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Radomski M, Zeh HJ, Edington HD, Pingpank JF, Butterfield LH, Whiteside TL, Wieckowski E, Bartlett DL, Kalinski P. Prolonged intralymphatic delivery of dendritic cells through implantable lymphatic ports in patients with advanced cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:24. [PMID: 27096100 PMCID: PMC4835859 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The currently-used modes of administration of immunotherapeutic agents result in their limited delivery to the lymph nodes and/or require repetitive ultrasound-guided nodal injections or microsurgical lymphatic injections, limiting their feasibility. Here, we report on the feasibility and safety of a new method of long-term repetitive intralymphatic (IL) infusion of immune cells, using implantable delivery ports. Methods Nine patients with stage IV recurrent colorectal cancer underwent complete resection and received autologous dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with killed autologous tumor cells, KLH and PADRE, for up to four monthly cycles. Leg lymphatic vessels were cannulated, connected to 6.6Fr low-profile implantable subcutaneous delivery ports, and used to infuse 12 doses of DC over each 72 h-long cycle (every 6 h), followed by heparin flushes of the cannula-port system (one 72 h-long cycle per month). The patients who opted for alternative route of vaccine administration (2 patients) or whose ports became non-functional between cycles, continued treatment via intranodal (one injection/cycle) or intradermal (four injections/cycle) routes. Results A total of nine lymphatic cannulations and implantations of subcutaneous delivery ports were attempted in seven patients, with a success rate of eight out of nine (89 %). The average patency of the IL delivery system was 7.5 (±3.2) weeks. All six patients with IL ports successfully completed at least one complete 72 h-long DC infusion cycle (12 injections). Five patients (56 %) completed two full IL cycles (24 IL injections). No patients received more than two IL cycles without replacement of the IL port, due to catheter occlusion and/or local side effects: cellulitis and hematoma. Intranodal and intradermal backup options were used in, respectively, one and two patients. Overall cohort survival was >28 (±25) months. One patient with aggressive recurrent carcinomatosis, who received DC vaccines by intranodal route is alive at > 90 months, without evidence of disease. Conclusions We conclude that an intermediate-duration IL delivery of multiple doses of immunotherapeutic factors using implantable delivery ports is feasible, highly-tolerable and can be reproducibly performed in cancer patients to administer immune cells, or potentially, other immune factors. However, long-term IL port placement (>7.5 weeks), is not a currently-feasible option. Trial registration NCT00558051, registered Nov. 13, 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Radomski
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Cancer Pavilion, Suite 400, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Cancer Pavilion, Suite 400, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Cancer Pavilion, Suite 500, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA
| | - Howard D Edington
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Cancer Pavilion, Suite 400, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Cancer Pavilion, Suite 500, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA
| | - James F Pingpank
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Cancer Pavilion, Suite 400, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Cancer Pavilion, Suite 500, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Cancer Pavilion, Suite 400, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Cancer Pavilion, Suite 500, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA ; Department of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion, Suite 137, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA ; Department of Immunology, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion, Suite 1.46, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Cancer Pavilion, Suite 500, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA ; Department of Immunology, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion, Suite 1.46, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA ; Department of Pathology, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion, Suite 132, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA ; Department of Otolaryngology, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion, Suite 132, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA
| | - Eva Wieckowski
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Cancer Pavilion, Suite 400, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA
| | - David L Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Cancer Pavilion, Suite 400, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Cancer Pavilion, Suite 500, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Cancer Pavilion, Suite 400, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Cancer Pavilion, Suite 500, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA ; Department of Immunology, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion, Suite 1.46, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA ; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion, Suite 1.46, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA ; Department of Bioengineering University of Pittsburgh, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion, Suite 1.46, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA
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Abstract
Tumor cells actively produce, release, and utilize exosomes to promote tumor growth. Mechanisms through which tumor-derived exosomes subserve the tumor are under intense investigation. These exosomes are information carriers, conveying molecular and genetic messages from tumor cells to normal or other abnormal cells residing at close or distant sites. Tumor-derived exosomes are found in all body fluids. Upon contact with target cells, they alter phenotypic and functional attributes of recipients, reprogramming them into active contributors to angiogenesis, thrombosis, metastasis, and immunosuppression. Exosomes produced by tumors carry cargos that in part mimic contents of parent cells and are of potential interest as noninvasive biomarkers of cancer. Their role in inhibiting the host antitumor responses and in mediating drug resistance is important for cancer therapy. Tumor-derived exosomes may interfere with cancer immunotherapy, but they also could serve as adjuvants and antigenic components of antitumor vaccines. Their biological roles in cancer development or progression as well as cancer therapy suggest that tumor-derived exosomes are critical components of oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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103
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Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are harbingers of tumor-induced immune suppression: they carry immunosuppressive molecules and factors known to interfere with immune cell functions. By delivering suppressive cargos consisting of proteins similar to those in parent tumor cells to immune cells, TEX directly or indirectly influence the development, maturation, and antitumor activities of immune cells. TEX also deliver genomic DNA, mRNA, and microRNAs to immune cells, thereby reprogramming functions of responder cells to promote tumor progression. TEX carrying tumor-associated antigens can interfere with antitumor immunotherapies. TEX also have the potential to serve as noninvasive biomarkers of tumor progression. In the tumor microenvironment, TEX may be involved in operating numerous signaling pathways responsible for the downregulation of antitumor immunity.
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Zdanov S, Mandapathil M, Abu Eid R, Adamson-Fadeyi S, Wilson W, Qian J, Carnie A, Tarasova N, Mkrtichyan M, Berzofsky JA, Whiteside TL, Khleif SN. Mutant KRAS Conversion of Conventional T Cells into Regulatory T Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:354-65. [PMID: 26880715 PMCID: PMC4884020 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive activation of the KRAS oncogene in human malignancies is associated with aggressive tumor growth and poor prognosis. Similar to other oncogenes, KRAS acts in a cell-intrinsic manner to affect tumor growth or survival. However, we describe here a different, cell-extrinsic mechanism through which mutant KRAS contributes to tumor development. Tumor cells carrying mutated KRAS induced highly suppressive T cells, and silencing KRAS reversed this effect. Overexpression of the mutant KRAS(G12V)gene in wild-type KRAS tumor cells led to regulatory T-cell (Treg) induction. We also demonstrate that mutant KRAS induces the secretion of IL10 and transforming growth factor-β1 (both required for Treg induction) by tumor cells through the activation of the MEK-ERK-AP1 pathway. Finally, we report that inhibition of KRAS reduces the infiltration of Tregs in KRAS-driven lung tumorigenesis even before tumor formation. This cell-extrinsic mechanism allows tumor cells harboring a mutant KRAS oncogene to escape immune recognition. Thus, an oncogene can promote tumor progression independent of its transforming activity by increasing the number and function of Tregs. This has a significant clinical potential, in which targeting KRAS and its downstream signaling pathways could be used as powerful immune modulators in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Zdanov
- Cancer Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, NCI, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Magis Mandapathil
- Department of Pathology, IMPCL, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (UPCI), Pittsburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Rasha Abu Eid
- Cancer Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, NCI, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University (previously Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia
| | - Saudat Adamson-Fadeyi
- Cancer Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, NCI, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Willie Wilson
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jiahua Qian
- Cancer Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, NCI, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrea Carnie
- Cancer Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, NCI, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nadya Tarasova
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Mikayel Mkrtichyan
- Cancer Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, NCI, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University (previously Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, IMPCL, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (UPCI), Pittsburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Samir N Khleif
- Cancer Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, NCI, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University (previously Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia.
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Hong CS, Funk S, Muller L, Boyiadzis M, Whiteside TL. Isolation of biologically active and morphologically intact exosomes from plasma of patients with cancer. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:29289. [PMID: 27018366 PMCID: PMC4808740 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.29289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Isolation from human plasma of exosomes that retain functional and morphological integrity for probing their protein, lipid and nucleic acid content is a priority for the future use of exosomes as biomarkers. A method that meets these criteria and can be scaled up for patient monitoring is thus desirable. Methods Plasma specimens (1 mL) of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) or a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) were differentially centrifuged, ultrafiltered and fractionated by size exclusion chromatography in small disposable columns (mini-SEC). Exosomes were eluted in phosphate-buffered saline and were evaluated by qNano for particle size and counts, morphology by transmission electron microscopy, protein content, molecular profiles by western blots, and for ability to modify functions of immune cells. Results Exosomes eluting in fractions #3–5 had a diameter ranging from 50 to 200 nm by qNano, with the fraction #4 containing the bulk of clean, unaggregated exosomes. The exosome elution profiles remained constant for repeated runs of the same plasma. Larger plasma volumes could be fractionated running multiple mini-SEC columns in parallel. Particle concentrations per millilitre of plasma in #4 fractions of AML and HNSCC were comparable and were higher (p<0.003) than those in normal controls. Isolated AML exosomes co-incubated with normal human NK cells inhibited NKG2D expression levels (p<0.004), and HNSCC exosomes suppressed activation (p<0.01) and proliferation of activated T lymphocytes (p<0.03). Conclusions Mini-SEC allows for simple and reproducible isolation from human plasma of exosomes retaining structural integrity and functional activity. It enables molecular/functional analysis of the exosome content in serial specimens of human plasma for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Sook Hong
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sonja Funk
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Laurent Muller
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Boyiadzis
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA;
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Pollack IF, Jakacki RI, Butterfield LH, Hamilton RL, Panigrahy A, Normolle DP, Connelly AK, Dibridge S, Mason G, Whiteside TL, Okada H. Immune responses and outcome after vaccination with glioma-associated antigen peptides and poly-ICLC in a pilot study for pediatric recurrent low-grade gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:1157-68. [PMID: 26984745 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) are the most common brain tumors of childhood. Although surgical resection is curative for well-circumscribed superficial lesions, tumors that are infiltrative or arise from deep structures are therapeutically challenging, and new treatment approaches are needed. Having identified a panel of glioma-associated antigens (GAAs) overexpressed in these tumors, we initiated a pilot trial of vaccinations with peptides for GAA epitopes in human leukocyte antigen-A2+ children with recurrent LGG that had progressed after at least 2 prior regimens. METHODS Peptide epitopes for 3 GAAs (EphA2, IL-13Rα2, and survivin) were emulsified in Montanide-ISA-51 and administered subcutaneously adjacent to intramuscular injections of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized by lysine and carboxymethylcellulose every 3 weeks for 8 courses, followed by booster vaccines every 6 weeks. Primary endpoints were safety and T-lymphocyte responses against GAA epitopes. Treatment response was evaluated clinically and by MRI. RESULTS Fourteen children were enrolled. Other than grade 3 urticaria in one child, no regimen-limiting toxicity was encountered. Vaccination induced immunoreactivity to at least one vaccine-targeted GAA in all 12 evaluable patients: to IL-13Rα2 in 3, EphA2 in 11, and survivin in 3. One child with a metastatic LGG had asymptomatic pseudoprogression noted 6 weeks after starting vaccination, followed by dramatic disease regression with >75% shrinkage of primary tumor and regression of metastatic disease, persisting >57 months. Three other children had sustained partial responses, lasting >10, >31, and >45 months, and one had a transient response. CONCLUSIONS GAA peptide vaccination in children with recurrent LGGs is generally well tolerated, with preliminary evidence of immunological and clinical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Regina I Jakacki
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Ronald L Hamilton
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Daniel P Normolle
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Angela K Connelly
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Sharon Dibridge
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Gary Mason
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., H.O.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.I.J., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (R.L.H., T.L.W.); Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B.), Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., H.O.), Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (A.P.), Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (L.H.B., T.L.W.), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., A.P., A.K.C., S.D., G.M.); University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (I.F.P., R.I.J., L.H.B., R.L.H., D.P.N., G.M., T.L.W., H.O.); Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (D.P.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, California (H.O.)
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Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are harbingers of tumor-induced immune suppression: they carry immunosuppressive molecules and factors known to interfere with immune cell functions. By delivering suppressive cargos consisting of proteins similar to those in parent tumor cells to immune cells, TEX directly or indirectly influence the development, maturation, and antitumor activities of immune cells. TEX also deliver genomic DNA, mRNA, and microRNAs to immune cells, thereby reprogramming functions of responder cells to promote tumor progression. TEX carrying tumor-associated antigens can interfere with antitumor immunotherapies. TEX also have the potential to serve as noninvasive biomarkers of tumor progression. In the tumor microenvironment, TEX may be involved in operating numerous signaling pathways responsible for the downregulation of antitumor immunity.
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108
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Figueiró F, Muller L, Funk S, Jackson EK, Battastini AMO, Whiteside TL. Phenotypic and functional characteristics of CD39 high human regulatory B cells (Breg). Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1082703. [PMID: 27057473 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1082703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD39 and CD73 are key enzymes in the adenosine (ADO) pathway. ADO modulates pathophysiological responses of immune cells, including B cells. It has recently emerged that a subpopulation of ADO-producing CD39+CD73+ B cells has regulatory properties. Here, we define the CD39high subset of these cells as the major contributor to the regulatory network operated by human B lymphocytes. Peripheral blood B cells were sorted into CD39neg, CD39inter and CD39high subsets. The phenotype, proliferation and IL-10 secretion by these B cells were studied by flow cytometry. 5'-AMP and ADO levels were measured by mass spectrometry. Agonists or antagonists of A1R, A2AR and A3R were used to study ADO-receptor signaling in B cells. Inhibition of effector T-cell (Teff) activation/proliferation by B cells was assessed in co-cultures. Cytokine production was measured by Luminex. Upon in vitro activation and culture of B cells, the subset of CD39high B cells increased in frequency (p < 0.001). CD39high B cells upregulated CD73 expression, proliferated (approximately 40% of CD39high B cells were Ki-67+ and secreted fold-2 higher IL-10 and ADO levels than CD39neg or CD39inter B cells. CD39high B cells co-cultured with autologous Teff suppressed T-cell activation/proliferation and secreted elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-10. The A1R and A2AR agonists promoted expansion and functions of CD39high B cells. CD39 ectonucleotidase is upregulated in a subset of in vitro-activated B cells which utilize ADO and IL-10 to suppress Teff functions. Proliferation and functions of these CD39high B cells are regulated by A1R- and A2AR-mediated autocrine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Figueiró
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - L Muller
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S Funk
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - E K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A M O Battastini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - T L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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109
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Yuan J, Hegde PS, Clynes R, Foukas PG, Harari A, Kleen TO, Kvistborg P, Maccalli C, Maecker HT, Page DB, Robins H, Song W, Stack EC, Wang E, Whiteside TL, Zhao Y, Zwierzina H, Butterfield LH, Fox BA. Novel technologies and emerging biomarkers for personalized cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2016. [PMID: 26788324 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0107-3.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The culmination of over a century's work to understand the role of the immune system in tumor control has led to the recent advances in cancer immunotherapies that have resulted in durable clinical responses in patients with a variety of malignancies. Cancer immunotherapies are rapidly changing traditional treatment paradigms and expanding the therapeutic landscape for cancer patients. However, despite the current success of these therapies, not all patients respond to immunotherapy and even those that do often experience toxicities. Thus, there is a growing need to identify predictive and prognostic biomarkers that enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the complex interactions between the immune system and cancer. Therefore, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) reconvened an Immune Biomarkers Task Force to review state of the art technologies, identify current hurdlers, and make recommendations for the field. As a product of this task force, Working Group 2 (WG2), consisting of international experts from academia and industry, assembled to identify and discuss promising technologies for biomarker discovery and validation. Thus, this WG2 consensus paper will focus on the current status of emerging biomarkers for immune checkpoint blockade therapy and discuss novel technologies as well as high dimensional data analysis platforms that will be pivotal for future biomarker research. In addition, this paper will include a brief overview of the current challenges with recommendations for future biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianda Yuan
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 New York Ave Box 386, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Priti S Hegde
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way South, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Raphael Clynes
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, NJ 08648 USA
| | - Periklis G Foukas
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics and Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland ; Department of Pathology, University of Athens Medical School, "Attikon" University Hospital, 1st Rimini St, 12462 Haidari, Greece
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics and Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas O Kleen
- Epiontis GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Postbus 90203, 1006 BE Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cristina Maccalli
- Italian Network for Biotherapy of Tumors (NIBIT)-Laboratory, c/o Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Siena, V.le Bracci,16, Siena, 53100 Italy
| | - Holden T Maecker
- Stanford University Medical Center, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94303 USA
| | - David B Page
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR 97213 USA
| | - Harlan Robins
- Adaptive Technologies, Inc., 1551 Eastlake Avenue East Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Wenru Song
- AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | | | - Ena Wang
- Sidra Medical and Research Center, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Yingdong Zhao
- National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Heinz Zwierzina
- Innsbruck Medical University, Medizinische Klinik, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR 97213 USA
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Yuan J, Hegde PS, Clynes R, Foukas PG, Harari A, Kleen TO, Kvistborg P, Maccalli C, Maecker HT, Page DB, Robins H, Song W, Stack EC, Wang E, Whiteside TL, Zhao Y, Zwierzina H, Butterfield LH, Fox BA. Novel technologies and emerging biomarkers for personalized cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:3. [PMID: 26788324 PMCID: PMC4717548 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The culmination of over a century’s work to understand the role of the immune system in tumor control has led to the recent advances in cancer immunotherapies that have resulted in durable clinical responses in patients with a variety of malignancies. Cancer immunotherapies are rapidly changing traditional treatment paradigms and expanding the therapeutic landscape for cancer patients. However, despite the current success of these therapies, not all patients respond to immunotherapy and even those that do often experience toxicities. Thus, there is a growing need to identify predictive and prognostic biomarkers that enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the complex interactions between the immune system and cancer. Therefore, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) reconvened an Immune Biomarkers Task Force to review state of the art technologies, identify current hurdlers, and make recommendations for the field. As a product of this task force, Working Group 2 (WG2), consisting of international experts from academia and industry, assembled to identify and discuss promising technologies for biomarker discovery and validation. Thus, this WG2 consensus paper will focus on the current status of emerging biomarkers for immune checkpoint blockade therapy and discuss novel technologies as well as high dimensional data analysis platforms that will be pivotal for future biomarker research. In addition, this paper will include a brief overview of the current challenges with recommendations for future biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianda Yuan
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 New York Ave Box 386, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Priti S Hegde
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way South, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Raphael Clynes
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, NJ 08648 USA
| | - Periklis G Foukas
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics and Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland ; Department of Pathology, University of Athens Medical School, "Attikon" University Hospital, 1st Rimini St, 12462 Haidari, Greece
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics and Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas O Kleen
- Epiontis GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Postbus 90203, 1006 BE Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cristina Maccalli
- Italian Network for Biotherapy of Tumors (NIBIT)-Laboratory, c/o Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Siena, V.le Bracci,16, Siena, 53100 Italy
| | - Holden T Maecker
- Stanford University Medical Center, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94303 USA
| | - David B Page
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR 97213 USA
| | - Harlan Robins
- Adaptive Technologies, Inc., 1551 Eastlake Avenue East Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Wenru Song
- AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | | | - Ena Wang
- Sidra Medical and Research Center, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Yingdong Zhao
- National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Heinz Zwierzina
- Innsbruck Medical University, Medizinische Klinik, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR 97213 USA
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111
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Macatangay BJC, Riddler SA, Wheeler ND, Spindler J, Lawani M, Hong F, Buffo MJ, Whiteside TL, Kearney MF, Mellors JW, Rinaldo CR. Therapeutic Vaccination With Dendritic Cells Loaded With Autologous HIV Type 1-Infected Apoptotic Cells. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:1400-9. [PMID: 26647281 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report the results of a phase I/II, open-label, single-arm clinical trial to evaluate the safety and anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) efficacy of an autologous dendritic cell (DC)-based HIV-1 vaccine loaded with autologous HIV-1-infected apoptotic cells. METHODS Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive individuals were enrolled, and viremia was suppressed by ART prior to delivery of 4 doses of DC-based vaccine. Participants underwent treatment interruption 6 weeks after the third vaccine dose. The plasma HIV-1 RNA level 12 weeks after treatment interruption was compared to the pre-ART (ie, baseline) level. RESULTS The vaccine was safe and well tolerated but did not prevent viral rebound during treatment interruption. Vaccination resulted in a modest but significant decrease in plasma viremia from the baseline level (from 4.53 log10 copies/mL to 4.27 log10 copies/mL;P= .05). Four of 10 participants had a >0.70 log10 increase in the HIV-1 RNA load in plasma following vaccination, despite continuous ART. Single-molecule sequencing of HIV-1 RNA in plasma before and after vaccination revealed increases in G>A hypermutants in gag and pol after vaccination, which suggests cytolysis of infected cells. CONCLUSIONS A therapeutic HIV-1 vaccine based on DCs loaded with apoptotic bodies was safe and induced T-cell activation and cytolysis, including HIV-1-infected cells, in a subset of study participants. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT00510497.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon A Riddler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Nicole D Wheeler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Jonathan Spindler
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mariam Lawani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Feiyu Hong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Mary J Buffo
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | | | - Mary F Kearney
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John W Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pennsylvania
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112
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Lawson DH, Lee S, Zhao F, Tarhini AA, Margolin KA, Ernstoff MS, Atkins MB, Cohen GI, Whiteside TL, Butterfield LH, Kirkwood JM. Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase III Trial of Yeast-Derived Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Versus Peptide Vaccination Versus GM-CSF Plus Peptide Vaccination Versus Placebo in Patients With No Evidence of Disease After Complete Surgical Resection of Locally Advanced and/or Stage IV Melanoma: A Trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-American College of Radiology Imaging Network Cancer Research Group (E4697). J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:4066-76. [PMID: 26351350 PMCID: PMC4669592 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.62.0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and peptide vaccination (PV) on relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with resected high-risk melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with completely resected stage IV or high-risk stage III melanoma were grouped by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) -A2 status. HLA-A2-positive patients were randomly assigned to receive GM-CSF, PV, both, or placebo; HLA-A2-negative patients, GM-CSF or placebo. Treatment lasted for 1 year or until recurrence. Efficacy analyses were conducted in the intent-to-treat population. RESULTS A total of 815 patients were enrolled. There were no significant improvements in OS (stratified log-rank P = .528; hazard ratio, 0.94; 95% repeated CI, 0.77 to 1.15) or RFS (P = .131; hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.04) in the patients assigned to GM-CSF (n = 408) versus those assigned to placebo (n = 407). The median OS times with GM-CSF versus placebo treatments were 69.6 months (95% CI, 53.4 to 83.5 months) versus 59.3 months (95% CI, 44.4 to 77.3 months); the 5-year OS probability rates were 52.3% (95% CI, 47.3% to 57.1%) versus 49.4% (95% CI, 44.3% to 54.3%), respectively. The median RFS times with GM-CSF versus placebo were 11.4 months (95% CI, 9.4 to 14.8 months) versus 8.8 months (95% CI, 7.5 to 11.2 months); the 5-year RFS probability rates were 31.2% (95% CI, 26.7% to 35.9%) versus 27.0% (95% CI, 22.7% to 31.5%), respectively. Exploratory analyses showed a trend toward improved OS in GM-CSF-treated patients with resected visceral metastases. When survival in HLA-A2-positive patients who received PV versus placebo was compared, RFS and OS were not significantly different. Treatment-related grade 3 or greater adverse events were similar between GM-CSF and placebo groups. CONCLUSION Neither adjuvant GM-CSF nor PV significantly improved RFS or OS in patients with high-risk resected melanoma. Exploratory analyses suggest that GM-CSF may be beneficial in patients with resected visceral metastases; this observation requires prospective validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Lawson
- David H. Lawson, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sandra Lee and Fengmin Zhao, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Michael B. Atkins, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Ahmad A. Tarhini, Theresa L. Whiteside, Lisa H. Butterfield, and John M. Kirkwood, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Kim A. Margolin, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA; Marc S. Ernstoff, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; and Gary I. Cohen, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Sandra Lee
- David H. Lawson, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sandra Lee and Fengmin Zhao, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Michael B. Atkins, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Ahmad A. Tarhini, Theresa L. Whiteside, Lisa H. Butterfield, and John M. Kirkwood, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Kim A. Margolin, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA; Marc S. Ernstoff, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; and Gary I. Cohen, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Fengmin Zhao
- David H. Lawson, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sandra Lee and Fengmin Zhao, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Michael B. Atkins, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Ahmad A. Tarhini, Theresa L. Whiteside, Lisa H. Butterfield, and John M. Kirkwood, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Kim A. Margolin, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA; Marc S. Ernstoff, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; and Gary I. Cohen, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ahmad A Tarhini
- David H. Lawson, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sandra Lee and Fengmin Zhao, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Michael B. Atkins, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Ahmad A. Tarhini, Theresa L. Whiteside, Lisa H. Butterfield, and John M. Kirkwood, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Kim A. Margolin, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA; Marc S. Ernstoff, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; and Gary I. Cohen, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kim A Margolin
- David H. Lawson, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sandra Lee and Fengmin Zhao, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Michael B. Atkins, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Ahmad A. Tarhini, Theresa L. Whiteside, Lisa H. Butterfield, and John M. Kirkwood, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Kim A. Margolin, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA; Marc S. Ernstoff, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; and Gary I. Cohen, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marc S Ernstoff
- David H. Lawson, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sandra Lee and Fengmin Zhao, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Michael B. Atkins, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Ahmad A. Tarhini, Theresa L. Whiteside, Lisa H. Butterfield, and John M. Kirkwood, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Kim A. Margolin, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA; Marc S. Ernstoff, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; and Gary I. Cohen, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael B Atkins
- David H. Lawson, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sandra Lee and Fengmin Zhao, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Michael B. Atkins, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Ahmad A. Tarhini, Theresa L. Whiteside, Lisa H. Butterfield, and John M. Kirkwood, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Kim A. Margolin, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA; Marc S. Ernstoff, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; and Gary I. Cohen, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gary I Cohen
- David H. Lawson, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sandra Lee and Fengmin Zhao, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Michael B. Atkins, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Ahmad A. Tarhini, Theresa L. Whiteside, Lisa H. Butterfield, and John M. Kirkwood, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Kim A. Margolin, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA; Marc S. Ernstoff, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; and Gary I. Cohen, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- David H. Lawson, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sandra Lee and Fengmin Zhao, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Michael B. Atkins, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Ahmad A. Tarhini, Theresa L. Whiteside, Lisa H. Butterfield, and John M. Kirkwood, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Kim A. Margolin, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA; Marc S. Ernstoff, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; and Gary I. Cohen, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- David H. Lawson, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sandra Lee and Fengmin Zhao, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Michael B. Atkins, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Ahmad A. Tarhini, Theresa L. Whiteside, Lisa H. Butterfield, and John M. Kirkwood, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Kim A. Margolin, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA; Marc S. Ernstoff, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; and Gary I. Cohen, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - John M Kirkwood
- David H. Lawson, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sandra Lee and Fengmin Zhao, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Michael B. Atkins, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Ahmad A. Tarhini, Theresa L. Whiteside, Lisa H. Butterfield, and John M. Kirkwood, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Kim A. Margolin, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA; Marc S. Ernstoff, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH; and Gary I. Cohen, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
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Santegoets SJAM, Dijkgraaf EM, Battaglia A, Beckhove P, Britten CM, Gallimore A, Godkin A, Gouttefangeas C, de Gruijl TD, Koenen HJPM, Scheffold A, Shevach EM, Staats J, Taskén K, Whiteside TL, Kroep JR, Welters MJP, van der Burg SH. Monitoring regulatory T cells in clinical samples: consensus on an essential marker set and gating strategy for regulatory T cell analysis by flow cytometry. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1271-86. [PMID: 26122357 PMCID: PMC4554737 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1729-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cell (Treg)-mediated immunosuppression is considered a major obstacle for successful cancer immunotherapy. The association between clinical outcome and Tregs is being studied extensively in clinical trials, but unfortunately, no consensus has been reached about (a) the markers and (b) the gating strategy required to define human Tregs in this context, making it difficult to draw final conclusions. Therefore, we have organized an international workshop on the detection and functional testing of Tregs with leading experts in the field, and 40 participants discussing different analyses and the importance of different markers and context in which Tregs were analyzed. This resulted in a rationally composed ranking list of "Treg markers". Subsequently, the proposed Treg markers were tested to get insight into the overlap/differences between the most frequently used Treg definitions and their utility for Treg detection in various human tissues. Here, we conclude that the CD3, CD4, CD25, CD127, and FoxP3 markers are the minimally required markers to define human Treg cells. Staining for Ki67 and CD45RA showed to provide additional information on the activation status of Tregs. The use of markers was validated in a series of PBMC from healthy donors and cancer patients, as well as in tumor-draining lymph nodes and freshly isolated tumors. In conclusion, we propose an essential marker set comprising antibodies to CD3, CD4, CD25, CD127, Foxp3, Ki67, and CD45RA and a corresponding robust gating strategy for the context-dependent analysis of Tregs by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia J A M Santegoets
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands,
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- Pathology, Immunology, and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA.
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115
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Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are generally considered to be significant contributors to tumor escape from the host immune system. Emerging evidence suggests, however, that in some human cancers, Treg are necessary to control chronic inflammation, prevent tissue damage, and limit inflammation-associated cancer development. The dual role of Treg in cancer and underpinnings of Treg diversity are not well understood. This review attempts to provide insights into the importance of Treg subsets in cancer development and its progression. It also considers the role of Treg as potential biomarkers of clinical outcome in cancer. The strategies for monitoring Treg in cancer patients are discussed as is the need for caution in the use of therapies which indiscriminately ablate Treg. A greater understanding of molecular pathways operating in various tumor microenvironments is necessary for defining the Treg impact on cancer and for selecting immunotherapies targeting Treg.
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Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are emerging as a new type of cancer biomarker. TEX are membrane-bound, virus-size vesicles of endocytic origin present in all body fluids of cancer patients. Based on the expanding albeit incomplete knowledge of their biogenesis, secretion by tumor cells and cancer cell-specific molecular and genetic contents, TEX are viewed as promising, clinically-relevant surrogates of cancer progression and response to therapy. Preliminary proteomic, genetic and functional profiling of tumor cell-derived or cancer plasma-derived exosomes confirms their unique characteristics. Alterations in protein or nucleic acid profiles of exosomes in plasma of cancer patients responding to therapies appear to correlate with clinical endpoints. However, methods for TEX isolation and separation from the bulk of human plasma-derived exosomes are not yet established and their role as biomarkers remains to be confirmed. Further development and validation of TEX as noninvasive, liquid equivalents of tumor biopsies are necessary to move this effort forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- a University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,b Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Whiteside TL, Ferris RL, Szczepanski M, Tublin M, Kiss J, Johnson R, Johnson JT. Dendritic cell-based autologous tumor vaccines for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2015; 38 Suppl 1:E494-501. [PMID: 25735641 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An autologous vaccine of apoptotic tumor cells (ATCs) and dendritic cells (DCs) was administered to patients with stage III/IV head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) to study safety and feasibility. METHODS Autologous DCs were generated from monocytes, loaded with ATCs, and delivered intranodally. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and immunological endpoints were measured prevaccination and postvaccination. Clinical follow-up was required. RESULTS Tumors obtained from 30 patients yielded 2 × 10(6) to 2 × 10(8) tumor cells. Only 19 of 30 (63%) were sterile. Ten of 30 patients (33%) had ≥1 × 10(7) sterile tumor cells required for vaccine production. Eight of 10 patients had positive recall DTH. Five of 10 patients were leukapheresed to generate DCs. Four of 5 patients were vaccinated. ATC-reactive T cells were detected in 3 of 4 patients. All 4 patients survived >5 years. The trial failed to enroll the projected 12 patients and was terminated. CONCLUSION This vaccine was safe and immunogenic but feasible only in patients with HNSCC with positive prevaccine DTH and ≥1 × 10(7) sterile tumor cells. All vaccinated patients were long-term disease-free survivors. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E494-E501, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Miroslaw Szczepanski
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mitchell Tublin
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Kiss
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rita Johnson
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonas T Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Boyiadzis M, Whiteside TL, Pavletic SZ. Immunotherapy for acute leukemia. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 7:354-5. [PMID: 26143183 PMCID: PMC4505159 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Boyiadzis
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven Z Pavletic
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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119
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune checkpoints are regulatory pathways induced in activated T lymphocytes that regulate antigen responsiveness. These immune checkpoints are hijacked by tumors to promote dysfunction of anti-tumor effector cells and consequently of tumor escape from the host immune system. AREAS COVERED Programmed death-1/programmed death ligand (PD-1/PDL-1), a checkpoint pathway, has been extensively investigated in leukemia mouse models. Expression of PD-1 on the surface of activated immune cells and of its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, on leukemic blasts has been documented. Clinical trials with PD-1 inhibitors in patients with hematological malignancies are ongoing with promising clinical responses. EXPERT OPINION Therapy of hematological cancers with antibodies blocking inhibitory receptors is expected to be highly clinically effective. Checkpoint inhibitory receptors and their ligands are co-expressed on hematopoietic cells found in the leukemic milieu. Several distinct immunological mechanisms are likely to be engaged by antibody-based checkpoint blockade. Co-expression of multiple inhibitory receptors on hematopoietic cells offers an opportunity for combining blocking antibodies to achieve more effective therapy. Up-regulation of receptor/ligand expression in the leukemic milieu may provide a blood marker predictive of response. Finally, chemotherapy-induced up-regulation of PD-1 on T cells after conventional leukemia therapy creates a solid rationale for application of checkpoint blockade as a follow-up therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Sehgal
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology , 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 , USA
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Jie HB, Schuler PJ, Lee SC, Srivastava RM, Argiris A, Ferrone S, Whiteside TL, Ferris RL. CTLA-4⁺ Regulatory T Cells Increased in Cetuximab-Treated Head and Neck Cancer Patients Suppress NK Cell Cytotoxicity and Correlate with Poor Prognosis. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2200-10. [PMID: 25832655 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The EGFR-targeted antibody cetuximab is effective against head and neck cancer (HNSCC), but in only 15% to 20% of patients, and the variability and extent of cetuximab-mediated cellular immunity is not fully understood. We hypothesized that regulatory T cells (Treg) may exert a functional and clinical impact on antitumor immunity in cetuximab-treated individuals. The frequency, immunosuppressive phenotype, and activation status of Treg and natural killer (NK) cells were analyzed in the circulation and tumor microenvironment of cetuximab-treated patients with HNSCC enrolled in a novel neoadjuvant, single-agent cetuximab clinical trial. Notably, cetuximab treatment increased the frequency of CD4(+)FOXP3(+) intratumoral Treg expressing CTLA-4, CD39, and TGFβ. These Treg suppressed cetuximab-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and their presence correlated with poor clinical outcome in two prospective clinical trial cohorts. Cetuximab expanded CTLA-4(+)FOXP3(+) Treg in vitro, in part, by inducing dendritic cell maturation, in combination with TGFβ and T-cell receptor triggering. Importantly, cetuximab-activated NK cells selectively eliminated intratumoral Treg but preserved effector T cells. In ex vivo assays, ipilimumab targeted CTLA-4(+) Treg and restored cytolytic functions of NK cells mediating ADCC. Taken together, our results argue that differences in Treg-mediated suppression contribute to the clinical response to cetuximab treatment, suggesting its improvement by adding ipilimumab or other strategies of Treg ablation to promote antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Bae Jie
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick J Schuler
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. University Duisburg-Essen, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Essen, Germany
| | - Steve C Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Athanassios Argiris
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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121
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Muller L, Muller-Haegele S, Mitsuhashi M, Gooding W, Okada H, Whiteside TL. Exosomes isolated from plasma of glioma patients enrolled in a vaccination trial reflect antitumor immune activity and might predict survival. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1008347. [PMID: 26155415 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1008347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes in plasma of glioma patients hold promise as biomarkers of prognosis. We aimed to determine whether changes in total exosomal protein and mRNA expression levels could serve as surrogate markers of immunological and clinical responses in glioma patients receiving antitumor vaccines. Exosomes were isolated from pre/post-vaccine plasma specimens in 20/22 patients enrolled in a phase I/II trial with the antitumor vaccine. Exosomal protein content was analyzed and mRNA expression levels for 24 genes were simultaneously assessed by qRT-PCR. Pre- to post-vaccination changes in exosomal protein and ΔCt values were correlated with immunological and clinical responses and survival using Spearman rank statistics and hazard ratios (HR). Exosomal protein levels positively correlated (p < 0.0043) with the WHO tumor grade at diagnosis. Protein levels were lower in post- vs. pre-vaccination exosome fractions. Post-therapy increases in tumor size were associated with elevations in exosome proteins in glioblastoma but not always in anaplastic astrocytoma (AA). Only exosomal ΔCt values for IL-8, TIMP-1, TGF-β and ZAP70 were significant (p < 0.04 to p < 0.001). The ΔCt for IL-8 and TGF-β mRNA positively correlated with post-vaccine immunologic responses to glioma antigens, while ΔCt for TIMP-1 mRNA was negatively correlated to ΔCt for IL-8 and TGF-β. Only ΔCt for IL-8 weakly correlated with OS and time to progression (TTP). In post-vaccine exosomes of the longest surviving patient with AA, mRNA for PD-1 was persistently elevated. Protein and mRNA expression levels for immune-related genes in plasma exosomes were useful in evaluating glioma patients' response to vaccination therapy.
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Key Words
- AA, anaplastic astrocytoma
- AO, anaplastic oligodendroglioma
- ATP, adenosine triphosphates
- EV, extracellular vesicles
- GAA, glioma associated antigens
- GBM, glioblastoma multiforme
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- NC, normal controls
- OS, overall survival
- PD-1, programmed death-1
- PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TEX, tumor-derived exosomes
- TTP, time to progression
- glioma
- mRNA
- plasma-derived exosomes
- survival
- vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Muller
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute ; Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery; University Hospital Basel ; Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - William Gooding
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute ; Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute ; Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Departments of Neurological Surgery; Surgery and Immunology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine ; Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute ; Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Departments of Pathology; Immunology and Otolaryngology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine ; Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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122
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Apetoh L, Smyth MJ, Drake CG, Abastado JP, Apte RN, Ayyoub M, Blay JY, Bonneville M, Butterfield LH, Caignard A, Castelli C, Cavallo F, Celis E, Chen L, Colombo MP, Comin-Anduix B, Coukos G, Dhodapkar MV, Dranoff G, Frazer IH, Fridman WH, Gabrilovich DI, Gilboa E, Gnjatic S, Jäger D, Kalinski P, Kaufman HL, Kiessling R, Kirkwood J, Knuth A, Liblau R, Lotze MT, Lugli E, Marincola F, Melero I, Melief CJ, Mempel TR, Mittendorf EA, Odun K, Overwijk WW, Palucka AK, Parmiani G, Ribas A, Romero P, Schreiber RD, Schuler G, Srivastava PK, Tartour E, Valmori D, van der Burg SH, van der Bruggen P, van den Eynde BJ, Wang E, Zou W, Whiteside TL, Speiser DE, Pardoll DM, Restifo NP, Anderson AC. Consensus nomenclature for CD8 + T cell phenotypes in cancer. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e998538. [PMID: 26137416 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.998538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas preclinical investigations and clinical studies have established that CD8+ T cells can profoundly affect cancer progression, the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. Challenging the prevalent view that the beneficial effect of CD8+ T cells in cancer is solely attributable to their cytotoxic activity, several reports have indicated that the ability of CD8+ T cells to promote tumor regression is dependent on their cytokine secretion profile and their ability to self-renew. Evidence has also shown that the tumor microenvironment can disarm CD8+ T cell immunity, leading to the emergence of dysfunctional CD8+ T cells. The existence of different types of CD8+ T cells in cancer calls for a more precise definition of the CD8+ T cell immune phenotypes in cancer and the abandonment of the generic terms "pro-tumor" and "antitumor." Based on recent studies investigating the functions of CD8+ T cells in cancer, we here propose some guidelines to precisely define the functional states of CD8+ T cells in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Apetoh
- INSERM; UMR 866 , Dijon, France ; Centre Georges François Leclerc , Dijon, France ; Université de Bourgogne , Dijon, France
| | - Mark J Smyth
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charles G Drake
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Abastado
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier ; 53, rue Carnot , Suresnes, France
| | - Ron N Apte
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology; Immunology and Genetics ; The Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Maha Ayyoub
- INSERM, Unité1102; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer ; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest , Nantes-Saint Herblain; France
| | - Jean-Yves Blay
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon; INSERM UMR 1052 ; CNRS UMR 5286 , Centre Leon Berard, Lyon, France ; Medical Oncology Department , Lyon, France
| | - Marc Bonneville
- CRCNA, INSERM U892; CNRS UMR 6299 , Nantes, France ; Institut Mérieux , Lyon, France
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Immunology , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Chiara Castelli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumor; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine ; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Italy
| | - Esteban Celis
- Cancer Immunology; Inflammation and Tolerance Program; Georgia Regents University Cancer Center ; Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology and Yale Cancer Center; Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mario P Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine ; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori ; Milan, Italy
| | - Begoña Comin-Anduix
- UCLA School of Medicine ; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center Los Angeles , CA, USA
| | - Georges Coukos
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research; Department of Oncology; University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Department of Immunobiology and Yale Cancer Center; Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine ; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian H Frazer
- The University of Queensland , Queensland, Australia
| | - Wolf-Hervé Fridman
- Cordeliers Research Centre, University of Paris-Descartes , Paris, France
| | | | - Eli Gilboa
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute ; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center; Miller School of Medicine ; University of Miami , Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Tisch Cancer Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY, USA
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology; National Center for Tumor Diseases ; Internal Medicine VI; Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Surgery; University of Pittsburgh ; Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Rolf Kiessling
- Department of Oncology/Pathology; Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Kirkwood
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Department of Medicine ; School of Medicine; University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh; PA; USA ; Melanoma and Skin Cancer Program; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Roland Liblau
- INSERM-UMR 1043 ; Toulouse, France ; CNRS ; U5282 , Toulouse, France ; Universite de Toulouse; UPS ; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP) ; Toulouse, France ; CHU Toulouse Purpan ; Toulouse, France
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Hillman Cancer Center; University of Pittsburgh Schools of Health Sciences , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Ignacio Melero
- Division of Oncology; Center for Applied Medical Research and Clinica Universidad de Navarra , Pamploma, Spain
| | | | - Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases; Massachusetts General Hospital ; Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Mittendorf
- Deparment of Surgical Oncology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kunle Odun
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Immunology; Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Willem W Overwijk
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Giorgio Parmiani
- Division of Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy; University Hospital , Siena, Italy
| | - Antoni Ribas
- UCLA School of Medicine ; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center Los Angeles , CA, USA
| | - Pedro Romero
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research; Department of Oncology; University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Robert D Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Gerold Schuler
- Department of Dermatology; Universitatsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pramod K Srivastava
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases; Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center ; University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Eric Tartour
- Department of Clinical Oncology, INSERM U970; Universite Paris Descartes ; Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Paris ; France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou ; Service d'Immunologie Biologique ; Paris, France
| | - Danila Valmori
- INSERM, Unité1102; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer ; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest , Nantes-Saint Herblain; France ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France
| | | | - Pierre van der Bruggen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; BrusselsBranch de Duve Institute ; Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Blegium
| | - Benoît J van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; BrusselsBranch de Duve Institute ; Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Blegium
| | - Ena Wang
- Research Branch; Sidra Medical and Research Centre , Doha, Qatar
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery; University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI, USA
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology; Immunology, and Otolaryngology ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research; Department of Oncology; University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ana C Anderson
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases ; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA USA
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123
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Boyiadzis M, Hong CS, Whiteside TL. Circulating exosomes carrying an immunosuppressive cargo may interfere with adoptive cell therapies in leukemia. J Immunother Cancer 2015. [PMCID: PMC4645234 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-3-s2-p60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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124
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Boyiadzis M, Hong CS, Whiteside TL. Biologically-active exosomes in plasma of AML patients inhibit innate immunity and promote leukemia progression. J Immunother Cancer 2015. [PMCID: PMC4649314 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-3-s2-p278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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125
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Galluzzi L, Vacchelli E, Pedro JMBS, Buqué A, Senovilla L, Baracco EE, Bloy N, Castoldi F, Abastado JP, Agostinis P, Apte RN, Aranda F, Ayyoub M, Beckhove P, Blay JY, Bracci L, Caignard A, Castelli C, Cavallo F, Celis E, Cerundolo V, Clayton A, Colombo MP, Coussens L, Dhodapkar MV, Eggermont AM, Fearon DT, Fridman WH, Fučíková J, Gabrilovich DI, Galon J, Garg A, Ghiringhelli F, Giaccone G, Gilboa E, Gnjatic S, Hoos A, Hosmalin A, Jäger D, Kalinski P, Kärre K, Kepp O, Kiessling R, Kirkwood JM, Klein E, Knuth A, Lewis CE, Liblau R, Lotze MT, Lugli E, Mach JP, Mattei F, Mavilio D, Melero I, Melief CJ, Mittendorf EA, Moretta L, Odunsi A, Okada H, Palucka AK, Peter ME, Pienta KJ, Porgador A, Prendergast GC, Rabinovich GA, Restifo NP, Rizvi N, Sautès-Fridman C, Schreiber H, Seliger B, Shiku H, Silva-Santos B, Smyth MJ, Speiser DE, Spisek R, Srivastava PK, Talmadge JE, Tartour E, Van Der Burg SH, Van Den Eynde BJ, Vile R, Wagner H, Weber JS, Whiteside TL, Wolchok JD, Zitvogel L, Zou W, Kroemer G. Classification of current anticancer immunotherapies. Oncotarget 2014; 5:12472-508. [PMID: 25537519 PMCID: PMC4350348 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decades, anticancer immunotherapy has evolved from a promising therapeutic option to a robust clinical reality. Many immunotherapeutic regimens are now approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for use in cancer patients, and many others are being investigated as standalone therapeutic interventions or combined with conventional treatments in clinical studies. Immunotherapies may be subdivided into "passive" and "active" based on their ability to engage the host immune system against cancer. Since the anticancer activity of most passive immunotherapeutics (including tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies) also relies on the host immune system, this classification does not properly reflect the complexity of the drug-host-tumor interaction. Alternatively, anticancer immunotherapeutics can be classified according to their antigen specificity. While some immunotherapies specifically target one (or a few) defined tumor-associated antigen(s), others operate in a relatively non-specific manner and boost natural or therapy-elicited anticancer immune responses of unknown and often broad specificity. Here, we propose a critical, integrated classification of anticancer immunotherapies and discuss the clinical relevance of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Erika Vacchelli
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - José-Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Laura Senovilla
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Elisa Elena Baracco
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Norma Bloy
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Francesca Castoldi
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Medicine, Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Pierre Abastado
- Pole d'innovation thérapeutique en oncologie, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ron N. Apte
- The Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Group of Immune receptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maha Ayyoub
- INSERM, U1102, Saint Herblain, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain, France
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Translational Immunology Division, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Yves Blay
- Equipe 11, Centre Léon Bérard (CLR), Lyon, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Laura Bracci
- Dept. of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Anne Caignard
- INSERM, U1160, Paris, France
- Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis-Lariboisière - F. Vidal, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Castelli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Dept. of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Estaban Celis
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aled Clayton
- Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mario P. Colombo
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Dept. of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Lisa Coussens
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Madhav V. Dhodapkar
- Sect. of Hematology and Immunobiology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Wolf H. Fridman
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Jitka Fučíková
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic
- Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitry I. Gabrilovich
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Abhishek Garg
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- INSERM, UMR866, Dijon, France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Giuseppe Giaccone
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eli Gilboa
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Sect. of Hematology/Oncology, Immunology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Axel Hoos
- Glaxo Smith Kline, Cancer Immunotherapy Consortium, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Anne Hosmalin
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1016, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Dirk Jäger
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Medical Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Dept. of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Dept. of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Klas Kärre
- Dept. of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Rolf Kiessling
- Dept. of Oncology, Karolinska Institute Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John M. Kirkwood
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eva Klein
- Dept. of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Knuth
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Claire E. Lewis
- Academic Unit of Inflammation and Tumour Targeting, Dept. of Oncology, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - Roland Liblau
- INSERM, UMR1043, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU Toulouse, Université Toulouse II, Toulouse, France
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- Dept. of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Jean-Pierre Mach
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Dept. of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Italy
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Dept. of Immunology, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Dept. of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cornelis J. Melief
- ISA Therapeutics, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth A. Mittendorf
- Research Dept. of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Adekunke Odunsi
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Dept. of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Marcus E. Peter
- Div. of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Pienta
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - George C. Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
- Dept. of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Naiyer Rizvi
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Hans Schreiber
- Dept. of Pathology, The Cancer Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Shiku
- Dept. of Immuno-GeneTherapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mark J. Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Dept. of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic
- Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pramod K. Srivastava
- Dept. of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - James E. Talmadge
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Eric Tartour
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, U970, Paris, France
- Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, France
- Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Benoît J. Van Den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard Vile
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hermann Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeffrey S. Weber
- Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Theresa L. Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jedd D. Wolchok
- Dept. of Medicine and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie 507 (CICBT507), Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Weiping Zou
- University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée pas la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), AP-HP, Paris, France
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Schuler PJ, Saze Z, Hong CS, Muller L, Gillespie DG, Cheng D, Harasymczuk M, Mandapathil M, Lang S, Jackson EK, Whiteside TL. Human CD4+ CD39+ regulatory T cells produce adenosine upon co-expression of surface CD73 or contact with CD73+ exosomes or CD73+ cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:531-43. [PMID: 24749746 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While murine CD4(+) CD39(+) regulatory T cells (T(reg)) co-express CD73 and hydrolyze exogenous (e) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to immunosuppressive adenosine (ADO), surface co-expression of CD73 on human circulating CD4(+) CD39(+) T(reg) is rare. Therefore, the ability of human T(reg) to produce and utilize ADO for suppression remains unclear. Using mass spectrometry, we measured nucleoside production by subsets of human CD4(+) CD39(+) and CD4(+) CD39(-)CD73(+) T cells or CD19(+) B cells isolated from blood of 30 volunteers and 14 cancer patients. CD39 and CD73 expression was evaluated by flow cytometry, Western blots, confocal microscopy or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Circulating CD4(+) CD39(+) T(reg) which hydrolyzed eATP to 5'-AMP contained few intracytoplasmic granules and had low CD73 mRNA levels. Only ∼1% of these T(reg) were CD39(+) CD73(+) . In contrast, CD4(+) CD39(neg) CD73(+) T cells contained numerous CD73(+) granules in the cytoplasm and strongly expressed surface CD73. In vitro-generated T(reg) (Tr1) and most B cells were CD39(+) CD73(+) . All these CD73(+) T cell subsets and B cells hydrolyzed 5'-AMP to ADO. Exosomes isolated from plasma of normal control (NC) or cancer patients carried enzymatically active CD39 and CD73(+) and, when supplied with eATP, hydrolyzed it to ADO. Only CD4(+) CD39(+) T(reg) co-incubated with CD4(+) CD73(+) T cells, B cells or CD39(+) CD73(+) exosomes produced ADO. Thus, contact with membrane-tethered CD73 was sufficient for ADO production by CD4(+) CD39(+) T(reg). In microenvironments containing CD4(+) CD73(+) T cells, B cells or CD39(+) CD73(+) exosomes, CD73 is readily available to CD4(+) CD39(+) CD73(neg) T(reg) for the production of immunosuppressive ADO.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Schuler
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Hong CS, Muller L, Boyiadzis M, Whiteside TL. Isolation and characterization of CD34+ blast-derived exosomes in acute myeloid leukemia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103310. [PMID: 25093329 PMCID: PMC4122364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles found in all biological fluids. AML patients' plasma collected at diagnosis contains elevated exosome levels relative to normal donor (ND) plasma. The molecular profile of AML exosomes changes in the course of therapy and may serve as a measure of disease progression or response to therapy. However, plasma contains a mix of exosomes derived from various cell types. To be able to utilize blast-derived exosomes as biomarkers for AML, we have developed an immunoaffinity-based capture method utilizing magnetic microbeads coated with anti-CD34 antibody (Ab). This Ab is specific for CD34, a unique marker of AML blasts. The capture procedure was developed using CD34+ exosomes derived from Kasumi-1 AML cell culture supernatants. The capture capacity of CD34microbeads was shown to linearly correlate with the input exosomes. A 10 uL aliquot of CD34 microbeads was able to capture all of CD34+ exosomes present in 100-1,000 uL of AML plasma. The levels of immunocaptured CD34+ exosomes correlated with the percentages of CD34+ blasts in the AML patients' peripheral blood. The immunocaptured exosomes had a typical cup-shaped morphology by transmission electron microscopy, and their molecular cargo was similar to that of parental blasts. These exosomes were biologically-active. Upon co-incubation with natural killer (NK) cells, captured blast-derived exosomes down-regulated surface NKG2D expression, while non-captured exosomes reduced expression levels of NKp46. Our data provide a proof-of-principle that blast-derived exosomes can be quantitatively recovered from AML patients' plasma, their molecular profile recapitulates that of autologous blasts and they retain the ability to mediate immune suppression. These data suggest that immunocaptured blast-derived exosomes might be useful in diagnosis and/or prognosis of AML in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Blood Platelets/chemistry
- Blood Platelets/pathology
- Cell Fractionation/methods
- Cell-Derived Microparticles/pathology
- Exosomes/pathology
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/chemistry
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/blood
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukocytes/chemistry
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Leukocytes/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Ultracentrifugation
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sook Hong
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laurent Muller
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Boyiadzis
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Theresa L. Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Muller L, Hong CS, Stolz DB, Watkins SC, Whiteside TL. Isolation of biologically-active exosomes from human plasma. J Immunol Methods 2014; 411:55-65. [PMID: 24952243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Effects of exosomes present in human plasma on immune cells have not been examined in detail. Immunological studies with plasma-derived exosomes require their isolation by procedures involving ultracentrifugation. These procedures were largely developed using supernatants of cultured cells. To test biologic activities of plasma-derived exosomes, methods are necessary that ensure adequate recovery of exosome fractions free of contaminating larger vesicles, cell fragments and protein/nucleic acid aggregates. Here, an optimized method for exosome isolation from human plasma/serum specimens of normal controls (NC) or cancer patients and its advantages and pitfalls are described. To remove undesirable plasma-contaminating components, ultrafiltration of differentially-centrifuged plasma/serum followed by size-exclusion chromatography prior to ultracentrifugation facilitated the removal of contaminants. Plasma or serum was equally acceptable as a source of exosomes based on the recovered protein levels (in μg protein/mL plasma) and TEM image quality. Centrifugation on sucrose density gradients led to large exosome losses. Fresh plasma was the best source of morphologically-intact exosomes, while the use of frozen/thawed plasma decreased exosome purity but not their biologic activity. Treatments of frozen plasma with DNAse, RNAse or hyaluronidase did not improve exosome purity and are not recommended. Cancer patients' plasma consistently yielded more isolated exosomes than did NCs' plasma. Cancer patients' exosomes also mediated higher immune suppression as evidenced by decreased CD69 expression on responder CD4+ T effector cells. Thus, the described procedure yields biologically-active, morphologically-intact exosomes that have reasonably good purity without large protein losses and can be used for immunological, biomarker and other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Muller
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Departments of Otolaryngology and Head&Neck Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chang-Sook Hong
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regulatory T cells (Tregs) accumulating in the peripheral circulation and tumor sites of patients contribute to tumor escape from the host immune system. Tregs encompass subsets of immune cells with distinct phenotypic and functional properties. Whereas natural (n) or thymic-derived (t) Tregs regulate responses to self-antigens, inducible (i) or peripheral (p) Tregs generated and expanded in regulatory microenvironments control immune responses to a broad variety of antigens. AREAS COVERED Tregs accumulating in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are contextually regulated. They acquire phenotypic and functional attributes imposed by the inhibitory molecular pathways operating in situ. Several molecular pathways active in human cancer are reviewed. The pathways may differ from one tumor to another, and environmentally induced Tregs may be functionally distinct. Potential therapeutic strategies for selective silencing of iTregs are considered in the light of the newly acquired understanding of their phenotypic and functional diversity. EXPERT OPINION Human Tregs accumulating in cancer comprise 'bad' subsets, which inhibit antitumor immunity, and 'good' anti-inflammatory subsets, which maintain tolerance to self and benefit the host. Future therapeutic strategies targeting Tregs will need to discriminate between these Treg subsets and will need to consider reprogramming strategies instead of Treg elimination. Re-establishment of effective antitumor immune responses in cancer patients without disturbing a normal homeostatic T-cell balance will greatly benefit from insights into inhibitory pathways engaged by human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 , USA +1 412 624 0096 ; +1 412 624 0264 ;
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Pollack IF, Jakacki RI, Butterfield LH, Hamilton RL, Panigrahy A, Potter DM, Connelly AK, Dibridge SA, Whiteside TL, Okada H. Antigen-specific immune responses and clinical outcome after vaccination with glioma-associated antigen peptides and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized by lysine and carboxymethylcellulose in children with newly diagnosed malignant brainstem and nonbrainstem gliomas. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:2050-8. [PMID: 24888813 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.54.0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Diffuse brainstem gliomas (BSGs) and other high-grade gliomas (HGGs) of childhood carry a dismal prognosis despite current treatments, and new therapies are needed. Having identified a series of glioma-associated antigens (GAAs) commonly overexpressed in pediatric gliomas, we initiated a pilot study of subcutaneous vaccinations with GAA epitope peptides in HLA-A2-positive children with newly diagnosed BSG and HGG. PATIENTS AND METHODS GAAs were EphA2, interleukin-13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13Rα2), and survivin, and their peptide epitopes were emulsified in Montanide-ISA-51 and given every 3 weeks with intramuscular polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized by lysine and carboxymethylcellulose for eight courses, followed by booster vaccinations every 6 weeks. Primary end points were safety and T-cell responses against vaccine-targeted GAA epitopes. Treatment response was evaluated clinically and by magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Twenty-six children were enrolled, 14 with newly diagnosed BSG treated with irradiation and 12 with newly diagnosed BSG or HGG treated with irradiation and concurrent chemotherapy. No dose-limiting non-CNS toxicity was encountered. Five children had symptomatic pseudoprogression, which responded to dexamethasone and was associated with prolonged survival. Only two patients had progressive disease during the first two vaccine courses; 19 had stable disease, two had partial responses, one had a minor response, and two had prolonged disease-free status after surgery. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot analysis in 21 children showed positive anti-GAA immune responses in 13: to IL-13Rα2 in 10, EphA2 in 11, and survivin in three. CONCLUSION GAA peptide vaccination in children with gliomas is generally well tolerated and has preliminary evidence of immunologic and clinical responses. Careful monitoring and management of pseudoprogression is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Pollack
- All authors: University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hideho Okada
- All authors: University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Muller-Haegele S, Muller L, Whiteside TL. Immunoregulatory activity of adenosine and its role in human cancer progression. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:897-914. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.915739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Schuler PJ, Harasymczuk M, Visus C, DeLeo A, Trivedi S, Lei Y, Argiris A, Gooding W, Butterfield LH, Whiteside TL, Ferris RL. Phase I dendritic cell p53 peptide vaccine for head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2433-44. [PMID: 24583792 PMCID: PMC4017234 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND p53 accumulation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells creates a targetable tumor antigen. Adjuvant dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination against p53 was tested in a phase I clinical trial. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Monocyte-derived DC from 16 patients were loaded with two modified HLA-class I p53 peptides (Arm 1), additional Th tetanus toxoid peptide (Arm 2), or additional Th wild-type (wt) p53-specific peptide (Arm 3). Vaccine DCs (vDC) were delivered to inguinal lymph nodes at three time points. vDC phenotype, circulating p53-specific T cells, and regulatory T cells (Treg) were serially monitored by flow cytometry and cytokine production by Luminex. vDC properties were compared with those of DC1 generated with an alternative maturation regimen. RESULTS No grade II-IV adverse events were observed. Two-year disease-free survival of 88% was favorable. p53-specific T-cell frequencies were increased postvaccination in 11 of 16 patients (69%), with IFN-γ secretion detected in four of 16 patients. Treg frequencies were consistently decreased (P = 0.006) relative to prevaccination values. The phenotype and function of DC1 were improved relative to vDC. CONCLUSION Adjuvant p53-specific vaccination of patients with HNSCC was safe and associated with promising clinical outcome, decreased Treg levels, and modest vaccine-specific immunity. HNSCC patients' DC required stronger maturation stimuli to reverse immune suppression and improve vaccine efficacy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/adverse effects
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/immunology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/mortality
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/therapy
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Immunotherapy/adverse effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Phenotype
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/chemistry
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/immunology
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Schuler
- Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Carmen Visus
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Albert DeLeo
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Sumita Trivedi
- Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Yu Lei
- Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
| | - Athanassios Argiris
- Department of Medicine, Hematology /Oncology, University of Texas-San Antonio Cancer Center
| | - William Gooding
- Biostatistics Facility, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
| | - Lisa H. Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Theresa L. Whiteside
- Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Robert L. Ferris
- Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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133
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Hong CS, Muller L, Whiteside TL, Boyiadzis M. Plasma exosomes as markers of therapeutic response in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Front Immunol 2014; 5:160. [PMID: 24782865 PMCID: PMC3989594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Exosomes isolated from the plasma of newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients have elevated protein and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) contents and inhibit natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity (Haematologica 96, p. 1302, 2011). A potential role of exosomes in predicting responses to chemotherapy (CT) was evaluated in AML patients undergoing treatment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Plasma was obtained from AML patients at diagnosis (n = 16); post-induction CT (n = 9); during consolidation CT (n = 10); in long-term remission (Lt-CR, n = 5); and from healthy volunteers (n = 7). Exosomes were isolated by size-exclusion chromatography and ultracentrifugation. The exosomal protein, soluble TGFβ-1 levels (ELISA), and the TGF-β1 profiles (western blots) were compared among patients' cohorts. The results were correlated with the patients' cytogenetic profile, percentage of leukemic blast, and outcome. RESULTS At diagnosis, protein and TGF-β1 levels were higher (p < 0.009 and p < 0.004) in AML than control exosomes. These values decreased after induction CT (p < 0.05 and p < 0.004), increased during consolidation CT (p < 0.02 and p < 0.005), and normalized in Lt-CR. While TGF-β1 and protein levels tracked one another, TGF-β1 pro-peptide, latency-associated peptide (LAP), or mature TGF-β1 differentially decorated exosomes isolated before, during, and after CT. Only TGF-β1 pro-peptide was seen in exosomes of controls or Lt-CR patients. During consolidation CT, exosomes carried TGF-β1 pro-peptide, LAP, and low levels of mature TGF-β1. NK cell co-incubation with AML exosomes carrying all three TGF-β1 forms induced down-regulation of NKG2D expression. CONCLUSION Changes in exosomal protein and/or TGF-β1 content may reflect responses to CT. The exosomal profile may suggest the presence of residual disease in patients considered to have achieved complete remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Sook Hong
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Laurent Muller
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Michael Boyiadzis
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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134
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Szczepanski MJ, Whiteside TL. Elevated PRAME expression: what does this mean for treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma? Biomark Med 2014; 7:575-8. [PMID: 23905893 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw J Szczepanski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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135
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Abstract
In this article, we describe currently available methods for measuring NK cell functions: cytotoxicity and cytokine expression using flow cytometry-based assays and cytokine production using the Luminex-based technology. Quality control measures necessary for assay accuracy and reliability are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Butterfield
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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136
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Whiteside TL. Regulatory T cell subsets in human cancer: are they regulating for or against tumor progression? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 63:67-72. [PMID: 24213679 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a key role in maintaining the balance of immune responses in human health and in disease. Treg come in many flavors and can utilize a variety of mechanisms to modulate immune responses. In cancer, inducible (i) or adaptive Treg expand, accumulate in tissues and the peripheral blood of patients, and represent a functionally prominent component of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Phenotypically and functionally, iTreg are distinct from natural (n) Treg. A subset of iTreg expressing ectonucleotidases, CD39 and CD73, is able to hydrolyze ATP to 5'-AMP and adenosine (ADO) and thus mediate suppression of those immune cells which express ADO receptors. iTeg can also produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). These iTreg, expanding in response to tumor antigens and cytokines such as TGF-β or IL-10, are presumably responsible for the suppression of anti-tumor immune responses and for successful tumor escape. On the other hand, in cancers associated with prominent inflammatory infiltrates, e.g., colorectal carcinoma or certain types of breast cancer, iTreg down-regulate excessive inflammation by producing ADO and/or PGE2 and protect the host from tissue injury and tumor development. Thus, iTreg utilizing the same adenosine pathway play a key but dual role in cancer, and their plasticity is controlled and driven by the microenvironment. Thus, monitoring for the frequency and functions of iTreg rather than nTreg is important in cancer. In addition, elimination of iTreg by various available strategies prior to immunotherapies may not be beneficial in all cases and needs to be undertaken with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA,
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137
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Jie HB, Gildener-Leapman N, Li J, Srivastava RM, Gibson SP, Whiteside TL, Ferris RL. Intratumoral regulatory T cells upregulate immunosuppressive molecules in head and neck cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:2629-35. [PMID: 24169351 PMCID: PMC3833228 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although regulatory T cells (Treg) are highly enriched in human tumours compared with peripheral blood, expression of the immune-checkpoint receptors, immunosuppressive molecules and function of Treg in these two sites remains undefined. Methods: Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from a cohort of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. The immunosuppressive phenotypes and function of intratumoral Treg were compared with those of peripheral blood Treg. Results: The frequency of immune-checkpoint receptor-positive cells was higher on intratumoral FOXP3+CD25hi Treg compared with circulating Treg (CTLA-4, P=0.002; TIM-3, P=0.002 and PD-1, P=0.002). Immunosuppressive effector molecules, LAP and ectonucleotidase CD39 were also upregulated on intratumoral FOXP3+ Treg (P=0.002 and P=0.004, respectively). CTLA-4 and CD39 were co-expressed on the majority of intratumoral FOXP3+CD4+ Treg, suggesting that these molecules have a key role in regulatory functions of these cells in situ. Notably, intratumoral Treg exhibited more potently immunosuppressive activity than circulating Treg. Conclusion: These results indicate that intratumoral Treg are more immunosuppressive than circulating Treg and CTLA-4 and CD39 expressed can be potential target molecules to inhibit suppressive activities of intratumoral Treg in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-B Jie
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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138
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Schuler PJ, Harasymczuk M, Schilling B, Saze Z, Strauss L, Lang S, Johnson JT, Whiteside TL. Effects of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy on the frequency and function of regulatory T cells in patients with head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6585-96. [PMID: 24097865 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Regulatory T cells (Treg) accumulate in tumor tissues and the peripheral blood of cancer patients and may persist after therapies. This cross-sectional study examines effects of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) on Treg numbers and function in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The frequency and absolute numbers of CD4(+), ATP-hydrolyzing CD4(+)CD39(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and expression levels of CD39, CD25, TGF-β-associated LAP and GARP on Treg were measured by flow cytometry in 40 healthy donors (NC) and 71 HNSCC patients [29 untreated with active disease (AD); 22 treated with surgery; 20 treated with CRT]. All treated subjects had no evident disease (NED) at the time of phlebotomy. In an additional cohort of 40 subjects with AD (n = 15), NED (n = 10), and NC (n = 15), in vitro sensitivity of CD4(+) T-cell subsets to cisplatin and activation-induced cell death (AICD) was tested in Annexin V-binding assays. RESULTS CRT decreased the frequency of circulating CD4(+) T cells (P < 0.002) but increased that of CD4(+)CD39(+) Treg (P ≤ 0.001) compared with untreated or surgery-only patients. Treg frequency remained elevated for >3 years. CRT increased surface expression of LAP, GARP, and CD39 on Treg. In vitro Treg were resistant to AICD or cisplatin but conventional CD4(+) T cells (Tconv) were not. CRT-induced Treg from AD or NC subjects upregulated prosurvival proteins whereas Tconv upregulated proapoptotic Bax. CONCLUSIONS Highly suppressive, cisplatin-resistant Treg increase in frequency and persist after CRT and could be responsible for suppression of antitumor immune responses and recurrence in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Schuler
- Authors' Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Departments of Pathology, Immunology, and Otolaryngology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Essen, Germany; and Department of Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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139
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Szajnik-Szczepanski ME, Derbis M, Lach M, Patalas P, Michalak M, Drzewiecka H, Glura M, Nowak-Markwitz E, Spaczynski M, Whiteside TL. Abstract A79: The adenosine pathway in ovarian carcinoma: Tumor cells and tumor-derived exosomes express CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidases, produce adenosine and mediate immune suppression. Clin Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ovca13-a79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Ectonucleotidases CD39/CD73 have been reported to play an important role in functional supression of various immune cells via adenosine that is generated locally in the tumor microenvironment. In patients with ovarian cancer (OvCa) exosomes released by tumor cells (TEX) are abundant in body fluids, including the plasma or ascites and may be involved in tumor progression. Based on the observations suggesting that TEX carry proteins that are expressed on tumor cells from which TEX originate, we hypothesized that CD39+ and CD73+ TEX could deliver these enzymes to distant immune cells. Adenosine produced fom ATP in the presence of TEX could suppress functions of these cells or elevate suppressor activity of regulatory T cells (Treg) ,
The aim of the study was to: (1) investigate the expression and clinical significance of CD39, CD73, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and CD26 in OvCa tissues and in TEX isolated from OvCa body fluids; (2) determine whether OvCa TEX metabolize exogeneous ATP to adenosine. (3) characterize the molecular profile of TEX; and (4) test whether OvCa TEX can suppress activities of NK cells and up-regulate suppressive activity of Treg.
Methods: The expression of CD39, CD73, ADA and CD26 in OvCa tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The relationship between expression of these enzymes and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed. TEX were isolated from supernatant of two OvCa cell lines (A2780, SKOV-3) and from the patients' plasma by exclusion chromatpgraphy followed by ultracentrifugation, as previously described.. Western blots were used for molecular characterization of TEX. NK cells and Treg were separated from the PMBC of normal donors and co-cultured with TEX. The phenotype of NK cells and Treg was evaluated by flow cytometry. ATP hydrolysis was measured using a luciferase detection assay.
Results: By IHC in tissue sections, 70% of tumor cells were CD39+, 77% were CD73+ and 100% were CD26+ADA+.Expression levels of the ectonucleotidases varied from strong to moderate, and patients with a more advanced disease stage had tumors showing strongest CD73 expression (p<0,05). Exosomes isolated from plasma of OvCa patients were enriched in TEX which carried LAMP-1, CD63, TGF-β1, MAGE3/6, CD39, CD73, ADA and Ep-CAM. In contrast, exosomes isolated from the plasma of healthy donors carried LAMP-1 and CD63. TEX obtained from OvCa patients hydrolyzed more exogeneous ATP than did TEX from OvCa cell line supernatants (p<0.05) and produced more adenosine (p<0,05). After co-incubation with TEX, normal NK cells downregulated expression of NKG2D, NKp44 and NKp46 (p<0,05) and Treg up-regulated expression of Perforin, FasL, CCR7 (p<0,05). Co-incubation of Treg with TEX resulted by increased suppression of responder cells (p<0,01).
Conclusion: Similar to OvCa tumor cells in tissue exosomes isolated from the plasma of OvCa patients were found to carry enzymatically-active ectonucleotidases and to produce extracellular adenosine. These exosomes were capable of down-regulating NK cell functions and up-regulating Treg activity in vitro. The same TEX-mesiated mechanisms could contribute to tumor-induced immune suppression characteristic of OvCa and resulting in tumor immune escape and OvCa progression.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference.
Citation Format: Marta E. Szajnik-Szczepanski, Magdalena Derbis, Michal Lach, Paulina Patalas, Marcin Michalak, Hanna Drzewiecka, Marta Glura, Ewa Nowak-Markwitz, Marek Spaczynski, Theresa L. Whiteside. The adenosine pathway in ovarian carcinoma: Tumor cells and tumor-derived exosomes express CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidases, produce adenosine and mediate immune suppression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research: From Concept to Clinic; Sep 18-21, 2013; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2013;19(19 Suppl):Abstract nr A79.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Derbis
- 2Clinical Immunology Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland,
| | - Michal Lach
- 2Clinical Immunology Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland,
| | - Paulina Patalas
- 2Clinical Immunology Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland,
| | - Marcin Michalak
- 1Gynecologic Oncology Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland,
| | | | - Marta Glura
- 3Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland,
| | - Ewa Nowak-Markwitz
- 1Gynecologic Oncology Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland,
| | - Marek Spaczynski
- 1Gynecologic Oncology Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland,
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140
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Whiteside TL, Jackson EK. Adenosine and prostaglandin e2 production by human inducible regulatory T cells in health and disease. Front Immunol 2013; 4:212. [PMID: 23898333 PMCID: PMC3722515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a key role in maintaining the balance of immune responses in human health and in disease. Treg come in many flavors and can utilize a variety of mechanisms to modulate immune responses. In cancer, inducible (i) or adaptive Treg expand, accumulate in tissues and peripheral blood of patients, and represent a functionally prominent component of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Phenotypically and functionally, iTreg are distinct from natural (n) Treg. A subset of iTreg expressing ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is able to hydrolyze ATP to 5′-AMP and adenosine (ADO) and thus mediate suppression of those immune cells which express ADO receptors. iTreg can also produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The mechanisms responsible for iTreg-mediated suppression involve binding of ADO and PGE2 produced by iTreg to their respective receptors expressed on T effector cells (Teff), leading to the up-regulation of adenylate cyclase and cAMP activities in Teff and to their functional inhibition. The potential for regulating these mechanisms by the use of pharmacologic inhibitors to relieve iTreg-mediated suppression in cancer suggests the development of therapeutic strategies targeting the ADO and PGE2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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141
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Abstract
Antibody-independent role of B cells in modulating T-cell responses is incompletely understood. Freshly isolated or cultured B cells isolated from the peripheral blood of 30 normal donors were evaluated for CD39 and CD73 coexpression, the ability to produce adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine (ADO) in the presence of exogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as well as A₁, A2A, A2B, and A₃ adenosine receptor (ADOR) expression. Human circulating B cells coexpress ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73, hydrolyze exogenous ATP to 5'-AMP and ADO, and express messenger RNA for A₁R, A2AR, and A₃R. 2-chloroadenosine inhibited B-cell proliferation and cytokine expression, and only A₃R selective antagonist restored B-cell functions. This suggested that B cells use the A₃R for autocrine signaling and self-regulation. Mediated effects on B-cell growth ± ADOR antagonists or agonists were tested in carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester assays. In cocultures, resting B cells upregulated functions of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. However, in vitro-activated B cells downregulated CD73 expression, mainly produced 5'-AMP, and inhibited T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. These B cells acquire the ability to restrict potentially harmful effects of activated T cells. Thus, B cells emerge as a key regulatory component of T cell-B cell interactions, and their dual regulatory activity is mediated by the products of ATP hydrolysis, 5'-AMP, and ADO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenichiro Saze
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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142
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Mandapathil M, Visus C, Finn OJ, Lang S, Whiteside TL. Generation and immunosuppressive functions of p53-induced human adaptive regulatory T cells. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25514. [PMID: 24073385 PMCID: PMC3782015 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible regulatory T cells (iTregs, also called Tr1 cells) are generated in the periphery (circulation or tissue) of cancer patients upon the encounter of naïve CD4+ T cells with tumor-associated antigens. As p53 is often inactivated by genetic or epigenetic events during oncogenesis, p53-induced Tr1 cells might play a key role in establishing immunosuppressive networks in cancer patients. Tr1 cells were generated by co-culturing circulating CD4+CD25− T cells with autologous immature dendritic cells pulsed with a wild-type (WT) p53-derived peptide or an unrelated peptide derived from mucin 1 (MUC1). The Tr1 phenotype and the specificity for p53 of these cells were confirmed by multicolor flow cytometry. Moreover, the Tr1 cell-mediated suppression of T-cell proliferation was evaluated by CFSE-based flow cytometry, while their ability to alter the T-cell cytokine profile by ELISA and Luminex assays. The capacity of p53-induced Tr1 cells to suppress the generation and function of cytotoxic T lymphcoytes (CTLs) was assessed by flow cytometry and ELISPOT. Of note, low doses of the p53-derived peptide (p53low) induced greater numbers of Tr1 cells than the same peptide employed at high doses (p53high). Moreover, Tr1/p53low cells not secreted higher levels of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor β1, but also mediated more robust suppressive effects on CTL proliferation than Tr1/p53high cells. Tr1/p53low cells, Tr1/p53high cells, as well as Tr1 cells generated with low doses of an unrelated MUC1-derived peptide were equally effective in suppressing the expansion and antitumor activity of p53-reactive CTLs. p53low induced the expansion of highly suppressive p53-reactive Tr1 cells. However, the capacity of these Tr1 cells to suppress the generation and function of p53-reactive CTLs was independent of their antigen-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magis Mandapathil
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; University of Giessen-Marburg; Marburg, Germany
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143
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Abstract
Recent technical improvements in evaluations of immune cells in situ and immune monitoring of patients with cancer have provided a wealth of new data confirming that immune cells play a key role in human cancer progression. This, in turn, has revived the expectation that immune endpoints might serve as reliable biomarkers of outcome or response to therapy in cancer. The recent successes in linking the T-cell signature in human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) with prognosis have provided a strong motive for searching for additional immune biomarkers that could serve as intermediate endpoints of response to therapy and outcome in human cancers. A number of potentially promising immune biomarkers have emerged, but most remain to be validated. Among them, the B-cell signature, as exemplified by expression of the immunoglobulin G kappa chain (IGKC) in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), has been validated as a biomarker of response to adjuvant therapy and better survival in patients with breast carcinoma and several other types of human solid tumors. Additional immune endpoints are being currently tested as potentially promising biomarkers in cancer. In view of currently growing use of immune cancer therapies, the search for immune biomarkers of prognosis are critically important for identifying patients who would benefit the most from adjuvant immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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144
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Slingluff CL, Lee S, Zhao F, Chianese-Bullock KA, Olson WC, Butterfield LH, Whiteside TL, Leming PD, Kirkwood JM. A randomized phase II trial of multiepitope vaccination with melanoma peptides for cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells for patients with metastatic melanoma (E1602). Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4228-38. [PMID: 23653149 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This multicenter randomized trial was designed to evaluate whether melanoma helper peptides augment cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to a melanoma vaccine and improve clinical outcome in patients with advanced melanoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN One hundred seventy-five patients with measurable stage IV melanoma were enrolled into 4 treatment groups, vaccinated with 12 MHC class I-restricted melanoma peptides to stimulate CTL (12 MP, group A), plus a tetanus peptide (group B), or a mixture of 6 melanoma helper peptides (6 MHP, group C) to stimulate helper T lymphocytes (HTL), or with 6 melanoma helper peptide (6 MHP) alone (group D), in incomplete Freund's adjuvant plus granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. CTL responses were assessed using an in vitro-stimulated IFN-γ ELIspot assay, and HTL responses were assessed using a proliferation assay. RESULTS In groups A to D, respectively, CTL response rates to 12 melanoma peptides were 43%, 47%, 28%, and 5%, and HTL response rates to 6 MHP were in 3%, 0%, 40%, and 41%. Best clinical response was partial response in 7 of 148 evaluable patients (4.7%) without significant difference among study arms. Median overall survival (OS) was 11.8 months. Immune response to 6 MHP was significantly associated with both clinical response (P = 0.036) and OS (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION Each vaccine regimen was immunogenic, but MHPs did not augment CTL responses to 12 melanoma peptides. The association of survival and immune response to 6 MHP supports further investigation of helper peptide vaccines. For patients with advanced melanoma, multipeptide vaccines should be studied in combination with other potentially synergistic active therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, Human Immune Therapy Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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145
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Schilling B, Harasymczuk M, Schuler P, Egan J, Ferrone S, Whiteside TL. IRX-2, a novel immunotherapeutic, enhances functions of human dendritic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e47234. [PMID: 23408925 PMCID: PMC3567103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In a recent phase II clinical trial for HNSCC patients, IRX-2, a cell-derived biologic, promoted T-cell infiltration into the tumor and prolonged overall survival. Mechanisms responsible for these IRX-2-mediated effects are unknown. We hypothesized that IRX-2 enhanced tumor antigen-(TA)-specific immunity by up-regulating functions of dendritic cells (DC). Methodology/Principal Findings Monocyte-derived DC obtained from 18 HNSCC patients and 12 healthy donors were matured using IRX-2 or a mix of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 (“conv. mix”). Multicolor flow cytometry was used to study the DC phenotype and antigen processing machinery (APM) component expression. ELISPOT and cytotoxicity assays were used to evaluate tumor-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). IL-12p70 and IL-10 production by DC was measured by Luminex® and DC migration toward CCL21 was tested in transwell migration assays. IRX-2-matured DC functions were compared with those of conv. mix-matured DC. IRX-2-matured DC expressed higher levels (p<0.05) of CD11c, CD40, CCR7 as well as LMP2, TAP1, TAP2 and tapasin than conv. mix-matured DC. IRX-2-matured DC migrated significantly better towards CCL21, produced more IL-12p70 and had a higher IL12p70/IL-10 ratio than conv. mix-matured DC (p<0.05 for all). IRX-2-matured DC carried a higher density of tumor antigen-derived peptides, and CTL primed with these DC mediated higher cytotoxicity against tumor targets (p<0.05) compared to the conv. mix-matured DC. Conclusion Excellent ability of IRX-2 to induce ex vivo DC maturation in HNSCC patients explains, in part, its clinical benefits and emphasizes its utility in ex vivo maturation of DC generated for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Schilling
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pathology and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Malgorzata Harasymczuk
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pathology and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patrick Schuler
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pathology and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James Egan
- IRX Therapeutic Inc., Farmingdale, New York, United States of America
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pathology and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Theresa L. Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pathology and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Whiteside TL, Robinson BW, June CH, Lotze MT. Principles of tumor immunology. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.00090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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147
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Lotze MT, Robinson BW, June CH, Whiteside TL. Tumor immunotherapy. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.00091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abraham RS, Albanesi C, Alevizos I, Anguita J, Anstead GM, Aranow C, Austin HA, Babu S, Ballow MC, Balow JE, Barnidge DR, Belmont JW, Belz GT, Ben-Yehuda D, Berek C, Beukelman T, Bieber T, Bijlsma JW, Bleesing JJ, Blutt SE, Bohle B, Borzova E, Boyaka PN, Knut B, Bustamante J, Buttgereit F, Byrne M, Calder VL, Carneiro-Sampaio M, Carotta S, Casanova JL, Cavacini LA, Chan ES, Chinen J, Chitnis T, Cho M, Christopher-Stine L, Cope AP, Corry DB, Cottrell T, Coutinho A, Craveiro M, Cron RQ, Cuellar-Rodriguez J, Dalakas MC, de Barros SC, Devlin BH, Diamond B, Dispenzieri A, Du Clos TW, Dupuis-Boisson S, Eagar TN, Edhegard KD, Eisenbarth GS, Elmets CA, Erkan D, Feinberg MB, Fikrig E, Fleisher TA, Fontenot AP, Franco LM, Freeman AF, Frew AJ, Friedman T, Fujihashi K, Gadina M, Galli SJ, Gaspar HB, Gatt ME, Gershwin ME, Ghoreschi K, Gillespie SL, Goronzy JJ, Grattan CE, Greenspan NS, Grunebaum E, Haeberli G, Hall RP, Hamilton RG, Harriman GR, Hasni SA, Helbling A, Hingorani M, Holland SM, Hruz PL, Illei G, Imboden JB, Izraeli S, Jaffe ES, Jagobi C, Jalkanen S, Jetanalin P, Jouanguy E, June CH, Kallies A, Kaufmann SH, Kavanaugh A, Khan S, Kheradmand F, Khoury SJ, Koretzky GA, Korngold R, Kovalszki A, Kuhns DB, Kyle RA, Lanza IR, Laurence A, Lee SJ, Lenardo MJ, Levinson AI, Levy O, Lewis DB, Lewis DE, Lightman SL, Lockshin MD, Lotze MT, Luong A, Mackay M, Malo JL, Maltzman JS, Mannon PJ, Manns MP, Markert ML, McCarthy EA, McDonald DR, McGhee JR, Melby PC, Metcalfe DD, Metz M, Miller SD, Mitchell AL, Mittal S, Miyara M, Mold C, Moller DR, Mueller SN, Müller UR, Murphy PM, Noel P, Notarangelo L, Nutman TB, Nutt SL, Oliveira JB, Olson CM, O'Shea JJ, Pai SY, Pandit L, Paul ME, Pearce SH, Peterson EJ, Picard C, Pichler WJ, Pittaluga S, Puel A, Radbruch A, Reece ST, Reveille JD, Rich RR, Rivat C, Robinson BW, Rodgers JR, Roifman CM, Rosen A, Rosenbaum JT, Rouse BT, Rowley SD, Sakaguchi S, Salmi M, Schroeder HW, Seibel MJ, Selmi C, Shafer WM, Shah PK, Shankar S, Shaw AR, Shearer WT, Sheikh J, Siegel R, Simon A, Simonian PL, Smith GP, Smith JR, Snow AL, Stephens DS, Stone JH, Straumann A, Su HC, Swainson L, Szymanska-Mroczek E, Taylor N, Thrasher AJ, Timares L, Torres RM, Uzel G, van der Meer JW, van der Hilst JC, Varga J, Waldman M, Weiser P, Weller PF, Weyand CM, Whiteside TL, Wigley FM, Winchester RJ, Wing K, Wood K, Xu H, Zhang SY, Zimmermann VS. List of contributors. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.09995-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Czystowska M, Gooding W, Szczepanski MJ, Lopez-Abaitero A, Ferris RL, Johnson JT, Whiteside TL. The immune signature of CD8(+)CCR7(+) T cells in the peripheral circulation associates with disease recurrence in patients with HNSCC. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 19:889-99. [PMID: 23363813 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with cancer have an increased frequency of circulating apoptosis-sensitive CD8(+)CCR7(neg) T cells and few CD8(+)CCR7(+) T cells versus normal controls. The functional and clinical significance of this imbalance was investigated using peripheral blood of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The frequency of circulating CD8(+) T cells co-expressing CCR7, CD45RO, CD28, and Annexin V (ANXV) was evaluated in 67 patients and 57 normal controls by flow cytometry. Spearman rank correlations among immunophenotypic profiles were analyzed. Recursive partitioning classified subjects as patients or normal controls based on CD8(+)CCR7(+) T-cell percentages. Kaplan-Meier plots estimated disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS The CD8(+)CCR7(+) T-cell frequency was low, whereas that of total CD8(+)CCR7(neg) and ANXV-binding CD8(+)CCR7(neg) T cells was higher in patients with HNSCC than in normal controls (P < 0.001-0.0001). ANXV binding correlated with the absence of CCR7 on CD8(+) T cells (P < 0.001). ANXV binding was negatively correlated with the CD8(+)CD45RO(neg)CCR7(+) (T(N)) cell frequency (P < 0.01) but positively correlated (P < 0.01) with that of CD8(+)CD45RO(+)CCR7(+) (T(CM)) T cells and of the two CCR7(neg) subsets (T(PM) and T(TD)). In recursive partitioning models, the CD8(+)CCR7(+) T-cell frequency of 31% distinguished patients from normal controls with 77% to 88% accuracy after cross-validation. In 25 patients tested before any therapy, the CD8(+)CCR7(+) T-cell frequency of less than 28% predicted disease recurrence within 4 years of definitive therapy (P < 0.0115). CONCLUSION The CD8(+)CCR7(+) T-cell frequency in HNSCC patients' blood tested at diagnosis can discriminate them from normal controls and predicts disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Czystowska
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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