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Christ A, Günther P, Lauterbach MAR, Duewell P, Biswas D, Pelka K, Scholz CJ, Oosting M, Haendler K, Baßler K, Klee K, Schulte-Schrepping J, Ulas T, Moorlag SJCFM, Kumar V, Park MH, Joosten LAB, Groh LA, Riksen NP, Espevik T, Schlitzer A, Li Y, Fitzgerald ML, Netea MG, Schultze JL, Latz E. Western Diet Triggers NLRP3-Dependent Innate Immune Reprogramming. Cell 2018; 172:162-175.e14. [PMID: 29328911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Long-term epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells in response to microbes, also termed "trained immunity," causes prolonged altered cellular functionality to protect from secondary infections. Here, we investigated whether sterile triggers of inflammation induce trained immunity and thereby influence innate immune responses. Western diet (WD) feeding of Ldlr-/- mice induced systemic inflammation, which was undetectable in serum soon after mice were shifted back to a chow diet (CD). In contrast, myeloid cell responses toward innate stimuli remained broadly augmented. WD-induced transcriptomic and epigenomic reprogramming of myeloid progenitor cells led to increased proliferation and enhanced innate immune responses. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in human monocytes trained with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) suggested inflammasome-mediated trained immunity. Consistently, Nlrp3-/-/Ldlr-/- mice lacked WD-induced systemic inflammation, myeloid progenitor proliferation, and reprogramming. Hence, NLRP3 mediates trained immunity following WD and could thereby mediate the potentially deleterious effects of trained immunity in inflammatory diseases.
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102
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Kaufmann E, Sanz J, Dunn JL, Khan N, Mendonça LE, Pacis A, Tzelepis F, Pernet E, Dumaine A, Grenier JC, Mailhot-Léonard F, Ahmed E, Belle J, Besla R, Mazer B, King IL, Nijnik A, Robbins CS, Barreiro LB, Divangahi M. BCG Educates Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Generate Protective Innate Immunity against Tuberculosis. Cell 2018; 172:176-190.e19. [PMID: 29328912 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The dogma that adaptive immunity is the only arm of the immune response with memory capacity has been recently challenged by several studies demonstrating evidence for memory-like innate immune training. However, the underlying mechanisms and location for generating such innate memory responses in vivo remain unknown. Here, we show that access of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) to the bone marrow (BM) changes the transcriptional landscape of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and multipotent progenitors (MPPs), leading to local cell expansion and enhanced myelopoiesis at the expense of lymphopoiesis. Importantly, BCG-educated HSCs generate epigenetically modified macrophages that provide significantly better protection against virulent M. tuberculosis infection than naïve macrophages. By using parabiotic and chimeric mice, as well as adoptive transfer approaches, we demonstrate that training of the monocyte/macrophage lineage via BCG-induced HSC reprogramming is sustainable in vivo. Our results indicate that targeting the HSC compartment provides a novel approach for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kaufmann
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Joaquin Sanz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Jonathan L Dunn
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Nargis Khan
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Laura E Mendonça
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Alain Pacis
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Fanny Tzelepis
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Erwan Pernet
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Anne Dumaine
- Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | | | | | - Eisha Ahmed
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jad Belle
- Department of Physiology, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Rickvinder Besla
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Bruce Mazer
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Irah L King
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Anastasia Nijnik
- Department of Physiology, Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Clinton S Robbins
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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103
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Murphy SK, Itchon-Ramos N, Visco Z, Huang Z, Grenier C, Schrott R, Acharya K, Boudreau MH, Price TM, Raburn DJ, Corcoran DL, Lucas JE, Mitchell JT, McClernon FJ, Cauley M, Hall BJ, Levin ED, Kollins SH. Cannabinoid exposure and altered DNA methylation in rat and human sperm. Epigenetics 2018; 13:1208-1221. [PMID: 30521419 PMCID: PMC6986792 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2018.1554521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the reproductive effects of paternal cannabis exposure. We evaluated associations between cannabis or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) exposure and altered DNA methylation in sperm from humans and rats, respectively. DNA methylation, measured by reduced representation bisulfite sequencing, differed in the sperm of human users from non-users by at least 10% at 3,979 CpG sites. Pathway analyses indicated Hippo Signaling and Pathways in Cancer as enriched with altered genes (Bonferroni p < 0.02). These same two pathways were also enriched with genes having altered methylation in sperm from THC-exposed versus vehicle-exposed rats (p < 0.01). Data validity is supported by significant correlations between THC exposure levels in humans and methylation for 177 genes, and substantial overlap in THC target genes in rat sperm (this study) and genes previously reported as having altered methylation in the brain of rat offspring born to parents both exposed to THC during adolescence. In humans, cannabis use was also associated with significantly lower sperm concentration. Findings point to possible pre-conception paternal reproductive risks associated with cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Murphy
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Nilda Itchon-Ramos
- b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Zachary Visco
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Carole Grenier
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Rose Schrott
- c Duke Nicholas School of the Environment , University Program in Environmental Health , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Kelly Acharya
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Marie-Helene Boudreau
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Thomas M Price
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Douglas J Raburn
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - David L Corcoran
- d Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Joseph E Lucas
- e Social Sciences Research Institute , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - John T Mitchell
- b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Marty Cauley
- f Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Brandon J Hall
- g Department of Surgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Scott H Kollins
- b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
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104
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Costantino S, Libby P, Kishore R, Tardif JC, El-Osta A, Paneni F. Epigenetics and precision medicine in cardiovascular patients: from basic concepts to the clinical arena. Eur Heart J 2018; 39:4150-4158. [PMID: 29069341 PMCID: PMC6293269 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide and also inflict major burdens on morbidity, quality of life, and societal costs. Considering that CVD preventive medications improve vascular outcomes in less than half of patients (often relative risk reductions range from 12% to 20% compared with placebo), precision medicine offers an attractive approach to refine the targeting of CVD medications to responsive individuals in a population and thus allocate resources more wisely and effectively. New tools furnished by advances in basic science and translational medicine could help achieve this goal. This approach could reach beyond the practitioners 'eyeball' assessment or venerable markers derived from the physical examination and standard laboratory evaluation. Advances in genetics have identified novel pathways and targets that operate in numerous diseases, paving the way for 'precision medicine'. Yet the inherited genome determines only part of an individual's risk profile. Indeed, standard genomic approaches do not take into account the world of regulation of gene expression by modifications of the 'epi'genome. Epigenetic modifications defined as 'heritable changes to the genome that do not involve changes in DNA sequence' have emerged as a new layer of biological regulation in CVD and could advance individualized risk assessment as well as devising and deploying tailored therapies. This review, therefore, aims to acquaint the cardiovascular community with the rapidly advancing and evolving field of epigenetics and its implications in cardiovascular precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Costantino
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Libby
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raj Kishore
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, MERB-953, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC), Montreal, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Francesco Paneni
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Heart Center, Cardiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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105
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Pendina AA, Efimova OA, Krapivin MI, Mekina ID, Tikhonov AV, Koltsova AS, Petrovskaia-Kaminskaia AV, Chiryaeva OG, Kogan IY, Gzgzyan AM, Baranov VS. Genomic distribution of 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine in human preimplantation embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 2018; 85:893-895. [PMID: 30320470 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Pendina
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga A Efimova
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail I Krapivin
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, St. Petersburg, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina D Mekina
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrei V Tikhonov
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alla S Koltsova
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, St. Petersburg, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Olga G Chiryaeva
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor Y Kogan
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander M Gzgzyan
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladislav S Baranov
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, St. Petersburg, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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106
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Hoogeveen RM, Nahrendorf M, Riksen NP, Netea MG, de Winther MPJ, Lutgens E, Nordestgaard BG, Neidhart M, Stroes ESG, Catapano AL, Bekkering S. Monocyte and haematopoietic progenitor reprogramming as common mechanism underlying chronic inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. Eur Heart J 2018; 39:3521-3527. [PMID: 29069365 PMCID: PMC6174026 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of cardiovascular events are not prevented by current therapeutic regimens. In search for additional, innovative strategies, immune cells have been recognized as key players contributing to atherosclerotic plaque progression and destabilization. Particularly the role of innate immune cells is of major interest, following the recent paradigm shift that innate immunity, long considered to be incapable of learning, does exhibit immunological memory mediated via epigenetic reprogramming. Compelling evidence shows that atherosclerotic risk factors promote immune cell migration by pre-activation of circulating innate immune cells. Innate immune cell activation via metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming perpetuates a systemic low-grade inflammatory state in cardiovascular disease (CVD) that is also common in other chronic inflammatory disorders. This opens a new therapeutic area in which metabolic or epigenetic modulation of innate immune cells may result in decreased systemic chronic inflammation, alleviating CVD, and its co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate M Hoogeveen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 55 Fruit Street Boston, MA, USA
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Pettenkoferstraße 9, Munich, Germany
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- The Copenhagen General Population Study and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Ringvej 75, Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michel Neidhart
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Erik S G Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan and IRCCS Multimedica, Via Balzaretti, Milano, Italy
| | - Siroon Bekkering
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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107
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Milanovic M, Yu Y, Schmitt CA. The Senescence-Stemness Alliance - A Cancer-Hijacked Regeneration Principle. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:1049-1061. [PMID: 30253901 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activated oncogenes or anticancer therapies evoke senescent cell-cycle arrest in (pre-)malignant cells, thereby interrupting tumor formation or progression. Physiologically, cellular senescence contributes to embryonic development and tissue regeneration. These observations and the overlap of numerous gene products in senescence and stem cell signaling prompted investigations into whether epigenetic establishment of the senescent state may concomitantly reprogram the cell into a latent stem-like condition, whose functional impact becomes evident when arrested cells resume proliferation. We review here recent discoveries underscoring the unexpected senescence-stemness alliance, elucidate underlying molecular mechanisms, and discuss its fundamentally different implications in normal tissue repair - to replenish the exhausted repopulation capacity - as compared to cancer biology, where usurpation of this natural principle accounts for particularly aggressive tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Milanovic
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum (MKFZ), Virchow Campus, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yong Yu
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens A Schmitt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum (MKFZ), Virchow Campus, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (German Cancer Consortium), Partner Site Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Straße 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany.
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108
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Gao R, Wang C, Gao Y, Xiu W, Chen J, Kou X, Zhao Y, Liao Y, Bai D, Qiao Z, Yang L, Wang M, Zang R, Liu X, Jia Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Yin J, Wang H, Wan X, Liu W, Zhang Y, Gao S. Inhibition of Aberrant DNA Re-methylation Improves Post-implantation Development of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:426-435.e5. [PMID: 30146410 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) enables cloning of differentiated cells by reprogramming their nuclei to a totipotent state. However, successful full-term development of SCNT embryos is a low-efficiency process and arrested embryos frequently exhibit epigenetic abnormalities. Here, we generated genome-wide DNA methylation maps from mouse pre-implantation SCNT embryos. We identified widespread regions that were aberrantly re-methylated, leading to mis-expression of genes and retrotransposons important for zygotic genome activation. Inhibition of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) specifically rescued these re-methylation defects and improved the developmental capacity of cloned embryos. Moreover, combining inhibition of Dnmts with overexpression of histone demethylases led to stronger reductions in inappropriate DNA methylation and synergistic enhancement of full-term SCNT embryo development. These findings show that excessive DNA re-methylation is a potent barrier that limits full-term development of SCNT embryos and that removing multiple epigenetic barriers is a promising approach to achieve higher cloning efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chenfei Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yawei Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenchao Xiu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaochen Kou
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanhong Zhao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuhan Liao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dandan Bai
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhibin Qiao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruge Zang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanping Jia
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanhe Li
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiqing Yin
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoping Wan
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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109
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He Y, Li Z. Epigenetic Environmental Memories in Plants: Establishment, Maintenance, and Reprogramming. Trends Genet 2018; 34:856-66. [PMID: 30144941 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plants are immobile and must respond to or endure fluctuating surroundings and diverse environmental challenges. Environmental inputs often induce chromatin modifications at various responsive genes and consequent changes in their expression. Environment-induced chromatin marks at certain loci are transmittable through cell divisions after relief from the original external signals, leading to acquired 'memorization' of environmental experiences in plants, namely epigenetic environmental memories, which enable plants to adapt to environmental changes or to perform better when events recur. Here, we review recent progress in epigenetic or chromatin-mediated environmental memories in plants, including defense priming, stress memories, and 'epigenetic memory of winter cold' or vernalization. Various advances in epigenetic mechanisms underlying plant-environment interactions highlight that plant environmental epigenetics is emerging as an important area in plant biology.
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110
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Zhao W, Zhu Q, Tan P, Ajibade A, Long T, Long W, Li Q, Liu P, Ning B, Wang HY, Wang RF. Tgfbr2 inactivation facilitates cellular plasticity and development of Pten-null prostate cancer. J Mol Cell Biol 2018; 10:316-330. [PMID: 29228234 PMCID: PMC6161409 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in tumors can create a state of increased cellular plasticity that promotes resistance to treatment. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies for identifying key factors that regulate cellular plasticity in order to combat resistance to chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Here we report that prostate epithelial cell reprogramming could be exploited to identify key factors required for promoting prostate cancer tumorigenesis and cellular plasticity. Deletion of phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) and transforming growth factor-beta receptor type 2 (Tgfbr2) may increase prostate epithelial cell reprogramming efficiency in vitro and cause rapid tumor development and early mortality in vivo. Tgfbr2 ablation abolished TGF-β signaling but increased the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway through the negative regulator Tmeff1. Furthermore, increased BMP signaling promotes expression of the tumor marker genes ID1, Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2; ID1/STAT3/NANOG expression was inversely correlated with patient survival. Thus, our findings provide information about the molecular mechanisms by which BMP signaling pathways render stemness capacity to prostate tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyuan Zhu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peng Tan
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Adebusola Ajibade
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Teng Long
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyong Long
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingtian Li
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bo Ning
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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111
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Abstract
Successful cloning of monkeys, the first non-human primate species, by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) attracted worldwide attention earlier this year. Remarkably, it has taken more than 20 years since the cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1997 to achieve this feat. This success was largely due to recent understanding of epigenetic barriers that impede SCNT-mediated reprogramming and the establishment of key methods to overcome these barriers, which also allowed efficient derivation of human pluripotent stem cells for cell therapy. Here, we summarize recent advances in SCNT technology and its potential applications for both reproductive and therapeutic cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Matoba
- RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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112
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Matoba S, Wang H, Jiang L, Lu F, Iwabuchi KA, Wu X, Inoue K, Yang L, Press W, Lee JT, Ogura A, Shen L, Zhang Y. Loss of H3K27me3 Imprinting in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos Disrupts Post-Implantation Development. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:343-354.e5. [PMID: 30033120 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal cloning can be achieved through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), although the live birth rate is relatively low. Recent studies have identified H3K9me3 in donor cells and abnormal Xist activation as epigenetic barriers that impede SCNT. Here we overcome these barriers using a combination of Xist knockout donor cells and overexpression of Kdm4 to achieve more than 20% efficiency of mouse SCNT. However, post-implantation defects and abnormal placentas were still observed, indicating that additional epigenetic barriers impede SCNT cloning. Comparative DNA methylome analysis of IVF and SCNT blastocysts identified abnormally methylated regions in SCNT embryos despite successful global reprogramming of the methylome. Strikingly, allelic transcriptomic and ChIP-seq analyses of pre-implantation SCNT embryos revealed complete loss of H3K27me3 imprinting, which may account for the postnatal developmental defects observed in SCNT embryos. Together, these results provide an efficient method for mouse cloning while paving the way for further improving SCNT efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Matoba
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Huihan Wang
- Life Sciences Institute and Stem Cell Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lan Jiang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Falong Lu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kumiko A Iwabuchi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaoji Wu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kimiko Inoue
- RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Lin Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William Press
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeannie T Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Li Shen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Life Sciences Institute and Stem Cell Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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113
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Ge G, Peng D, Xu Z, Guan B, Xin Z, He Q, Zhou Y, Li X, Zhou L, Ci W. Restoration of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by ascorbate blocks kidney tumour growth. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201745401. [PMID: 29959161 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) occurs frequently in a wide variety of tumours, including clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). It remains unknown, however, whether the restoration of 5hmC patterns in tumours could have therapeutic efficacy. Here, we used sodium L-ascorbate (vitamin C, AsANa) and the oxidation-resistant form L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium (APM) for the restoration of 5hmC patterns in ccRCC cells. At physiological concentrations, both show anti-tumour efficacy during long-term treatment in vitro and in vivo Strikingly, global 5hmC patterns in ccRCC cells after treatment resemble those of normal kidney tissue, which is observed also in treated xenograft tumours, and in primary cells from a ccRCC patient. Further, RNA-seq data show that long-term treatment with vitamin C changes the transcriptome of ccRCC cells. Finally, APM treatment induces less non-specific cell damage and shows increased stability in mouse plasma compared to AsANa. Taken together, our study provides proof of concept for an epigenetic differentiation therapy of ccRCC with vitamin C, especially APM, at low doses by 5hmC reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhe Ge
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ding Peng
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ziying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Guan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zijuan Xin
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qun He
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China .,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Zhou
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China .,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weimin Ci
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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114
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Kawamoto K, Ohashi T, Konno M, Nishida N, Koseki J, Matsui H, Sakai D, Kudo T, Eguchi H, Satoh T, Doki Y, Mori M, Ishii H. Cell-free culture conditioned medium elicits pancreatic β cell lineage-specific epigenetic reprogramming in mice. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3255-3259. [PMID: 30127922 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several obstacles to overcome prior to achieving cellular reprogramming of pancreatic β cells in vitro and in vivo. The present study demonstrated that the transfer of epigenetic phenotypes was achieved in the cell-free conditioned medium (CM) of pancreatic insulinoma MIN6 cell cultures. The comparison of a subpopulation of MIN6, m14 and m9 cells indicated that MIN6-m14 cells were more prone to cellular reprogramming. Epigenetic profiling revealed that the transcription factor pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 (Pdx1) was differentially associated among the clones. The culture of differentiated adipocytes in the CM of MIN6-m14 cells resulted in the induction of insulin mRNA expression, and was accompanied by epigenetic events of Pdx1 binding. The epigenetic profiling indicated that Pdx1 is preferentially associated with a previously uncharacterized region of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) disulfide oxidase, ER oxidoreductin 1 gene. Therefore, the results of the present study indicated that the CM of MIN6 cells was able to induce a pancreatic β cell-like phenotype in differentiated adipocytes. These data provide additional support for the utility of cell-free CM for cellular reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Ohashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Konno
- Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nishida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Koseki
- Department of Cancer Profiling Discovery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Matsui
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kudo
- Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taroh Satoh
- Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Cancer Profiling Discovery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Cancer Profiling Discovery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Cancer Profiling Discovery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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115
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Bektik E, Dennis A, Pawlowski G, Zhou C, Maleski D, Takahashi S, Laurita KR, Deschênes I, Fu JD. S-phase Synchronization Facilitates the Early Progression of Induced-Cardiomyocyte Reprogramming through Enhanced Cell-Cycle Exit. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1364. [PMID: 29734659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs) holds a great promise for regenerative medicine and has been studied in several major directions. However, cell-cycle regulation, a fundamental biological process, has not been investigated during iCM-reprogramming. Here, our time-lapse imaging on iCMs, reprogrammed by Gata4, Mef2c, and Tbx5 (GMT) monocistronic retroviruses, revealed that iCM-reprogramming was majorly initiated at late-G1- or S-phase and nearly half of GMT-reprogrammed iCMs divided soon after reprogramming. iCMs exited cell cycle along the process of reprogramming with decreased percentage of 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine (EdU)+/α-myosin heavy chain (αMHC)-GFP+ cells. S-phase synchronization post-GMT-infection could enhance cell-cycle exit of reprogrammed iCMs and yield more GFPhigh iCMs, which achieved an advanced reprogramming with more expression of cardiac genes than GFPlow cells. However, S-phase synchronization did not enhance the reprogramming with a polycistronic-viral vector, in which cell-cycle exit had been accelerated. In conclusion, post-infection synchronization of S-phase facilitated the early progression of GMT-reprogramming through a mechanism of enhanced cell-cycle exit.
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116
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Zhu Q, Stöger R, Alberio R. A Lexicon of DNA Modifications: Their Roles in Embryo Development and the Germline. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:24. [PMID: 29637072 PMCID: PMC5880922 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
5-methylcytosine (5mC) on CpG dinucleotides has been viewed as the major epigenetic modification in eukaryotes for a long time. Apart from 5mC, additional DNA modifications have been discovered in eukaryotic genomes. Many of these modifications are thought to be solely associated with DNA damage. However, growing evidence indicates that some base modifications, namely 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC), and N6-methadenine (6mA), may be of biological relevance, particularly during early stages of embryo development. Although abundance of these DNA modifications in eukaryotic genomes can be low, there are suggestions that they cooperate with other epigenetic markers to affect DNA-protein interactions, gene expression, defense of genome stability and epigenetic inheritance. Little is still known about their distribution in different tissues and their functions during key stages of the animal lifecycle. This review discusses current knowledge and future perspectives of these novel DNA modifications in the mammalian genome with a focus on their dynamic distribution during early embryonic development and their potential function in epigenetic inheritance through the germ line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Zhu
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Reinhard Stöger
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ramiro Alberio
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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117
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Rusek P, Wala M, Druszczyńska M, Fol M. Infectious Agents as Stimuli of Trained Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E456. [PMID: 29401667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discoveries made over the past few years have modified the current immunological paradigm. It turns out that innate immunity cells can mount some kind of immunological memory, similar to that observed in the acquired immunity and corresponding to the defense mechanisms of lower organisms, which increases their resistance to reinfection. This phenomenon is termed trained innate immunity. It is based on epigenetic changes in innate immune cells (monocytes/macrophages, NK cells) after their stimulation with various infectious or non-infectious agents. Many infectious stimuli, including bacterial or fungal cells and their components (LPS, β-glucan, chitin) as well as viruses or even parasites are considered potent inducers of innate immune memory. Epigenetic cell reprogramming occurring at the heart of the phenomenon may provide a useful basis for designing novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to prevent and protect against multiple diseases. In this article, we present the current state of art on trained innate immunity occurring as a result of infectious agent induction. Additionally, we discuss the mechanisms of cell reprogramming and the implications for immune response stimulation/manipulation.
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118
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Kong Q, Banaszynski LA, Geng F, Zhang X, Zhang J, Zhang H, O'Neill CL, Yan P, Liu Z, Shido K, Palermo GD, Allis CD, Rafii S, Rosenwaks Z, Wen D. Histone variant H3.3-mediated chromatin remodeling is essential for paternal genome activation in mouse preimplantation embryos. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3829-3838. [PMID: 29358330 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Derepression of chromatin-mediated transcriptional repression of paternal and maternal genomes is considered the first major step that initiates zygotic gene expression after fertilization. The histone variant H3.3 is present in both male and female gametes and is thought to be important for remodeling the paternal and maternal genomes for activation during both fertilization and embryogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using our H3.3B-HA-tagged mouse model, engineered to report H3.3 expression in live animals and to distinguish different sources of H3.3 protein in embryos, we show here that sperm-derived H3.3 (sH3.3) protein is removed from the sperm genome shortly after fertilization and extruded from the zygotes via the second polar bodies (PBII) during embryogenesis. We also found that the maternal H3.3 (mH3.3) protein is incorporated into the paternal genome as early as 2 h postfertilization and is detectable in the paternal genome until the morula stage. Knockdown of maternal H3.3 resulted in compromised embryonic development both of fertilized embryos and of androgenetic haploid embryos. Furthermore, we report that mH3.3 depletion in oocytes impairs both activation of the Oct4 pluripotency marker gene and global de novo transcription from the paternal genome important for early embryonic development. Our results suggest that H3.3-mediated paternal chromatin remodeling is essential for the development of preimplantation embryos and the activation of the paternal genome during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingran Kong
- From the Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine and.,Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China, and
| | - Laura A Banaszynski
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Fuqiang Geng
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China, and
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China, and
| | - Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China, and
| | - Claire L O'Neill
- From the Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine and
| | - Peidong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China, and
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China, and
| | - Koji Shido
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Gianpiero D Palermo
- From the Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine and
| | - C David Allis
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Zev Rosenwaks
- From the Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine and
| | - Duancheng Wen
- From the Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine and
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119
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Emran AA, Marzese DM, Menon DR, Stark MS, Torrano J, Hammerlindl H, Zhang G, Brafford P, Salomon MP, Nelson N, Hammerlindl S, Gupta D, Mills GB, Lu Y, Sturm RA, Flaherty K, Hoon DSB, Gabrielli B, Herlyn M, Schaider H. Distinct histone modifications denote early stress-induced drug tolerance in cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 9:8206-8222. [PMID: 29492189 PMCID: PMC5823586 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides somatic mutations or drug efflux, epigenetic reprogramming can lead to acquired drug resistance. We recently have identified early stress-induced multi-drug tolerant cancer cells termed induced drug-tolerant cells (IDTCs). Here, IDTCs were generated using different types of cancer cell lines; melanoma, lung, breast and colon cancer. A common loss of the H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 and gain of H3K9me3 mark was observed as a significant response to drug exposure or nutrient starvation in IDTCs. These epigenetic changes were reversible upon drug holidays. Microarray, qRT-PCR and protein expression data confirmed the up-regulation of histone methyltransferases (SETDB1 and SETDB2) which contribute to the accumulation of H3K9me3 concomitantly in the different cancer types. Genome-wide studies suggest that transcriptional repression of genes is due to concordant loss of H3K4me3 and regional increment of H3K9me3. Conversely, genome-wide CpG site-specific DNA methylation showed no common changes at the IDTC state. This suggests that distinct histone methylation patterns rather than DNA methylation are driving the transition from parental to IDTCs. In addition, silencing of SETDB1/2 reversed multi drug tolerance. Alterations of histone marks in early multi-drug tolerance with an increment in H3K9me3 and loss of H3K4me3/H3K27me3 is neither exclusive for any particular stress response nor cancer type specific but rather a generic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Emran
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Diego M Marzese
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Dinoop Ravindran Menon
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mitchell S Stark
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joachim Torrano
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Heinz Hammerlindl
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gao Zhang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Matthew P Salomon
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Nellie Nelson
- Sequencing Center, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Sabrina Hammerlindl
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Deepesh Gupta
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Yiling Lu
- MD Anderson Centre, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A Sturm
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Keith Flaherty
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dave S B Hoon
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Brian Gabrielli
- Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Helmut Schaider
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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120
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Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal tract harbors trillions of commensal microorganisms, collectively known as the microbiota. The microbiota is a critical source of environmental stimuli and, thus, has a tremendous impact on the health of the host. The microbes within the microbiota regulate homeostasis within the gut, and any alteration in their composition can lead to disorders that include inflammatory bowel disease, allergy, autoimmune disease, diabetes, mental disorders, and cancer. Hence, restoration of the gut flora following changes or imbalance is imperative for the host. The low-molecular-weight compounds and nutrients such as short-chain fatty acids, polyamines, polyphenols, and vitamins produced by microbial metabolism of nondigestible food components in the gut actively participate in various epigenomic mechanisms that reprogram the genome by altering the transcriptional machinery of a cell in response to environmental stimuli. These epigenetic modifications are caused by a set of highly dynamic enzymes, notably histone acetylases, deacetylases, DNA methylases, and demethylases, that are influenced by microbial metabolites and other environmental cues. Recent studies have shown that host expression of histone acetylases and histone deacetylases is important for regulating communication between the intestinal microbiota and the host cells. Histone acetylases and deacetylases influence the molecular expression of genes that affect not only physiological functions but also behavioral shifts that occur via neuroepigenetic modifications of genes. The underlying molecular mechanisms, however, have yet to be fully elucidated and thus provide a new area of research. The present review provides insights into the current understanding of the microbiota and its association with mammalian epigenomics as well as the interaction of pathogens and probiotics with host epigenetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Iqbal Bhat
- Mohd I. Bhat and R. Kapila are with Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Rajeev Kapila
- Mohd I. Bhat and R. Kapila are with Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
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121
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Schorn AJ, Gutbrod MJ, LeBlanc C, Martienssen R. LTR-Retrotransposon Control by tRNA-Derived Small RNAs. Cell 2017; 170:61-71.e11. [PMID: 28666125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transposon reactivation is an inherent danger in cells that lose epigenetic silencing during developmental reprogramming. In the mouse, long terminal repeat (LTR)-retrotransposons, or endogenous retroviruses (ERV), account for most novel insertions and are expressed in the absence of histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation in preimplantation stem cells. We found abundant 18 nt tRNA-derived small RNA (tRF) in these cells and ubiquitously expressed 22 nt tRFs that include the 3' terminal CCA of mature tRNAs and target the tRNA primer binding site (PBS) essential for ERV reverse transcription. We show that the two most active ERV families, IAP and MusD/ETn, are major targets and are strongly inhibited by tRFs in retrotransposition assays. 22 nt tRFs post-transcriptionally silence coding-competent ERVs, while 18 nt tRFs specifically interfere with reverse transcription and retrotransposon mobility. The PBS offers a unique target to specifically inhibit LTR-retrotransposons, and tRF-targeting is a potentially highly conserved mechanism of small RNA-mediated transposon control.
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122
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Ito M, Sun S, Fukuhara T, Suzuki R, Tamai M, Yamauchi T, Nakashima K, Tagawa YI, Okazaki S, Matsuura Y, Wakita T, Suzuki T. Development of hepatoma-derived, bidirectional oval-like cells as a model to study host interactions with hepatitis C virus during differentiation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53899-915. [PMID: 28903311 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed differentiation of human stem cells including induced pluripotent stem cells into hepatic cells potentially leads to acquired susceptibility to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, cellular determinants that change their expression during cell reprogramming or hepatic differentiation and are pivotal for supporting the HCV life cycle remain unclear. In this study, by introducing a set of reprogramming factors, we established HuH-7-derived oval-like cell lines, Hdo-17 and -23, which possess features of bipotential liver precursors. Upon induction of hepatocyte differentiation, expression of mature hepatocyte markers and hepatoblast markers in cells increased and decreased, respectively. In contrast, in response to cholangiocytic differentiation induction, gene expression of epithelium markers increased and cells formed round cysts with a central luminal space. Hdo cells lost their susceptibility to HCV infection and viral RNA replication. Hepatic differentiation of Hdo cells potentially led to recovery of permissiveness to HCV RNA replication. Gene expression profiling showed that most host-cell factors known to be involved in the HCV life cycle, except CD81, are expressed in Hdo cells comparable to HuH-7 cells. HCV pseudoparticle infectivity was significantly but partially recovered by ectopic expression of CD81, suggesting possible involvement of additional unidentified factors in HCV entry. In addition, we identified miR200a-3p, which is highly expressed in Hdo cells and stem cells but poorly expressed in differentiated cells and mature hepatocytes, as a novel negative regulator of HCV replication. In conclusion, our results showed that epigenetic reprogramming of human hepatoma cells potentially changes their permissivity to HCV.
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123
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von Meyenn F, Berrens RV, Andrews S, Santos F, Collier AJ, Krueger F, Osorno R, Dean W, Rugg-Gunn PJ, Reik W. Comparative Principles of DNA Methylation Reprogramming during Human and Mouse In Vitro Primordial Germ Cell Specification. Dev Cell. 2016;39:104-115. [PMID: 27728778 PMCID: PMC5064768 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primordial germ cell (PGC) development is characterized by global epigenetic remodeling, which resets genomic potential and establishes an epigenetic ground state. Here we recapitulate PGC specification in vitro from naive embryonic stem cells and characterize the early events of epigenetic reprogramming during the formation of the human and mouse germline. Following rapid de novo DNA methylation during priming to epiblast-like cells, methylation is globally erased in PGC-like cells. Repressive chromatin marks (H3K9me2/3) and transposable elements are enriched at demethylation-resistant regions, while active chromatin marks (H3K4me3 or H3K27ac) are more prominent at regions that demethylate faster. The dynamics of specification and epigenetic reprogramming show species-specific differences, in particular markedly slower reprogramming kinetics in the human germline. Differences in developmental kinetics may be explained by differential regulation of epigenetic modifiers. Our work establishes a robust and faithful experimental system of the early events of epigenetic reprogramming and regulation in the germline.
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124
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Ohta H, Kurimoto K, Okamoto I, Nakamura T, Yabuta Y, Miyauchi H, Yamamoto T, Okuno Y, Hagiwara M, Shirane K, Sasaki H, Saitou M. In vitro expansion of mouse primordial germ cell-like cells recapitulates an epigenetic blank slate. EMBO J 2017; 36:1888-1907. [PMID: 28559416 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The expansion of primordial germ cells (PGCs), the precursors for the oocytes and spermatozoa, is a key challenge in reproductive biology/medicine. Using a chemical screening exploiting PGC-like cells (PGCLCs) induced from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), we here identify key signaling pathways critical for PGCLC proliferation. We show that the combinatorial application of Forskolin and Rolipram, which stimulate cAMP signaling via different mechanisms, expands PGCLCs up to ~50-fold in culture. The expanded PGCLCs maintain robust capacity for spermatogenesis, rescuing the fertility of infertile mice. Strikingly, during expansion, PGCLCs comprehensively erase their DNA methylome, including parental imprints, in a manner that precisely recapitulates genome-wide DNA demethylation in gonadal germ cells, while essentially maintaining their identity as sexually uncommitted PGCs, apparently through appropriate histone modifications. By establishing a paradigm for PGCLC expansion, our system reconstitutes the epigenetic "blank slate" of the germ line, an immediate precursory state for sexually dimorphic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ohta
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan .,JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kurimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakamura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yabuta
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Miyauchi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,AMED-CREST, AMED, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Okuno
- Medical Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Shirane
- Division of Epigenomics and Development, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Epigenome Network Research Center, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasaki
- Division of Epigenomics and Development, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Epigenome Network Research Center, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan .,JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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125
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Saini M, Selokar NL, Agrawal H, Singla SK, Chauhan MS, Manik RS, Palta P. Treatment of Donor Cells and Reconstructed Embryos with a Combination of Trichostatin-A and 5-aza-2'-Deoxycytidine Improves the Developmental Competence and Quality of Buffalo Embryos Produced by Handmade Cloning and Alters Their Epigenetic Status and Gene Expression. Cell Reprogram 2017; 19:208-215. [PMID: 28463020 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2016.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of cloning technology on a large scale is limited by very low offspring rate primarily due to aberrant or incomplete epigenetic reprogramming. Trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC), an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases, are widely used for altering the epigenetic status of cloned embryos. We optimized the doses of these epigenetic modifiers for production of buffalo embryos by handmade cloning and examined whether combined treatment with these epigenetic modifiers offered any advantage over treatment with the individual epigenetic modifier. Irrespective of whether donor cells or reconstructed embryos or both were treated with 50 nM TSA +7.5 nM 5-aza-dC, (1) the blastocyst rate was significantly higher (71.6 ± 3.5, 68.3 ± 2.6, and 71.8 ± 2.4, respectively, vs. 43.1 ± 3.4 for controls, p < 0.05); (2) the apoptotic index was lower (5.4 ± 1.1, 9.5 ± 1.0, and 7.4 ± 1.3, respectively, vs. 19.5 ± 2.1 for controls, p < 0.05) and was similar to that of in vitro fertilization blastocysts (6.0 ± 0.8); (3) the global level of H3K18ac was higher (p < 0.01) and that of H3K27me3 lower (p < 0.05) than in controls and was similar among all treatment groups; and (4) the expression level of epigenetic-(HDAC1, DNMT1, and DNMT3a), pluripotency-(OCT4 and NANOG), and development-related (FGF4) genes, but not that of SOX2 and CDX2, was similar among all treatment groups. These results demonstrate that similar levels of beneficial effects can be obtained following treatment of either donor cells or reconstructed embryos or both with the combination of TSA +5-aza-dC. Therefore, there is no advantage in treating both donor cells and reconstructed embryos when the combination of TSA and 5-aza-dC is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Saini
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal, India
| | - Naresh L Selokar
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal, India
| | - Himanshu Agrawal
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Singla
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal, India
| | - Manmohan Singh Chauhan
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal, India
| | - Radheysham S Manik
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal, India
| | - Prabhat Palta
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal, India
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126
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Abstract
Recent evidence from embryonic stem cells suggests that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) plays a central role in the regulation of pluripotency, a short-lived property of cells in the early blastula inner cell mass (ICM). Four key observations support this conclusion. The first is the temporal association between upregulation of AHR expression and the onset of cell differentiation, which argues for the AHR as a determinant of cell fate decisions. The second is the repression of the pluripotency factors OCT4 and NANOG by the AHR, which depresses their function and contributes to the cell's exit from pluripotency. The third is the temporal association between changes in global DNA methylation and stage-dependent AHR expression, which parallel each other during embryonic development, suggesting that AHR helps configure a repressive chromatin structure that controls differentiation. The fourth is the incidence of early developmental aberrations that take place in Ahr-null mice and cause the disruption of their embryonic program, which is likely to be a consequence of the loss of pluripotency of the Ahr-/- ICM cells. In this short review, we will focus on the modulation of pluripotency as a novel function of the AHR, and on the potentially detrimental developmental outcomes that may result from exposure to environmental toxicants. This line of enquiry brings us to the tantalizing conclusion that by activating mechanisms that modulate pluripotency, AHR regulates embryonic development. The likelihood that exposure to environmental AHR ligands might disrupt developmental processes is a reasonable corollary to this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-I Ko
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA
| | - Alvaro Puga
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA
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127
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Maroni P, Matteucci E, Bendinelli P, Desiderio MA. Functions and Epigenetic Regulation of Wwox in Bone Metastasis from Breast Carcinoma: Comparison with Primary Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E75. [PMID: 28045433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms influence molecular patterns important for the bone-metastatic process, and here we highlight the role of WW-domain containing oxidoreductase (Wwox). The tumor-suppressor Wwox lacks in almost all cancer types; the variable expression in osteosarcomas is related to lung-metastasis formation, and exogenous Wwox destabilizes HIF-1α (subunit of Hypoxia inducible Factor-1, HIF-1) affecting aerobic glycolysis. Our recent studies show critical functions of Wwox present in 1833-osteotropic clone, in the corresponding xenograft model, and in human bone metastasis from breast carcinoma. In hypoxic-bone metastatic cells, Wwox enhances HIF-1α stabilization, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation. Consistently, in bone-metastasis specimens Wwox localizes in cytosolic/perinuclear area, while TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif) and HIF-1α co-localize in nuclei, playing specific regulatory mechanisms: TAZ is a co-factor of HIF-1, and Wwox regulates HIF-1 activity by controlling HIF-1α. In vitro, DNA methylation affects Wwox-protein synthesis; hypoxia decreases Wwox-protein level; hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) phosphorylates Wwox driving its nuclear shuttle, and counteracting a Twist program important for the epithelial phenotype and metastasis colonization. In agreement, in 1833-xenograft mice under DNA-methyltransferase blockade with decitabine, Wwox increases in nuclei/cytosol counteracting bone metastasis with prolongation of the survival. However, Wwox seems relevant for the autophagic process which sustains metastasis, enhancing more Beclin-1 than p62 protein levels, and p62 accumulates under decitabine consistent with adaptability of metastasis to therapy. In conclusion, Wwox methylation as a bone-metastasis therapeutic target would depend on autophagy conditions, and epigenetic mechanisms regulating Wwox may influence the phenotype of bone metastasis.
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128
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Ernst C, Pike J, Aitken SJ, Long HK, Eling N, Stojic L, Ward MC, Connor F, Rayner TF, Lukk M, Klose RJ, Kutter C, Odom DT. Successful transmission and transcriptional deployment of a human chromosome via mouse male meiosis. eLife 2016; 5:e20235. [PMID: 27855777 PMCID: PMC5161449 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human aneuploidies originate maternally, due in part to the presence of highly stringent checkpoints during male meiosis. Indeed, male sterility is common among aneuploid mice used to study chromosomal abnormalities, and male germline transmission of exogenous DNA has been rarely reported. Here we show that, despite aberrant testis architecture, males of the aneuploid Tc1 mouse strain produce viable sperm and transmit human chromosome 21 to create aneuploid offspring. In these offspring, we mapped transcription, transcriptional initiation, enhancer activity, non-methylated DNA, and transcription factor binding in adult tissues. Remarkably, when compared with mice derived from female passage of human chromosome 21, the chromatin condensation during spermatogenesis and the extensive epigenetic reprogramming specific to male germline transmission resulted in almost indistinguishable patterns of transcriptional deployment. Our results reveal an unexpected tolerance of aneuploidy during mammalian spermatogenesis, and the surprisingly robust ability of mouse developmental machinery to accurately deploy an exogenous chromosome, regardless of germline transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ernst
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Pike
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Aitken
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah K Long
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United states
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Nils Eling
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lovorka Stojic
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle C Ward
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Connor
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy F Rayner
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Margus Lukk
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Klose
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Kutter
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Duncan T Odom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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129
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Miyoshi N, Stel JM, Shioda K, Qu N, Odajima J, Mitsunaga S, Zhang X, Nagano M, Hochedlinger K, Isselbacher KJ, Shioda T. Erasure of DNA methylation, genomic imprints, and epimutations in a primordial germ-cell model derived from mouse pluripotent stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9545-50. [PMID: 27486249 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610259113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome-wide depletion of 5-methylcytosines (5meCs) caused by passive dilution through DNA synthesis without daughter strand methylation and active enzymatic processes resulting in replacement of 5meCs with unmethylated cytosines is a hallmark of primordial germ cells (PGCs). Although recent studies have shown that in vitro differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to PGC-like cells (PGCLCs) mimics the in vivo differentiation of epiblast cells to PGCs, how DNA methylation status of PGCLCs resembles the dynamics of 5meC erasure in embryonic PGCs remains controversial. Here, by differential detection of genome-wide 5meC and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmeC) distributions by deep sequencing, we show that PGCLCs derived from mouse PSCs recapitulated the process of genome-wide DNA demethylation in embryonic PGCs, including significant demethylation of imprint control regions (ICRs) associated with increased mRNA expression of the corresponding imprinted genes. Although 5hmeCs were also significantly diminished in PGCLCs, they retained greater amounts of 5hmeCs than intragonadal PGCs. The genomes of both PGCLCs and PGCs selectively retained both 5meCs and 5hmeCs at a small number of repeat sequences such as GSAT_MM, of which the significant retention of bisulfite-resistant cytosines was corroborated by reanalysis of previously published whole-genome bisulfite sequencing data for intragonadal PGCs. PSCs harboring abnormal hypermethylation at ICRs of the Dlk1-Gtl2-Dio3 imprinting cluster diminished these 5meCs upon differentiation to PGCLCs, resulting in transcriptional reactivation of the Gtl2 gene. These observations support the usefulness of PGCLCs in studying the germline epigenetic erasure including imprinted genes, epimutations, and erasure-resistant loci, which may be involved in transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.
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130
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Masuda M, Wakasaki T, Toh S. Stress-triggered atavistic reprogramming (STAR) addiction: driving force behind head and neck cancer? Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:1149-1166. [PMID: 27429838 PMCID: PMC4937727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent results of the Cancer Genome Atlas on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) revealed that HNSCC lacked predominant gain-of-function mutations in oncogenes, whereas an essential role for epigenetics in oncogenesis has become apparent. In parallel, it has gained general acceptance that cancer is considered as complex adaptive system, which evolves responding environmental selective pressures. This somatic evolution appears to proceed concurrently with the acquisition of an atavistic pluripotent state (i.e., "stemness"), which is inducible by intrinsic epigenetic reprogramming program as demonstrated by induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. This Nobel prize-winning discovery has markedly accelerated and expanded cancer stem cell research from the point of epigenetic reprogramming. Taken together, we hypothesize that stress-triggered atavistic reprogramming (STAR) may be the major driving force of HNSCC evolution. In this perspective, we discuss the possible mechanisms of STAR in HNSCC, focusing on recent topics of epigenetic reprogramming in developmental and cancer cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneyuki Masuda
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, National Kyushu Cancer Center 3-1-1, Notame, Minamiku, Fukuoka 811-1395, Japan
| | - Takahiro Wakasaki
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, National Kyushu Cancer Center 3-1-1, Notame, Minamiku, Fukuoka 811-1395, Japan
| | - Satoshi Toh
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, National Kyushu Cancer Center 3-1-1, Notame, Minamiku, Fukuoka 811-1395, Japan
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131
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Martinez ED, Gazdar AF. Inhibiting the Jumonji family: a potential new clinical approach to targeting aberrant epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenomics 2016; 8:313-6. [PMID: 26918824 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth D Martinez
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Adi F Gazdar
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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132
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Ancelin K, Syx L, Borensztein M, Ranisavljevic N, Vassilev I, Briseño-Roa L, Liu T, Metzger E, Servant N, Barillot E, Chen CJ, Schüle R, Heard E. Maternal LSD1/KDM1A is an essential regulator of chromatin and transcription landscapes during zygotic genome activation. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26836306 PMCID: PMC4829419 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon fertilization, the highly specialised sperm and oocyte genomes are remodelled to confer totipotency. The mechanisms of the dramatic reprogramming events that occur have remained unknown, and presumed roles of histone modifying enzymes are just starting to be elucidated. Here, we explore the function of the oocyte-inherited pool of a histone H3K4 and K9 demethylase, LSD1/KDM1A during early mouse development. KDM1A deficiency results in developmental arrest by the two-cell stage, accompanied by dramatic and stepwise alterations in H3K9 and H3K4 methylation patterns. At the transcriptional level, the switch of the maternal-to-zygotic transition fails to be induced properly and LINE-1 retrotransposons are not properly silenced. We propose that KDM1A plays critical roles in establishing the correct epigenetic landscape of the zygote upon fertilization, in preserving genome integrity and in initiating new patterns of genome expression that drive early mouse development. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08851.001 During fertilization, an egg cell and a sperm cell combine to make a cell called a zygote that then divides many times to form an embryo. Many of the characteristics of the embryo are determined by the genes it inherits from its parents. However, not all of these genes should be “expressed” to produce their products all of the time. One way of controlling gene expression is to add a chemical group called a methyl tag to the DNA near the gene, or to one of the histone proteins that DNA wraps around. Soon after fertilization, a process called reprogramming occurs that begins with the rearrangement of most of the methyl tags a zygote inherited from the egg and sperm cells. This dynamic process is thought to help to activate a new pattern of gene expression. Reprogramming is assisted by “maternal factors” that are inherited from the egg cell. KDM1A is a histone demethylase enzyme that can remove specific methyl tags from certain histone proteins, but how this affects the zygote is not well understood. Now, Ancelin et al. (and independently Wasson et al.) have investigated the role that KDM1A plays in mouse development. Ancelin et al. genetically engineered mouse eggs to lack KDM1A and used them to create zygotes, which die before or shortly after they have divided for the first time. The zygotes display severe reprogramming faults (because methyl tags accumulate at particular histones) and improper gene expression patterns, preventing a correct maternal-to-zygotic transition. Further experiments then showed that KDM1A also regulates the expression level of specific mobile elements, which indicates its importance in maintaining the integrity of the genome. These findings provide important insights on the crucial role of KDM1A in establishing the proper expression patterns in zygotes that are required for early mouse development. These findings might help us to understand how KDM1A enzymes, and histone demethylases more generally, perform similar roles in human development and diseases such as cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08851.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Ancelin
- Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Genetics and Developmental Biology Unit, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Laurène Syx
- Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Bioinformatics and Computational Systems Biology of Cancer, INSERM, Paris, France.,Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Maud Borensztein
- Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Genetics and Developmental Biology Unit, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Noémie Ranisavljevic
- Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Genetics and Developmental Biology Unit, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Ivaylo Vassilev
- Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Bioinformatics and Computational Systems Biology of Cancer, INSERM, Paris, France.,Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
| | | | - Tao Liu
- Annoroad Gene Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Eric Metzger
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Servant
- Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Bioinformatics and Computational Systems Biology of Cancer, INSERM, Paris, France.,Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Emmanuel Barillot
- Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Bioinformatics and Computational Systems Biology of Cancer, INSERM, Paris, France.,Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
| | | | - Roland Schüle
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edith Heard
- Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Genetics and Developmental Biology Unit, INSERM, Paris, France
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133
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Hopp L, Löffler-Wirth H, Binder H. Epigenetic Heterogeneity of B-Cell Lymphoma: DNA Methylation, Gene Expression and Chromatin States. Genes (Basel) 2015; 6:812-40. [PMID: 26371046 PMCID: PMC4584331 DOI: 10.3390/genes6030812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature B-cell lymphoma is a clinically and biologically highly diverse disease. Its diagnosis and prognosis is a challenge due to its molecular heterogeneity and diverse regimes of biological dysfunctions, which are partly driven by epigenetic mechanisms. We here present an integrative analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression data of several lymphoma subtypes. Our study confirms previous results about the role of stemness genes during development and maturation of B-cells and their dysfunction in lymphoma locking in more proliferative or immune-reactive states referring to B-cell functionalities in the dark and light zone of the germinal center and also in plasma cells. These dysfunctions are governed by widespread epigenetic effects altering the promoter methylation of the involved genes, their activity status as moderated by histone modifications and also by chromatin remodeling. We identified four groups of genes showing characteristic expression and methylation signatures among Burkitt’s lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma and multiple myeloma. These signatures are associated with epigenetic effects such as remodeling from transcriptionally inactive into active chromatin states, differential promoter methylation and the enrichment of targets of transcription factors such as EZH2 and SUZ12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Hopp
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Henry Löffler-Wirth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hans Binder
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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134
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Barsotti AM, Ryskin M, Rollins RA. Epigenetic reprogramming in solid tumors: therapeutic implications of EZH2 gain-of-function mutations. Epigenomics 2015; 7:687-90. [PMID: 26317265 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Barsotti
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.,Kadmon Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Ryskin
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Robert A Rollins
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
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135
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Günesdogan U, Magnúsdóttir E, Surani MA. Primordial germ cell specification: a context-dependent cellular differentiation event [corrected]. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0543. [PMID: 25349452 PMCID: PMC4216466 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, the foundation of the germline is laid by the specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs) from the postimplantation epiblast via bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and WNT signalling. While the majority of epiblast cells undergo differentiation towards somatic cell lineages, PGCs initiate a unique cellular programme driven by the cooperation of the transcription factors BLIMP1, PRDM14 and AP2γ. These factors synergistically suppress the ongoing somatic differentiation and drive the re-expression of pluripotency and germ cell-specific genes accompanied by global epigenetic changes. However, an unresolved question is how postimplantation epiblast cells acquire the developmental competence for the PGC fate downstream of BMP/WNT signalling. One emerging concept is that transcriptional enhancers might play a central role in the establishment of developmental competence and the execution of cell fate determination. Here, we discuss recent advances on the specification and reprogramming of PGCs thereby highlighting the concept of enhancer function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Günesdogan
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Erna Magnúsdóttir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
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136
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Singovski G, Bernal C, Kuciak M, Siegl-Cachedenier I, Conod A, Ruiz i Altaba A. In vivo epigenetic reprogramming of primary human colon cancer cells enhances metastases. J Mol Cell Biol 2015; 8:157-73. [PMID: 26031752 PMCID: PMC4816146 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
How metastases develop is not well understood and no genetic mutations have been reported as specific metastatic drivers. Here we have addressed the idea that epigenetic reprogramming by GLI-regulated pluripotent stemness factors promotes metastases. Using primary human colon cancer cells engrafted in mice, we find that transient expression of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 +/− cMYC establishes an enhanced pro-metastatic state in the primary tumor that is stable through sequential engraftments and is transmitted through clonogenic cancer stem cells. Metastatic reprogramming alters NANOG methylation and stably boosts NANOG and NANOGP8 expression. Metastases and reprogrammed EMT-like phenotypes require endogenous NANOG, but enhanced NANOG is not sufficient to induce these phenotypes. Finally, reprogrammed tumors enhance GLI2, and we show that GLI2high and AXIN2low, which are markers of the metastatic transition of colon cancers, are prognostic of poor disease outcome in patients. We propose that metastases arise through epigenetic reprogramming of cancer stem cells within primary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigori Singovski
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Bernal
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Monika Kuciak
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Irene Siegl-Cachedenier
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arwen Conod
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ariel Ruiz i Altaba
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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137
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Abstract
Cellular differentiation processes during normal embryonic development are guided by extracellular soluble factors such as morphogen gradients and cell contact signals, eventually resulting in induction of specific combinations of lineage-determining transcription factors. The young field of epigenetic reprogramming takes advantage of this knowledge and uses cell fate determination factors to convert one lineage into another such as the conversion of fibroblasts into pluripotent stem cells or neurons. These induced cell fate conversions open up new avenues for studying disease processes, generating cell material for therapeutic intervention such as drug screening and potentially also for cell-based therapies. However, there are still limitations that have to be overcome to fulfill these promises, centering on reprogramming efficiencies, cell identity, and maturation. In this review, we discuss the discovery of induced neuronal reprogramming, ways to improve the conversion process, and finally how to define properly the identity of those converted neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheen Euong Ang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305
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138
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Nakaki F, Saitou M. PRDM14: a unique regulator for pluripotency and epigenetic reprogramming. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:289-98. [PMID: 24811060 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PRDM14 belongs to the PR domain-containing (PRDM) transcriptional regulators. Among the PRDM family members, PRDM14 shows specific expression in preimplantation embryos, primordial germ cells (PGCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro, and accordingly plays a key role in the regulation of their pluripotency and epigenetic reprogramming, most notably, genome-wide DNA demethylation. The function of PRDM14 appears to be conserved between mice and humans, but it shows several characteristic differences between the two species. A precise understanding of the function of PRDM14 in mice and humans would shed new light on the regulation of pluripotency and the epigenome in these two species, providing a foundation for better control of stem cell fates in a broader context.
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139
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Song Y, Hai T, Wang Y, Guo R, Li W, Wang L, Zhou Q. Epigenetic reprogramming, gene expression and in vitro development of porcine SCNT embryos are significantly improved by a histone deacetylase inhibitor--m-carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide (CBHA). Protein Cell 2014; 5:382-93. [PMID: 24627095 PMCID: PMC3996156 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient epigenetic reprogramming of donor nuclei is believed to be one of the most important causes of low development efficiency of mammalian somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Previous studies have shown that both the in vitro and in vivo development of mouse SCNT embryos could be increased significantly by treatment with various histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), including Trichostatin A, Scriptaid, and m-carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide (CBHA), in which only the effect of CBHA has not yet been tested in other species. In this paper we examine the effect of CBHA treatment on the development of porcine SCNT embryos. We have discovered the optimum dosage and time for CBHA treatment: incubating SCNT embryos with 2 μmol/L CBHA for 24 h after activation could increase the blastocyst rate from 12.7% to 26.5%. Immunofluorescence results showed that the level of acetylation at histone 3 lysine 9 (AcH3K9), acetylation at histone 3 lysine 18 (AcH3K18), and acetylation at histone 4 lysine 16 (AcH4K16) was raised after CBHA treatment. Meanwhile, CBHA treatment improved the expression of development relating genes such as pou5f1, cdx2, and the imprinted genes like igf2. Despite these promising in vitro results and histone reprogramming, the full term development was not significantly increased after treatment. In conclusion, CBHA improves the in vitro development of pig SCNT embryos, increases the global histone acetylation and corrects the expression of some developmentally important genes at early stages. As in mouse SCNT, we have shown that nuclear epigenetic reprogramming in pig early SCNT embryos can be modified by CBHA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuran Song
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Tang Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Runfa Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Liu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
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140
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de Waal E, Mak W, Calhoun S, Stein P, Ord T, Krapp C, Coutifaris C, Schultz RM, Bartolomei MS. In vitro culture increases the frequency of stochastic epigenetic errors at imprinted genes in placental tissues from mouse concepti produced through assisted reproductive technologies. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:22. [PMID: 24337315 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.114785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have enabled millions of couples with compromised fertility to conceive children. Nevertheless, there is a growing concern regarding the safety of these procedures due to an increased incidence of imprinting disorders, premature birth, and low birth weight in ART-conceived offspring. An integral aspect of ART is the oxygen concentration used during in vitro development of mammalian embryos, which is typically either atmospheric (~20%) or reduced (5%). Both oxygen tension levels have been widely used, but 5% oxygen improves preimplantation development in several mammalian species, including that of humans. To determine whether a high oxygen tension increases the frequency of epigenetic abnormalities in mouse embryos subjected to ART, we measured DNA methylation and expression of several imprinted genes in both embryonic and placental tissues from concepti generated by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and exposed to 5% or 20% oxygen during culture. We found that placentae from IVF embryos exhibit an increased frequency of abnormal methylation and expression profiles of several imprinted genes, compared to embryonic tissues. Moreover, IVF-derived placentae exhibit a variety of epigenetic profiles at the assayed imprinted genes, suggesting that these epigenetic defects arise by a stochastic process. Although culturing embryos in both of the oxygen concentrations resulted in a significant increase of epigenetic defects in placental tissues compared to naturally conceived controls, we did not detect significant differences between embryos cultured in 5% and those cultured in 20% oxygen. Thus, further optimization of ART should be considered to minimize the occurrence of epigenetic errors in the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric de Waal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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141
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Abstract
Mammalian development begins with fertilization followed by genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming involving de novo formation of pericentromeric heterochromatin. Here, Jachowicz et al. dissect the spatiotemporal kinetics of the first acquisition of heterochromatic signatures. Physically tethering pericentromeric chromatin to the nuclear periphery results in defective silencing and impaired development. This study demonstrates that correct nuclear organization in the early embryo is essential for chromatin reprogramming and developmental progression. Mammalian development begins with fertilization of an oocyte by the sperm followed by genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming. This involves de novo establishment of chromatin domains, including the formation of pericentric heterochromatin. We dissected the spatiotemporal kinetics of the first acquisition of heterochromatic signatures of pericentromeric chromatin and found that the heterochromatic marks follow a temporal order that depends on a specific nuclear localization. We addressed whether nuclear localization of pericentric chromatin is required for silencing by tethering it to the nuclear periphery and show that this results in defective silencing and impaired development. Our results indicate that reprogramming of pericentromeric heterochromatin is functionally linked to its nuclear localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna W Jachowicz
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, F-67404 Illkirch, France
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142
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Zhao W, Ning B, Qian C. Regulatory factors of induced pluripotency: current status. Stem Cell Investig 2014; 1:15. [PMID: 27358861 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2014.07.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) through enforced expression of four transcription factors [Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM)]; however, the reprogramming efficiency is extremely low. This finding raises fundamental questions about the regulators that influence the change in epigenetic stability and endowment of dedifferentiation potential during reprogramming. Identification of such regulators is critical to removing the roadblocks impeding the efficient generation of safe iPSCs and their successful translation into clinical therapies. In this review, we summarize the current progress that has been made in understanding cellular reprogramming, with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic regulators in induced pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bo Ning
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chen Qian
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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143
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Abstract
Plants have the remarkable ability to establish new cell fates throughout their life cycle, in contrast to most animals that define all cell lineages during embryogenesis. This ability is exemplified during sexual reproduction in flowering plants where novel cell types are generated in floral tissues of the adult plant during sporogenesis, gametogenesis, and embryogenesis. While the molecular and genetic basis of cell specification during sexual reproduction is being studied for a long time, recent works disclosed an unsuspected role of global chromatin organization and its dynamics. In this review, we describe the events of chromatin dynamics during the different phases of sexual reproduction and discuss their possible significance particularly in cell fate establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Célia Baroux
- *Correspondence: Célia Baroux, Institute of Plant Biology – Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland e-mail:
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144
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Hackett JA, Reddington JP, Nestor CE, Dunican DS, Branco MR, Reichmann J, Reik W, Surani MA, Adams IR, Meehan RR. Promoter DNA methylation couples genome-defence mechanisms to epigenetic reprogramming in the mouse germline. Development 2012; 139:3623-32. [PMID: 22949617 PMCID: PMC3436114 DOI: 10.1242/dev.081661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs) erase global DNA methylation (5mC) as part of the comprehensive epigenetic reprogramming that occurs during PGC development. 5mC plays an important role in maintaining stable gene silencing and repression of transposable elements (TE) but it is not clear how the extensive loss of DNA methylation impacts on gene expression and TE repression in developing PGCs. Using a novel epigenetic disruption and recovery screen and genetic analyses, we identified a core set of germline-specific genes that are dependent exclusively on promoter DNA methylation for initiation and maintenance of developmental silencing. These gene promoters appear to possess a specialised chromatin environment that does not acquire any of the repressive H3K27me3, H3K9me2, H3K9me3 or H4K20me3 histone modifications when silenced by DNA methylation. Intriguingly, this methylation-dependent subset is highly enriched in genes with roles in suppressing TE activity in germ cells. We show that the mechanism for developmental regulation of the germline genome-defence genes involves DNMT3B-dependent de novo DNA methylation. These genes are then activated by lineage-specific promoter demethylation during distinct global epigenetic reprogramming events in migratory (~E8.5) and post-migratory (E10.5-11.5) PGCs. We propose that genes involved in genome defence are developmentally regulated primarily by promoter DNA methylation as a sensory mechanism that is coupled to the potential for TE activation during global 5mC erasure, thereby acting as a failsafe to ensure TE suppression and maintain genomic integrity in the germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Hackett
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - James P. Reddington
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Colm E. Nestor
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Breakthrough Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Donncha S. Dunican
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Miguel R. Branco
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Judith Reichmann
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Wolf Reik
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - M. Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Ian R. Adams
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard R. Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Breakthrough Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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145
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Zhu XQ, Pan XH, Wang W, Chen Q, Pang RQ, Cai XM, Hoffman AR, Hu JF. Transient in vitro epigenetic reprogramming of skin fibroblasts into multipotent cells. Biomaterials 2009; 31:2779-87. [PMID: 20044135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent stem cells have the potential to establish a new field of promising regenerative medicine to treat tissue damage, genetic disorders, and degenerative diseases. However, limited resource of stem cells has turned to be an evitable obstacle in clinical applications. We utilized a simple in vitro epigenetic reprogramming approach to convert skin fibroblasts into multipotent cells. After transient reprogramming, stem cell markers, including Oct4 and Nanog, became activated in the treated cells. The reprogrammed cells were multipotent as demonstrated by their ability to differentiate into a variety of cells and to form teratomas. Genomic imprinting of insulin-like growth factor II (Igf2) and H19 was not affected by this short period of cell reprogramming. This study may provide an alternative strategy to efficiently generate patient-specific stem cells for basic and clinical research, solving major hurdles of virally-induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that entail the potential risks of mutation, gene instability, and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Qing Zhu
- The Research Center of Stem Cell, Tissue and Organ Engineering, Kunming Army General Hospital, Kunming 650032, PR China
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146
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Scott BR, Belinsky SA, Leng S, Lin Y, Wilder JA, Damiani LA. Radiation-stimulated epigenetic reprogramming of adaptive-response genes in the lung: an evolutionary gift for mounting adaptive protection against lung cancer. Dose Response 2009; 7:104-31. [PMID: 19543479 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.08-016.scott] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are continuously exposed to low-level ionizing radiation from natural sources. However, harsher radiation environments persisted during our planet's early years and mammals survived via an evolutionary gift--a system of radiation-induced natural protective measures (adaptive protection). This system includes antioxidants, DNA repair, apoptosis of severely damaged cells, epigenetically regulated apoptosis (epiapoptosis) pathways that selectively remove precancerous and other aberrant cells, and immunity against cancer. We propose a novel model in which the protective system is regulated at least in part via radiation-stress-stimulated epigenetic reprogramming (epireprogramming) of adaptive-response genes. High-dose radiation can promote epigenetically silencing of adaptive-response genes (episilencing), for example via promoter-associated DNA and/or histone methylation and/or histone deacetylation. Evidence is provided for low linear-energy-transfer (LET) radiation-activated natural protection (ANP) against high-LET alpha-radiation-induced lung cancer in plutonium-239 exposed rats and radon-progeny-exposed humans. Using a revised hormetic relative risk model for cancer induction that accounts for both epigenetic activation (epiactivation) and episilencing of genes, we demonstrate that, on average, >80% of alpha-radiation-induced rat lung cancers were prevented by chronic, low-rate gamma-ray ANP. Interestingly, lifetime exposure to residential radon at the Environmental Protection Agency's action level of 4 pCi L(-1) appears to be associated with on average a > 60% reduction in lung cancer cases, rather than an increase. We have used underlined italics to indicate newly introduced terminology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby R Scott
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
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Lin SL, Chang DC, Chang-Lin S, Lin CH, Wu DTS, Chen DT, Ying SY. Mir-302 reprograms human skin cancer cells into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state. RNA 2008; 14:2115-24. [PMID: 18755840 PMCID: PMC2553732 DOI: 10.1261/rna.1162708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Renewal of stem cells differs from cancer cell growth in self-controlled cell division. The mir-302 microRNA (miRNA) family (mir-302s) is expressed most abundantly in slow-growing human embryonic stem (ES) cells, and quickly decreases after cell differentiation and proliferation. Therefore, mir-302s was investigated as one of the key factors essential for maintenance of ES cell renewal and pluripotency in this study. The Pol-II-based intronic miRNA expression system was used to transgenically transfect the mir-302s into several human cancer cell lines. The mir-302-transfected cells, namely, miRNA-induced pluripotent stem (mirPS) cells, not only expressed many key ES cell markers, such as Oct3/4, SSEA-3, SSEA-4 ,Sox2, and Nanog, but also had a highly demethylated genome similar to a reprogrammed zygotic genome. Microarray analyses further revealed that genome-wide gene expression patterns between the mirPS and human ES H1 and H9 cells shared over 86% similarity. Using molecular guidance in vitro, these mirPS cells could differentiate into distinct tissue cell types, such as neuron-, chondrocyte-, fibroblast-, and spermatogonia-like primordial cells. Based on these findings, we conclude that mir-302s not only function to reprogram cancer cells into an ES-like pluripotent state but also to maintain this state under a feeder-free cultural condition, which may offer a great opportunity for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Lung Lin
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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