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Sharma JM. Delayed replication of Marek's disease virus following in ovo inoculation during late stages of embryonal development. Avian Dis 1987; 31:570-6. [PMID: 2823773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Several oncogenic and non-oncogenic isolates of Marek's disease virus (MDV) were inoculated into embryonated eggs on embryonation day (ED) 16 to 18, and embryos or chicks hatching from inoculated eggs were examined for infectious virus and viral internal antigen (VIA) in lymphoid organs. There was no evidence of extensive replication of MDV in any of the embryonic tissues examined. Levels of VIA peaked 4-5 days after chicks hatched. This indicated that MDV remained inactive during embryonation and did not initiate pathogenic events until chicks hatched. Because HVT replicated rapidly in the embryo but MDV did not, in ovo inoculation of HVT simultaneously with oncogenic MDV or several days after MDV resulted in significant protection (P less than 0.025) of hatched chicks against Marek's disease (MD). Little protection was obtained if HVT was given simultaneously with MDV or after MDV to chicks already hatched. The relative susceptibility of the embryo to extensive replication of the vaccine virus but not the challenge virus apparently accounted for protection against MD in chicks hatching from dually infected eggs.
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Pradhan HK, Mohanty GC, Mukit A, Pattnaik B. Experimental studies on Marek's disease in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Avian Dis 1987; 31:225-33. [PMID: 3039961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Day-old quails experimentally infected with Marek's disease (MD) virus of quail origin developed lymphoid tumors. The severity of the disease increased considerably with serial passage. Tumor transplants could be made with cells derived from gross tumors in skeletal muscles, spleen cells, and blood from MD-affected quails. After five to six serial transplants, the tumor could not be transplanted further. Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen (MATSA) was demonstrated in lymphoid cells of spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes of MD-affected quails. The MATSA of quail differed from the MATSA of chicken. Chickens were susceptible to MD virus isolated and propagated in quails.
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Davidson I, Maray T, Malkinson M, Becker Y. Detection of Marek's disease virus antigens and DNA in feathers from infected chickens. J Virol Methods 1986; 13:231-44. [PMID: 3016019 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(86)90017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two novel tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and dot-blot hybridization, were developed to detect and quantify the antigens and DNA of Marek's disease virus (MDV) in feather tips from infected chickens. In both methods, buffered extracts of the feathers served as the same test material. The ELISA technique was compared to the conventional agar-gel precipitation (AGP) test, using the same convalescent serum from a MDV-infected bird. Of 86 feather samples tested, 34 were negative by both methods, while 6 out of 52 were ELISA positive but AGP negative. Viral antigen detection by the AGP and ELISA methods was compared with the detection of MDV DNA by the dot-blot DNA hybridization technique. At an ELISA reading (OD 405) of 0.3 and above, only 5 out of 48 DNA extracts failed to hybridize with the MDV-DNA probe. The use of the radioactively labelled MDV-DNA probe for hybridization with DNA extracts from feather tips of MDV-infected chickens was both sensitive and specific, and there was good correlation among the different tests.
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Pol JM, Kok GL, Oei HL, de Boer GF. Pathogenicity studies with plaque-purified preparations of Marek's disease virus strain CVI-988. Avian Dis 1986; 30:271-5. [PMID: 3015112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of Marek's disease (MD) strain CVI-988 vaccine, eight plaque-purified preparations originating from this strain, and the vaccine HVT FC126 (based on herpesvirus of turkeys) was determined by intramuscular administration of high virus doses to day-old specific-pathogen-free Rhode Island Red (RIR) chickens, which are extremely MD-susceptible. Paralysis and neuritis were observed in 88% of RIR chickens inoculated with MDV CVI-988 at the cell-passage level of the commercial vaccine. HVT FC126 caused paralysis in two of 39 RIR chickens tested, of which one had an endoneural lymphoma, and another three had endoneural inflammation. Five plaque-purified MDV CVI-988 virus preparations at various cell-culture-passage levels caused no lesions. Of another three clones, two caused inflammatory B-type lesions in the nerves of 1/10 chickens, and the third clone caused inflammatory nonneoplastic MD lesions in the liver of 1/11 chickens.
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von Bülow V, Rudolph R, Fuchs B. [Enhanced pathenogicity of chicken anemia agent (CAA) in dual infections with Marek's disease virus (MDV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) or reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV)]. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1986; 33:93-116. [PMID: 3014789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Calnek BW, Schat KA, Ross LJ, Chen CL. Further characterization of Marek's disease virus-infected lymphocytes. II. In vitro infection. Int J Cancer 1984; 33:399-406. [PMID: 6321365 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910330319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte cultures from chicken spleens had been shown to be susceptible to in vitro infection by Marek's disease virus (MDV)4 in an earlier report from this laboratory. In that study, virus infection was evidenced by virus isolation and detection of viral internal antigen (VIA) 2 days post inoculation (DPI), and serial passage was accomplished by adding fresh spleen cells at 2-day intervals. The susceptible cells were identified as bursa-derived lymphocytes (B cells). Using a dual fluorescence technique to identify surface markers for B cells, thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) or Ia antigen on VIA-positive cells, we have now shown that a small proportion (generally less than 10%) of VIA-positive cells observed 2 DPI are T cells, and that a low level of infection can be maintained by serial passage of MDV in cultures totally free of B cells. Most infected T cells in this study had Ia antigen. As the incubation period for infected cultures was extended from 2 to 4 or 5 days, the average number of viable cells decreased but the percentage of viable cells infected with MDV (VIA-positive) increased. Also, both the proportion and the actual number of infected T cells increased, significantly more so in cultures from genetically susceptible P-2 donors than from resistant N-2 donors. Spleen-cell cultures from resistant Line 6 chickens were markedly less susceptible than those from susceptible Line 7 chickens to in vitro MDV infection, as assessed by numbers of VIA-positive cells at 5 DPI.
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Calnek BW, Schat KA, Ross LJ, Shek WR, Chen CL. Further characterization of Marek's disease virus-infected lymphocytes. I. In vivo infection. Int J Cancer 1984; 33:389-98. [PMID: 6321364 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910330318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports from this laboratory identified bursa-derived lymphocytes (B cells) and non-B cells as the predominant cell types respectively involved in the early cytolytic and subsequent latent infection of chickens with Marek's disease virus (MDV). It was not known whether these differences were qualitative or quantitative or if the method for detection of latent infection (viral antigen production after 48 h of in vitro cultivation) was sensitive enough. To further define the cells involved in the various phases of MDV infection, we used monoclonal antibodies which specifically react with B cells, or T cells, or la-antigen-bearing cells. Dual fluorescence tests to detect surface markers and viral internal antigen (VIA) were conducted with infected spleen cells freshly collected from MDV-infected chickens or after in vitro cultivation of those cells. The same antibodies were also used for a rosetting procedure to yield fractions enriched or depleted of T cells, B cells or la-bearing cells. These were examined directly for viral DNA by in situ hybridization or dot blot DNA hybridization and for VIA cultivation. We learned that infected T cells also comprise part of the early cytolytic phase of MDV infection but constitute a minority population (approximately 2-3%) compared to B cells (83-92%) at 3 or 4 days post infection. Latently infected cells were definitively identified as mostly la-bearing T cells, although a few (2-4%) were B cells. Prior to in vitro cultivation, latently infected cells apparently had insufficient viral DNA for detection by in situ hybridization, but the more sensitive dot blot procedure revealed viral DNA in fractions later found positive by VIA expression after in vitro cultivation. Viral DNA replication in latently infected cells apparently had occurred after 48 h cultivation because in situ hybridization detected infected cells at that time. Treatment of cell cultures with iodo-deoxyuridine, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate or n-butyrate failed to increase the number of spleen cells which expressed VIA.
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Matsuda H, Okamoto J, Sekiya Y, Yamada M, Uno F, Murata M, Nii S. In vivo characteristics of a transplantable Marek's disease lymphoblastoid cell line, MDCC-MSB1-41C. Avian Dis 1983; 27:992-1001. [PMID: 6316900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A Marek's disease (MD) lymphoblastoid cell line, MDCC-MSB1-41C, was highly transplantable and lethal for chickens. Autopsies showed extensive metastasis in various organs. The transplantabilities of the parent cell line, MDCC-MSB1, and another derivative line, MDCC-MSB1-33C, were transient. MD virus (MDV) could be isolated from the kidneys but not from the peripheral blood leukocytes of chickens inoculated with the MSB1-41C cell line. In addition, anti-MDV antibodies were produced both in chickens inoculated with this cell line and in controls raised with inoculated chickens, but several attempts to isolate MDV from this cell line in vitro failed.
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35
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Liu XF, Lee LF. Kinetics of phytohemagglutinin response in chickens infected with various strains of Marek's disease virus. Avian Dis 1983; 27:660-6. [PMID: 6314973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) response of whole blood lymphocytes from white leghorn inbred line 7(2) chickens infected with various strains of Marek's disease virus (MDV) was monitored sequentially for 6 weeks postinfection. A significant difference between JM and GA strains was shown. A two-phase depression in the PHA response was observed in chickens infected with the JM strain. Early depression occurred 1 week postinfection and was followed by recovery a week later. The second depression occurred at 4 weeks postinfection and lasted until the end of the experiment. The GA strain-infected group, on the other hand, began to show depression 4 weeks postinfection, and most chickens died within a short time thereafter. PHA response of chickens infected with strain Md11/75C, attenuated in cell culture from highly virulent strain Md11, was almost the same as that of control chickens.
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36
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Witter RL. Characteristics of Marek's disease viruses isolated from vaccinated commercial chicken flocks: association of viral pathotype with lymphoma frequency. Avian Dis 1983; 27:113-32. [PMID: 6303287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-three Marek's disease (MD) virus (MDV) isolates were obtained from turkey-herpesvirus-vaccinated broiler or layer flocks with excessive MD losses, from control field flocks without excessive MD losses, and from laboratory collections. Twelve isolates were typed as very virulent (vvMDVs) on the basis of excessive pathogenicity for vaccinated chickens, 31 were typed as virulent (vMDVs), and 10 were typed as nonpathogenic (npMDVs). The npMDVs could be distinguished from turkey herpesviruses by cultural and serologic criteria. Compared with standard vMDVs, the vvMDVs appeared clearly more pathogenic; they caused greater depression in body and bursal weights and induced more deaths through the early mortality syndrome, more lymphomas, and more visceral and fewer neural lymphomas in susceptible and resistant chickens. However, no antigenic differences between vvMDVs and vMDVs were detected. The vvMDVs were obtained from both broiler and layer flocks in five widely separated states but may only recently have become prevalent, since none were represented among 10 MDV isolates obtained before 1975. The frequency of isolation of vvMDVs from flocks with excessive MD losses (9/27) was threefold higher than that from control flocks (1/10), suggesting an association of this viral pathotype with vaccine breaks. The npMDVs were also widely distributed but were isolated only from control flocks, thus suggesting that npMDVs may augment turkey-herpesvirus-induced vaccinal immunity.
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Dubois-Dalcq M, Rentier B, Hooghe-Peters E, Haspel MV, Knobler RL, Holmes K. Acute and persistent viral infections of differentiated nerve cells. REVIEWS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1982; 4:999-1014. [PMID: 6755617 PMCID: PMC7792929 DOI: 10.1093/clinids/4.5.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Within the nervous system the highly specialized structure and function of nerve cells renders the pathogenesis of viral infections amazingly complex. In vivo and in vitro studies reveal that viruses may display tropism for distinct types of cells such as neurons, myelin-forming cells, or astrocytes. In neurons, RNA viruses mature in the cell body and in dendrites close to synapses, from which they can spread to synaptic endings. Undefined host factors and stage of differentiation may favor defective viral assembly, which, in turn, results in persistent infections of neurons. In myelin-forming cells, lytic infection results is persistent infections of neurons. In myelin-forming cells, lytic infection results in degeneration of myelin and, consequently, in altered conduction in those axons that are ensheathed by a myelin-forming cell. In addition, breakdown of myelin may induce an autoimmune response, which then leads to further demyelination. Autoimmune demyelination may also occur when glial cells other than myelin-forming cells are infected. Astrocytes are prone to persistent infection or viral transformation.
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38
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Settnes OP. Marek's disease. A common naturally herpesvirus-induced lymphoma of the chicken. Aspects of pathology, virology, immunology and genetics in relation to contemporary biomedical research. A comprehensive review. NORDISK VETERINAERMEDICIN 1982; 34:suppl 1-132. [PMID: 6183638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
The Landry-Guillain-Barré syndrome (LGBS) is a demyelinating disorder of the peripheral nervous system frequently preceded by infection with common viruses. Most prevalent among these agents are herpesviruses, particularly Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). The specific role played by antecedent viral infection in the pathogenesis of the LGBS remains obscure. In this regard, recent studies of Marek's disease (MD) neuropathy, an avian herpesvirus-induced experimental model for the LGBS, may provide insight. The autoimmune pattern of demyelination seen in MD neuropathy is histopathologically indistinguishable from that seen in the LGBS. In this paper, a comprehensive theory is discussed regarding the pathogenetic mechanisms that may be operative in the LGBS.
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Powell PC, Lee LF, Mustill BM, Rennie M. The mechanism of genetic resistance to Marek's disease in chickens. Int J Cancer 1982; 29:169-74. [PMID: 6277808 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910290210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Genetic resistance to Marek's disease in RPL line-6 chickens is expressed not only at the level of host immunological responses against virus an tumour antigens, but also at the level of target lymphoid cells for virus infection and transformation. The nature of the target cell involved was investigated. Spleen cells from susceptible line-7 chickens adsorbed more Marek's disease virus and turkey herpesvirus in vitro than line-6 spleen cells. In the case of Marek's disease virus this was reflected in the replicative ability of the virus in vivo. Transplantation of thymus fragments from 1-day-old line-7 chickens into thymectomized line-6 chickens conferred a high degree of susceptibility on the latter, but the transplantation of spleen or fragments had no significant effect. The reverse procedure, i.e. grafting of line-6 thymi into line-7 chickens, did not diminish the susceptibility of the recipients. In each treatment group the observed titres of leukocyte-associated viraemia correlated with the susceptibility of the group to Marek's disease. Histologically the grafted thymus fragments became depleted of lymphocytes immediately after transplantation. By 6 days there was substantial recovery, apparently as a result of re-population of the thymic epithelium by host stem cells. This was confirmed by transplanting thymus fragments between individuals of opposite sexes. Karyotype analysis showed that the thymus contained lymphocytes of the sex of the recipient. However, karyotype analysis of lymphoma cells taken from recipient line-6 chickens that had received thymus grafts from line-7 birds of the opposite sex showed that, in the majority of cases, the lymphomas consisted of cells of donor origin. It is concluded that the susceptibility of line-7 chickens is largely attributable to the greater susceptibility of their T-lymphocytes to infection and transformation by Marek's disease virus, and that this susceptibility can be transferred to genetically resistant line-6 birds by adoptive transfer of the cells in the form of thymus fragments.
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41
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Sharma JM, Burmester BR. Resistance to Marek's disease at hatching in chickens vaccinated as embryos with the turkey herpesvirus. Avian Dis 1982; 26:134-49. [PMID: 6284106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chickens vaccinated with herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) as 18-day embryos or at hatching were challenged as neonates with pathogenic Marek's disease (MD) virus (MDV). Embryonally vaccinated chickens had much greater resistant to challenge than chickens vaccinated post-hatch. Embryos became readily infected with HVT regardless of whether the vaccine was deposited into the body of the embryo or extraembryonally, such as in the amniotic sac. Embryonally vaccinated chickens were viremic with HVT at hatching and remained persistently viremic through the duration of the experiment. The titer of recoverable virus was higher in the embryonally vaccinated chickens than in the chickens vaccinated post-hatch. Embryonal vaccination did not affect hatchability. Vaccination at any stage of embryonation tested protected better against neonatal challenge than did vaccination at hatching. Protection against an early challenge was greatest when the embryos were 17 or 18 days old at the time of vaccination. Lower protection in chickens vaccinated as 11-day embryos was not due to humoral immunologic tolerance. Chickens vaccinated at the 11th day of embryonation were poorly protected against MDV challenge at three or eight days of age but were well protected if the challenge was delayed until the 14th day of age.
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Ross NL, DeLorbe W, Varmus HE, Bishop JM, Brahic M, Haase A. Persistence and expression of Marek's disease virus DNA in tumour cells and peripheral nerves studied by in situ hybridization. J Gen Virol 1981; 57:285-96. [PMID: 6275026 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-57-2-285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We have used cloned fragments of Marek's disease virus (MDV) DNA and in situ hybridization to search for virus DNA and study its expression in infected chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF), lymphoblastoid cell lines, tumours and neural lesions. DNA from the HPRS 16/att strain of MDV was cleaved with EcoRI endonuclease and several fragments were cloned in Escherichia coli using the vector PBR322. Seven fragments ranging in size from 2.6 to 11 kbp representing approx. 25% of the MDV genome were labelled in vitro and annealed to EcoRI digests of DNA from infected cells and tumours following separation and transfer according to the Southern blotting procedure. Most of the selected MDV DNA fragments hybridized to fragments of corresponding sizes in EcoRI digests of DNA from cell lines and tumours and failed to hybridize to digests of uninfected chick cell DNA. In situ hydridization using 3H-labelled DNA with specific activity of 10(8) d/min/microgram as probe showed intranuclear MDV DNA in infected CEF, in every cell of two lymphoblastoid cell lines and in the majority of infiltrating or proliferating lymphoid cells found in type 'A' lesions of grossly enlarged peripheral nerves. Both intranuclear and cytoplasmic RNA were detected in cells that contained virus DNA. However, comparatively little virus RNA appears to be transcribed in cell lines and in infected tissues from the regions of virus DNA (25% of genome) used as probe in this study. Our results favour the hypothesis that the accumulation of lymphoid cells in nerves is not the result of an inflammatory response to infected nerve cells but is rather the consequence of proliferating transformed cells.
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Calnek BW, Shek WR, Schat KA. Spontaneous and induced herpesvirus genome expression in Marek's disease tumor cell lines. Infect Immun 1981; 34:483-91. [PMID: 6273319 PMCID: PMC350892 DOI: 10.1128/iai.34.2.483-491.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We incubated 31 newly established Marek's disease tumor cell lines at 41 degrees C for 48 h after subculturing and then examined them to determine the spontaneous rates of expression of viral internal antigen(s), viral membrane antigen(s), and virus isolation. All but two of the lines were isolated from tumors induced by clone-purified Marek's disease virus strain JM-10, GA-5, RB-1B, and BC-1A in nine different genetic strains of chickens with defined histocompatibility antigens. The line-to-line variations in the rates of spontaneous expression for the antigens or virus rescue were great, but the levels of expression were very low in most cases. The median rates of expression for viral internal antigen, viral membrane antigen, and virus isolation were 32, 8, and 2 positive cells per 10(5) cells, respectively (ranges, 0 to 20,280, 0 to 22,990, and 0 to 220 positive cells per 10(5) cells, respectively). The ratio of viral internal antigen expression to virus isolation was extremely variable and often high, whereas the ratio of viral internal antigen to viral membrane antigen expression was more consistent and generally low. The virus strain which induced the cell line influenced the level of virus genome expression, but the cell genotype did not. Cell lines transformed by JM-10 virus, which exhibited low oncogenicity, had significantly (p less than 0.01) higher rates of expression than cell lines transformed by CA-5 and RB-1B viruses, which exhibited high oncogenicity. Treatment with iododeoxyuridine or incubation at 37 degrees C induced increased rates of expression in most lines but not in all lines. The degree of enhanced expression was inversely proportional to the rate of spontaneous expression.
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Murthy KK, Calnek BW. Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen (MATSA) in resistant versus susceptible chickens. Avian Dis 1979; 23:831-7. [PMID: 232656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of MATSA-bearing cells in the spleens of genetically susceptible (P-line) and resistant (N-line) chickens followed similar patterns at 4 and 6 days postinoculation (PI), with 4 to 10% of the cells positive in indirect fluorescent-antibody tests. Levels of MATSA-positive cells at 10, 14, and 21 days PI continued at 6-8% in P-line birds but dropped from about 8% to below 1 or 2% in N-line birds. This pattern was seen also in virus-isolation rates from the same spleen samples. Viral internal antigens (VIA) were seen equally and with decreasing incidence in both groups at 4-10 days PI. VIA were not detected at 14 days but reappeared at 21 days, with higher levels in P-lines than inN-lines. It was concluded that genetic resistance to Marek's disease is not related to events which result in production of the putative tumor antigen, MATSA, but rather to host-controlled factors which terminate those events.
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Moriguchi R, Izawa H. Marek's disease in chickens: correlation of Marek's disease with nuclear-inclusion formation in feather-follicle epithelium. Avian Dis 1979; 23:547-54. [PMID: 230801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of nuclear-inclusion (NI) formation in feather-follicle epithelium of chickens inoculated with Marek's disease virus (with or without prior immunization with turkey herpesvirus) could be divided into two patterns: 1) transient NI formation at the initial stage postchallenge; and 2) persistent NI formation. Incidence of Marek's disease was closely correlated with the dynamics of NI formation. Active NI formation recurred in chickens showing pattern 2 and was closely related to the incidence of nerve lesions.
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Crittenden LB, Witter RL, Okazaki W, Neiman PE. Lymphoid neoplasms in chicken flocks free of infection with exogenous avian tumor viruses. J Natl Cancer Inst 1979; 63:191-200. [PMID: 221715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 4,500 breeding female chickens of nine inbred lines maintained under specific-pathogen-free conditions to approximately 500 days of age were studied. Routine monitoring and special assays indicated that they were free of infection by exogenous viruses of the leukosis-sarcoma and the reticuloendotheliosis groups. Some birds were maintained free of Marek's disease (MD) virus infection in plastic isolators, and others were maintained in conventional chicken houses and vaccinated with the herpesvirus of turkeys to prevent the lesions of MD. Ten birds bearing lymphoid tumors were observed in two sublines of one line of chickens known to produce embryos that spontaneously produce Rous-associated virus, type 0 (RAV-O), an endogenous virus of the chicken. Four tumors were found in chickens of one subline maintained free of MD virus infection in isolators. These tumors did not involve the bursa and had some histologic features different from those typical of lymphoid leukosis. Six tumors were found in chickens of the other subline that were vaccinated to prevent MD; these tumors involved the bursa and were typical of lymphoid leukosis but not MD. These results suggest that two types of tumors may have been observed. The fact that DNA extracted from both types of tumors did not contain exogenous lymphoid leukosis virus sequences confirms the virologic evidence that exogenous viruses were not involved. The fact that endogenous viral sequences were not increased in copy number suggests that the endogenous virus RAV-O did not directly induce the tumors. Two birds with tumors not involving the bursa were found alive, and transplantable lymphoid tumors were developed. These tumors were of T-cell origin rather than of bursa cell origin as would be expected of lymphoid leukosis. These are the first reported lymphoid tumors that have been observed in the absence of known exogenous tumor virus infection in chickens. Our evidence suggests that the endogenous virus RAV-O did not play a primary role in the induction of these tumors.
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Silver S, Smith M, Nonoyama M. Transcription of the Marek's disease virus genome in virus-induced tumors. J Virol 1979; 30:84-9. [PMID: 225531 PMCID: PMC353301 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.30.1.84-89.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription of the Marek's disease virus (MDV) genome in tumor tissues from MDV-infected chickens has been studied by analyzing the hybridization kinetics of (3)H-labeled MDV DNA with unlabeled RNA extracted from these tissues. Lymphoid tumors of ovary, spleen, liver, and kidney contained MDV genomes, but the virus-specific RNA sequences were transcribed from less than 15% of the viral DNA. A virus nonproductive lymphoblastoid cell line, designated MKT-1, has been established from a kidney lymphoma and contains 15 MDV genomes per cell. In these cells, 12 to 14% of the viral DNA was transcribed. Thus transcription of the MDV genome was restricted both in tumor tissues and MKT-1 cells. A hybridization experiment where RNA extracted from MKT-1 cells and RNA extracted from a spleen tumor were mixed and hybridized to (3)H-labeled MDV DNA indicated that the virus-specific RNAs from the two sources were encoded by the same DNA sequences. The polyribosomal fractions of MKT-1 cells and this spleen tumor contained only a portion of the virus-specific RNA sequences found in whole-cell extracts, indicating the existence of a posttranscriptional control mechanism which prevents the transfer of certain viral RNA transcripts to the polyribosomes. The data suggest that the repressed expression of the viral genome in lymphoid tumor tissues and MKT-1 cells may be the result of precise controls within the cell at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.
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48
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Campbell WF, Frankel JW. Enhanced oncornavirus expression in Marek's disease tumors from specific-pathogen-free chickens. J Natl Cancer Inst 1979; 62:323-8. [PMID: 216833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An oncornavirus was recovered from cell cultures of kidney tumors from specific-pathogen-free chickens inoculated with Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDHV). The MDHV inoculum was free of infectious avian leukosis virus (ALV). Direct examination of a variety of tissues from MDHV-inoculated chickens demonstrated increased levels of ALV-specific RNA compared to tissues from diluent-inoculated (control) chickens. DNA from cultured kidney tumor cells annealed to an ALV complementary DNA probe at the same rate and exhibited the same extent of homology as DNA from cultured control kidney cells. This finding indicated the absence of exogenous ALV proviral sequences. As with vertically transmitted endogenous ALV of subgroup E, the oncornavirus recovered from kidney tumor cell cultures failed to replicate in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cultures of the C/E phenotype, but did replicate in turkey embryo fibroblasts (TEF), which are permissive for replication of endogenous ALV of subgroup E. These oncornavirus particles served as a helper virus to form Rous sarcoma virus pseudotypes, which produced foci in TEF cultures but not in CEF cultures of the C/E phenotype. Whether enhanced expression of endogenous oncornavirus contributes to MDHV-induced tumorigenesis is not known.
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Witter RL, Offenbecker L. Nonprotective and temperature-sensitive variants of Marek's disease vaccine viruses. J Natl Cancer Inst 1979; 62:143-51. [PMID: 214607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Nazerian K, Neiman P, Okazaki AW, Smith EJ, Crittenden LB. Status of endogenous avian RNA tumor virus in Marek's disease lymphoblastoid cell lines and susceptibility of those lines to exogenous RNA tumor viruses. Avian Dis 1978; 22:732-41. [PMID: 219836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Three lymphoblastoid cell lines from Marek's disease (MD) tumors, two MD virus (MDV) producer lines (MSB-1 and HPRS-1), and a nonproducer line (RPL-1) were studied for the expression of avian leukosis sarcoma (ALS) viruses. The MSB-1 line was free of all known endogenous expressions, including replicating virus (RAV-O), group-specific (gs) antigens, and chick helper factor (chf). The RPL-1 and HPRS-1 were positive for gs antigens and chf. The RPL-1 and MSB-1 lines showed no evidence of an exogenous DNA provirus by nucleic acid hybridization (HPRS-1 line was not tested for that DNA). All three lymphoblastoid cell lines were susceptible to exogenous infection with both sarcoma and leukosis viruses of subgroup A but varied in susceptibility to subgroups B and C. All were resistant to subgroups D and E.
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