Cl- channels. PAP-1 does not exhibit cytotoxic or phototoxic effects, is negative in the Ames test, and affects cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes only at micromolar concentrations. PAP-1 potently inhibits the proliferation of human TEM cells and suppresses delayed type hypersensitivity, a TEM cell-mediated reaction, in rats. PAP-1 and several of its derivatives therefore constitute excellent new tools to further explore Kv1.3 as a target for immunosuppression and could potentially be developed into orally available immunomodulators.
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Watanabe K, Iwasaki K, Abe T, Inoue M, Ohkubo K, Suzuki T, Katoh T. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)-Candelalide A, a Novel Blocker of the Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Kv1.3 for an Immunosuppressive Agent. Org Lett 2005; 7:3745-8. [PMID: 16092865 DOI: 10.1021/ol051398c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A convergent route to (-)-candelalide A involved the union of a trans-decalin portion (AB ring) and a gamma-pyrone moiety through the C16-C3' bond to assemble the whole carbon framework and subsequent formation of the dihydropyran ring (C ring) as the crucial steps. A strategic [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement was employed for establishing the stereogenic center at C9 and an exo-methylene function at C8 present in the decalin portion. [reaction: see text]
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Huxley P, Sutton DH, Debnam P, Matthews IR, Brewer JE, Rose J, Trickett M, Williams DD, Andersen TB, Classon BJ. High-affinity small molecule inhibitors of T cell costimulation: compounds for immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:1651-8. [PMID: 15610849 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Costimulatory molecules are important regulators of T cell activation and thus favored targets for therapeutic manipulation of immune responses. One of the key costimulatory receptors is CD80, which binds the T cell ligands, CD28, and CTLA-4. We describe a set of small compounds that bind with high specificity and low nanomolar affinity to CD80. The compounds have relatively slow off-rates and block both CD28 and CTLA-4 binding, implying that they occlude the shared ligand binding site. The compounds inhibit proinflammatory cytokine release in T cell assays with submicromolar potency, and as such, they represent promising leads for the development of novel therapeutics for immune-mediated inflammatory disease. Our results also suggest that other predominantly beta proteins, such as those that dominate the cell surface, may also be accessible as potentially therapeutic targets.
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Yang ZS, Zhou WL, Sui Y, Wang JX, Wu JM, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, He PL, Han JY, Tang W, Li Y, Zuo JP. Synthesis and Immunosuppressive Activity of New Artemisinin Derivatives. 1. [12(β or α)-Dihydroartemisininoxy]phen(ox)yl Aliphatic Acids and Esters. J Med Chem 2005; 48:4608-17. [PMID: 15999998 DOI: 10.1021/jm048979c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel dihydroartemisinin derivatives were synthesized and evaluated on their immunosuppressive activity in the search for potential immunosuppressive agents with high efficacy and low toxicity. These compounds were assayed in their cytotoxicity of lymphocyte, inhibition activity on concanavalin A (ConA) induced T cell proliferation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced B cell proliferation. Among them, 11b, 13b, 14d, 15b, 16, and 17 remarkably exhibited lower cytotoxicity and higher inhibition activity on the mitogen-induced T cell and B cell proliferation in comparison with artemisinin, artesunate, and artemether in vitro. More significantly, compound 11b displayed reduced cytotoxicity by over 100-fold compared with cyclosporin A (CsA) and comparable inhibition activity (SI = 848) on ConA-induced T cell proliferation to CsA (SI = 963) and more than 4000 times the inhibitory effect (SI = 28473) on LPS-induced B cell proliferation compared with CsA (SI = 7) in vitro. The in vivo experimental results showed that compound 16 could inhibit 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction and sheep red blood cell (SRBC) induced antibody production, respectively. The structure and activity relationships (SAR) of these compounds were also discussed.
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Zubrzak P, Banaś A, Kaczmarek K, Leplawy MT, Sochacki M, Kowalski ML, Szkudlińska B, Zabrocki J, Di Lello P, Isernia C, Saviano M, Pedone C, Benedetti E. Analogues of cyclolinopeptide A containing alpha-hydroxymethyl amino acid residues. Biopolymers 2005; 80:347-56. [PMID: 15614802 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Linear and cyclic cyclolinopeptide A (CLA) analogues containing alpha-hydroxymethylleucine (HmL) in positions 1, 4, and 1&4, and alpha-hydroxymethylvaline (HmV) in position 5, were synthesized by the solid-phase peptide strategy and cyclized with the 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide/1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (EDC/HOAt) reagent. The peptides were examined for their immunosuppressive activity in the lymphocyte proliferation assays (LPA). Only HmL-containing peptides demonstrated at about 25% lower immunosuppressive activity, but they are four times more soluble in water solutions than the native CLA. It seems from the LPA results that peptide [(HmL4)CLA] is the most promising for further studies. This peptide was characterized in solution, at room temperature in CDCl3, and the conformation compared with that observed for CLA in the solid state.
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46
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Ye XS, Sun F, Liu M, Li Q, Wang Y, Zhang G, Zhang LH, Zhang XL. Synthetic Iminosugar Derivatives as New Potential Immunosuppressive Agents. J Med Chem 2005; 48:3688-91. [PMID: 15916418 DOI: 10.1021/jm050169t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several iminosugar derivatives were synthesized, and their effects on the secretion of IL-4 and IFN-gamma from the mouse splenocytes were examined. The effects on membrane expression of other T cell-associated molecules (CD3, CD4, CD8) and B cell-associated molecules (CD19) were also investigated. The experimental data demonstrated that synthetic iminosugars hold potential as immunosuppressive agents.
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47
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Pritchard DI. Sourcing a chemical succession for cyclosporin from parasites and human pathogens. Drug Discov Today 2005; 10:688-91. [PMID: 15896681 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(05)03395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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48
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Bellner L, Thorén F, Nygren E, Liljeqvist JA, Karlsson A, Eriksson K. A proinflammatory peptide from herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein G affects neutrophil, monocyte, and NK cell functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:2235-41. [PMID: 15699157 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.4.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a synthetic peptide derived from the secreted portion of HSV type 2 glycoprotein G, denoted gG-2p20, which has proinflammatory properties in vitro. The gG-2p20 peptide, corresponding to aa 190-205 of glycoprotein G-2, was a chemoattractant for both monocytes and neutrophils in a dose-dependent fashion, and also induced the release of reactive oxygen from these cells. The receptor mediating the responses was identified as the formyl peptide receptor. The gG-2p20-induced activation of phagocytes had a profound impact on NK cell functions. The reactive oxygen species produced by gG-2p20-activated phagocytes both inhibited NK cell cytotoxicity and accelerated the apoptotic cell death in NK cell-enriched lymphocyte populations. Hence, we have for the first time been able to identify a potential function of the secreted portion of HSV-2 glycoprotein G. We propose that the proinflammatory gG-2p20 peptide identified could contribute to a reduced function and viability of NK cells during HSV-2 infection due to its ability to recruit and activate phagocytic cells.
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Hale JJ, Yan L, Neway WE, Hajdu R, Bergstrom JD, Milligan JA, Shei GJ, Chrebet GL, Thornton RA, Card D, Rosenbach M, Mandala S. Synthesis, stereochemical determination and biochemical characterization of the enantiomeric phosphate esters of the novel immunosuppressive agent FTY720. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:4803-7. [PMID: 15336258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The novel immunosuppressive agent FTY720 (1) is phosphorylated in vivo in a variety of species yielding an active metabolite that is an agonist of four of the five known G-protein-coupled sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. A synthesis amenable to producing gram quantities of the stereoisomeric phosphate esters, a determination of their absolute stereochemistry via an enantioselective synthesis and their characterization as S1P receptor agonists and antagonists is reported.
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Murata K, Toba T, Nakanishi K, Takahashi B, Yamamura T, Miyake S, Annoura H. Total Synthesis of an Immunosuppressive Glycolipid, (2S,3S,4R)-1-O- (α-d-Galactosyl)-2- tetracosanoylamino-1,3,4-nonanetriol. J Org Chem 2005; 70:2398-401. [PMID: 15760242 DOI: 10.1021/jo048151y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A practical and efficient total synthesis of (2S,3S,4R)-1-O-(alpha-d-galactosyl)-2-tetracosanoylamino-1,3,4-nonanetriol, OCH 1b, a potential therapeutic candidate for Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases, is described. The synthesis incorporates direct alkylation onto epoxide 5 and stereospecific halide ion catalyzed alpha-glycosidation reaction. A key intermediate 10 was obtained in only eight steps and 37% overall yield from commercially available d-arabitol 2, and the total synthesis of 1b was accomplished in 12 steps and 19% overall yield. This method will enable the synthesis of a variety of phytosphingolipids, especially that with the shorter sphingosine side chain than 1a, in a highly stereoselective manner.
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