Bypass disease

Intestinal bypass surgery as a treatment for morbid obesity was quite popular from 1965 to 1975 in the United States. The procedure was successful in reducing body weight but was controversial because of a high rate of complications which included an arthritis-dermatitis syndrome. Herein we review the knowledge garnered from a study of the complications from intestinal bypass surgery. Emphasis is placed on an analysis of the clinical manifestations, and the pathogenesis of the arthritis-dermatitis bypass syndrome, and how bypass disease may serve as a model for immune complex-mediated disease and for extra-intestinal complications in other enteropathies.

(1-Pyrene)sulfonyl azide: a fluorescent probe for measuring the transmembrane topology of acetylcholine receptor subunits

(1-Pyrene)sulfonyl azide (PySA), a fluorescent, lipophilic photolabel, was used as a probe for the transmembrane topology of the acetylcholine receptor (AchR) subunits. Photolabeling of native, alkaline-extracted, and reconstituted AchR membrane preparations resulted in the labeling of all the AchR subunits. However the reconstituted AchR membrane preparations incorporated twice as much PySA into each mole of the AchR complex. Photolabeling of all subunits of the AchR does not appear to alter the agonist concentration response of AchR-mediated cation translocation.

Measurement of anti-DNA antibodies: a reappraisal using five different methods

One hundred and thirty coded sera, 60 from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 70 from patients with other autoimmune rheumatic diseases were tested for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) binding activity by five different types of assay. These were enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (distinguishing IgG and IgM anti-ssDNA and anti-dsDNA), Crithidia luciliae, a nitrocellulose filter assay, the Amersham kit, and another modified Farr assay, the radioimmunoassay (RIA) (UK). The Crithidia test was the most specific, none of the controls was positive, but the least sensitive (13% positive only). The RIA (UK) was the most sensitive (57% positive). In most of the assays 3-9% of the controls were positive. When the SLE sera were analysed according to disease activity the IgG anti-dsDNA ELISA, all three RIA values, and the Crithidia test values were raised in all the patients with severely active disease. Some patients with inactive disease, however, were positive in each of the tests. The best interassay correlations (r less than 0.49) were found between RIA (UK), and ss IgG and the Amersham kit; and between ds IgG and ss IgG. In the main, however, it was clear that different assays are dependent upon distinctive properties of DNA antibodies. It seems inevitable that most major rheumatology units will require more than one anti-DNA antibody assay.

A study to evaluate the effect of a course of ranitidine on antipyrine kinetics

Antipyrine testing was performed on six healthy male volunteers immediately before and after a 7-day course of ranitidine. No statistically or clinically significant differences were found in antipyrine clearance.

Diabetes mellitus and primary hepatocellular carcinoma

In view of the increasing incidence of primary hepatocellular carcinoma in western Europe and concern that this may in part be related to long-term use of drugs which cause hepatic microsomal enzyme induction, we undertook a comparison of long-term drug use in 105 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and equal numbers of age and sex-matched patients with colorectal tumours and with fractures of femur. We found no patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who were long-term anticonvulsant users and only one who used oral contraceptives. However, we observed a four-fold excess of diabetic patients among the group with hepatocellular carcinoma. This association did not appear to be due to pre-existing haemochromatosis, alcoholic cirrhosis or viral hepatitis. The association was strongest in patients receiving drug treatment for diabetes, but the data, although suggestive, were insufficient to determine whether any specific anti-diabetic agent could be responsible. Further studies are required to elucidate the nature of this unexpected association. An association of this magnitude with diabetes mellitus could account at least in part for the increasing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in western Europe.

Analysis of the physiological stress profile: the interrupted time-series design

Most research employing physiological stress profiling procedures has relied upon statistical analyses that are flawed in two ways: These analyses typically average the physiological levels observed across a series of observations during any one phase of the profile, thereby ignoring rate of change as a relevant parameter, and the problem of autocorrelation, or the natural correlation of time-series observations of the same physiologic activity, is unaddressed. We hope to introduce the biofeedback field to the technique of interrupted time-series analysis, which effectively deals with these two flaws. Interrupted time-series analysis additionally permits statistical conclusions based upon the stress profile of a single individual, thereby providing an objective basis for decisions concerning the effectiveness of training or the timing of changes in training for a single client. We describe the application of the technique to the analysis of a stress profile of a subject diagnosed as hypertensive.

The SV40 enhancer is composed of multiple functional elements that can compensate for one another

We present evidence that the SV40 enhancer consists of three functional units, A, B, and C, each of which can cooperate with the others or with duplicates of itself to enhance transcription. We show that, when element C, containing the core consensus sequence, is inactivated by point mutations, revertants with restored enhancer function contain duplications of either one or both of the elements A and B. To search for additional elements, we isolated revertants of a mutant with the three elements mutated. These revertants do not identify any other elements; instead, enhancer function is effectively restored by "double duplications," in which the first duplication event either partially or entirely recreates one of the three elements A, B, and C and the second duplication then creates two copies of the newly created sequence.

The association of antivascular endothelial cell antibody with hyperacute rejection: a case report

Early graft loss almost always occurs when recipients of a renal allograft develop antibody directed against antigens specific for donor vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and peripheral blood monocytes. In studies involving recipients of human leukocyte antigen identical, living-related grafts exhibiting preformed antibody to the VEC antigens of their donors, the median onset of rejection was 3 days after transplantation. Although preformed antibody to VEC antigens has been related in numerous articles to early graft loss, there has never been a published report of anti-VEC antibody leading to hyperacute rejection. We report a patient who hyperacutely rejected a renal allograft after undergoing a donor-specific transfusion protocol with her mother in which the kidney was removed in less than 24 hours. Nine months later the patient had a retransplantation with an allograft from a cadaveric donor. The cadaveric graft was again hyperacutely rejected, and this kidney was removed immediately. Anti-VEC/monocyte antibody directed against both donors was detected in the patient's pretransplant sera. With the exception of a positive B-lymphocyte crossmatch with her mother, all the standard crossmatches were negative.

Mortality in patients of the Glasgow Blood Pressure Clinic

The mortality of 3783 non-malignant hypertensive patients attending the Glasgow Blood Pressure Clinic between 1968 and 1983 and followed for an average of 6.5 years was compared with that in three control groups: the general population of Strathclyde a group of 15 422 subjects aged 45-64 years and screened in Renfrew and Paisley between 1972 and 1976, and a group of hypertensives seen in a blood pressure clinic based on general practice in Renfrew. Average blood pressure for men at entry to the Glasgow Clinic was 181/111 mmHg falling to 158/96 mmHg during treatment. Corresponding values for women were 185/109 mmHg and 161/96 mmHg. Seven hundred and fifty clinic patients (451 males) died during follow-up, the commonest causes of death in both sexes being myocardial infarction and stroke. All-cause age-adjusted mortality (deaths per 1000 patient-years) was 41.4 for men and 22.1 for women. At all ages in both sexes and for all levels of initial blood pressure mortality was less in patients whose blood pressure was reduced most. Without a randomized control group it is not certain that lower mortality in those with well controlled blood pressure was due to treatment, although this is the most likely explanation. Cigarette smoking, a history of myocardial infarction, angina or stroke, retinal arterio-venous nipping, raised blood urea, an abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) and secondary hypertension were associated with increased risk, but heavy alcohol intake, obesity, haematocrit greater than 45%, hypokalaemia and social class were not. Life table analysis showed that, despite some reduction of mortality by treatment, the relative risk to men and women in the clinic remained two- to five-times that of the general population. The benefits of treatment were not such as to restore normal expectation of life even when blood pressure was well controlled. Excess mortality in the clinic could not be explained by difference of smoking habit or social class. This suggests that there is in the hypertensive patients of the Glasgow Clinic an element of irreducible risk, that treatment may be beneficial in some respects but harmful in others, or that patients at particularly high risk are selectively referred to the clinic.

Non-adherent, low-density cells from human peripheral blood contain dendritic cells and monocytes, both with veiled morphology

Dendritic cells (DC) from human peripheral blood, known to adhere transiently and to become non-adherent by 16 hr, can be separated in the low-density interface on hypertonic Metrizamide gradients. Many more low-density cells (5.8% of the mononuclear cells separated on Ficoll) were obtained from the population that was non-adherent after only 90 min. Over 95% of these low-density cells had veiled morphology. A proportion were monocytes by phenotypic and phagocytic properties. One-third of the cells (on average) were DC on the basis of lack of monocyte phenotype and of potency as stimulators in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. Including both the 16 hr and 90 min non-adherent cells, over 2% of the mononuclear cells isolated from human peripheral blood may be DC.

Novel modified beta-interferons: gene cloning, expression, and biological activity in bacterial extracts

A series of novel, modified interferons based on the structure of human beta-interferon have been expressed in Escherichia coli. Modified interferon genes were constructed from sequences derived from the natural beta-interferon gene, a synthetic beta-interferon gene, or a specific combination of the two. A total of 23 out of the 25 novel interferons exhibited antiviral (AV) and antiproliferative (AP) activity which varied from 3 to 230% and 8 to 490% of the values for beta-interferon, respectively. None of the novel interferons had only AV or AP activity, although one had a much reduced ratio of AV/AP activity compared with beta-interferon. Substitution of beta-interferon amino acids 2-7 or 28-46 resulted in interferons with significantly increased AP activity on Daudi lymphoblastoid cells (four- to fivefold). All the novel interferons except two with modifications in the 82-105 region reacted with a neutralizing beta-interferon monoclonal antibody.

Identification of the antibody to vascular endothelial cells in patients undergoing cardiac transplantation

Acute cardiac dysfunction occurred in four cardiac allograft recipients with negative donor-specific lymphocyte crossmatches. In two recipients the transplanted heart was removed and the patients were maintained on bypass for several hours until a second cardiac allograft was available. In these patients the second transplanted heart also underwent acute dysfunction. The lymphocyte crossmatch was again negative in both second transplants. Two of the four recipients had no detectable antibody to a panel of lymphocytes. Examination of the hearts demonstrated histologic findings consistent with hyperacute rejection. Direct immunofluorescence performed on the transplanted hearts revealed the presence of immunoglobulin and complement deposited on the vascular endothelium. Pathology data was available on 3 of the 4 patients who experienced acute cardiac dysfunction. Pretransplant sera from these four recipients were screened for the presence of antivascular endothelial cell (VEC) antibody. The sera from all four recipients were found to contain antibody against an endothelial cell panel. In addition, donor-specific aorta and vena cava were available from one of the heart donors. The recipient was found to have donor-specific antibody to VEC. Thus, antibody directed against VEC specific antigens appears to be related to hyperacute rejection of heart allografts.

Molecular cloning and physical mapping of the genome of fish lymphocystis disease virus

A defined and complete gene library of the fish lymphocystis disease virus (FLDV) genome was established. FLDV DNA was cleaved with EcoRI, BamHI, EcoRI/BamHI and EcoRI/HindIII and the resulting fragments were inserted into the corresponding sites of the pACYC184 or pAT153 plasmid vectors using T4 DNA ligase. Since FLDV DNA is highly methylated at CpG sequences (Darai et al., 1983; Wagner et al., 1985), an Escherichia coli GC-3 strain was required to amplify the recombinant plasmids harboring the FLDV DNA fragments. Bacterial colonies harboring recombinant plasmids were selected. All cloned fragments were individually identified by digestion of the recombinant plasmid DNA with different restriction enzymes and screened by hybridization of recombinant plasmid DNA to viral DNA. This analysis revealed that sequences representing 100% of the viral genome were cloned. Using these recombinant plasmids, the physical maps of the genome were constructed for BamHI, EcoRI, BestEII, and PstI restriction endonucleases. Although the FLDV genome is linear, due to circular permutation the restriction maps are circular.