701
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Markus PM, Selvaggi G, Cai X, Fung JJ, Starzl TE. Induction of donor-specific transplantation tolerance to skin and cardiac allografts using mixed chimerism in (A + B-->A) in rats. Cell Transplant 1993; 2:345-53. [PMID: 8162277 PMCID: PMC2976585 DOI: 10.1177/096368979300200418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed allogeneic chimerism (A + B-->A) was induced in rats by reconstitution of lethally irradiated LEW recipients with a mixture of T-cell depleted (TCD) syngeneic and TCD allogeneic ACI bone marrow. Thirty-seven percent of animals repopulated as stable mixed lymphopoietic chimeras, while the remainder had no detectable allogeneic chimerism. When evaluated for evidence of donor-specific transplantation tolerance, only those recipients with detectable allogeneic lymphoid chimerism exhibited acceptance of donor-specific skin and cardiac allografts. Despite transplantation over a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)- and minor-disparate barrier, animals accepted donor-specific ACI skin and primarily vascularized cardiac allografts permanently, while rejecting third party Brown Norway (BN) grafts. The tolerance induced was also donor-specific in vitro as evidenced by specific hyporeactivity to the allogeneic donor lymphoid elements, yet normal reactivity to MHC-disparate third party rat lymphoid cells. This model for mixed chimerism in the rat will be advantageous to investigate specific transplantation tolerance to primarily vascularized solid organ grafts that can be performed with relative ease in the rat, but not in the mouse, and may provide a method to study the potential existence of organ- or tissue-specific alloantigens in primarily vascularized solid organ allografts.
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702
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Epstein PN, Boschero AC, Atwater I, Cai X, Overbeek PA. Expression of yeast hexokinase in pancreatic beta cells of transgenic mice reduces blood glucose, enhances insulin secretion, and decreases diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:12038-42. [PMID: 1465437 PMCID: PMC50693 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.24.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that endogenous hexokinases of the pancreatic beta cell control the rate of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and that genetic defects that reduce beta-cell hexokinase activity may lead to diabetes. To test these hypotheses, we have produced transgenic mice that have a 2-fold increase in hexokinase activity specific to the pancreatic beta cell. This increase was sufficient to significantly augment glucose-stimulated insulin secretion of isolated pancreatic islets, increase serum insulin levels in vivo, and lower the blood glucose levels of transgenic mice by 20-50% below control levels. Elevation of hexokinase activity also significantly reduced blood glucose levels of diabetic mice. These results confirm the role of beta-cell hexokinase activity in the regulation of insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. They also provide strong support for the proposal that reductions in beta-cell hexokinase activity can produce diabetes.
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703
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Markus PM, Selvaggi G, Cai X, Starzl TE, Röher HD. Tolerance to skin and vascularized cardiac allografts using mixed chimerism. Transplant Proc 1992; 24:2894-5. [PMID: 1465987 PMCID: PMC3091366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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704
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Adamovich MI, Aggarwal MM, Alexandrov YA, Andreeva NP, Anzon ZV, Arora R, Avetyan FA, Badyal SK, Bhalla KB, Bhasin A, Bhatia VS, Bogdanov VG, Bubnov VI, Burnett TH, Cai X, Chasnikov IY, Chernova LP, Chernyavsky MM, Eligbaeva GZ, Eremenko LE, Gaitinov AS, Ganssauge ER, Garpman S, Gerassimov SG, Grote J, Gulamov KG, Gupta SK, Gupta VK, Heckman HH, Huang H, Jakobsson B, Judek B, Just L, Kachroo S, Kalyachkina GS, Kanygina EK, Karabova M, Kaul GL, Kitroo S, Kharlamov SP, Krasnov SA, Kulikova S, Kumar V, Lal P, Larionova VG, Lepetan VN, Liu LS, Lokanathan S, Lord J, Lukicheva NS, Luo SB, Maksimkina TN, Mangotra LK, Marutyan NA, Maslennikova NV, Mittra IS, Mookerjee S, Nasrulaeva H, Nasyrov SH, Navotny VS, Nystrand J, Orlova GI, Otterlund I, Palsania HS. Rapidity density distributions in 16O, 28Si, 32S, 197Au, and 208Pb induced heavy-ion interactions at 4A-200A GeV. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 69:745-748. [PMID: 10047022 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.69.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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705
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Li J, Cai X, Wang TM. Electronic structures of Fe in La1?x Ba x FeO3?y (0?x?0.70). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00334216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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706
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Cai X, Harnaha J, Rao PN, Flowers J, Venkataramanan R, Warty V, Fung JJ, Starzl TE. Low-dose of FK 506 and associated blood levels in allotransplantation of rat liver, heart, and skin. Transplant Proc 1992; 24:1403-5. [PMID: 1379759 PMCID: PMC2965592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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707
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Langrehr JM, Murase N, Markus PM, Cai X, Neuhaus P, Schraut W, Simmons RL, Hoffman RA. Nitric oxide production in host-versus-graft and graft-versus-host reactions in the rat. J Clin Invest 1992; 90:679-83. [PMID: 1379617 PMCID: PMC443151 DOI: 10.1172/jci115911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine whether .N = O produced in vivo during the rejection of histoincompatible tissues might permit serum NO2-/NO3- levels to serve as markers of a rejection reaction. Rat syngeneic and allogeneic liver, heart, bone marrow/spleen cell, small bowel, skin, and sponge matrix grafts were performed and the stable end-products of .N = O, NO2-/NO3-, were serially assayed in the serum of the grafted animals. A significant rise of serum NO2-/NO3- levels in the allografted animals preceded the onset of clinical signs of rejection or graft-versus-host disease, with the exception of the skin and sponge matrix graft models, where elevated serum NO2-/NO3- levels were never observed. In all transplant models, normal serum NO2-/NO3- levels were observed at all times in animals that received syngeneic grafts. Furthermore, treatment of allograft recipients with the immunosuppressive agents FK 506 or cyclosporine A inhibited .N = O production. Determination of serum creatinine levels demonstrated that the elevated serum NO2-/NO3- levels were not caused by kidney dysfunction. Serum NO2-/NO3- levels might be useful early serum markers of the initiation of a rejection reaction or graft-versus-host disease when functional markers of graft dysfunction are not apparent.
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708
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Johnston CS, Martin LJ, Cai X. Antihistamine effect of supplemental ascorbic acid and neutrophil chemotaxis. J Am Coll Nutr 1992; 11:172-6. [PMID: 1578094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Renewed interest in the antihistamine action of ascorbic acid has emerged with the recently recognized immunosuppressive role of histamine. We examined the antihistamine effect of acute and chronic vitamin C (VC) administration and its effect on neutrophil chemotaxis in healthy men and women. In the chronic study, 10 subjects ingested a placebo during weeks 1, 2, 5 and 6, and 2 g/day of VC during weeks 3 and 4. Fasting blood samples were collected after the initial 2-week period (baseline) and at the end of weeks 4 and 6. Plasma ascorbate rose significantly following VC administration compared to baseline and withdrawal values. Neutrophil chemotaxis rose 19% (NS) during VC administration, and fell 30% after VC withdrawal, but these changes were not correlated to plasma ascorbate levels (r = 0.01). Chemotaxis was inversely correlated to blood histamine (r = -0.32, p = 0.045), and, compared to baseline and withdrawal values, histamine levels were depressed 38% following VC supplementation. Blood histamine and neutrophil chemotaxis did not change 4 hours following a single 2 g dose of ascorbic acid, although plasma ascorbate rose 150%. These data indicate that VC may indirectly enhance chemotaxis by detoxifying histamine in vivo.
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709
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Cai X, Zhang W, Gong L. [Relationship between different patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and plasma norepinephrine and hemorheology in patients with essential hypertension]. ZHONGHUA XIN XUE GUAN BING ZA ZHI 1992; 20:22-4, 69-70. [PMID: 1396089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The changes of plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentration and hemorheology in 60 patients with essential hypertension (EH) with different patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) were observed. The results showed that a higher value in whole blood viscosity (WBV) at a shear rate of 230-s was found in concentric hypertrophy (CH) group; a significant increase in plasma NE was found in asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) group. It suggests that CH appear to be a compensation adapting to the increase in afterload. Significant increase in plasma NE concentration may play an important role in the development of ASH in addition to the afterload.
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710
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Cai X, Henry RL, Takemoto LJ, Guikema JA, Wong PP. Antipeptide antibodies that can distinguish specific subunit polypeptides of glutamine synthetase from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 98:402-405. [PMID: 11537881 PMCID: PMC1080198 DOI: 10.1104/pp.98.1.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The amino acid sequences of the beta and gamma subunit polypeptides of glutamine synthetase from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) root nodules are very similar. However, there are small regions within the sequences that are significantly different between the two polypeptides. The sequences between amino acids 2 and 9 and between 264 and 274 are examples. Three peptides (gamma 2-9, gamma 264-274, and beta 264-274) corresponding to these sequences were synthesized. Antibodies against these peptides were raised in rabbits and purified with corresponding peptide-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Western blot analysis of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of bean nodule proteins demonstrated that the anti-beta 264-274 antibodies reacted specifically with the beta polypeptide and the anti-gamma 264-274 and anti-gamma 2-9 antibodies reacted specifically with the gamma polypeptide of the native and denatured glutamine synthetase. These results showed the feasibility of using synthetic peptides in developing antibodies that are capable of distinguishing proteins with similar primary structures.
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711
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Shimoda K, Cai X, Kuhara T, Maejima K. Reconstruction of a large DNA fragment from coinjected small fragments by homologous recombination in fertilized mouse eggs. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:6654. [PMID: 1754412 PMCID: PMC329253 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.23.6654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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712
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Markus PM, Cai X, Selvaggi G, Cooper M, Harnaha J, Fung JJ, Starzl TE. The effect of cyclosporine, rapamycin and FK 506 the survival following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Transplant Proc 1991; 23:3232-3. [PMID: 1721418 PMCID: PMC3005619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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713
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Cooper MH, Markus PM, Cai X, Starzl TE, Fung JJ. Prolonged prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation by donor pretreatment using FK 506. Transplant Proc 1991; 23:3238-9. [PMID: 1721421 PMCID: PMC2981808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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714
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Markus PM, Cai X, Ming W, Demetris AJ, Fung JJ, Starzl TE. Prevention of graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in rats using FK506. Transplantation 1991; 52:590-4. [PMID: 1718063 PMCID: PMC2975544 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199110000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
FK506 and cyclosporine were used for the prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease. Acute GVHD was induced in Lewis rats by total-body irradiation and subsequent reconstitution with allogeneic (ACI) bone marrow and spleen cells (BMTx). GVHD was assessed by both clinical and histologic parameters during the experiment duration of 60 days, and longer for selected animals. All untreated BM recipients died within 26 days from severe acute GVHD. GVHD was prevented with CsA during the period of immunosuppressive therapy, but it appeared within a few days afterward. FK506-treated BM recipients were also protected, but they had a markedly prolonged GVHD-free period after therapy was discontinued. Most such animals eventually developed GVHD but with notable exceptions. Maintenance therapy with doses of FK506 as low as 0.1 mg/kg every other day (1/20 of daily induction dose) was infallible insurance against delayed GVHD. The relevance of these findings to GVHD caused by lymphoid-containing solid organs such as the intestine was discussed.
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715
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Adamovich MI, Aggarwal MM, Alexandrov YA, Andreeva NP, Anson ZV, Arora R, Badyal SK, Basova ES, Bhalla KB, Bhasin A, Bhatia VS, Bogdanov VG, Bubnov VI, Burnett TH, Cai X, Chasnikov IY, Chernova LP, Chernyavski MM, Eligbaeva GZ, Eremenko LE, Gaitinov AS, Ganssauge ER, Garpman S, Gerassimov SG, Grote J, Gulamov KG, Gupta SK, Heckman HH, Huang H, Jakobsson B, Judek B, Kachroo S, Kadyrov FG, Kalyachina GS, Kanygina EK, Karlsson L, Kaul GL, Kharlamov SP, Koss T, Kumar V, Lal P, Larionova VG, Lepetan VN, Liu LS, Lokanathan S, Lord J, Lukicheva S, Luo SB, Mangotra LK, Maslennikova NV, Mittra IS, Mokerjee S, Monnand E, Nasrullaeva H, Nasyrov SH, Navotny VS, Orlova GI, Otterlund I, Palsania HS, Peresadko NG, Petrov NV, Plyushchev VA, Qian WY, Raniwala R. Multiplicities in 16O-induced violent heavy-ion collisions from 5A to 2 x 10(5)A MeV. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1991; 67:1201-1205. [PMID: 10044086 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.67.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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716
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Markus PM, Cai X, Ming W, Demetris AJ, Fung JJ, Starzl TE. FK 506 reverses acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in rats. Surgery 1991; 110:357-63; discussion 363-4. [PMID: 1713358 PMCID: PMC2956606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe graft-versus-host disease was induced by transplantation of ACI rat bone marrow and spleen cells into irradiated Lewis rat recipients. Treatment with FK 506 or cyclosporine A (CsA) was started after clinical and histologic evidence of acute GVHD was present. A 14-day course of FK 506 at 1.0 mg/kg/day could rescue 100% of the animals suffering from GVHD. In contrast only one half of the animals treated with CsA at a high dose of 25 mg/kg/day recovered. After cessation of immunosuppressive therapy, FK 506-treated animals displayed a marked prolonged disease-free interval as compared to CsA-treated bone marrow recipients. Recurrence of the disease in these animals could be prevented when FK 506 treatment was continued after the induction period with a low maintenance dose of 0.1 mg/kg/day every other day.
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717
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Datta DB, Cai X, Wong PP, Triplett EW. Immunocytochemical Localization of Glutamine Synthetase in Organs of Phaseolus vulgaris L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 96:507-12. [PMID: 16668215 PMCID: PMC1080799 DOI: 10.1104/pp.96.2.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase was localized in nodules, roots, stems, and leaves of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by immunocytochemistry. Affinity purified antibodies reactive with glutamine synthetase were prepared using purified nodule-enhanced glutamine synthetase. Immunogold labeling was observed in the cell cytoplasm in each plant organ. In nodules, the labeling was more intense in the infected cells than in the uninfected cells. No labeling was observed in nodule bacteroids, peribacteroid spaces, or in peribacteroid membranes, while previous reports of glutamine synthetase immunolabeling of legume nodules showed labeling in the bacteroid fraction. Significant labeling was observed in nodule proplastids which contained starch granules. Substantial labeling was also observed in leaf chloroplasts. No labeling was observed in other organelles including mitochondria, peroxisomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. Preimmune IgGs did not bind to any structure in the tissues examined.
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718
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Markus PM, van den Brink M, Cai X, Harnaha J, Palomba L, Hiserodt JC, Cramer DV. Effect of selective depletion of natural killer cells on allograft rejection. Transplant Proc 1991; 23:178-9. [PMID: 1990508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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719
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Balcazar H, Aoyama C, Cai X. Interpretative views on Hispanics' perinatal problems of low birth weight and prenatal care. Public Health Rep 1991; 106:420-6. [PMID: 1908593 PMCID: PMC1580265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
From a public health perspective, there is a need to recognize that Hispanics, and in particular Mexican Americans, are a very heterogeneous group. They represent all shades of acculturation, education, income, and citizenship status. As this minority group continues to increase in numbers, pertinent information about their perinatal health problems in the context of their sociocultural characteristics will be required. This review examines critically the recent literature related to low birth weight and prenatal care and suggests alternative ways to address these perinatal health issues. Low birth weight is examined in the context of the problem of intrauterine growth retardation and the potential mechanisms and consequences of different types of growth limitation in utero which have not been studied in this population. The use of prenatal care by Mexican American women and its association with birth weight is examined as an indication of maternal behavior or as a health care intervention. The implications for public health policy are discussed in relation to the identification, interpretation, and evaluation of these perinatal health issues in this minority population.
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720
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Markus PM, Cai X, Hoffman AL, Kunz HW, Hoffmann S, Fung JJ. The effect of thymus transplantation on allograft rejection in thymectomized bone marrow chimeras. Transplant Proc 1990; 22:2536-8. [PMID: 2148235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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721
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Adamovich MI, Aggarwal MM, Alexandrov YA, Ameeva ZV, Andreeva NP, Anzon ZV, Arora R, Badyal SK, Bhalla KB, Bhasin A, Bhatia VS, Bubnov VI, Burnett TH, Cai X, Chasnikov IY, Chernova LP, Chernyavski MM, Dressel B, Eligbaeva GZ, Eremenko LE, Friedlander EM, Gadzhieva SI, Gaitinov AS, Ganssauge ER, Garpman S, Gerassimov SG, Gill A, Grote JG, Gulamov KG, Gulyamov UG, Gupta VK, Hackel S, Heckman HH, Haung H, Judek B, Kachroo S, Kadyrov FG, Kalyachkina GS, Kanygina EK, Kaul GL, Kaur M, Kharlamov SP, Koss T, Kumar V, Lal P, Larionova VG, Lindstrom PJ, Liu LS, Lokanathan S, Lord JJ, Lukicheva NS, Luo SB, Maslennikova NV, Mangotra LK, Mittra IS, Mookerjee S, Mueller C, Nasyrov SH, Navotny VS, Orlova GI, Otterlund I, Peresadko NG, Persson S, Petrov NV. Scaled-factorial-moment analysis of 200A-GeV sulfur+gold interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1990; 65:412-415. [PMID: 10042914 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.65.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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722
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Hoffman AL, Makowka L, Banner B, Cai X, Cramer DV, Pascualone A, Todo S, Starzl TE. The use of FK-506 for small intestine allotransplantation. Inhibition of acute rejection and prevention of fatal graft-versus-host disease. Transplantation 1990; 49:483-90. [PMID: 1690469 PMCID: PMC2987596 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199003000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Small intestine allotransplantation in humans is not yet feasible due to the failure of the current methods of immunosuppression. FK-506, a powerful new immunosuppressive agent that is synergistic with cyclosporine, allows long-term survival of recipients of cardiac, renal, and hepatic allografts. This study compares the effects of FK-506 and cyclosporine on host survival, graft rejection, and graft-versus-host-disease in a rat small intestine transplantation model. Transplants between strongly histoincompatible ACI and Lewis (LEW) strain rats, and their F1 progeny are performed so that graft rejection alone is genetically permitted (F1----LEW) or GVHD alone permitted (LEW----F1) or that both immunologic processes are allowed to occur simultaneously (ACI----LEW). Specific doses of FK-506 result in prolonged graft and host survival in all genetic combinations tested. Furthermore, graft rejection is prevented (ACI----LEW model) or inhibited (rejection only model) and lethal acute GVHD is eliminated. Even at very high doses, cyclosporine did not prevent graft rejection or lethal GVHD, nor did it allow long-term survival of the intestinal graft or the host. Animals receiving low doses of cyclosporine have outcomes similar to the untreated control groups. No toxicity specific to FK-506 is noted, but earlier studies by other investigators suggest otherwise.
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723
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Hoffman AL, Makowka L, Cai X, Banner B, Cramer DV, Pascualone A, Todo S, Starzl TE. The effect of FK 506 on small intestine allotransplantation in the rat. Transplant Proc 1990; 22:76-7. [PMID: 1689907 PMCID: PMC2977910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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724
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Cai X, Wong PP. Subunit Composition of Glutamine Synthetase Isozymes from Root Nodules of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 91:1056-62. [PMID: 16667111 PMCID: PMC1062118 DOI: 10.1104/pp.91.3.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase from bean nodules can be separated into two isoforms, GS(n1) and GS(n2). A purification protocol has been developed. It included protamine sulfate precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, anthranilate-affinity chromatography, Dye-Matrex (Orange A) chromatography, and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography. GS(n1) and GS(n2) have been purified to homogeneity. Subunit structure analysis using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that GS(n1) was composed of two different types of subunit polypeptides. They differed in isoelectric points (6.0 and 6.3) but had the same molecular weights (46,000 Daltons). GS(n2) was composed of only one type of subunit polypeptide. It had an isoelectric point of 6.0 and a molecular weight of 46,000 Daltons. It was apparently identical to one of the polypeptides found in GS(n1). Glutamine synthetase holoenzyme consisted of eight subunits. In the nodule there are two different types of glutamine synthetase subunit polypeptides. Random combinations of the polypeptides should generate nine different isozymes. Our electrophoretic analysis revealed that GS(n2) was but one of the isozymes, and GS(n1) was a composite of the other eight. Hence, nodule glutamine synthetase isozymes were homo-octameric as well as hetero-octameric.
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725
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Hoffman AL, Makowka L, Cramer DV, Cai X, Banner B, Pascualone A, Hoffmann S, Starzl TE. Induction of stable chimerism and elimination of graft-versus-host disease by depletion of T lymphocytes from bone marrow using immunomagnetic beads. Surgery 1989; 106:354-63. [PMID: 2669198 PMCID: PMC2967215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The goal of transplantation is the induction of immunologic tolerance. At present, nonspecific immunosuppression is used to prevent graft rejection and, commonly, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Nevertheless, nonspecific immunosuppressive therapy is frequently complicated by infection, malignant tumors, and drug toxicity. In order to examine whether hematopoietic chimerism can be used to induce specific allograft tolerance, we have reconstituted lethally irradiated Lewis rats with ACI bone marrow that has been depleted of T cells with use of immunomagnetic beads. This technique consists of binding OX-19, a mouse anti-rat pan-T lymphocyte monoclonal antibody, to magnetic polymer beads. Mixing of bone marrow or splenocytes with the bead/OX-19 complexes, followed by magnetic separation, results in significant depletion of T cells with minimal nonspecific cell loss. Immunomagnetic T-cell depletion of bone marrow, followed by reconstitution of a lethally irradiated host, allows for the development of stable, mixed hematopoietic chimerae without evidence of GVHD. These hosts are immunocompetent by clinical criteria. Recipients of untreated donor bone marrow that did or did not receive nonspecific immunosuppression demonstrated varying degrees of GVHD and reduced survival. The ability to rapidly and simply deplete T lymphocytes from bone marrow and produce stable, immunocompetent hematopoietic chimerae without GVHD may be an important method for tolerance induction to vascularized allografts.
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