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Abstract
Although there is no known dietary requirement for inorganic sulfur, it is an essential element for all animal species in as much as they all require the sulfur-containing amino acid methionine. There are three predominate forms of organic sulfur in animals and humans: 1). the thiomethyl of methionine residues in protein; 2). the sulfhydryl disulfides of protein; and 3). the compounds containing ester or amide bound sulfates of glycosaminoglycans, steroids, and many xenobiotic metabolites. Thus, sulfur becomes an important constituent of amino acids, proteins, enzymes, vitamins and other biomolecules. Unlike mammalian species, plants can use inorganic sulfur and synthesize methionine from which are synthesized all the other important sulfur compounds. Hence, sulfur deficiency occurs mainly when plants are grown in sulfur-depleted soils and when humans and animals consume low-protein diets. In recent times, however, the increasing prevalence of refining petroleum and smelting sulfur compounds of metallic minerals into free metals are having a large impact on the balance of sulfur in the environment. Sulfur toxicity is associated mainly with high levels of the element and its toxic volatile substances in the environment. Sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), a major air pollutant, may adversely affect animal and human health by causing bronchitis, bronchoconstriction, and increased pulmonary resistance.
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Salemaa M, Vanha-Majamaa I, Derome J. Understorey vegetation along a heavy-metal pollution gradient in SW Finland. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2001; 112:339-350. [PMID: 11291440 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(00)00150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Understorey vegetation of Scots pine forests was studied along a 8-km transect running SE from a Cu-Ni smelter at Harjavalta, SW Finland. Long-term accumulation of heavy metals and sulphur in the forest ecosystem has drastically changed plant communities. Vegetation was almost absent up to a distance of 0.5 km from the smelter. The total coverage and the number of plant species increased with increasing distance from the smelter. Ordination by global non-metric multidimensional scaling (GNMDS) indicated that the floristic composition was differentiated in response to the pollution level. The main compositional gradient of GNMDS was correlated with the heavy metal concentrations in the organic soil layer and with the size of the overstorey trees. Vascular plants were more pollution-resistant than ground lichens, whereas mosses were the most sensitive plant group. In addition to heavy metals, nutrient imbalances and the considerably reduced water-holding capacity of the surface soil also restrict plant recolonisation on the degraded sites.
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53
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Niles GA, Morgan SE, Edwards WC. Sulfur-induced polioencephalomalacia in stocker calves. VETERINARY AND HUMAN TOXICOLOGY 2000; 42:290-1. [PMID: 11003122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Calves from 3 farms exhibited blindness, head pressing, and circling before death. Brain lesions confirmed polioencephalomalacia. Excess sulfur was found in the diets on all 3 farms in corn by-products or molasses based supplements. Corn gluten feed and corn steep liquor (by-products of the refinement of corn for ethanol), corn syrup, corn gluten, corn oil, and corn starch have gained popularity as livestock feeds due to their low prices. With this increased usage as livestock feed, increasing number of cases of polioencephalomalacia have been seen.
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54
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Bünger J, Müller MM, Krahl J, Baum K, Weigel A, Hallier E, Schulz TG. Mutagenicity of diesel exhaust particles from two fossil and two plant oil fuels. Mutagenesis 2000; 15:391-7. [PMID: 10970444 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/15.5.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter of diesel engine exhaust from four different fuels was studied for content of polynuclear aromatic compounds and mutagenic effects. Two so-called biodiesel fuels, rapeseed oil methylesters (RME) and soybean oil methylesters (SME), were compared directly with two fossil diesel fuels with the normal (DF) and a low sulfur content (LS-DF). Diesel exhaust particles were sampled on filters from the diluted and cooled exhaust of a test engine at five different speeds and loads. Filters were weighed for total particulate matter, Soxhlet extracted with dichloromethane and the content of insoluble material determined. The soluble organic fraction was analysed for polynuclear aromatic compounds. Mutagenicity was determined using the Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian microsome assay with strains TA98 and TA100. Compared with DF, the exhaust particles of LS-DF, RME and SME contained less insoluble material, which consisted mainly of the carbon cores of diesel exhaust particles. The concentrations of individual polynuclear aromatic compounds varied widely among the different exhaust extracts, but total concentrations of the compounds were approximately double for DF and SME compared with LS-DF and RME. In TA98 significant increases in mutation rates were obtained for the soluble organic fractions of all fuels for engines running at full speed (load modes A and D), but for DF revertants were 2- to 10-fold more frequent as compared with LS-DF, RME and SME. Revertant frequencies for DF and partly for LS-DF were also elevated in TA100, while RME and SME gave no significant increase in mutations. The results indicate that diesel exhaust particles from RME, SME and LS-DF contain less black carbon and total polynuclear aromatic compounds and are significantly less mutagenic in comparison with DF. A high sulfur content of the fuel and high engine speeds (rated power) and loads are associated with an increase in mutagenicity of diesel exhaust particles.
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ZEIDBERG LD, PRINDLE RA, LANDAU E. The Nashville air pollution study. I. Sulfur dioxide and bronchial asthma. A preliminary report. THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE 1998; 84:489-503. [PMID: 13788097 DOI: 10.1164/arrd.1961.84.4.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Olkowski AA. Neurotoxicity and secondary metabolic problems associated with low to moderate levels of exposure to excess dietary sulphur in ruminants: a review. VETERINARY AND HUMAN TOXICOLOGY 1997; 39:355-60. [PMID: 9397506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Problems associated with a low to moderate excess in dietary sulphur (S) intake in ruminants are being increasingly recognized. Comparing more recent reports with older data, there is an evident decrease in tolerance of cattle and sheep for even moderately elevated levels of dietary S, and an apparent drastic change in the clinical picture of chronic dietary S toxicoses. Outbreaks of polioencephalomalacia (PEM) in ruminants in association with excess dietary S have been reported in recent years throughout the world. Excessive levels of S-containing compounds in domestic ruminant animals' rations, and clinical problems associated with low to moderate levels of exposure to dietary S may be more common than previously thought. This review presents a comprehensive evaluation of the problems associated with excessive levels of S in ruminants' rations. Emphasis is placed on the recently increasing incidence of S-induced PEM. Secondary metabolic disorders associated with excessive intake of S are also discussed.
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58
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He YB, Zhu JJ, Wang LS, Zhang Z. Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and linear solvation energy relationship for studies of alkyl (1-phenylsulfonyl) cycloalkane-carboxylates. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1995; 55:635-642. [PMID: 8563194 DOI: 10.1007/bf00203747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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59
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Garty J, Kauppi M, Kauppi A. Differential responses of certain lichen species to sulfur-containing solutions under acidic conditions as expressed by the production of stress-ethylene. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 1995; 69:132-143. [PMID: 8608772 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.1995.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether fluctuations in the concentration of ethylene produced by lichens exposed to sulfur-containing solutions at a low pH correlate with the tolerance/sensitivity of these lichens to air pollution, we measured the amount of ethylene produced by thalli soaked in H2SO4 and NaHSO3. The exposure of Hypogymnia physodes, Cladina stellaris, and Bryoria fuscescens to H2SO4 at a pH ranging between 4.0 and 2.0 did not produce changes in the concentration of ethylene in comparison with samples wetted with H2O at pH 6.8. The exposure of two pendulous lichens, Usnea hirta and Alectoria sarmentosa, to 1.0 and 5.0 mM H2SO4 at pH 2.7 and 2.0, respectively, stimulated only a slight increase of ethylene production, whereas another pendulous lichen, Bryoria fremontii, exposed to H2SO4 at pH 4.0-2.0 decreased its production of ethylene. The soaking of H. physodes, U. hirta, C. stellaris, and A. sarmentosa thalli in NaHSO3 at pH 4.0 gradually increased the production of ethylene. The exposure of B. fremontii and B. fuscescens to low NaHSO3 concentrations depressed the production of ethylene in these lichens. The indifference of H. physodes to H2SO4 under strong acidic conditions correlated with its resistance to SO2 in the air. In accordance with a model by D.M. Reid (In "Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on Forests, Wetlands and Agricultural Ecosystems" (T.C. Hutchinson and K.M. Meema, Eds.), Vol G 16, pp. 241-245. NATO ASI Series, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, 1987) referring to higher plants, it is suggested that sulfur-containing solutions under acidic conditions increase the solubility of particles containing heavy metals entrapped among the mycobiont hyphae in lichens. This may lead to an increase of the production of endogenous ethylene in lichens as they are exposed to sulfur-containing chemicals, to acidic rain, or to heavy metal-polluted air.
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Pean AR, Parsons RB, Waring RH, Williams AC, Ramsden DB. Toxicity of sulphur-containing compounds to neuronal cell lines. J Neurol Sci 1995; 129 Suppl:107-8. [PMID: 7595598 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(95)00078-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine and its metabolites cysteine sulphinic acid (CSA) and taurine (TA) were shown to be toxic to human and rat neuronal cell lines. However, the mechanisms of action of CSA and TA appeared to be different. As MND/ALS patients have high plasma and CSF cysteine levels, they may have increased levels of neurotoxins in vivo, since cysteine was more toxic than CSA in the assay system used. Cysteic acid, homocysteic acid, BMAA and BOAA were also toxic to the cell lines used.
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61
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Takada N, Kitano M, Chen T, Yano Y, Otani S, Fukushima S. Enhancing effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions on hepatocarcinogenesis in rats: association with increased cell proliferation and elevated ornithine decarboxylase activity. Jpn J Cancer Res 1994; 85:1067-72. [PMID: 7829389 PMCID: PMC5919373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1994.tb02908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Four organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions were examined for modifying effects on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced neoplasia of the liver in male F344 rats using the medium-term bioassay system based on the two-step model of hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenic potential was scored by comparing the numbers and areas per cm2 of induced glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci. Isothiocyanic acid isobutyl ester (IAIE), dipropyl trisulfide (DPT), and allyl mercapton (AM) exerted enhancing effects on their development, while dimethyl trisulfide also tended to increase them. To investigate possible mechanisms of the modifying influence, sequential changes in ornithine decarboxylase activity (ODC) over 24 h were measured in AM-treated liver tissue without prior DEN initiation. The activity started to increase by 4 h after AM-treatment, and reached maximum at 16 h, compared to controls. Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase activity was not significantly changed. An increase in proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells followed the elevation of ODC activity. These results suggest that IAIE, DPT, and AM promote rat hepatocarcinogenesis and their promoting effect might be caused by increased cell proliferation with increased polyamine biosynthesis. In evaluating relationships between diet and cancer, it is thus appropriate to consider not only a possible protective role of garlic and onions, but also enhancing effects.
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62
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Takenaka S, Fürst G, Heilmann P, Heini A, Heinzmann U, Karg E, Murray AB, Ruprecht L, Heyder J. Morphologic effects of a sulfur(IV) aerosol on the nasal cavity of beagle dogs. Toxicol Lett 1994; 72:145-50. [PMID: 8202926 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(94)90021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Morphologic changes were observed in nasal cavities of beagle dogs after long-term exposure to a respirable sulfur(IV) aerosol at a concentration equivalent to a sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentration of 0.6 mg/m3. The changes were characterized by a thickened epithelial layer resulting from epithelial proliferation, by a loss of secretory material, and by moderate mononuclear cell infiltration.
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63
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Roediger WE, Duncan A, Kapaniris O, Millard S. Reducing sulfur compounds of the colon impair colonocyte nutrition: implications for ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1993; 104:802-9. [PMID: 8440437 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(93)91016-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mercaptides (sodium hydrogen sulfide and sodium methanethiol) and mercapto-fatty acid (sodium mercaptoacetate) are reducing agents that help to maintain anaerobic conditions in the colonic lumen. The metabolic effect of these agents on n-butyrate and glucose oxidation in human colonocytes is unknown. METHODS Isolated human colonocytes were prepared from 31 colectomy specimens, and generation of oxidative metabolites from [1-14C]n-butyrate and [6-14C]glucose was measured in the presence and absence of reducing agents. Injury to cells was judged by diminished production of metabolites. RESULTS The injurious action of mercaptides at all sites of the colon was of the order of sodium hydrogen sulfide > methanethiol > mercaptoacetate. Significant inhibition of n-butyrate (< 0.005) but not glucose oxidation was observed with sodium hydrogen sulfide in the ascending colon, splenic flexure, and rectosigmoid region. Hydrogen sulfide more significantly inhibited fatty acid oxidation in the rectosigmoid than in the ascending colon (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Metabolic effects of sodium hydrogen sulfide on butyrate oxidation along the length of the colon closely mirror metabolic abnormalities observed in active ulcerative colitis, and the increased production of sulfide in ulcerative colitis suggests that the action of mercaptides may be involved in the genesis of ulcerative colitis.
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64
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Bevan C, Whitman FT. Sensory irritation response in mice to sulfur dust. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1992; 70:1291-3. [PMID: 1493597 DOI: 10.1139/y92-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The potential of sulfur dust to produce sensory irritation was evaluated in mice. Male Swiss--Webster mice were exposed by head-only inhalation to 106, 263, or 451 mg/m3 sulfur dust aerosol at room temperature. Breathing frequency and patterns were monitored before, during, and after exposure to evaluate the animal's sensory irritation response to the test atmosphere. Group average breathing rates were decreased 7 and 17% below pretest values in mice exposed to 106 and 263 mg/m3, respectively; however, breathing patterns appeared normal, indicating that there was no sensory irritation. Mice exposed to 451 mg/m3 showed an increase in breathing frequency of 7%, with 1/4 mice displaying very slight signs of pulmonary (deep lung) irritation. Some of the mice in the low- and high-dose groups exhibited signs of slight eye irritation immediately after exposure, but all mice were normal 1 day later. On the basis of these findings, exposure to sulfur dust up to 451 mg/m3 did not produce any sensory or upper airway irritation in mice.
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65
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Prattsel' KG. [The pharmacodynamics and toxicology of sulfur-containing therapeutic agents used in balneotherapy]. VOPROSY KURORTOLOGII, FIZIOTERAPII, I LECHEBNOI FIZICHESKOI KULTURY 1991:6-13. [PMID: 2048304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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66
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67
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Kuzina VF, Tartygin NA, Kossovskiĭ NN, Korobeĭnik TA, Zakharova GA. [Industrial hygiene and the health status of machine-tool operators working with sulfonated-chlorinated lubricants and cutting fluids]. GIGIENA TRUDA I PROFESSIONAL'NYE ZABOLEVANIIA 1988:8-10. [PMID: 3181791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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68
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Abstract
This review deals with the toxicology of sulfur in ruminants including toxicity, neurotoxic effects, and mechanism of toxic action of hydrogen sulfide, clinical signs, and treatment. It will report effects of excessive intake of sulfur by ruminants on feed intake, animal performance, ruminal digestion and motility, rumination, and other physiological functions. Poisoning of animals with sulfur from industrial emissions (sulfur dioxide) also is discussed. Excessive quantities of dietary sulfur (above .3 to .4%) as sulfate or elemental sulfur may cause toxic effects and in extreme cases can be fatal. The means is discussed whereby consumption of excessive amounts of sulfur leads to toxic effects.
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69
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Vladimirov VG, Zaĭtseva TG, Smirnova SM. [Potentiation of the protective action of sulfur-containing radioprotectors]. RADIOBIOLOGIIA 1981; 21:836-40. [PMID: 6275450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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70
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Stankevich VV, Vlasiuk MG, Prokof'eva LG. [Hygienic evaluation of the organic sulfur vulcanization accelerators in rubbers for the food industry]. GIGIENA I SANITARIIA 1980:88-9. [PMID: 7429198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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71
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Holmberg B, Sjöström B. Toxicological aspects of chemical hazards in the rubber industry. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1980; 6:1201-9. [PMID: 7463511 DOI: 10.1080/15287398009529938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Only three recognized strong carcinogens are used in the Swedish rubber industry: mineral oil, ethylene thiourea, and trichloroethylene. Besides, many curing agents, accelerators, antioxidants/antiozonants, and retarders may possess mutagenic and/or carcinogenic activity and may thus contribute to the total cancer risk in the rubber industry. Irritating compounds as well as modifiers of biotransformation further contribute to the complex exposure panorama of the rubber industry. Cancer risks in the work environment of the rubber industry can probably be more effectively reduced by general sanitary measures aimed at reduction of total exposure than by specific regulation of only a few established carcinogenic chemicals.
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Koss G, Koransky W, Steinbach K. Studies on the toxicology of hexachlorobenzene. IV. Sulphur-containing metabolites. Arch Toxicol 1979; 42:19-31. [PMID: 454182 DOI: 10.1007/bf00351821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
After administration of hexachlorobenzene rats excrete sulphur-containing conjugates from which pentachlorothiophenol can be split off. In the present study we describe the identification of pentachlorothiophenol and pentachlorothioanisol in the livers of animals treated with hexachlorobenzene. In order to clarify the further fate of these two substances, we administered them to rats, and isolated the conversion products excreted in the urine and feces. The metabolites of pentachlorothiophenol and pentachlorothioanisol are excreted in both conjugated and free form. From extracts of the excreta, we isolated tetra- and trichlorobenzene with two or three sulphur-containing substituents on the ring, analogous compounds in which thiol groups were converted into sulphoxide and sulphone groups, as well as analogous compounds with a phenolic oxygen in addition to sulphur, and sulphur-containing compounds in which clorine was replaced by hydrogen. Following administration of the sulphoxide and of the sulphone of pentachlorothioanisol under analogous conditions, pentachlorothiophenol and pentachlorothioanisol and their metabolites were detected in the excreta of the animals. No evidence was obtained that the parent compounds are excreted in the unchanged form.
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Constable IJ, Swann DA. Vitreous substitution with gases. ARCHIVES OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (CHICAGO, ILL. : 1960) 1975; 93:416-9. [PMID: 805581 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1975.01010020430006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of vitreous substitution with air, a sulfur hexafluoride-air mixture, an octafluorocyclobutane-air mixture, and physiological saline were compared in owl monkeys. Each gas caused an increase in ocular vascular permeability greater than that caused by saline, as measured by vitreous inflow of serum protein labeled with iodine I 131 and discgel electrophoresis. The duration of increased vascular permeability closely paralleled the time each gas remained in the vitreous cavity.
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74
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Fineberg E, Machemer R, Sullivan P, Norton EW, Hamasaki D, Anderson D. Sulfur hexafluoride in owl monkey vitreous cavity. Am J Ophthalmol 1975; 79:67-76. [PMID: 803269 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(75)90458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas, tested in the vitreous chamber of owl monkey eyes, remained in the vitreous cavity about twice as long as air (ten to 11 days vs. five to six days). Its volume expanded from the diffusion of other gases into the created gas pocket. Lens opacities developed when the lens was in continuous contact with SF6 or air. Sulfur hexafluoride appeared to be no more toxic to the retina than air, using electroretinographic, histologic, and electron microscopic criteria.
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75
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Hirsch AF, Kolwyck KC, Kraft LA, Homm RE, Hahn DW. Antifertility effects of chlorine-substituted dioxolanes, dithiolanes, and dithianes in male rats. J Med Chem 1975; 18:116-7. [PMID: 1109568 DOI: 10.1021/jm00235a028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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76
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Brubaker S, Peyman GA, Vygantas C. Toxicity of octafluorocyclobutane after intracameral injection. ARCHIVES OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (CHICAGO, ILL. : 1960) 1974; 92:324-8. [PMID: 4416676 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1974.01010010334015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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79
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Haney TA, Ascanio I, Gigliotti JA, Gusmano EA, Bruno GA. Physical and biological properties of a 99mTc-sulfur colloid preparation containing disodium edetate. J Nucl Med 1971; 12:64-8. [PMID: 4992790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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80
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Tokmurzina RU, Dzhangozina DM. [Biological aggressivity of certain types of dust of iron and manganese ore in Kazakhstan]. GIGIENA TRUDA I PROFESSIONAL'NYE ZABOLEVANIIA 1970; 14:51-4. [PMID: 4251520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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81
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Community air quality guides. Sulfur compounds. AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL 1970; 31:253-60. [PMID: 5423236 DOI: 10.1080/0002889708506239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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82
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Eckardt RE. An exercise in futility. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE. : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 1969; 11:443-4. [PMID: 5802642 DOI: 10.1097/00043764-196908000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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83
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Chiba T. [Effect of sulfur-containing compounds on experimental diabetes. VI. Screening of hypoglycemic action of sulfur-containing compounds]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 1969; 89:1138-43. [PMID: 5388616 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi1947.89.8_1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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84
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Feldstein M. Toxicity and analysis of air pollutants. J Forensic Sci 1969; 14:337-51. [PMID: 5802946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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85
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Shchepaniak VM. [Several characteristics of peripheral nervous system diseases in workers from a sulfur mining and chemical production concern]. VRACHEBNOE DELO 1969; 3:98-9. [PMID: 4313001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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86
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Walker IG, Smith JF. Protection of L-cells by thiols against the toxicity of sulfur mustard. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1969; 47:143-51. [PMID: 5783155 DOI: 10.1139/y69-025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The lethal effect of sulfur mustard on L-cells was reduced by pretreating the cells with dithiothreitol (DTT), aminoethylisothiuronium bromide, mercaptoethylamine, and some alkyl derivatives of this compound. The disulfides of these agents were without protective activity. The protective mechanism by which DTT operated involved a simple inactivation of the sulfur mustard. This deduction was based on the finding that alkylation by mustard of cellular DNA, RNA, and protein was reduced by DTT treatment in parallel with the reduction in toxicity of the mustard. DTT at a tolerated dose of 100 mg/kg provided scant protection to mice against the nitrogen mustard HN2.
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87
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Elfimova EV, Khachaturian MK. [The character of the reflex action of subthreshold concentrations of anhydrous sulfur combined with phenol and carbon monoxide in atmospheric air]. GIGIENA I SANITARIIA 1968; 33:3-6. [PMID: 5733505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Glauser SC, Glauser EM. Sulfur hexafluoride--a gas not certified for human use. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1966; 13:467. [PMID: 5922014 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1966.10664598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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GRAMIGNANI V, GRIMALDI G. [Occupational skin diseases, with special reference to forms classified among occupational sulfur-induced diseases (clinical and medicolegal considerations)]. FOLIA MEDICA. FOLIA MEDICA (NAPLES, ITALY) 1962; 45:491-503. [PMID: 13901072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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