Variables which might predict the response to salvage radiotherapy in chinese patients with biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy

BACKGROUND/AIMS

To evaluate the relationship between the variables and the outcomes of salvage radiotherapy (sRT) to find some predictors of sRT.

METHODS

The medical records of 56 patients receiving sRT for biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy (RP) were available for retrospective review. sRT was defined as external beam radiotherapy for patients with a continuous increase in the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of >or=0.2 ng/ml after RP. Response was defined as achievement of a PSA nadir of <or=0.1 ng/ml.

RESULTS

The mean follow-up period after sRT was 31.6 months. The predictors of response to sRT were PSA doubling time (PSADT) and seminal vesicle invasion. The median PSADT in responders was 6.5 months versus 4.0 months in non-responders (OR=1.66, p=0.006). The patients with a PSADT of >6 months were all responders. The response rate in patients with seminal vesicle invasion was 42.9% (6/14) versus 76.2% (32/42) in patients without seminal vesicle invasion (OR=0.119, p=0.015).

CONCLUSION

PSADT and the state of seminal vesicle invasion were good predictors of response to sRT. sRT was especially effective when the PSADT was >6 months and in patients without seminal vesicle invasion.

Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor is an early response gene to chemotherapy and contributes to chemotherapy resistance

We have shown that one of the principle mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance involves the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB). In an effort to identify NF-kappaB-regulated chemotherapy response genes, we performed a microarray assay and observed that heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) was significantly upregulated by SN38 (a strong inducer of NF-kappaB activity) in colon cancer cells. Further studies revealed that HB-EGF was rapidly induced following a variety of chemotherapy treatments. Using RNA interference, we demonstrated that the chemotherapy-induced HB-EGF was largely dependent on activator protein-1 (AP-1) and NF-kappaB activation. Constitutive HB-EGF expression rescued AP-1/NF-kappaB small interfering RNA (siRNA) cells from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Meanwhile, we found that the enzymatic shedding of HB-EGF was also regulated by chemotherapy treatment, resulting in the elevated release of soluble HB-EGF from the cellular membrane. Induction of HB-EGF expression and ectodomain shedding synergistically led to robust epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation, whereas inhibition of HB-EGF expression by use of the HB-EGF inhibitor (CRM197) or siRNA resulted in the suppression of chemotherapy-induced EGFR phosphorylation. These results suggest that the chemotherapy-induced EGFR activation is regulated by HB-EGF. Finally, we demonstrated that overexpression of HB-EGF led to apoptotic resistance to chemotherapy, whereas suppression of HB-EGF expression by siRNA resulted in a dramatic increase in cell death. In summary, our study suggests that chemotherapy-induced HB-EGF activation represents a critical mechanism of inducible chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, therapeutic intervention aimed at inhibiting HB-EGF activity may be useful in cancer prevention and treatments.

Preventing renal ischemia-reperfusion injury using small interfering RNA by targeting complement 3 gene

The complement system is one of the important mediators of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). We hypothesized that efficient silencing of C3, which is the central component on which all complement activation pathways converge, could be achieved using small interfering RNA (siRNA), and that this would result in overall inhibition of complement activation, thereby preventing IRI in kidneys. A series of experiments was conducted, using a mouse model of IRI and vector-delivered C3-specific siRNA. We demonstrated the following: (1) renal expression of C3 increases as a result of IRI; (2) by incorporation into a pRNAT U6.1 vector, siRNA can be delivered to renal cells in vivo; (3) systemically delivered siRNA is effective in reducing the expression of C3 in an experimentally induced mouse kidney model of IRI; (4) similarly, siRNA reduces complement-mediated IRI-related effects, both in terms of renal injury (as evidenced by renal function and histopathology examination) and mouse mortality and (5) silencing the production of C3 diminishes in vivo production of TNF-alpha. This study implies that siRNA represents a novel approach to preventing IRI in kidneys and might be used in a variety of clinical settings, including transplantation and acute tubular necrosis.

Observation of B0 meson decay to a 1 +/(1260)pi /+

We present a measurement of the branching fraction of the decay B(0)-->a1 (+/)(1260)pi(/+) with a1 (+/)(1260)-->pi(/+)pi(+/)pi(+/). The data sample corresponds to 218 x 10(6) BB[over ] pairs produced in e+e- annihilation through the Upsilon(4S) resonance. We measure the branching fraction Beta(B(0)-->a1(+/)(1260)pi(/+))Beta(a1(+/)(1260)-->pi(/+)pi(+/)pi(+/)) = (16.6+/1.9+/1.5) x 10(-6), where the first error quoted is statistical and the second is systematic.

Diabetes enhances periodontal bone loss through enhanced resorption and diminished bone formation

Using a ligature-induced model in type-2 Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat and normoglycemic littermates, we investigated whether diabetes primarily affects periodontitis by enhancing bone loss or by limiting osseous repair. Diabetes increased the intensity and duration of the inflammatory infiltrate (P < 0.05). The formation of osteoclasts and percent eroded bone after 7 days of ligature placement was similar, while four days after removal of ligatures, the type 2 diabetic group had significantly higher osteoclast numbers and activity (P < 0.05). The amount of new bone formation following resorption was 2.4- to 2.9-fold higher in normoglycemic vs. diabetic rats (P < 0.05). Diabetes also increased apoptosis and decreased the number of bone-lining cells, osteoblasts, and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (P < 0.05). Thus, diabetes caused a more persistent inflammatory response, greater loss of attachment and more alveolar bone resorption, and impaired new bone formation. The latter may be affected by increased apoptosis of bone-lining and PDL cells.

Heterogeneous decomposition of indoor ammonia in a photoreactor with TiO2-finished cotton fabrics

Addition of urea-based antifreeze admixtures during cement mixing can make it possible to concrete cement in construction of buildings in cold weather. This, however has led to increasing indoor air pollution due to continuous transformation and emission from urea to gaseous ammonia in indoor concrete walls. In order to control ammonia from indoor concrete walls, aqueous dispersion of nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) was prepared and mixed with silicone additive to establish a treating bath. Cotton fabrics were finished with this treating bath by using pad-dry-cure process and then characterized by X-Ray Diffractometer, Infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometer and Scanning Electron Microscope. The gaseous ammonia was derived from an environmental condition simulated chamber. The heterogeneous decomposition of gaseous ammonia by UV/TiO2 process in an annular photoreactor fixed with the TiO2-coated cotton fabric was studied under various dosages of aqueous nano-TiO2 dispersion, initial ammonia concentration, relative humidity and gas flow rate. A design equation of surface catalytic kinetics was developed for describing the decomposition of ammonia in air streams by UV/TiO2 process at given operating conditions. Experimental results indicated that increasing dosage of aqueous nano-TiO2 dispersion improved the ammonia decomposition of cotton fabric, which was prepared. At a constant temperature of 25 degrees C, ammonia in the air stream was effective removed by decreasing initial ammonia concentration and gas flow rate. For moisture in the range of 15-65%, when the relatively humidity level was increased to 45%, the decomposition of ammonia was remarkably enhanced, and the decomposition of ammonia could be inhibited by excessive moisture.

Search for T, CP, and CPT violation in B0-B0 mixing with inclusive dilepton events

We report the results of a search for T, CP, CPT, and violation in B0-B0 mixing using an inclusive dilepton sample collected by the BABAR experiment at the PEP-II factory. Using a sample of 232 x 10(6) BB pairs, we measure the T and CP violation parameter |q/p| - 1 = (-0.8 +/- 2.7(stat) +/- 1.9(syst) x 10(-3), and the CPT and CP parameters Imz = (13.9 +/- 7.3(stat) +/- 3.2(syst)) x 10(-3) and Delta Gamma x Rez = (7.1 +/- 3.9(stat) +/- 2.0(stat)) x 10(-3) ps(-1). The statistical correlation between the measurements of Imz and Delta Gamma x Rez is 76%.

Search for the rare decay B0-->tau+tau- at BABAR

We present the results of a search for the decay B0-->tau+tau- in a data sample of (232+/-3)x10(6) Upsilon(4S)-->BB decays using the BABAR detector. Certain extensions of the standard model predict measurable levels of this otherwise rare decay. We reconstruct fully one neutral B meson and seek evidence for the signal decay in the rest of the event. We find no evidence for signal events and obtain Beta(B0->tau+tau-)<4.1x10(-3) at the 90% confidence level.

Observation of Upsilon(4S) decays to pi(+)pi(-)Upsilon(1S) and pi(+)pi(-)Upsilon(2S)

Observation of Upsilon(4S) decays to pi(+)pi(-)C and pi(+)pi(-)Upsilon(2S)We present the first measurement of Upsilon(4S) decays to pi(+)pi(-)Upsilon(1S) based on a sample of 230 x 106(4S) mesons collected with the BABAR detector. We measure the product branching fractions Beta(Upsilon(4S) --> pi(+)pi(-)Upsilon(1S)) x BetaUpsilon(1S) --> mu(+)mu(-) = (2.23 +/- 0.25(stat) +/- 0.27(syst))x 10(-6) and Beta(Upsilon(4S) --> pi(+)pi(-)Upsilon(2S) x Beta(Upsilon(2S) --> mu(+)mu(-))=(1.69 +/-0.26(stat) +/- 0.20(syst)) x 10(-)6, from which we derive the partial widths Gamma(Upsilon(4S) --> pi(+)pi(-)Upsilon(1S))=(1.8 +/-0.4) keV and Gamma(Upsilon(4S) --> pi(+)pi(-)Upsilon(2S))=(2.7 +/- 0.8) keV.

Determinations of from inclusive semileptonic decays with reduced model dependence

We report two novel determinations of /|Vub/ with reduced model dependence, based on measurements of the mass distribution of the hadronic system in semileptonic B decays. Events are selected by fully reconstructing the decay of one B meson and identifying a charged lepton from the decay of the other B meson from Upsilon(4S)-->BB events. In one approach, we combine the inclusive B-->Xulambdav rate, integrated up to a maximum hadronic mass mX<1.67 GeV/c2, with a measurement of the inclusive B-->Xsgamma photon energy spectrum. We obtain /Vub/=(4.43+/-0.38stat+/-0.25syst+/-0.29theo) x 10-3. In another approach we measure the total B-->Xulambdav rate over the full phase space and find /Vub/=(3.84+/-0.70stat+/-0.30syst+/-0.10theo) x 10-3.

Enhanced therapeutic efficacy of IL-12, but not GM-CSF, expressing oncolytic herpes simplex virus for transgenic mouse derived prostate cancers

Replication competent oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (HSV) with broad-spectrum activity against various cancers, including prostate cancer, exert a dual effect by their direct cytocidal action and by eliciting tumor-specific immunity. These viruses can deliver immunoregulatory molecules to tumors so as to enhance the cumulative antitumor response. This is particularly desirable for prostate cancers, which are usually poorly immunogenic. Initial studies described herein comparing the efficacy of three different oncolytic HSVs (G207, G47Delta, and NV1023) to inhibit the growth of the poorly immunogenic TRAMP-C2 mouse prostate tumors demonstrated that NV1023 was most effective in treating established tumors. The expression of IL-12 on an NV1023 background (NV1042), but not the expression of GM-CSF (NV1034), further enhanced the efficacy of NV1023 in two murine prostate cancer models with highly variable MHC class I levels, Pr14-2 with 91% and TRAMP-C2 with 2% of cells staining. NV1042 also inhibited the growth of distant noninoculated tumors in both prostate cancer models. NV1042 treated tumors exhibited increased immune cell infiltration and decreased levels of angiogenesis. Thus, an IL-12 expressing oncolytic herpes virus, which is capable of direct cytotoxicity and can modulate the otherwise suboptimal immune response through concomitant expression of the cytokine at the site of tumor destruction, could serve as a valuable clinical agent to seek out both overt and occult prostate cancers.

Diabetes-enhanced inflammation and apoptosis--impact on periodontal pathology

Diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, is a looming health issue with many ramifications. Because diabetes alters the cellular microenvironment in many different types of tissues, it causes myriad untoward effects, collectively referred to as 'diabetic complications'. Two cellular processes affected by diabetes are inflammation and apoptosis. This review discusses how diabetes-enhanced inflammation and apoptosis may affect the oral environment. In particular, dysregulation of tumor necrosis factor and the formation of advanced glycation products, both of which occur at higher levels in diabetic humans and animal models, potentiate inflammatory responses and induce apoptosis of matrix-producing cells. The enhanced loss of fibroblasts and osteoblasts through apoptosis in diabetics could contribute to limited repair of injured tissue, particularly when combined with other known deficits in diabetic wound-healing. These findings may shed light on diabetes-enhanced risk of periodontal diseases.

SCH 503034, a mechanism-based inhibitor of hepatitis C virus NS3 protease, suppresses polyprotein maturation and enhances the antiviral activity of alpha interferon in replicon cells

Cleavage of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) polyprotein by the viral NS3 protease releases functional viral proteins essential for viral replication. Recent studies by Foy and coworkers strongly suggest that NS3-mediated cleavage of host factors may abrogate cellular response to alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) (E. Foy, K. Li, R. Sumpter, Jr., Y.-M. Loo, C. L. Johnson, C. Wang, P. M. Fish, M. Yoneyama, T. Fujita, S. M. Lemon, and M. Gale, Jr., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:2986-2991, 2005, and E. Foy, K. Li, C. Wang, R. Sumpter, Jr., M. Ikeda, S. M. Lemon, and M. Gale, Jr., Science 300:1145-1148, 2003). Blockage of NS3 protease activity therefore is expected to inhibit HCV replication by both direct suppression of viral protein production as well as by restoring host responsiveness to IFN. Using structure-assisted design, a ketoamide inhibitor, SCH 503034, was generated which demonstrated potent (overall inhibition constant, 14 nM) time-dependent inhibition of the NS3 protease in cell-free enzyme assays as well as robust in vitro activity in the HCV replicon system, as monitored by immunofluorescence and real-time PCR analysis. Continuous exposure of replicon-bearing cell lines to six times the 90% effective concentration of SCH 503034 for 15 days resulted in a greater than 4-log reduction in replicon RNA. The combination of SCH 503034 with IFN was more effective in suppressing replicon synthesis than either compound alone, supporting the suggestion of Foy and coworkers that combinations of IFN with protease inhibitors would lead to enhanced therapeutic efficacy.

Measurements of the absolute branching fractions of B+/- --> K+/-X(cc)

We study the two-body decays of B+/- mesons to K+/- and a charmonium state X(cc) in a sample of 210.5 fb(-1) of data from the BABAR experiment. We perform measurements of absolute branching fractions beta(B+/- --> K+/-X(cc)) using a missing mass technique, and report several new or improved results. In particular, the upper limit beta(B+/- --> K+/- X(3872)) < 3.2 x 10(-4) at 90% C.L. and the inferred lower limit beta(X(3872)J/psipi+ pi-) > 4.2% will help in understanding the nature of the recently discovered X(3872).

Search for lepton flavor violation in the decay tau+/--->e+/-gamma

A search for the nonconservation of lepton flavor in the decay tau+/--->e+/-gamma has been performed with 2.07x10(8) e+e--->tau+tau- events collected by the BABAR detector at the SLAC PEP II storage ring at a center-of-mass energy near 10.58 GeV. We find no evidence for a signal and set an upper limit on the branching ratio of Beta(tau+/--->e+/-gamma)<1.1x10(-7) at 90% confidence level.

Measurement of branching fractions and resonance contributions for B0 --> D0K+pi- and search for B0 --> D0K+pi- decays

Using 226 x 10(6) gamma(4S) --> BB events collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II e+e- storage ring at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, we measure the branching fraction for B0 --> D0K+pi-, excluding B0 --> D*-K+, to be beta(B0 --> D0K+pi-) = (88 +/- 15 +/- 9) x 10(-6). We observe B0 --> D0K*(892)0 and B0 --> D2*(2460)-K+ contributions. The ratio of branching fractions beta(B0 --> D*-K+)/beta(B0 --> D*-pi+) = (7.76 +/- 0.34+/-0.29)% is measured separately. The branching fraction for the suppressed mode B0 --> D0K+pi- is beta(B0 --> D0K+pi-) < 19 x 10(-6) at the 90% confidence level.

A larval medaka (Oryzias latipes) acute toxicity assay combined with solid-phase extraction to efficiently determine the toxicity of organic contaminants in river water

Using a larval medaka (Oryzias latipes) acute toxicity assay combined with solid-phase extraction, we proposed a method for efficiently determining the fish toxicity of organic contaminants in river water. Organic toxicants were 10, 20, 50 and 100-fold concentrated from 4 L of the sample with adsorption cartridges. The lethal effect was observed by exposing every ten individuals of 48-72 h old larval medaka to 20 mL of each solution for 48h. The median lethal concentration rate (LCR50) was used as an indicator for the toxicity. With the developed toxicity test method, more than seven times difference was found in the LCR50 of the river water samples. LCR50 distribution profiles were compared with 125 samples in two typical rivers. The result revealed a lower toxicity level in the mainstream than in the confluences, and a lower toxicity level in Sagami River than in Ayase River. LCR50 proved unique as a toxicity indicator, which was impossible to speculate from the conventional water quality indicator of the dissolved organic carbon concentration. As an effective screening test for priority settings, the method can help us with an efficient planning for the environmental investigation and management.

Effect of serotonin depletion on 5-HT2A-mediated learning in the rabbit: evidence for constitutive activity of the 5-HT2A receptor in vivo

RATIONALE

Associative learning during Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning has been shown to be regulated by 5-HT2A receptors. The existence of inverse agonists that retard learning through an action at the 5-HT2A receptor suggests the existence of constitutive activity at that receptor and that depletion of serotonin should have minimal effects on learning.

OBJECTIVES

We examined whether depletion of serotonin would impair trace eyeblink conditioning or the enhancement of conditioning produced by the agonist lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and the retardation of conditioning produced by the inverse agonist MDL11,939.

METHODS

Animals received bilateral intraventricular injections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) at doses of 760 or 1,140 microg/side (1.88 or 2.82 micromol/side) and were later exposed to eight daily conditioning sessions.

RESULTS

Serotonin depletion produced by the lower dose of 5,7-DHT was 71 and 72% in cortex and hippocampus, respectively, with no change in 5-HT2A receptor density, no effect on learning, and no effect on the ability of LSD to enhance and MDL11,939 to retard learning. The higher dose of 5,7-DHT produced serotonin decreases of 85 and 90% in cortex and hippocampus, respectively, accompanied by a 96% decrease in the density of the serotonin transporter, but no significant effect on learning.

CONCLUSIONS

Pavlovian trace eyeblink conditioning is regulated predominantly by the constitutive activity of the 5-HT2A receptor rather than by serotonin release onto the receptor during learning. It was suggested that the 5-HT2A receptor regulates learning by modulating the release of dopamine, acetylcholine, and glutamate, transmitters known to affect eyeblink conditioning.

SLiC technique

BACKGROUND

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) has been an invaluable method for obtaining long-term enteral access and represents one of the first forays in the field of minimally invasive surgery. However, the traditional "pull" method for PEG tube placement continues to have some disadvantages, especially in patients with near-obstructive head and neck cancers.

METHODS

We describe a new "SLiC" technique for establishing percutaneous gastrostomy using a radially expandable trocar.

RESULTS

This technique is initially developed and refined on a porcine model and then successfully implemented on five human patients.

CONCLUSION

The SLiC technique can be done safely and efficiently with a pediatric-sized gastroscope and avoids the need for radiation from fluoroscopy. It is a good alternative for obtaining enteral access in patients who would otherwise not be well suited for a traditional PEG tube.

Th2-dominated antitumor immunity induced by DNA immunization with the genes coding for a basal core peptide PDTRP and GM-CSF

Our previous study showed that DNA vaccination with a plasmid vector encoding a core peptide of mucin1 (PDTRP) provided modest protection against challenge with tumor cells that expressed mucin1 protein. We report here that a DNA vaccine comprising a modified PDTRP plasmid and GM-CSF coding sequence at the C-terminus induced better protection against tumor challenge. The increased protection was directly correlated with a stronger PDTRP-specific immune response induced by the GM-CSF fusion plasmid. The plasmid encoding GM-CSF and the target PDTRP antigen induced a greater PDTRP-specific Th proliferation, antibodies, and cytotoxicity. Interestingly, the modified plasmid vaccine predominantly enhanced the type 2 immune responses manifested by an increased IgG1 to IgG2a antibody ratio and a greater induction of GATA-3 and IL-4 mRNA than that of T-bet and IFN-gamma mRNA in spleen cells from vaccinated mice. In addition, protection against tumor challenge in vaccinated mice showed that there was no significant change in mice survival after in vivo CD8+CTL depletion, indicating that antitumor immunity augmented by plasmid encoding GM-CSF and target PDTRP gene vaccine was dominated by Th2 immune response.

Dynamics of a projectile penetrating in granular systems

The impact of a sphere with velocity u0 on a fine, loose granular system under the acceleration due to gravity has been studied by fast video photography. The behavior of the granular bed is found to be similar to a fluid during initial impact, followed by a cavity drag during projectile penetration. From the trajectory of the projectile it is found that the drag on the projectile can be well described by adding a bulk frictional force f to the hydrostatic force kappa(z) where kappa is a constant and z denotes the penetration depth. Both kappa and f are u0 dependent. This form of the drag force suggests that fluidlike viscous dissipations in the bed can be neglected in these three-dimensional (3D) experiments. However, due to the imposed boundary this hydrodynamic term of the drag force is found to be not negligible in quasi-2D granular beds.