101
|
Rankin A. Empirics, physicians, and wonder drugs in early modern Germany: the case of the Panacea Amwaldina. Early Sci Med 2009; 14:680-710. [PMID: 20509357 DOI: 10.1163/138374209x12542104913920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This essay examines the conflicting approaches towards marvelous cures in sixteenth-century Germany As pharmaceutical substances flooded in from both east and west, they brought with them a market for "wonder drugs" that would cure any ailment. In this climate, university-trained physicians felt threatened by the rising popularity of cures hawked by empirical practitioners, while at the same time endorsing certain wonder drugs. Using the example of one particularly controversial empiric, Georg am Wald, and his wonder drug, the Panacea Amwaldina, this article parses the various factors that made the medical elite embrace certain cures while deriding others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Rankin
- Department of History, Tufts University, East Hall 107, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Abstract
This article argues that balm, or balsam, was, by the late medieval period, believed to be a panacea, capable of healing wounds and illnesses, and also preventing putrefaction. Natural history and pharmacological texts on balm from the ancient and late antique periods emphasized specific qualities of balm, especially its heat; these were condensed and repeated in medieval encyclopedias. The rarity and cost of balsam, from antiquity through the medieval period, and the high rate of counterfeiting also demonstrate its high demand and significance in medicine and religious ritual. Travel writing and itineraria from the early and central medieval periods added a new layer to ideas about the capabilities of balsam: that it originated from a Christian miracle and was a particularly Christian plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elly R Truitt
- History Department, Bryn Mawr College, PA 19010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Totelin LMV. Under the spell of the pharmakon. Stud Anc Med 2009; 34:1-20. [PMID: 20481180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
|
104
|
Yuan B, Shi DP. [The evolution of principal drugs in prescription compatibility]. Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi 2009; 39:21-24. [PMID: 19824358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The principal drugs of principal, adjuvant, auxiliary and conductant compatiblity in prescriptions recorded in the ancient literatures had different meaning and quantities. According to the current literatures, Zhuangzi Xu Wugui took the one can cure diseases as the principal drug; The principal, adjuvant, auxiliary and conductant drugs in Shennong Bencao Jing (Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica) can be used to differentiate the good and bad of drugs; Yaoxing Lun (Treatise on medicinal property) of Zheng quan (Tang dynasty) stipulated some drugs as principal drugs; Zazhu Bencao of Jiang Xiaowan (Tang dynasty) took the one can cure yin diseases as the principal drugs; Yixue Qiyuan (the origination of medicine) of Zhang Yuansu (Jin dynasty) took the one of maximum dosage as principal drugs; Piwei Lun (Treatise on Spleen and Stomach) of LI gao (Jin dynasty) took the powerful one as the principal drug; The principal drugs in Yi Lun (medicine treatise) of Wang Kentang (Ming dynasty) changed according to different ages. The quantities of principal drugs can had two and three ingredients even took one prescription as principal drug instead of one ingredient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yuan
- China Institute for History of Medicine and Medical Literature, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
105
|
Touwaide A. Introduction to the special fascicle "Indigenous vs. foreign: early-modern materia medica in comparative perspective". Early Sci Med 2009; 14:677-679. [PMID: 20509356 DOI: 10.1163/138374209x12542104913885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
|
106
|
Medieval pharmacotherapy continuity and change. Case studies from Ibn Sinā and some of his late Medieval commentators. Conclusions. Stud Anc Med 2009; 38:325-762. [PMID: 20481152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
|
107
|
Totelin LMV. Imports, geographical determinism and influences: the use of exotic and luxury ingredients in the Hippocratic catalogues of recipes. Stud Anc Med 2009; 34:141-196. [PMID: 20481184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
|
108
|
Lev E, Amar Z. "Fossils" of practical medical knowledge from medieval Cairo. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 119:24-40. [PMID: 18601991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To asses the scientific value of the practical medical fragments found in the Cairo Genizah (10th century), as a useful source for ethnopharmacological purposes (in exposing rare and usually inaccessible original medieval practical knowledge of medicinal substances to present-day researchers), and to reconstruct the practical drugs and their uses. MATERIALS AND METHODS A methodology distinguishing between theoretical (about 1500 fragments) and practical medical knowledge (about 230 fragments) was created and used. The information regarding the practical medicinal substances was extracted from prescriptions (140), lists of drugs (70) and few letters of physicians. RESULTS The reconstructed lists of practical (278) and theoretical (414) drugs allow us to recognize and quantify the gap between them in medieval times (136). CONCLUSIONS We propose that the data obtained from ancient prescriptions is comparable to ethnopharmacological surveys. The finding of plants such as myrobalan, saffron, licorice, spikenard and lentisk, all of which have scientifically proven anti-microbial/bacterial and anti-fungal activity, sheds a helpful light on the medical decision-making of the medieval practitioners in respect of the plants they applied as drugs. With the wealth of information meticulously assembled from these time capsules we expect to make a significant contribution to contemporary efforts at locating modern drugs in ancient roots and gauging their feasibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efraim Lev
- Department of Eretz Israel Studies and School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
109
|
Drabek P. [Medicinal preparations in Mattioli's herbarium of 1596]. Ceska Slov Farm 2008; 57:126-131. [PMID: 18683430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Herbaria in the 16th century very often included also the information concerning the use of medicinal plants in practice. The second Czech edition of Mattioli's Herbarium presented about 4000 pieces of therapeutic advice and instructions, including nearly 200 complete prescriptions for medicinal preparations. Preparations for internal use were mainly potions and concoctions. In preparations for external administration, the dosage was not of great importance and therefore less attention was paid to their precise composition. At that period, distillation was still widely used to prepare medicaments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Drabek
- RNDr. Pavel Drábek Masarykova 895, 252 63 Roztoky
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Zeng F. [Changes of powder prescriptions in Qian jin yao fang (Essential Prescriptions Worth A Thousand Gold) made by Song people]. Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi 2008; 38:76-78. [PMID: 19125499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As the contents in the two circulated versions of Qian jin yao fang (Essential Prescriptions Worth A Thousand Gold) ,i. e Bei ji qian jin yao fang (Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergencies) and Xin diao sun zhen ren qian jin fang (Newly Printed Sun's Prescriptions Worth A Thousand Gold) are different greatly, especially on the literature of prescriptions. Song people made a lot of changes on the contents of powder prescriptions, including the related chapters and its contents, computation unit of materia medica, weights, and processing methods etc. without any remarks, nor notes in its preface. The contents in the Song version were more enriched than the newly carved version with the reasonable arrangement of its texts. As a clinical encyclopedia of traditional Chinese medicine, the Song version is more convenient for reading and using. However, it is a great taboo for the scholars to tamper an ancient work at will from bibliographic viewpoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zeng
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Brévart FB. Between medicine, magic, and religion: wonder drugs in German medico-pharmaceutical treatises of the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries. Speculum 2008; 83:1-57. [PMID: 18543461 DOI: 10.1017/s0038713400012410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
|
112
|
Affiliation(s)
- Efraim Lev
- Department of Eretz Israel Studies and School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
113
|
Mohapatra S, Reddy KRC, Jha CB. Historical review of Svarna Măksika. Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad 2007; 37:153-166. [PMID: 19580110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The old age Ayurvedic claim about the therapeutic importance of metals and mineral bhasmas are time tasted. To make available the evidence for use of metals and minerals in therapeutics and to provide the knowledge of processing techniques in ancient India it is very much necessary to look over the history. Rasa săstra is the branch of Ayurvedic science which deals with the pharmaceutical processings of the metals and minerals. Svarna Măksika is one of the most important materials described in various Rasa literatures as well as in Sarmhităs and in other Ayurvedic texts. Going through the different literatures its different features, geological distributions and various processing techniques like sŏdhana, mărana are found. In Samhită period only the features were described but during 7th Cen. AD & onwards its processings were found. Now a day Svarrna Măksika is correlated with chalcopyrite by modern metallurgists. The features of chalcopyrite are also given to assist the more study in this regard. In the current paper it is tried to collect and compile all the related area about Svarna Măksika from all possible ancient literary resources as well as from possible modern texts, to facilitate further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhaldev Mohapatra
- Department of Rasa Shastra, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U.P
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
Land ST. 20 years ago: The British Homoeopathic Journal, April 1987. HOMEOPATHY 2007; 96:125-7. [PMID: 17437941 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
115
|
Lev E. Drugs held and sold by pharmacists of the Jewish community of medieval (11-14th centuries) Cairo according to lists of materia medica found at the Taylor-Schechter Genizah collection, Cambridge. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 110:275-93. [PMID: 17113257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 09/17/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the Genizah for the research of the medieval Mediterranean communities, supplying information on almost every aspect of life, is well known among historian. Less known is that pharmacy was the most popular of all branches of the healing art in the medieval Jewish community of Cairo, according to the Genizah manuscripts. Sources for study of medieval practical drugs are extremely rare since most records naturally vanish over the years, and only some medical books, which contained theoretical pharmacology, have survived to the present day. Drugs lists enable us to understand medieval practical pharmacy and to reconstruct their inventories. This study reports on 71 original drugs lists that were found in the Genizah; they are different from merchants' letters dealing with commerce in drugs and give no instructions for the use or preparation of formulas as usually found in prescriptions. Twenty-six lists are written in Judeo-Arabic and 45 in Arabic, none of the lists is written in Hebrew. The longest list contains 63 identified substances. These lists were apparently used by pharmacists for professional and business purposes as inventories of drugs, records, orders, or even receipts. Two hundred and six different drugs are mentioned in the drugs lists of which 167 are of plant origin, 16 are of animal origin, and the remaining 23 are inorganic. The lists point directly to the place they occupied on the shelves of the pharmacies that could be found in the lanes and alleys of the Jewish quarter of Cairo. The most frequently mentioned substance were myrobalan (27), pepper and saffron (21), lentisk (15), almond, basil, rose, rosemary (14), cattle products, camphor and spikenard (13).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efraim Lev
- Department of Eretz Israel Studies and School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Land ST. 20 years ago: the British Homoeopathic Journal, October 1986. HOMEOPATHY 2007; 95:248-50. [PMID: 17015197 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
117
|
Padhi MM, Rao MM, Sharma MM, Hota NP. A critical study of the manuscripts of Paryaya Muktavali available at Orissa. Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad 2007; 37:81-86. [PMID: 19569454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Though the Nidana book of Madhavakara has been very popular among Ayurvedic fraternity his other deeds on Dravyaguna, Cikitsa etc. could not come to lime light due to lack of sufficient number of manuscripts for comparison and editing. One such text is Paryaya Muktavali, manuscripts of which are plentily available in the State of Orissa. This modified text redacted by Hari Charana Sena, is a bright example of scribal error and missing of verses which occur during repeated scribe in palm leaf manuscript. This is a lexicon of drugs, which is prime necessity of Dravyaguna and Rasaśastra. Publication of such text will be an addition to the treasure of Ayurvedic texts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Padhi
- Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha, New Delhi 110058
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
Land ST. 20 years ago: The British Homoeopathic Journal, January 1987. HOMEOPATHY 2007; 96:60-2. [PMID: 17227751 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S T Land
- 8 High Bungay Road, Loddon, Norwich NR14 6JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Scarborough J. Dioscorides of Anazarbus for moderns--an essay review. Pharm Hist 2007; 49:76-80. [PMID: 18351270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John Scarborough
- University of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Faure O. [Courses of cure: the case of French patients of Samuel and Melanie Hahnemann (1834-1868)]. Med Ges Gesch Beih 2007; 29:197-260. [PMID: 18354993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Based on the letters sent by French patients to Hahnemann and his wife (or written about them), this essay focuses on the behaviour of patients towards treatment rather than on their representations and interpretations of illness and health. Despite the fact that we don't know exactly who the authors of these letters were, it is clear that they all hope to obtain some of Hahnemann's medicines. The well-known demand for medicine at the beginning of the 19th Century was reinforced by the mystery surrounding homeopathic remedies and the specific way they were made available. Relying on theories which lent an important role to the nerves and the patient's character to explain the origins of sickness, patients hoped that Hahnemann and his new doctrine would be able to change both their life and their psychical characteristics. One can conclude that for the authors of such letters, writing about illness could be a means to construct new behaviour patterns and new attitudes towards health and sickness, rather than an illustration of existing medical, social and literary models.
Collapse
|
121
|
Tillequin F. [The Musée de Matière Médicale of the Paris pharmacy faculty and its collections]. Veroff Schweiz Ges Gesch Pharm 2007; 28:157-165. [PMID: 18351223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- François Tillequin
- Laboratorie de Pharmacognosie de I'Université Paris 5, U.M.R./C.N.R.S no 8638, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Prasad PVV, Narayana A. Biography of Narahari -- the author of Raja-Nighantu. Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad 2007; 37:1-8. [PMID: 19569449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Narahari Pandita, who was the son of Iśvarasuri and resident of Kashmir was an erudite scholar of all branches of Sanskrit learning and was also well versed in regional languages of Karnataka, Maharastra and Andhra. His work Raja-Nighantu is also known as Nghantu Raja or Abhidhana Cudamani. His date may be placed in 17th century A.D. i.e. after Bhavamiśra. Some of the new and more interesting plants added are, Brahmadandi, Dhumrapatra, Ekavira, Hastiśundi, Jambu, Jhandu, Samudraphala, Svetamli, Sveta, Vrścika etc. Thus information about Narahari and his work is presented in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P V V Prasad
- Indian Institute of History of Medicine, Osmania Medical College Building, Putlibowli, Hyderabad 500095
| | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Jackson WA. The Queen of Hungary's Water: a further note on early British sources. Pharm Hist (Lond) 2006; 36:67-68. [PMID: 24620393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
|
124
|
Catellani P, Console R. Queen of Hungary's Water: A 'miraculous' medicine and cosmetic. Pharm Hist (Lond) 2006; 36:47-52. [PMID: 17153003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
|
125
|
Land ST. 20 years ago: the British Homoeopathic Journal, July 1986. HOMEOPATHY 2006; 95:187-9. [PMID: 16815523 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
126
|
|
127
|
López de Letona C. [Ophthalmic remedies in the Dioscorides' Materia Medica (IV)]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2006; 81:417-8. [PMID: 16888697 DOI: 10.4321/s0365-66912006000700012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
|
128
|
Adler UC, Adler MS. Hahnemann's experiments with 50 millesimal potencies: A further review of his casebooks. HOMEOPATHY 2006; 95:171-81. [PMID: 16815521 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A review of Hahnemann's clinical records at the Institute for History of Medicine of the Robert Bosch Foundation in Stuttgart shows that until the end of his life, Hahnemann continued to refine his clinical method, based on clinical cases. His "most perfected method" motivated him to write the sixth edition of the The Organon of the Healing Art, proposing solutions controlling the side effects he observed with repeated doses of homeopathic medicines. Unfortunately, this was published many years posthumously. The sixth edition of The Organon introduced the fifty-millesimal scale. OBJECTIVES To identify the clinical cases treated with fifty-millesimal potencies and analyze Hahnemann's use of them. RESULTS 1836 prescriptions of fifty-millesimal potencies were found, between 1837 and 1843 in three phases: initially sporadic; later compared regularly to centesimal dynamizations; and finally systematically. Thirty five medicines were identified in fifty-millesimal prescriptions, seven in potencies higher than 10 and only 3 (Sulphur, Mercurius solubilis and Rhus toxicodendron) used in the 30th degree. This accords with Haehl's information about the remedies in Hahnemann's case of fifty-millesimal potencies. CONCLUSIONS Hahnemann probably decided to write the sixth edition, in 1840, to incorporate his latest experience with the repetition of potentized doses and periodically modified potencies. He must have revised it after February 1842 to include his latest findings with fifty-millesimal potencies in ascending degrees. Hahnemann's conception about the superiority of the fifty-millesimal in comparison with the centesimal dynamization was based on a significant number of experiments with the two scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U C Adler
- Homeopathy Postgraduation Program, Jundiaí School of Medicine, Av. Moema, 170. Cj 52., 04077-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Alakbarli F. Systematic analysis of animals used in medieval Azerbaijan medicine. Vesalius 2006; 12:18-22. [PMID: 17153727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the special composition of animals used in the medieval medicine of Azerbaijan, a wide range of medieval sources on medicine and pharmacognosy from the collection of the Institute of Manuscripts of the Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences in Baku has been studied. About 40 medieval sources from the 10-18th centuries including 17 manuscripts in Turkic, Persian and Arabic have been selected as the objects of this study. As a result, 150 species of animals described in medieval Azerbaijani books on medicine and pharmacy have been identified. Many of the identified animals are mammals, (47 species or 31% of total number of identified species). The medieval authors describe 12 species of reptiles and 4 species of Amphibians (frogs, toads, salamanders and tree-frogs (Hyla arborea). 15 species of fishes described in medieval manuscripts have been identified. The identified molluscs are cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), mussel (Mytilus edulis), octopus (Octopus vulgaris) and snail (Helix pomatia). Most crustaceans used in medieval Azerbaijan medicine belong to Decopoda. Medieval manuscripts contain numerous names of various worms and insects (ants, flies, beetles, etc.), however their exact identification is rather difficult. As usual, medieval authors unite a number of species under one name and do not give sufficient information about their morphology. Results of the research create grounds for the idea that the recommendations of the medieval authors on the medicinal application of animals can be applied to modern medicine once they have been experimentally and clinically tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farid Alakbarli
- Institute of Manuscripts of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Istiglaliyat, Baku, Azerbaijan.
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
López de Letona C. [Ophthalmic remedies in the Materia Medica of Dioscorides (III)]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2006; 81:353-4. [PMID: 16804782 DOI: 10.4321/s0365-66912006000600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
|
131
|
López de Letona C. [Ophthalmic remedies in the De Materia Medica of Dioscorides (II)]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2006; 81:301-2. [PMID: 16752324 DOI: 10.4321/s0365-66912006000500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
|
132
|
Larson MD, Senturk M. Induction rooms. Bull Anesth Hist 2006; 24:22-24. [PMID: 20503745 DOI: 10.1016/s1522-8649(06)50003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Merlin D Larson
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California at San Francisco, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Abstract
Animals and products derived from different organs of their bodies have constituted part of the inventory of medicinal substances used in various cultures since ancient times. The article reviews the history of healing with animals in the Levant (The Land of Israel and parts of present-day Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan, defined by the Muslims in the Middle Ages as Bilad al-Sham) in the medieval and early Ottoman periods. Intensive research into the phenomenon of zootherapy in the medieval and early Ottoman Levant has yielded forty-eight substances of animal origin that were used medicinally. The vast majority of these substances were local and relatively easy to obtain. Most of the substances were domestic (honey, wax, silkworm, etc.), others were part of the local wildlife (adder, cuttle fish, flycatcher, firefly, frog, triton, scorpion, etc.), part of the usual medieval household (milk, egg, cheese, lamb, etc.), or parasites (louse, mouse, stinkbug, etc.). Fewer substances were not local but exotic, and therefore rare and expensive (beaver testicles, musk oil, coral, ambergris, etc.). The range of symptoms that the substances of animal origin were used to treat was extensive and included most of the known diseases and maladies of that era: mainly hemorrhoids, burns, impotence, wounds, and skin, eye, and stomach diseases. Changes in the moral outlook of modern societies caused the use of several substances of animal origin to cease in the course of history. These include mummy, silkworm, stinkbug, scarabees, snail, scorpion, and triton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efraim Lev
- Dep. of Erets Israel Studies and School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Land ST. 20 years ago: The British Homoeopathic Journal, January 1986. HOMEOPATHY 2006; 95:45-7. [PMID: 16399254 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S T Land
- 8 High Bungay Road, Loddon, Norwich NR14 6JT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Amar Z, Lev E. An early glimpse at western medicine in Jerusalem 1700-1840: the case of the Jews and the Franciscans' medical activity. Vesalius 2005; 11:81-7. [PMID: 17153286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
During the Mamluk and Ottoman periods, the monks of the Franciscan Order were the only representatives of the Catholic Church in Jerusalem and they provided medical treatment for Christians. This article looks at the activities of the Franciscans, in particular in their pharmacy, which was associated with the production of Jerusalem balsam, famous both in the East and in Europe. It compares these activities with those of Jewish physicians in Jerusalem and looks at the relationships between the two groups and their effects on medical development in the Levant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zohar Amar
- Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
136
|
Land ST. 20 years ago: The British Homoeopathic Journal, October 1985. HOMEOPATHY 2005; 94:254-6. [PMID: 16226205 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
137
|
Land ST. 20 years ago: The British Homeopathic Journal, July 1985. HOMEOPATHY 2005; 94:207-8. [PMID: 16220612 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
138
|
Abstract
Flesh of the QuailSweet, bland, non-poisonous.Not to be eaten before the month of May, eaten with pig's liver it will cause blackheads, with mushrooms one develops haemorrhoids.A visceral tonic and vitalizer. Makes the bones and muscles strong and able to endure cold and heat. It relieves inflammation. With ginger and red mung bean it cures diarrhoea and dysentery. Fried in cream it is fattening to the belly, but it is good for reducing the abdomen swollen on account of water retention. For the chronic disorders of children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne Lo
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Helmstaedter G. The impact of Thomas Linacre on German medicine and the role of pharmacists: Linacre, medicine and Michael Barth's works (1530-1560). Pharm Hist (Lond) 2005; 35:47-9. [PMID: 16402496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Helmstaedter
- Deutsche Pharmazeutische Gesellschaft, Section of the History of Pharmacy and Science
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Abstract
There has been a great deal of recent interest in popular health care in early modern England, resulting in studies on a range of topics from practitioners through remedial treatment. Over the past decade, the history of books has also attracted growing interest. This is particularly true for the seventeenth century, a period marked by a dramatic rise in all types of printed works. The 1640s are especially significant in the evolution of printed vernacular medical publications, which continued to flourish during the rest of the century. While recent studies on popular medical books have contributed greatly to our understanding of contemporary medical beliefs and practices, they have failed to properly recognize the effect that almanacs had on early modern medicine. Although their primary function was not to disseminate medical information, most provided a great deal of medical information. Furthermore, these cheap, annual publications targeted and were read by a wide cross-section of the public, making them the first true form of British mass media. This article is based on the content of 1,392 almanacs printed between 1640 and 1700, which may make it the largest comparative study of the medical content of any early modern printed works. The project has resulted in two major findings. First of all, almanacs played a major part in the dissemination, continuing popularity, and longevity of traditional astrological and Galenic beliefs and practices. Secondly, at the same time, almanacs played an important early role in the growth of medical materialism in Britain.
Collapse
|
141
|
Land ST. 20 years ago: The British Homeopathic Journal, April 1985. HOMEOPATHY 2005; 94:132-4. [PMID: 15892495 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
142
|
Pai-Dhungat JV, Parikh F. Medical philately (medical personalities on stamps). Dioscorides (CA 54-68 AD). J Assoc Physicians India 2005; 53:336. [PMID: 15987023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J V Pai-Dhungat
- Dept. of Medicine, TN Medical College & BYL Nair Ch. Hospital, Mumbai 400 008
| | | |
Collapse
|
143
|
Liang AH, Shang MF. [General situation of the study on the toxicity of Cinnabaris]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2005; 30:249-52. [PMID: 15724396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) experienced a gradual course in recognition of the toxicity of Cinnabaris from "nontoxic" to "toxic". The ancient doctors of TCM understood both the toxic property and the regularity of increasing toxicity of Cinnabaris. In long-term clinical practice they developed the methods of detoxification guiding the safe use of Cinnabaris. The toxicity of Cinnabaris is produced by mercury existed in it. Improper administration leading to an acute absorption or chronic accumulation was the main cause of clinical adverse effects. Kidney was the main poisoning target organ. On the other hand, improperly combinative application of Cinnabaris with other drugs of TCM or western medicine could increase the toxicity. Therefore, the crucial approach to avoid the poisoning is to use Cinnabaris properly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-hua Liang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Land ST. 20 years ago: The British Homoeopathic Journal, January 1985. HOMEOPATHY 2005; 94:49-51. [PMID: 15751335 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
145
|
Anagnostou S. Jesuits in Spanish America: contributions to the exploration of the American materia medica. Pharm Hist 2005; 47:3-17. [PMID: 16211776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Anagnostou
- Institut für Geschichte der Pharmazie der Philipps-Universität Marburg
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Paschal A, McNabney J, Hanson B. The prescribing habits and materia medica of Dr. William D. Hutchings. Pharm Hist 2005; 47:94-111. [PMID: 17152862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Paschal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, DePauw University, 602 S. College Ave., Greencastle, IN 46135, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
147
|
Bénézet JP. [Pharmaceutical containers and their technological feature at the end of the middle ages]. J Pharm Belg 2005; 60:64-75. [PMID: 16035371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
|
148
|
Zhang XZ, Cai GH. [The archaic pronunciation of materia medica from Central Plains in the Han dynasty retained in Chinese medicinal business in Taiwan]. Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi 2004; 34:218-20. [PMID: 15730763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Chinese traditional medicine took its root in Taiwan together with the culture of Central Plains since our ancestors traveled to Taiwan during the turn of the Ming-Qing dynasties. For 400 years, the profession of Chinese medicine continues to develop through the transmission from fathers to sons, from tutors to disciples. During our contacts with Chinese medicinal businessmen, we found that this routinely closed and time-honored profession retained the archaic pronunciation of materia medica from Central Plains in the Han dynasty. This is a living database for studying ancient Chinese language.
Collapse
|
149
|
Land ST. 20 years ago: British Homoeopathic Journal, October 1984. HOMEOPATHY 2004; 93:221-2. [PMID: 15532703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S T Land
- 8 High Bungay Road, Loddon, Norwich NR14 6JT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Abstract
Since it was written about the middle of the 1st Century AD, and up to comparatively recent times, the great Herbal, or Materia Medica, of Dioscorides provided medicine with its chief source of information about what were then considered therapeutic substances. The work contained data on various materials of botanical, biological and mineral origin which were claimed to provide benefit to sufferers from epilepsy, though often with no clear underlying rationale for their use. Some of these materials continued to be used as antiepileptic remedies over many centuries till they were finally recognised to be without useful effect in the disorder. The longest survivor amongst the Dioscoridean antiepileptic remedies was a rather esoteric one, viz. two stones taken from the belly of a young swallow during the rising phase of the moon and also whilst the swallow's parent birds were absent from the nest. The stones, or one of them, were worn against the skin of the seizure sufferer. The use of the swallow stones for epilepsy was recommended as late as in the writings of Thomas Willis (1675).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Eadie
- Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4029, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|